On the Expansion and Sublimation of the Concept of a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind to Marx’s Theory of World History

The world today is undergoing changes unseen in a century, with the changes of the times and the transformation of the world pattern superimposed upon each other. The world has entered a new period of turbulence and transformation, and the challenges it faces are more global, complex, and uncertain. “What is wrong with the world?” “Where is humanity heading?” In response to these questions of the world, General Secretary Xi Jinping, standing at the forefront of the times, assessing

当今世界正经历百年未有之大变局，时代之变和世界格局之变相互叠加，世界进入新的动荡变革期，世界面临的挑战更具全局性、复杂性、不确定性。“世界怎么了”“人类向何处去”，面对这一系列世界之问，习近平总书记站在时代之头，审时度势，以高度的历史责任感提出人类命运共同体理念，为解答世界之问、破解世界发展难题提供了中国智慧。

I. Logical Coupling — The Inheritance and Development of Marx’s Theory of World History by the Concept of a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind

一、逻辑耦合——人类命运共同体理念对马克思世界历史理论的传承发展

1. The Philosophical Foundation of Marx’s Theory of World History and the Concept of a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind: Historical Materialism. Marx’s theory of world history, based on historical materialism, analyzes the contradictory movement between productive forces and relations of production, and between the superstructure and the economic base, thereby revealing that the general law of human social development is a continuous process from closure to openness, gradually forming a trend of global history, and ultimately achieving the ultimate process of integrating the prospects of human destiny. Marx’s theory of world history also represents a transformative critique of Hegel’s “absolute spirit.” In Hegel’s theory of the “absolute spirit,” the ultimate driving force of world historical development is explained as the “world spirit.” By analyzing the holistic process of world historical development and studying the internal interconnections of world history, Hegel gradually dissected the essential connotation of world history, which was advanced compared to previous studies of world history. However, Hegel’s theory of world history was formed on the basis of an idealist philosophical system. Marx, by contrast, grounded his analysis in the practical reality of large-scale socialized production, tearing away the hypocritical veil of idealism and establishing the study of social development on a materialist foundation. Marx pointed out: “The transformation of history into world history is not a mere abstract act of the ‘self-consciousness,’ the world spirit, or some metaphysical specter, but a thoroughly material, empirically verifiable act, an act which every individual actually living, needing to eat, drink, and clothe themselves, can verify.” [1]1 The quotation is from a Chinese scholarly article on the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind. This process of exploring the laws of world historical development from the perspective of social life practice achieved a dialectical inheritance and innovative development of Hegel’s concept of the “absolute spirit.”

1.马克思世界历史理论与人类命运共同体理念的哲学基石：唯物史观。马克思世界历史理论以唯物史观为基础，分析生产力和生产关系、上层建筑和经济基础之间的矛盾运动，进而揭示人类社会发展的一般规律就是不断地从封闭走向开放，逐步形成全球性历史的发展趋势，并最终将实现人类命运前景一体化的终极进程。马克思世界历史理论也是对黑格尔“绝对精神”超越性的变革，黑格尔“绝对精神”理论中将世界历史发展的最终动力解释为“世界精神”。黑格尔通过分析世界历史发展的整体性过程，研究世界历史发展的内在联系性，逐步剖析出世界历史的本质内涵，相较于之前世界历史的研究具有先进性。然而，黑格尔世界历史理论的形成基于唯心主义的哲学体系，马克思则立足于社会化大生产的现实基础，撕开了唯心主义的虚伪面纱，将社会发展的研究奠定在唯物主义的基础上。马克思指出：“历史向世界历史的转变，不是‘自我意识’、世界精神或者某个形而上学幽灵的某种纯粹的抽象行动，而是完全物质的、可以通过经验证明的行动，每一个过着实际生活的，需要吃、喝、穿的个人都可以证明这种行动。”这种从社会生活实践角度出发，探究世界历史发展规律的过程，实现了对黑格尔“绝对精神”观念的辩证继承与创新发展。

