Methodological Guidance and Direction for Developing New Quality Productive Forces through Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively

General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized during the 11th collective study session of the

习近平总书记在中共中央政治局第十一次集体学习时强调:“发展新质生产力,必须进一步全面深化改革,形成与之相适应的新型生产关系。”党的二十届三中全会指出:“加快形成同新质生产力更相适应的生产关系。”面向未来,要促进新质生产力可持续发展,必须聚焦影响新质生产力发展的体制机制问题,打通束缚新质生产力发展的堵点卡点,不断释放新质生产力动能和活力。

I. The Significance of Developing New Quality Productive Forces Through Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively

一、以进一步全面深化改革发展新质生产力的重要意义

The most outstanding contribution of Marxist historical materialism is that, taking the unity of opposites between productive forces and relations of production as its foundation, it reveals the driving system of the progress and development of human society. Every major advance in human history has been achieved through the continuous reform of relations of production, institutional norms, and modes of interaction. The oscillations of the scientific socialist movement worldwide in the 20th century, the economic decline and regime collapse of the Soviet Union, and the flourishing and development of socialism with Chinese characteristics have provided the most important revelation for the world, especially for socialist countries: it is necessary to comprehensively grasp the trends and laws of historical development, accurately grasp the themes of the era and the principal tasks of different historical periods, and, as always, promote the development of productive forces and comprehensive social progress through reform. Facing the new situation of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and the transformation of global development models, and focusing on the practical challenges of contemporary China's development, our Party has put forward new quality productive forces as a new strategy and new goal capable of leading the transformation of global development models. To realize this strategic goal, the only way is through further deepening reform comprehensively.

马克思主义唯物史观最突出的贡献，就是以生产力与生产关系的对立统一为基点，揭示了人类社会发展进步的动力系统。人类历史上每一次重大进步，都是通过不断改革生产关系、制度规范和交往方式而得以前行。20世纪科学社会主义运动在全世界范围内出现振荡，苏联经济衰退、政权瓦解与中国特色社会主义勃兴和发展，给世界特别是社会主义国家最重要的启示，就是必须全面把握历史发展的趋势和规律，准确把握时代主题和不同历史时期的主要任务，一如既往地通过改革推动生产力发展和社会全面进步。我们党面对第四次工业革命和全球发展方式变革的新态势，聚焦当代中国发展的现实挑战，提出了新质生产力这一能够引领全球发展方式变革的新战略、新目标，而要实现这一战略目标，唯有通过进一步全面深化改革。

(A) Developing New Quality Productive Forces Through Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively Is an Enrichment and Development of the Marxist Theory of Productive Forces

（一）以进一步全面深化改革发展新质生产力是对马克思主义生产力理论的丰富和发展

Marxism reveals the dynamic elements of social development through the theory of productive forces. Regarding developing productive forces to promote social development, Marx and Engels provided a scientific summary mainly from three dimensions: first, describing the core driving force of social development from the internal structure of productive forces and its optimal combination, particularly emphasizing the inclusion of science and technology within the internal structure of productive forces to produce a "chemical reaction"; second, revealing the fundamental driving force of social development through studying the contradictory movement between productive forces and relations of production, emphasizing that when society's material productive forces develop to a certain stage, they come into conflict with the existing relations of production, and social revolution arrives from this; third, summarizing the overall driving force of social development through the concept of resultant force, emphasizing that economic, political, and cultural elements are all components of the power source of social development. From this, we can see the holistic and complex structural nature of the Marxist dynamic system of productive forces, that is, "this development of the productive forces ultimately always comes down to the social character of the labour that is put into effect, to the division of labour within society, to the development of intellectual labour, especially the natural sciences." [1]1 Karl Marx, *Capital*, Volume 3, Chapter 5. Particularly concerning the modern function of science and technology, Marx expressed it as the "capitalist application of machinery," on the one hand emphasizing the subversive revolution it brings to the development of productive forces, continuously pushing the level of capitalist productive forces to new heights, and on the other hand revealing the problems of human alienation and the confrontation between fairness and efficiency caused by the technological revolution under the constraints of capitalist relations of production. Therefore, constructing new relations of production that are compatible with the productive forces is a long-term way to resolve the development predicament of capitalist productive forces. From the above perspective, developing new quality productive forces adheres to the Marxist theory of productive forces and the theory of the driving forces of social development, and further grasps the sources of impetus for the development of productive forces based on systematicity, holism, and synergy. Developing new quality productive forces first requires focusing on the revolutionary transformation of the structure of productive forces, integrating new quality elements of high technology, high efficiency, and high quality into the structure of productive forces; second, it requires greater determination and courage to dare to chew hard bones and wade through dangerous shoals, to break through the institutional and mechanistic constraints that are incompatible with new quality productive forces, and to establish relations of production that better meet the needs of new quality productive forces; finally, it is also necessary to note that the premise of further deepening reform comprehensively is "further" based on "comprehensiveness" and "deepening," which means that we must liberate and develop new quality productive forces from the perspective of a broader historical resultant force.

马克思主义通过生产力理论来揭示社会发展的动力要素。对于发展生产力推动社会发展，马克思恩格斯主要从三个维度进行科学概括：一是从生产力内部结构及其优化组合来描述社会发展的核心动力，特别是注重将科学技术纳入生产力内部结构中并产生“化学反应”；二是通过研究生产力与生产关系之间的矛盾运动来揭示社会发展的根本动力，强调当社会的物质生产力发展到一定阶段，便会与现存的生产关系产生冲突，社会革命由此到来；三是以合力来概述社会发展的整体动力，强调经济、政治和文化要素均是社会发展的动力源的组成部分。由此我们可以看到马克思主义关于生产力动力系统的整体性和复杂结构性，即“生产力的这种发展，最终总是归结为发挥作用的劳动的社会性质，归结为社会内部的分工，归结为脑力劳动特别是自然科学的发展”。尤其是在涉及科学技术的现代功能时，马克思将其表述为“机器的资本主义应用”，一方面强调其给生产力发展所带来的颠覆性革命、推动资本主义生产力水平不断跃升，另一方面揭示科技革命在资本主义生产关系束缚下导致的人的异化、公平与效率的对峙等问题。因此，构建新型的、与生产力相适应的生产关系，是破解资本主义生产力发展困境的长远之道。从上述视角来看，发展新质生产力坚持了马克思主义生产力理论和社会发展动力学说，并进一步基于系统性、整体性、协同性把握生产力发展的动力来源。发展新质生产力首先要聚焦生产力结构的革命性变革，将高科技、高效能、高质量的新质元素融入生产力结构；其次要以更大决心和勇气敢于啃硬骨头、涉险滩，破解不适应新质生产力的体制机制束缚，建立更加适应新质生产力需要的生产关系；最后还要注意进一步全面深化改革的前提界定是在“全面”、“深化”基础上的“进一步”，这也就意味着必须从更宏大的历史合力视角来解放和发展新质生产力。

(B) Developing New Quality Productive Forces Through Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively Is an Enrichment and Development of China's Reform and Opening Up Practice