From a philosophical foundation perspective, historical materialism is also the philosophical connotation of the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind. The proposal of the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind is precisely based on the social background of the great development of economic globalization. Against this background, the connections in human life are increasingly close; various countries, nations, and regions are interdependent and share a common destiny. Humanity is compelled to seek the construction of a community to address various problems arising in the process of social development. Today, “Humanity lives in the same global village, in the same time and space where history and reality intersect, increasingly becoming a community with a shared future where you have me and I have you.” [2]2 This is a paraphrase of a passage from Marx and Engels’ *The German Ideology* (1845–1846). Here, “history” refers to the vertical, diachronic process of human social development, while “reality” refers to the synchronic development of human society, manifested in the construction of a community with a shared future in fields such as politics, economy, and culture. The dual factors of history and reality determine the inevitability of the development and formation of a community. The concept of a community with a shared future for mankind is an innovative theory based on the objective reality and grounded in historical materialism as its philosophical foundation, sharing a continuous lineage with the theory of world history in terms of philosophical principles.

从哲学基础来看，唯物史观也是人类命运共同体理念的哲学内涵。人类命运共同体理念的提出正是基于经济全球化大发展的社会背景。在这个背景下，人类生活联系日益紧密，各个国家、各个民族、各个区域之间相互依存、命运相连，人类不得不寻求一个共同体的构建以应对社会发展过程中的各种问题。现如今，“人类生活在同一个地球村里，生活在历史和现实交汇的同一个时空里，越来越成为你中有我、我中有你的命运共同体”。其中，“历史”指人类社会发展的纵向历时性进程，而“现实”则是人类社会在共时性层面的发展，表现为政治、经济、文化等领域的命运共同体构建。历史和现实的双重因素决定了共同体发展和形成的必然性，人类命运共同体理念是在客观现实的背景下，以唯物史观为哲学基石的创新性理论，与世界历史理论在哲学原理上有一脉相承的连续性。

2. The Value Orientation of Marx’s Theory of World History and the Concept of a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind: The Free and Comprehensive Development of the Human Person. Marx’s concern for human destiny is based on historical materialism, and his research and analysis proceed from the starting point of social production practice, characterized by scientificity, practicality, and people-centeredness. In *The German Ideology*, Marx pointed out: “The degree of liberation of each individual is consistent with the degree to which history is completely transformed into world history.” [3]3 This phrase, “世界怎么了、我们怎么办” (What is wrong with the world, and what should we do about it?), is a formulation frequently used by Xi Jinping to frame the challenges The liberation of each individual can only be achieved with the continuous development of social history; the two mutually accomplish each other. Marx’s study of world historical development aimed to explore the path of human liberation. He believed that the transformation of world history is a manifestation of the development of world-historical individuals and a key to the formation and development of comprehensively developed individuals. Therefore, the value orientation of Marx’s theory of world history lies in realizing the free and comprehensive development of the human person. The process of the formation and development of world history is the process of human liberation and development. Only by becoming world-historical individuals in the course of world history, obtaining opportunities for comprehensive development within a community, and gaining genuine personal freedom, can humanity truly achieve its own liberation and realize the free and comprehensive development of the human person. The concept of a community with a shared future for mankind inherits Marxist theory, takes historical materialism as its philosophical foundation, pursues the realization of the free and comprehensive development of the human person as its value goal, and simultaneously uses human development as a value measure to reflect on the historical turn in the process of world historical development. It reflects on the social environmental issues of human survival and development, and consequently proposes the construction of a community with a shared future for mankind characterized by equal consultation, civilized order, and ecological sustainability. Moreover, Marx’s theory of world history, starting from a global perspective, based on social reality, and taking the overall interests of humanity as its ultimate starting point, abandons the singular thinking of zero-sum games and rejects protectionism, unilateralism, and other layers of obstacles that restrict individual development.

2.马克思世界历史理论与人类命运共同体理念的价值指向：人的自由全面发展。马克思对于人类命运的关切是基于唯物史观，同时以社会生产实践为着手点进行研究和分析的，具有科学性、实践性、人民性的特点。马克思在《德意志意识形态》中指出：“每一个人的解放的程度是与历史完全转变为世界历史的程度是一致的。”每个人的解放只有随着社会历史的不断发展才能实现，两者是互相成就的。马克思研究世界历史发展旨在探索人类解放之路，他认为世界历史的转变是世界历史性个人发展的体现，也是全面发展个人形成和发展的关键，因此，马克思世界历史理论的价值指向就在于实现人的自由全面发展。世界历史的形成和发展的过程就是人类解放发展的过程，人类只有在世界历史的进程中成为世界历史性的人，在共同体中获得全面发展自身的机会，获得真正的属于个人的自由，才能真正地实现自身的解放，实现人的自由全面发展。人类命运共同体理念继承了马克思主义理论，以唯物史观为哲学基础，以实现人的自由全面发展为价值追求，同时以人的发展作为价值尺度进行世界历史进程发展中历史性转向的思考，反思了人类生存发展的社会环境问题，进而提出了构建平等协商、文明有序、生态绿色的人类命运共同体。并且，马克思世界历史理论从世界的视角出发，立足于社会现实情况，以人类整体性的利益为最终的出发点，摒弃了零和博弈的单一思维，拒绝保护主义、单边主义等限制个人发展的层层障碍

The concept of a community with a shared future for mankind acknowledges that individuals, collectives, and states all have legitimate interests and needs. It advocates that all countries jointly understand the process and laws of world historical development. While protecting and respecting the differences in development among countries, it pays attention to the individualized needs in the development of individuals, collectives, and states, emphasizes consultation and joint construction as the main pathways, advocates equality, respect, and inclusiveness to seek common development, and ultimately achieves win-win cooperation among countries and the free and comprehensive development of each individual. The concept of a community with a shared future for mankind breaks the control of capital over people, returns the essence of the human person to actual human beings themselves, and helps people escape from isolated, closed world historical environments. At the same time, the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind also takes the common development of all humanity as the foothold and destination of all theories. It must oppose the current state of capital’s domination over humanity, and moreover, change the habitual thinking of human interaction in the social environment, break the restrictions of class, status, and region, promote all countries towards a more open and integrated world historical environment, and create practical conditions for realizing the free and comprehensive development of each individual.

人类命运共同体理念承认个人、集体、国家都具有正当的利益需求，倡导世界各国共同了解世界历史发展进程及其规律，在保护和尊重各国发展差异性的同时，关注个人、集体、国家发展中的个性化需求，注重以协商和共建为主要途径，倡导平等、尊重、包容以谋求共同发展，最终实现各国之间的合作共赢和每个人的自由而全面地发展。人类命运共同体理念破除了资本对人的控制，将人的本质归还给现实的人本身，助力人们从孤立的、封闭的世界历史环境中逃脱出来。同时，人类命运共同体理念也将全人类的共同发展作为一切理论的立足点和归宿，既要反对资本对人类的统治现状，更要改变社会环境中人类交往的惯性思维，打破阶级、地位、区域的限制，促使各个国家走向更加开放、融合的世界历史环境，为实现每个人自由而全面地发展创造了现实条件。