（二）以进一步全面深化改革发展新质生产力是对中国改革开放实践的丰富和发展

The historical logic of Chinese-path modernization has always focused on the tension between reform and opening up and development. The purpose of reform and opening up is development, and new development in turn provides new momentum and space for reform and opening up. Since reform and opening up, Deng Xiaoping paid the closest attention to the two strategic propositions of liberating and developing productive forces and reform and opening up, and pointed out, "The success of our modernization drive depends on two conditions. One is the domestic condition, which is to adhere to the current policies of reform and opening up. If the reform succeeds, it will lay the foundation for China's sustained and stable development for decades to come. The other is the international condition, which is a lasting peaceful environment." [2]2 Deng Xiaoping, "We Must Adhere to the Policy of Reform and Opening Up," *Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping*, Volume 3. Jiang Zemin put forward the important thought of the "Three Represents," emphasizing that the CPC represents the development demands of the advanced productive forces, and believed that "implementing reform and opening up is the road to a strong country for socialist China and a historic decision that determines the fate of contemporary China." [3]3 Jiang Zemin, "Speech at the Celebration of the 80th Anniversary of the Founding of the Communist Party of China," 2001. Hu Jintao put forward the Scientific Outlook on Development, pointing out the need to take a path of comprehensive, coordinated, and sustainable development, emphasizing the need to "promote reform, plan development," and promote a fundamental transformation of the development model. [4]4 Hu Jintao, "Hold High the Great Banner of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics and Strive for New Victories in Building a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects," Report to the 17th National Congress of the CPC, 2007. Facing the New Era and meeting new challenges, General Secretary Xi Jinping has repeatedly emphasized the need to focus unwaveringly on the goal of development, face problems directly, solve problems, and ensure that reform never stops and opening up never ceases. The Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee [5]5 The Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC, held in November 2013, which adopted the "Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Several Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening Reform." opened the prelude to comprehensively deepening reform. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee [6]6 The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC, held in July 2024, which adopted the "Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively to Advance Chinese-Path Modernization." upheld and improved the goal of comprehensively deepening reform, and emphasized the need to develop new quality productive forces through further deepening reform comprehensively. This series of new thoughts and new strategies continuously enriches and develops China's practice of reform and opening up.

中国式现代化的历史逻辑一直聚焦于改革开放和发展的张力。改革开放的目的是发展，新的发展又会为改革开放提供新的动能和空间。改革开放以来，邓小平最为关注解放和发展生产力与改革开放这两个战略性命题，并指出，“我们的现代化建设要取得成功，决定于两个条件。一个是国内条件，就是坚持现行的改革开放政策。如果改革成功，会为中国今后几十年的持续稳定发展奠定基础。还有一个是国际条件，就是持久的和平环境”。江泽民提出“三个代表”重要思想，强调中国共产党代表先进生产力的发展要求，并认为“实行改革开放是社会主义中国的强国之路，是决定当代中国命运的历史性决策”。胡锦涛提出科学发展观，指明要走全面协调可持续的发展之路，强调要“推动改革、谋划发展”，促进发展方式根本转变。面对新时代，迎接新挑战，习近平总书记多次强调要聚焦发展的目标不动摇，直面问题、解决问题，做到改革不停顿、开放不止步。党的十八届三中全会拉开全面深化改革序幕。党的二十届三中全会坚持和完善全面深化改革目标，并强调要以进一步全面深化改革发展新质生产力。这一系列新思想新战略不断丰富和发展着中国改革开放实践。

(C) Developing New Quality Productive Forces Through Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively Is a Transcendence and Reconstruction of the World Modernization Model

（三）以进一步全面深化改革发展新质生产力是对世界现代化模式的超越与重构

Modernization is a state and process of development in which the transformation from an agricultural society to an industrial and information society is promoted through changes in the development model, especially technological innovation. The dialectics of historical development enlightens us that Western capitalist countries took the lead in initiating the modernization process, but this by no means implies that Western modernization naturally becomes the template for the path of human modernization. On the one hand, Western modernization has subversively promoted the development of social productive forces. For example, from 1000 AD to 1750, the global average annual per capita income growth rate was below 0.1%; it increased to 1%–1.5% at the beginning of the First Industrial Revolution in the 18th century; the growth rate after the Industrial Revolution until the Second World War was about 3%; and after the Second World War, many countries achieved annual growth rates of over 5%. [7]7 Data cited from Angus Maddison, *The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective*, OECD, 2001. On the other hand, Western modernization was built from the very beginning on a colonial system of center-periphery. The growth in production efficiency of Western developed countries was premised on capital's exploitation of labor and the comprehensive erosion of peripheral regions by the capital center, the consequence of which inevitably brings about imbalance and inadequacy in world economic and social development. In this sense, developing new quality productive forces through further deepening reform comprehensively is not only an important task for advancing and expanding the process of Chinese-path modernization, but will also trigger a paradigm revolution in human modernization. It will be committed to actively constructing a global economic governance system that universally benefits all countries, especially developing countries, advocating for a global partnership of win-win cooperation, and endowing world modernization with new concepts such as common prosperity, coordination between material civilization and cultural-ethical progress, harmonious coexistence between humanity and nature, and peaceful development.

现代化是通过发展方式变革尤其是科技创新促进农业社会向工业社会和信息社会转变的一种发展状态和进程。历史发展的辩证法启示我们，西方资本主义国家率先开启了现代化历程，但绝不意味着西方现代化自然成为人类现代化之路的范本。一方面，西方现代化颠覆性地推动了社会生产力发展，如自公元1000年到1750年，全世界人均收入年增长率低于0.1%，18世纪第一次工业革命开始时提高至1%—1.5%，工业革命后到第二次世界大战期间增长率约为3%，第二次世界大战后许多国家年增长率达到5%以上。另一方面，西方现代化从一开始就是建立在中心—外围的殖民制度基础上，西方发达国家生产效率的增长是建立在资本对劳动的剥夺、资本中心区对边缘地区的全方位侵蚀的前提下的，其后果必然带来世界经济社会发展的不平衡、不充分。从这个意义上讲，以进一步全面深化改革发展新质生产力，不仅是推进和拓展中国式现代化进程的重要任务，而且将会引起人类现代化的范式革命，它将致力于积极构建使世界各国特别是发展中国家普遍受惠的全球经济治理制度，倡导合作共赢的全球伙伴关系，为世界现代化赋予共同富裕、物质文明和精神文明相协调、人与自然和谐共生、和平发展等新理念。

II. Accurately Grasping the Methodological Guidance for Developing New Quality Productive Forces Through Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively

二、准确把握以进一步全面深化改革发展新质生产力的方法指南

The "Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively to Advance Chinese-Path Modernization" (hereinafter referred to as the "Decision") takes "placing greater emphasis on systems integration, placing greater emphasis on highlighting key points, and placing greater emphasis on the effectiveness of reform" as an important guiding ideology for further deepening reform comprehensively on the new journey. The "three greater emphases" are interconnected and have their respective focuses, which need to be accurately grasped and comprehensively applied in the process of developing new quality productive forces.

《中共中央关于进一步全面深化改革推进中国式现代化的决定》（以下简称《决定》）将“更加注重系统集成，更加注重突出重点，更加注重改革实效”作为新征程上进一步全面深化改革的重要指导思想。“三个更加注重”相互联系、各有侧重，需要在发展新质生产力过程中准确把握、全面运用。

(I) Developing New Quality Productive Forces in a Reform that Places Greater Emphasis on Systemic Integration

（一）在更加注重系统集成的改革中发展新质生产力

General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasizes: “Reform must place greater emphasis on systemic integration, persist in planning and advancing with an overall perspective and systematic thinking, strengthen the coordination and matching of various reform measures, and ensure that reform measures in all fields and aspects work in the same direction and form a synergy, enhancing overall effectiveness, and preventing and overcoming the phenomena of each acting on its own and mutual obstruction.” [1]1 Karl Marx, *Capital*, Volume 3, Chapter 5. Developing new quality productive forces through further deepening reform comprehensively is a systemic project under the central task of comprehensively advancing the building of a strong country and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-path modernization. It involves reforms in various fields such as the economy, politics, culture, and ecology. It must place greater emphasis on systemic integration, so that reforms in all aspects coordinate with each other and are synergistically efficient. Based on this, it is necessary to properly handle the following five important relationships.

习近平总书记强调：“改革要更加注重系统集成，坚持以全局观念和系统思维谋划推进，加强各项改革举措的协调配套，推动各领域各方面改革举措同向发力、形成合力，增强整体效能，防止和克服各行其是、相互掣肘的现象。”以进一步全面深化改革发展新质生产力是在以中国式现代化全面推进强国建设、民族复兴伟业的中心任务下的系统工程，涉及经济、政治、文化、生态等各个领域改革，要更加注重系统集成，使各方面改革相互配合、协同高效。基于此，需要处理好以下五个方面重要关系。

First, the relationship between the economy and society. The economy is the foundation of social development and people’s livelihood, while social development and stability are the prerequisites for economic development. On the basis of regarding productive forces as the decisive force for social development, we must deeply understand and distinguish the differences in the value attributes of new quality productive forces under different social systems, understand the value goals of developing new quality productive forces from the dual logic of development and stability, and grasp the development coordinates of new quality productive forces from the combination of “Chinese-path modernization is the greatest politics” and “the people’s hearts are the greatest politics.” [2]2 Deng Xiaoping, "We Must Adhere to the Policy of Reform and Opening Up," *Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping*, Volume 3. Second, the relationship between the government and the market. A high-level socialist market economy system, as a new type of relations of production that nurtures new quality productive forces, is the key to the success of developing new quality productive forces. We must adhere to the decisive role of the market in resource allocation, and give play to the important role of the government in macro-control, strengthening rule-of-law supervision, and maintaining market fairness. We must both “enliven by letting go” and “manage by controlling well,” achieving a deep integration of an effective market and a competent government. Third, the relationship between efficiency and fairness. The Western representative figure on the issue of efficiency and fairness, Rawls, believes that justice is the primary value of social systems. [3]3 Jiang Zemin, "Speech at the Celebration of the 80th Anniversary of the Founding of the Communist Party of China," 2001. But values are formed based on social systems. The theory of justice he expounds contradicts the capital-centered profit-seeking system, meaning that under the capitalist system, institutional unity of efficiency and fairness cannot be achieved. Viewing efficiency and fairness from the perspective of further deepening reform comprehensively, we must, by upholding and improving the socialist system, two-directionally dismantle the institutional mechanisms that hinder the improvement of efficiency and the realization of fairness, creating a new model of new quality productive forces that balances efficiency and fairness. Fourth, the relationship between vitality and order. New quality productive forces require the premise of stimulating the endogenous driving force and innovation vitality of the whole society, and the guarantee of establishing orderly rules and norms. We must resolutely eliminate the ideological concepts and institutional mechanism drawbacks that hinder the release of vitality, improve the institutional mechanisms for developing new quality productive forces according to local conditions, grasp the dialectical relationship between vitality and order, and maintain an appropriate tension between vitality and order. Fifth, the relationship between development and security. High-quality development and high-level security are organically unified and mutually reinforcing. Their benign interaction is an inevitable requirement for ensuring the steady and long-term progress of Chinese-path modernization. As an important engine driving high-quality development, new quality productive forces and the maintenance of national security form “the two wings of one body, the two wheels driving forward.” [4]4 Hu Jintao, "Hold High the Great Banner of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics and Strive for New Victories in Building a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects," Report to the 17th National Congress of the CPC, 2007. To develop new quality productive forces, we must, in the process of further deepening reform comprehensively, both properly handle development issues and attach high importance to security issues.

一是经济与社会的关系。经济是社会发展和民生保障的基础，社会发展与稳定是经济发展的前提。在将生产力作为社会发展决定性力量的基础上，必须深刻认识和区分不同社会制度下新质生产力价值属性的差别，从发展与稳定的双重逻辑中来理解发展新质生产力的价值目标，从“中国式现代化是最大的政治”与“民心是最大的政治”的结合中把握新质生产力的发展坐标。二是政府与市场的关系。高水平社会主义市场经济体制作为孕育新质生产力的新型生产关系，是发展新质生产力能否取得成功的关键。必须坚持市场在资源配置中的决定性作用，发挥政府在宏观调控、加强法治监督、维护市场公平方面的重要作用，既“放得活”又“管得住”，实现有效市场与有为政府深度结合。三是效率与公平的关系。西方关于效率与公平问题的代表性人物罗尔斯认为，正义是社会制度的首要价值。但价值基于社会制度形成，其阐述的正义论与以资本为中心的逐利制度相悖，即在资本主义制度下无法实现效率与公平的制度性统一。从进一步全面深化改革意义上来看待效率与公平，要通过坚持和完善社会主义制度，双向破解影响效率提升、公平实现的体制机制，打造效率与公平兼顾的新质生产力新样板。四是活力与秩序的关系。新质生产力需要以激发全社会内生动力和创新活力为前提，以建立有序规则规范为保障。要坚决破除妨碍活力释放的思想观念和体制机制弊端，健全因地制宜发展新质生产力体制机制，把握活力与秩序的辩证关系，保持活力与秩序的适度张力。五是发展与安全的关系。高质量发展和高水平安全有机统一、相辅相成，其良性互动是确保中国式现代化行稳致远的必然要求。作为推动高质量发展的重要引擎，新质生产力与维护国家安全形成“一体之两翼、驱动之双轮”。发展新质生产力，必须在进一步全面深化改革进程中既处理好发展问题，又高度重视安全问题。

(II) Developing New Quality Productive Forces in a Reform that Places Greater Emphasis on Highlighting Priorities

（二）在更加注重突出重点的改革中发展新质生产力

General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasizes, “To further deepen reform comprehensively, we must grasp the principal contradiction and the principal aspect of the contradiction.” [5]5 The Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC, held in November 2013, which adopted the "Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Several Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening Reform." The contradiction in developing new quality productive forces through further deepening reform comprehensively manifests as a non-antagonistic, adjustable contradiction between productive forces and relations of production, and as a contradiction between high-quality development and deep-seated institutional mechanism obstacles. On the basis of grasping the principal contradiction that binds the development of new quality productive forces, the Communist Party of China takes the reform of the economic system and mechanisms as the focal point of comprehensively deepening reform, driving the overall development of reform through breakthroughs in key areas. Based on this, it is necessary to focus on optimizing institutional mechanisms in the following five aspects to better leverage the leading role of economic system reform.