3. The Ideal Destination of Marx’s Theory of World History and the Concept of a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind: Communist Society. In Marx’s theory of world history, the core of historical development is human development. Realizing the comprehensive development of the human person requires the establishment of an association of free individuals. After deeply analyzing the laws of the evolution of human society, Marx revealed the transitory nature of capitalism and its inherent limitations. Although capitalism played a progressive role in the development of human society and created preconditions for the complete liberation of humanity and the realization of communism, its inherent contradictions, such as the conflict between the private ownership of the means of production and socialized large-scale production, also led to inevitable economic crises and class antagonisms. Capitalist ideology essentially upholds the capitalist system of exploitation. Therefore, capitalism cannot achieve the complete liberation of humanity. Only communism can overcome these limitations and create conditions for the comprehensive freedom of humanity. The ultimate direction of world history must be the establishment of a “true community,” that is, the realization of communist society as an association of free individuals and the comprehensive development of the human person. The theory of world history points out: “The proletariat can only exist in a world-historical sense, just as its cause — communism — can generally only be realized as a ‘world-historical’ existence.” [4]4 Marx and Engels, *The German Ideology*, in *MECW*, vol. 5, p. 49. The emergence and development of world history create social conditions for the ultimate arrival of communism. Only when world history evolves to the communist stage can humanity truly attain freedom, return to its essential nature, and achieve complete liberation.

3.马克思世界历史理论与人类命运共同体理念的理想归宿：共产主义社会。在马克思世界历史理论中，历史发展的核心就是人的发展，实现人的全面发展就需要建立一个自由人联合体。马克思在深入分析人类社会演变的规律后，揭示了资本主义的短暂性和其内在的局限性。资本主义虽然在人类社会发展中起到了进步作用，也为人类彻底的解放和共产主义的实现创造了前提条件，但其固有的矛盾，如生产资料的私人占有与社会化大生产的冲突，也导致了不可避免的经济危机和阶级对立。资本主义意识形态本质上维护着资本主义剥削制度。因此，资本主义无法实现人类的彻底解放，只有共产主义才能克服这些局限性，为人类的全面自由创造条件。世界历史的最终走向必然是建立“真正的共同体”，即实现自由人联合体与人的全面发展的共产主义社会。世界历史理论指出：“无产阶级只有在世界历史意义上才能存在，就像它的事业——共产主义一般只有作为‘世界历史性的’存在才有可能实现一样。”世界历史的出现和发展为共产主义的最终到来创造了社会条件，唯有当世界历史演进至共产主义阶段，人类方能真正获得自由，回归本质属性，实现全面解放。

Looking again at the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind, it is “a ‘world order view’ and ‘global value theory’ that transcends nation-states and ideologies, emphasizing humanity as a whole as the center, not centered on modern blood and kinship relations, nor on modern regions and nation-states; it upholds those parts of the existing order that conform to justice and promote righteousness, and reforms those unjust and unreasonable parts of the old order.” [1]1 The quotation is from a Chinese scholarly article on the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind. Against the current backdrop of global development, humanity is facing a series of common challenges and difficulties. Therefore, all countries must adhere to the principles of mutual respect and peaceful coexistence, jointly maintain the stability of international relations, and thereby achieve win-win outcomes among countries, ensuring that the peoples of all countries can follow development paths of their own choice. This is the ultimate goal of Marx’s theory of world history, and it is also the ideal destination of the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind—the realization of communism.

再看人类命运共同体理念，它是“一种超越民族国家和意识形态的‘世界秩序观’‘全球价值论’，它强调以人类整体为中心，不以现代的以血缘和姻亲关系为中心，也不以现代的以地域和民族国家为中心；维护的是现存秩序里符合公理、宣扬正义的部分，改革的是旧有秩序中不公正、不合理的部分”。在当前全球发展的背景下，人类正面临一系列共同的挑战和难题。因此，各国必须坚持相互尊重、和平共处的原则，共同维护国际关系的稳定，进而实现各国之间的共赢，确保各国人民走上自主选择的发展道路。这便是马克思世界历史理论的最终目标，更是人类命运共同体理念的理想归宿——实现共产主义。

II. Practical Path—The Concept of a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind Is an Expansion and Sublimation of Marx’s Theory of World History