习近平总书记强调，“进一步全面深化改革，要抓住主要矛盾和矛盾的主要方面”。以进一步全面深化改革发展新质生产力的矛盾表现为生产力与生产关系间非对抗、可调节性质的矛盾，表现为高质量发展与深层次体制机制障碍之间的矛盾。中国共产党在抓住束缚新质生产力发展主要矛盾基础上，将经济体制机制改革作为全面深化改革的着力点，以关键方面的突破带动改革的整体发展。基于此，需要注重从以下五个方面优化体制机制，更好发挥经济体制改革的牵引作用。

First, focus on innovation-led development. The innovation theory master Schumpeter believed that innovation is the realization of a “new combination” of production factors and production conditions. [6]6 The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC, held in July 2024, which adopted the "Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively to Advance Chinese-Path Modernization." To raise the level of productive forces, one must start from the transformation of relations of production and promote the innovative allocation of production factors. To develop new quality productive forces, we must start from economic system reform, make improving independent innovation capabilities the top priority, and form talent incentive mechanisms, scientific research achievement evaluation systems, distribution institutional mechanisms, and cross-industry collaborative linkage mechanisms with innovation as the core weight. Second, focus on diversity and inclusiveness. According to the practical needs of developing new quality productive forces, constructing new quality relations of production must accommodate multiple forms of ownership and various types of production entities, and be compatible with various institutional mechanisms conducive to innovative development. We must leverage the role of the public-owned economy in policy support, industrial guidance, resource allocation, regulation and stabilization, etc. Leverage the sensitivity of the private economy to technological innovation and industrial transformation, as well as its “specialization, refinement, uniqueness, and novelty” advantages in industry and market. [7]7 Data cited from Angus Maddison, *The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective*, OECD, 2001. Through mutual inclusion and mutual coordination, jointly support the development of new quality productive forces. At the same time, we also need to draw on the strengths of others with a broader mind and a global perspective, and be inclusive and absorb the experience of developed countries that can be used for reference. Third, focus on unity and standardization. The four industrial revolutions in history are processes where new productive forces emerged, breaking the shackles of old relations of production and forming new ones; they are processes where new institutional mechanisms replaced old ones. In the process of “breaking” and “establishing” institutional mechanisms, we must simultaneously advance establishment and breaking, establishing before breaking, to avoid rule anomie and market disorder caused by the transition between old and new institutional mechanisms. Currently, developing new quality productive forces requires special attention to and resolution of the problems of rushing headlong into mass action and regional barriers. By building a unified national market, improving factor market systems and rules, promoting the smooth flow of production factors, efficient allocation of various resources, and full release of market potential, we can eliminate market bottlenecks and obstacles to the development of new quality productive forces. Fourth, focus on fair competition. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out that we must “accelerate the improvement of basic market economic systems such as property rights protection, market access, fair competition, and social credit, centering on building a high-level socialist market economy system.” [8]8 Quoted from Xi Jinping’s speech at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC (July 2024), which focused on further deepening reform comprehensively. Fair competition is a key element in adjusting relations of production and deepening the reform of economic systems and mechanisms, and an important condition for promoting the development of new quality productive forces. We must strive to protect the intellectual property rights of new quality productive forces from the rule-of-law level, improve a modern property rights system with clear ownership, defined rights and responsibilities, strict protection, and smooth transfer, protect the property rights of all forms of ownership economies, implement laws and regulations such as the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China, the Anti-Monopoly Law of the People’s Republic of China, and the Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Fair Competition Review System, make good use of the National Basic Catalogue of Public Credit Information and the National Basic List of Punishment Measures for Breach of Trust, improve the social credit system and regulatory system, and ensure that all forms of ownership economies use production factors equally according to law, participate fairly in market competition, and receive equal legal protection. Fifth, focus on linkage resilience. Socialized mass production under the background of modernization requires the allocation of resources and activation of the market liquidity of various production factors on a global scale. In particular, the development of new quality productive forces involves the mutual learning and linkage of scientific research, the organic connection of industrial chains, supply chains, and value chains, and the transparency and openness of various markets on a global scale. Therefore, we must deeply grasp the institutional requirements for the development of today’s advanced productive forces, fully consider various systemic risks, and, from the development pattern of “dual circulation,” [9]9 “Chinese-path modernization is the greatest politics” and “the people’s hearts are the greatest politics” are two related slogans used by the CPC to link modernization with popular support. unblock the blockages and pain points affecting the deployment of new quality productive forces in domestic and international markets, construct emergency mechanisms to prevent and respond to global “chain severance,” continuously strengthen the “ballast” capability in the global industrial chain and supply chain, and enhance the global competitiveness and international discourse power of various industrial chains.

一是注重创新引领。创新理论大师熊彼特认为，创新是实现一种关于生产要素和生产条件的“新组合”，提高生产力水平要从生产关系变革切入，推进生产要素创新性配置。发展新质生产力要从经济体制改革入手，将提高自主创新能力作为重中之重，形成以创新为核心权重的人才激励机制、科研成果评价体系、分配体制机制、跨行业协同联动机制等。二是注重多元包容。根据发展新质生产力的现实需要，构建新质生产关系必须包容多种所有制关系和各类生产主体，兼容各类有利于创新发展的体制机制。要发挥公有制经济在政策支撑、产业引导、资源配置、调节稳定等方面作用。发挥民营经济对科技创新和产业变革的敏锐性及其在产业和市场上的“专精特新”优势，通过相互包容、相互协同，共同支撑新质生产力的发展。同时，还需要以更大胸怀、以世界眼光博采众长，兼容吸收发达国家可借鉴的经验。三是注重统一规范。历史上的四次工业革命，是新的生产力出现打破旧的生产关系束缚、形成新的生产关系的过程，是新的体制机制替代旧的体制机制的过程。在体制机制“破”与“立”的过程中，要做到立破并举、先立后破，避免由于体制机制新旧转换而导致的规则失范和市场无序。目前，发展新质生产力要特别关注并解决一哄而起和区域壁垒的问题，通过构建全国统一大市场，完善要素市场制度和规则，推动生产要素畅通流动、各类资源高效配置、市场潜力充分释放，消除新质生产力发展的市场瓶颈和障碍。四是注重公平竞争。习近平总书记指出，要“围绕构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制，加快完善产权保护、市场准入、公平竞争、社会信用等市场经济基础制度”。公平竞争是调整生产关系、深化经济体制机制改革的关键要素，是催生新质生产力发展的重要条件。要着力从法治层面保护新质生产力的知识产权,健全归属清晰、权责明确、保护严格、流转顺畅的现代产权制度,保护各种所有制经济产权,贯彻《中华人民共和国民法典》《中华人民共和国反垄断法》《公平竞争审查制度实施细则》等法律法规,用好《全国公共信用信息基础目录》《全国失信惩戒措施基础清单》,健全社会信用体系和监管制度,保证各种所有制经济依法平等使用生产要素、公平参与市场竞争、同等受到法律保护。五是注重链接坚韧。现代化背景下的社会化大生产，需要在全球范围内配置资源、激活各类生产要素的市场流动性，特别是新质生产力发展涉及全球范围内科学研究的互鉴联动、产业链供应链价值链的有机衔接、各类市场的透明开放等，因此要深刻把握当今先进生产力发展的制度要求，充分考虑各种系统性风险，着力从“双循环”的发展格局中，打通影响新质生产力在国内国际市场投放的堵点和痛点，构建防范应对全球“断链”的应急机制，不断强化在全球产业链供应链中的“压舱”能力，提升各类产业链的全球竞争力和国际话语权。

(III) Developing New Quality Productive Forces in a Reform that Places Greater Emphasis on Practical Results and Effectiveness

（三）在更加注重实效成效的改革中发展新质生产力

General Secretary Xi Jinping, when deploying reform implementation tasks, emphasized: “We must implement tasks without compromise, ensuring the final outcomes align with the decision-making intentions of the Party Central Committee. We must implement tasks with vigor and efficiency, comprehensively grasping timing, degree, and effectiveness. We must implement tasks pragmatically and realistically, resolutely correcting formalism and bureaucratism.” [17]17 Formalism and bureaucratism refer to work styles that prioritize form over substance and rigid adherence to procedures, respectively, which the CPC has repeatedly criticized as obstacles to effective governance. The leadership and organizational capacity of the Communist Party of China in grasping implementation and emphasizing tangible results should be fully leveraged, transforming the strategic deployment of further deepening reform comprehensively into a powerful driving force for developing new quality productive forces. Based on this, efforts to enhance the capacity for grasping reform implementation need to be focused on the following four aspects.

习近平总书记在部署改革落实任务时强调，“要不折不扣抓落实，确保最终效果符合党中央决策意图。要雷厉风行抓落实，统筹把握时度效。要求真务实抓落实，坚决纠治形式主义、官僚主义”。应充分发挥中国共产党抓落实、重实效的领导力与组织力，把进一步全面深化改革的战略部署转化为发展新质生产力的强大动力。基于此，需要从以下四个方面着力提升抓好改革落实的能力。

First, adhere to benchmarking and alignment. It is necessary to fully and accurately comprehend the systematic deployment of the “Decision” [18]18 The “Decision” refers to the resolution adopted by the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC in July 2024 on further deepening reform comprehensively to advance Chinese-path modernization. regarding further deepening reform comprehensively to develop new quality productive forces, implement the “Decision’s” requirements for improving the systems and mechanisms for developing new quality productive forces in accordance with local conditions, establish reform task books and construction blueprints, clarify timelines and priorities, promptly identify, study, and resolve problems, and, with the spirit of driving nails, [19]19 “Spirit of driving nails” is a metaphor used by Xi Jinping to describe the persistence and precision required in implementing reforms, likening it to hammering a nail firmly into place. advance and implement key reform tasks in an organized, focused, and step-by-step manner, unifying thoughts and actions with all reform decisions and deployments. Second, adhere to adapting measures to local conditions. The basic conditions, development circumstances, and reform potential of various regions across the country differ vastly; there must be no rushing headlong into action divorced from reality, no simple replication or blind development, and no administrative means to forcibly develop new quality productive forces, preventing severe project homogenization, wasteful duplication of resources, and intensified involution-style competition. [20]20 “Involution” (内卷) is a term widely used in contemporary Chinese discourse to describe excessive competition that leads to diminishing returns and wasted resources. Based on each region’s resource endowments, environmental capacity, industrial foundations, scientific research conditions, market conditions, and historical heritage, and according to the growth laws and pathways of different types of new quality productive forces, we must seek truth from facts, adapt measures to local conditions, advance by category, and implement targeted policies. Third, adhere to coordinated synergy. As the latest qualitative state of social productive forces, the development of new quality productive forces even more requires comprehensively deepening reform. The dynamism of various production factors such as labor, capital, land, technology, management, data, and information must be fully mobilized, and the initiative of owners of these production factors must be fully activated. Efforts must be made to promote the coordinated development of production, circulation, exchange, and consumption. Achievements in scientific and technological innovation must be applied to specific industries and industrial chains, transforming and upgrading traditional industries, cultivating and strengthening emerging industries, laying out and building future industries, and advancing the coordinated development of the modern industrial system. Fourth, adhere to scientific evaluation. New quality productive forces are advanced productive forces that integratively promote common prosperity and the comprehensive development of individuals, adhering to the people-centered value orientation. Their goal is to further liberate and develop productive forces and better meet the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life. Therefore, the primary evaluation criterion is the actual performance of reforms and the satisfaction of the people. This should serve as the value orientation of the evaluation system, improving scientific and objective evaluation systems such as the new quality productive forces index, fully reflecting the current status and progress of new quality productive forces development in various regions. By leveraging the baton effect of the evaluation system, resource allocation and cost investment should be optimized, guiding human resources, funds, and policies to be used effectively and produce tangible results.

一是坚持对标对表。要完整准确领会《决定》对进一步全面深化改革发展新质生产力作出的系统部署，贯彻落实《决定》关于健全因地制宜发展新质生产力体制机制的要求，建立改革任务书与施工图，明确时间表与优先序，及时发现问题、研究问题、破解问题，以钉钉子精神有组织、有重点、有步骤地抓好重点改革任务的推进和落实，将思想和行动统一到改革各项决策部署上来。二是坚持因地制宜。全国各地基础情况、发展条件、改革潜能千差万别，不能一哄而上、脱离实际，不能简单复制、盲目发展，不能以行政手段强行发展新质生产力，防止导致项目同质化严重、资源重复性浪费、竞争内卷式加剧的情况。要根据各地区资源禀赋、环境容量、产业基础、科研条件、市场状况、历史传承等，根据不同类型新质生产力的成长规律和路径，实事求是、因地制宜、分类推进、精准施策。三是坚持协同发力。作为社会生产力最新质态的新质生产力，其发展更加需要全面深化改革，要充分调动劳动、资本、土地、技术、管理、数据、信息等各种生产要素的能动性，调动各种生产要素所有者的积极性，要努力推进生产、流通、交换、消费各环节的协调发展，要将科技创新成果应用到具体产业和产业链上，改造提升传统产业，培育壮大新兴产业，布局建设未来产业，推进现代化产业体系协同发展。四是坚持科学评价。新质生产力是一体化促进共同富裕与促进人的全面发展的先进生产力，坚持以人民为中心的价值导向，其目标在于进一步解放和发展生产力，更好满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要，因此其首要评价标准是改革的实绩实效和人民群众满意度。要以此作为评价体系的价值指向，完善新质生产力指数等科学客观的评价体系，充分反映各地新质生产力发展现状和进展成效，通过发挥评价体系的指挥棒作用，优化资源配置与成本投入，引导人力、资金、政策等用到实处、显现成效。