二、实践理路——人类命运共同体理念是对马克思世界历史理论的拓展与升华

1. The concept of a community with a shared future for mankind achieves an innovation in the subject of Marx’s theory of world history. Marxist historical materialism points out that the masses are the creators of social history, and the people’s standpoint must be firmly upheld. In *The German Ideology*, Marx wrote, “The liberation of each single individual is to the same extent as history is completely transformed into world history.” [2]2 This is a paraphrase of a passage from Marx and Engels’ *The German Ideology* (1845–1846). The “single individual” is the proletariat, which bears the great task of realizing communism. To realize communism, the proletariat must unite, stand in opposition to the bourgeoisie, use class struggle to overthrow bourgeois rule, change the social system of capitalist society, eliminate classes, eliminate exploitation, liberate itself, and liberate all humanity. Therefore, the practical subject of Marx’s theory of world history can only be the proletariat. However, in the process of the creation and development of world history, the bourgeoisie unexpectedly became the main force and practical subject driving the world historical process. But as world history enters the socialist era, the proletariat will take up this heavy responsibility and become the new practical subject of world history. There is an irreconcilable class contradiction between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie. Only by continuously developing and strengthening, gradually overthrowing the rule, exploitation, and oppression of the bourgeoisie, and changing the mode of production based on private ownership of the means of production, can the proletariat achieve its own liberation. Thus, the proletariat is also the practical subject of world history in the communist stage, bearing the heavy responsibility of realizing communism.

1.人类命运共同体理念实现了对马克思世界历史理论的主体创新。马克思主义唯物史观指出，人民群众是社会历史的创造者，必须坚持人民立场不动摇。他在《德意志意识形态》中这样写道，“每一个单个人的解放的程度是与历史完全转变为世界历史的程度一致的”。“单个人”就是肩负实现共产主义大任的无产阶级。无产阶级想要实现共产主义就必须联合起来，站在资产阶级的对立面，利用阶级斗争推翻资产阶级的统治，改变资本主义社会的社会制度，消灭阶级，消灭剥削，解放自己，解放全人类。所以，马克思世界历史理论的实践主体只能是无产阶级。然而，在世界历史创立和发展的过程中，资产阶级意外地成了推动世界历史进程的主要力量和实践主体。但随着世界历史步入社会主义时代，无产阶级将接过这一重任，成为新的世界历史实践主体。无产阶级、资产阶级之间有着不可调和的阶级矛盾，无产阶级只有不断地发展壮大，逐步推翻资产阶级的统治、剥削与压迫，改变生产资料私有制的生产方式，才能实现自身的解放，因而无产阶级也是共产主义阶段世界历史的实践主体，承担着实现共产主义的重任。

The current development trend of society is characterized by the coexistence of multiple social systems, marking a critical stage in the transition of world history from capitalism to socialism. During this period, the bourgeoisie and the proletariat coexist and develop. The concept of a community with a shared future for mankind inherits the people’s standpoint of Marx’s theory of world history, insisting that development is for the people, relies on the people, and is people-centered. It expands the practical subject of historical transition from the original proletariat to the peoples of all countries, viewing the common development of society as the common aspiration of all peoples, and emphasizing that achieving this goal requires the joint cooperation of the peoples of all countries, allowing individual strength to converge into a force that affects the world. The choice of the practical subject in the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind is not based on class contradictions as a consideration, but on common development needs, maximizing the scope of the subject, achieving a historical transformation of the practical subject from “two classes” to the peoples of all countries, and realizing the innovation in the subject of Marx’s theory of world history. The concept of a community with a shared future for mankind is a correct judgment of the social situation under the contemporary historical background, scientifically answering the question of the times: “What is wrong with the world, and what should we do about it?” [3]3 This phrase, “世界怎么了、我们怎么办” (What is wrong with the world, and what should we do about it?), is a formulation frequently used by Xi Jinping to frame the challenges