III. Focusing on the Focal Directions for Developing New Quality Productive Forces Through Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively

三、聚焦以进一步全面深化改革发展新质生产力的着力方向

The development of new quality productive forces is a process that unifies progress and twists and turns. Currently, in concrete practice, reform has entered the deep-water zone, [21]21 “Deep-water zone” is a common metaphor in Chinese political discourse for the stage of reform where remaining issues are complex, difficult, and involve entrenched interests. with structural issues and deep-seated contradictions constraining the improvement of productive forces levels gradually becoming prominent. To break through the constraints of relations of production on the development of productive forces and strive to unblock the bottlenecks and blockages in the development of new quality productive forces, we need to focus on the focal directions for developing new quality productive forces through further deepening reform comprehensively.

新质生产力的发展是一个集前进性和曲折性相统一的过程。当前在具体实践中，改革进入深水区，制约生产力水平提升的结构性问题和深层次矛盾逐渐凸显，要突破生产关系对生产力发展的束缚，着力打通新质生产力发展的堵点卡点，需要我们聚焦以进一步全面深化改革发展新质生产力的着力方向。

(I) Deepening the Integrated Reform of Education, Science and Technology, and Talent

（一）深化教育科技人才一体改革

The essential characteristics of high technology, high efficiency, and high quality inherent in new quality productive forces determine that innovative systems and mechanisms must support their development. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC proposed taking the integrated reform of the systems and mechanisms for education, science and technology, and talent as an important entry point for enhancing the overall efficiency of the national innovation system. This has directional guiding value for developing new quality productive forces.

新质生产力所内蕴的高技术、高效能、高质量的本质特征，决定了必须有创新体制机制支撑其发展，党的二十届三中全会提出将教育科技人才体制机制一体改革作为提升国家创新体系整体效能的重要切入点，这对于发展新质生产力具有方向性引领价值。

First, driven by strategic synergy. Adhere to the strategic position of prioritizing education development. Emphasize the leading role of universities in building a strong educational nation, leverage the advantages of high-level research universities, promote the development of digital education, deepen the principal role of education in producing and creating scientific knowledge and independently cultivating foundational talent, accelerate the construction of a high-quality education system, and optimize the educational structure, disciplinary and specialty structure, talent cultivation system, and talent evaluation system that are compatible with the new development pattern. Adhere to the strategic position of achieving scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening. Facing the frontiers of world science and technology, the main economic battlefield, the nation’s major needs, and the people’s life and health, strengthen basic research and applied research, concentrate scientific research resources and forces to tackle core technologies, and consolidate the foundation for high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening. Adhere to the strategic position of talent leading development. Carry out various thematic studies, educational training, study visits and exchanges, and national conditions research, strive to cultivate more “Four-Haves” good teachers [22]22 “Four-Haves” good teachers refers to teachers who have ideals and convictions, moral sentiments, solid knowledge, and a benevolent heart, a standard proposed by Xi Jinping. and “great masters,” [23]23 “Great masters” (大先生) is a traditional Chinese term of respect for exemplary scholars and educators, revived in recent Party discourse to emphasize the role of teachers in moral and intellectual cultivation. cultivate and produce more top-tier scientific and technological talents with global influence, stably support a number of innovation teams, cultivate more high-quality technical and skilled talents, skilled craftsmen, and great country artisans, [24]24 “Great country artisans” (大国工匠) is a term used in China to honor highly skilled workers who demonstrate exceptional craftsmanship and dedication in their trades, often linked to national industrial strategy. and boost the construction of world-class talent centers and innovation hubs.

一是以战略联动力为驱动。坚持教育优先发展的战略地位。重视发挥高校在建设教育强国中的龙头作用，发挥高水平研究型大学优势，推进数字化教育发展，深化教育在生产和创造科学知识、自主培养基础性人才中的主体作用，加快建设高质量教育体系，优化同新发展格局相适应的教育结构、学科专业结构、人才培养体系、人才评价体系等。坚持科技自立自强的战略地位。面向世界科技前沿、面向经济主战场、面向国家重大需求、面向人民生命健康，加强基础研究和应用研究，集聚科研资源与力量进行核心技术攻关，夯实高水平科技自立自强根基。坚持人才引领发展的战略地位。开展各类主题学习、教育培训、访学交流、国情研修，努力培育更多的“四有”好老师、“大先生”，培养造就更多具有世界影响力的顶尖科技人才，稳定支持一批创新团队，培养更多高素质技术技能人才、能工巧匠、大国工匠，助推世界重要人才中心和创新高地建设。

Second, radiating through independent innovation capability. Enhance original innovation capability. Original innovation best reflects a nation’s independent innovation capability. High importance must be attached to source innovation, stimulating the initiative to dare to explore unknown fields and produce breakthrough, disruptive results, achieving more and more significant innovative outcomes in unprecedented major scientific discoveries, technological inventions, and principle-dominant technologies. Enhance integrated innovation capability. Integrated innovation prominently reflects a nation’s capacity for system integration and concentrated tackling. Combining the penetrative and integrative characteristics of data elements, the intrinsic value of production factors should be enhanced, the combination mode of production factors should be optimized, and major breakthroughs in key technologies should be achieved in major strategic projects with strong technological relevance and industrial driving force. Enhance open innovation capability. Open innovation prominently reflects a nation’s global vision of seeking progress for humanity. High-level opening up must be continuously expanded, cooperation focused on common problems and challenges facing humanity, overseas talents introduced, scientific and technological exchanges strengthened, and an open innovation ecosystem with global competitiveness gradually formed.

二是以自主创新力为辐射。增强原始创新能力。原始创新最能体现国家的自主创新能力。要高度重视源头创新，激发敢于探索未知领域，产出突破性、颠覆性成果的积极性，在前所未有的重大科学发现、技术发明、原理性主导技术等方面取得更多更有分量的创新成果。增强集成创新能力。集成创新突出体现国家系统集成、集中攻关的能力。要结合数据要素的渗透性、融合性特点，提升生产要素内在价值，优化生产要素组合方式，在具有较强技术关联性和产业带动性的重大战略项目上实现关键技术的重大突破。增强开放创新能力。开放创新突出体现国家为人类谋进步的天下胸怀。要不断扩大高水平对外开放，聚焦人类面临的共同难题与挑战开展合作，引进海外人才，加强科技交流，逐渐形成具有全球竞争力的开放创新生态。

Third, guaranteed by organizational synergy. Build a talent cultivation community. Relying on major projects or science and innovation platforms, explore the establishment of a “university-enterprise-research institution” joint cultivation community, oriented by national strategic needs and driven by major application needs, adjust university disciplinary layouts to meet the innovation needs of industries and enterprises, select students for study and internships at research institutes and high-tech enterprises, cultivate urgently needed talents for modern industries and strategic emerging industries, comprehensively plan to enhance the quality of foundational discipline talents, and strengthen the cultivation of high-precision, cutting-edge professionals and scarce talents. Build an operational mechanism community. Establish a “research-development-application-feedback” through-type mechanism community, improve mechanisms for operational management, resource allocation, and feedback evaluation, simplify project approval and management processes, concentrate factor guarantees, unblock the bottlenecks and blockages in the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, smooth the virtuous cycle of the innovation chain, industrial chain, talent chain, and capital chain, ensure effective docking between cutting-edge technologies and market demand, carry out full-chain innovation research from basic research and application development to achievement transformation and industrial demonstration, and promote the successful transformation of scientific and technological achievements into real productive forces and new quality productive forces.

三是以组织协同力为保障。建设人才培养共同体。依托重大项目或科创平台，探索建立“高校—企业—研发机构”联合式培养共同体，以国家战略需求为导向、以重大应用需求为牵引，面向产业、企业创新需要调整高校学科布局，选派学生到科研院所、高技术企业研学实习，培养现代产业和战略性新兴产业急需人才，全方位谋划提升基础学科人才质量，加强对高精尖专业人才与紧缺人才的培养。建设运行机制共同体。建立“研发—运用—反馈”贯通式机制共同体，完善运行管理、资源配置、反馈评价等机制，简化项目审批、管理等流程，聚集要素保障，打通科技成果转化的堵点、卡点，畅通创新链、产业链、人才链、资金链良性循环，做好前沿技术与市场需求的有效对接，开展好从基础研究、应用开发到成果转化、产业示范的全链条创新研究，推动科技成果向现实生产力、新质生产力的成功转化。

(II) Improving the Systems and Mechanisms for High-Level Opening Up

（二）完善高水平对外开放体制机制

Reform and opening up are interconnected and mutually reinforcing. Only by clarifying reform ideas and ensuring the implementation of further deepening of comprehensive reform can we continuously enhance the capacity and level of opening up to the outside world; only by increasing the intensity of opening up and improving the institutions and mechanisms for high-standard opening up can we continuously advance reform in depth and resolve deep-seated institutional and mechanistic issues. Currently, the traditional driving forces promoting economic globalization are gradually disappearing, while new driving forces based on a new round of technological revolution and industrial revolution represented by digital technology are taking shape. The world economic landscape is developing towards multipolarity, and the global economic governance system and international economic and trade rules are accelerating their adjustment and improvement. The profound changes in the domestic and international environments mean that traditional models of open development can no longer meet the practical needs of the new stage of Chinese-path modernization, and are particularly unable to seize the strategic opportunities of the new round of information technology revolution and industrial transformation, thereby promoting the development of new quality productive forces. Therefore, for the development model of new quality productive forces, which represents a higher level and higher tier of productive forces, there is an urgent need to carry out opening up on a larger scale and at a higher level.

改革与开放是相互贯通、相辅相成的。只有明确改革思路，推动进一步全面深化改革落实到位，才能不断提升对外开放的能力和水平；只有加大开放力度，完善高水平对外开放体制机制，才能不断推进改革向纵深发展，解决深层次体制机制问题。当前，推动经济全球化发展的传统动能正在逐步消失，基于新一轮以数字技术为代表的技术革命和产业革命的新动能正在形成。世界经济格局朝着多极化趋势发展，全球经济治理体系和国际经贸规则加速调整和完善。国内国外环境的深刻变化，意味着传统的开放发展模式已经难以适应中国式现代化建设新阶段的现实需求，尤其是难以把握住新一轮信息技术革命和产业变革战略机遇，从而促进新质生产力发展。因此，对于新质生产力这一更高水平、更高层次生产力发展模式，亟待开展更大范围、更高水平的对外开放。

First, develop new quality productive forces by building a new system for a higher-standard open economy. New quality productive forces involve foreign exchanges and cooperation in numerous key areas, such as the flow of global innovative talent, industrial transformation, the overall leap in economic structure, intellectual property protection, and the opening of global factor markets. There is an urgent need to build a new system for a higher-standard open economy to adapt to and promote the expansion of new quality productive forces on a larger scale, in broader fields, and at a deeper level. Develop new quality productive forces by steadily advancing institutional opening up. Institutions are the normative conventions governing people’s production interactions and social interactions. Marxism regards changes in social systems as the result of the contradictory movement between productive forces and relations of production, and between the economic base and the superstructure, and views the economic system as the sum total of relations of production. Fair, standardized, and transparent institutions are the fundamental support for promoting the progress of human society and an important prerequisite for promoting the high-level development of new quality productive forces. As new quality productive forces advance in depth, it is necessary to steadily transition from general, case-by-case opening up to institutional opening up, taking institutional opening up, such as standards, regulations, and systems, as the main line, to create a favorable environment for the development of new quality productive forces. Develop new quality productive forces by promoting expanded and open innovation practices. The new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation is deepening. Countries are focusing on scientific and technological innovation, seizing the economic high ground by adjusting development models and reshaping industrial advantages. For example, the U.S. Constitution requires that patents be granted to promote the progress of science and useful arts; Germany has issued the “Future Research and Innovation Strategy” as its latest top-level strategic plan for scientific and technological innovation. It is necessary to advance practices in emerging fields such as digital trade and green trade, explore the construction of an institutional system for high-standard opening up of the service industry, promote the shift of opening up from releasing factor mobility to constructing institutions that support R&D and innovation, and continuously deepen the understanding and application of new quality productive forces in open innovation practices. Develop new quality productive forces by proactively aligning with international high-standard common rules. New quality productive forces are not only a new driving force for China’s high-quality development but also a new engine for global sustainable development. To enhance the competitiveness of products of new quality productive forces in the world market and stimulate their strong impetus for global economic development, it is necessary to stand at the forefront of world economic development, proactively align with common international standards, minimize transaction costs to the greatest extent, uphold the principle of fairness to the greatest degree, and maximize economic efficiency, forming a pattern of mutual benefit and market win-win. Currently, China is committed to proactively aligning with international high-standard economic and trade rules and creating a stable, transparent, and predictable policy and institutional environment. This will undoubtedly have an important and far-reaching impact on promoting the organic connection of global industrial and supply chains, boosting the confidence of various economic entities worldwide, and lifting the world economy out of its downturn.

一是以建设更高水平开放型经济新体制发展新质生产力。新质生产力涉及全球创新人才流动、产业变革、经济结构整体跃升、知识产权保护、全球要素市场开放等众多重点领域的对外交流合作，亟待建设更高水平开放型经济新体制，以适应和推动新质生产力在更大范围、更宽领域、更深层次拓展。以稳步扩大制度型开放发展新质生产力。制度是对人们生产交往和社会交往的规范约定。马克思主义将社会制度变迁视为生产力和生产关系之间、经济基础和上层建筑之间矛盾运动的结果，将经济制度视为生产关系的总和。公平规范透明的制度是推动人类社会进步的基础支撑，是推动新质生产力高水平发展的重要前提。随着新质生产力深入推进，需要由一般性一事一议对外开放稳步过渡至制度型开放，以标准、规制和制度等制度型开放为主线，为发展新质生产力营造良好环境。以推进扩大开放创新实践发展新质生产力。新一轮科技革命和产业变革深入发展，各国聚焦科技创新，通过调整发展模式、重塑产业优势抢占经济制高点。例如美国宪法要求专利颁发要以促进科学和实用艺术的进步为标准；德国出台《未来研究与创新战略》作为其最新的科技创新顶层战略规划。要推进数字贸易、绿色贸易等新兴领域实践，探索构建高标准服务业开放的制度体系，推进对外开放由释放要素流动性转向支持研发和创新的制度构建，在开放创新实践中不断深化对新质生产力的理解和运用。以主动对接国际高标准通用规则发展新质生产力。新质生产力不仅是中国高质量发展的新动力，也是世界可持续发展的新引擎。为增强新质生产力产品在世界市场的竞争力，激发新质生产力对全球经济发展的强劲推动力，需要立足世界经济发展潮头，主动对接世界通用标准，最大限度减少交易成本，最大程度维护公平法则，最大力度提升经济效率，形成互惠互利、市场共赢的格局。目前，中国正致力于主动对接国际高标准经贸规则，营造稳定透明可预期的政策制度环境，这必将对促进全球产业链供应链有机衔接、提振世界各类经济主体信心、摆脱世界经济低迷状况产生重要而深远的影响。

Second, develop new quality productive forces by promoting reform and development of the global economic governance system. Facing changes unseen in a century in the world, the original global governance system, centered on multilateral mechanisms such as the United Nations and the World Trade Organization, has failed to iterate and update synchronously, seriously lagging behind practical needs. In recent years, with the deepening of economic globalization, the influence and contribution of emerging market economies and developing countries to the world economy have continued to increase, but their institutional voice in participating in global governance is insufficient. It is necessary to “implement the Global Development Initiative, the Global Security Initiative, and the Global Civilization Initiative, advocate an equal and orderly multipolar world and a universally beneficial and inclusive economic globalization, deepen the reform of foreign affairs working mechanisms, and participate in and lead the reform and construction of the global governance system,” in order to promote the rapid development of new quality productive forces. Actively participate in constructing global economic governance rules. The development of new quality productive forces raises new issues for global economic governance, such as institutional arrangements for the organic integration of global industrial and supply chains, institutional opening up of global science, technology, education, and talent, global market opening, intellectual property protection, anti-monopoly, and credit guarantees. As the largest developing country and as a promoter and leader of new multilateral and regional economic governance platforms, China should have a greater sense of responsibility and duty to actively participate in constructing global economic governance rules, promote the reform of the governance system, and promote the establishment of a new global economic governance system based on equality, oriented towards openness, driven by cooperation, and aimed at sharing, so that it can better adapt to the development trend of new quality productive forces. Actively contribute Chinese solutions for global economic governance. In response to new changes in the global productive forces landscape, especially the digitalization and greening trends in the development of productive forces, strengthen the coordination of policies for developing new quality productive forces according to local conditions with fiscal, tax, financial, and industrial policies, and create an institutional and policy support system for the development of new quality productive forces with global leading significance. Based on the key task of stabilizing foreign investment, deepen the reform of the management system for foreign investment and outbound investment, create a market-oriented, law-based, and internationalized first-class business environment, implement the comprehensive cancellation of restrictions on foreign investment access in the manufacturing sector, relax market access in telecommunications, internet, education, culture, healthcare, and other fields, and attract more foreign investment to support the development of new quality productive forces. Adhere to independent opening up, proceed from China’s actual conditions and the structural needs of the world economy, proceed from the international needs for developing new quality productive forces, orderly expand the opening up of commodity markets, service markets, capital markets, and labor markets, deepen the reform of the foreign aid system and mechanisms, increase assistance to developing countries, and expand unilateral opening up to the least developed countries. Uphold the multilateral trading system with the World Trade Organization at its core, strive to break down institutional and policy barriers affecting the fair trade of products of new quality productive forces, expand the high-standard free trade area network facing the world, establish a compliance mechanism that aligns with internationally accepted rules, provide institutional solutions for resolving global conflicts, and provide more high-quality products of new quality productive forces for global development.

二是以推动全球经济治理体系改革发展新质生产力。面对世界百年未有之大变局，原有的以联合国、世界贸易组织等多边机制为核心的全球治理体系未能同步迭代更新，严重滞后于现实需求。近年来，随着经济全球化不断深化，新兴市场国家和发展中国家对世界经济影响力和贡献度持续加大，但参与全球治理的制度性话语权不足，需要“落实全球发展倡议、全球安全倡议、全球文明倡议，倡导平等有序的世界多极化、普惠包容的经济全球化，深化外事工作机制改革，参与引领全球治理体系改革和建设”，以推动新质生产力快速发展。积极参与构建全球经济治理规则。新质生产力发展对全球经济治理提出了新课题，如全球产业链供应链有机整合、全球科技教育人才制度型开放、全球市场开放、知识产权保护、反垄断、信用保证等制度安排。中国作为最大的发展中国家、作为新型多边和区域经济治理平台的推动者和主导者，理应更有责任、更有担当参与构建全球经济治理规则、促进治理体系改革，推动建立以平等为基础、以开放为导向、以合作为动力、以共享为目标的全球经济治理新体系，使其更好适应新质生产力发展趋势。积极贡献全球经济治理中国方案。针对全球生产力格局新变化，特别是生产力发展数字化、绿色化趋势，强化因地制宜发展新质生产力政策和财税、金融、产业政策协同，打造具有全球引领意义的新质生产力发展制度支撑和政策支持体系。立足稳外资重点任务，深化外商投资和对外投资管理体制改革，营造市场化、法治化、国际化一流营商环境，落实全面取消制造业领域外资准入限制措施，放宽电信、互联网、教育、文化、医疗等领域市场准入，吸引更多外资支持新质生产力发展。坚持自主开放，从中国实际和世界经济结构性需求出发，从发展新质生产力国际需要出发，有序扩大商品市场、服务市场、资本市场、劳务市场对外开放，深化援外体制机制改革，加大对发展中国家援助力度，扩大对最不发达国家单边开放。维护以世界贸易组织为核心的多边贸易体制，努力破除影响新质生产力产品公平交易的制度和政策壁垒，扩大面向全球的高标准自由贸易区网络，建立同国际通行规则相衔接的合规机制，为解决全球冲突提供制度性解决方案，为全球发展提供更多优质新质生产力产品。

Online editor: Paul

网络编辑：保罗