当前社会的发展态势呈现出多种社会制度并存的特点，标志着世界历史正处于资本主义向社会主义过渡的关键阶段，在这一期间资产阶级与无产阶级共存并发展。人类命运共同体理念继承了马克思世界历史理论的人民立场，坚持发展一切为了人民，一切依靠人民，以人民为中心。它将过渡时期历史实践的主体从原本的无产阶级扩展至世界各国人民，视社会的共同发展为全体人民的共同愿望，强调实现这一目标需要各国人民携手合作，让个人力量汇聚成影响全球的力量。人类命运共同体理念的实践主体的选择不是以阶级矛盾作为考量的依据，而是为了共同的发展需求，将主体范围扩大到最大化，实现了实践主体从“两个阶级”到各国人民的历史性转变，实现了马克思世界历史理论的主体创新。人类命运共同体理念是基于当代社会历史背景下对社会形势的正确研判，它科学回答了“世界怎么了、我们怎么办”的时代之问。

2. The concept of a community with a shared future for mankind achieves an innovation in the thinking of Marx’s theory of world history. Communism is the ultimate destination of Marx’s theory of world history. In this process, the proletariat and the bourgeoisie, as the two major classes in the development of world history, through class struggle, ultimately move together toward extinction. Marx studied the basic contradictions and exploitative nature of capitalist society, demonstrating that capitalism will inevitably be replaced by socialism and will perish, while the proletariat, as the opposing class to the bourgeoisie, will achieve final victory, liberating itself and liberating all humanity. Marx exposed the exploitative nature of capital, aiming to criticize the irrationality of the capitalist mode of production and oppose the exploitation of people under private ownership of the means of production, not to completely negate the positive role of capitalism in the world historical process. On the contrary, we should pay attention to the development of capitalist society and correctly recognize its positive significance. The concept of a community with a shared future for mankind, a Chinese solution full of Chinese wisdom, is exactly like this. It incorporates the thought of “harmony” from fine traditional Chinese culture, [4]4 Marx and Engels, *The German Ideology*, in *MECW*, vol. 5, p. 49. valuing peace above all else, and striving to achieve mutual benefit, mutual assistance, cooperation, and win-win outcomes. In the process of world history, the possible role of the bourgeoisie should be fully considered, its potential for production and creation should be unleashed, the positive driving forces of capitalist social development should be utilized, and a highly inclusive community of win-win development should be built. General Secretary Xi Jinping’s concept of a community with a shared future for mankind breaks the original confrontational mode of thinking, adheres to a new thinking of cooperation and win-win outcomes, advocates mutual respect and mutual assistance between countries with different systems, and establishes bilateral or multilateral relations of equal trade, cultural exchange, symbiosis, and win-win outcomes, realizing an innovation in the thinking of Marx’s theory of world history.

2.人类命运共同体理念实现了对马克思世界历史理论的思维创新。共产主义是马克思世界历史理论的最终归宿，在这一过程中，无产阶级和资产阶级作为世界历史发展进程中的两大阶级，通过阶级斗争，最终共同走向消亡。马克思研究了资本主义社会的基本矛盾和剥削本质，论证资本主义必将被社会主义取代，走向灭亡，而作为资产阶级的对立阶级——无产阶级将取得最终的胜利，解放自己，解放全人类。马克思揭露资本剥削本质，旨在批判资本主义生产方式的不合理，反对生产资料私有制下对人的剥削，而并非全盘否定资本主义在世界历史进程中的积极作用。相反，我们应关注资本主义社会的发展状况，正确认识其积极意义。人类命运共同体理念这一充满了中国智慧的中国方案正是如此，它兼收了中华优秀传统文化中的“和”思想，万事以和为贵，力求实现互利互惠、合作共赢。在世界历史的进程中，要充分考虑资产阶级可能发挥的作用，释放其生产创造的潜力，利用好资本主义社会发展的积极动力，构建一个极具包容性的共赢发展的共同体。习近平总书记的人类命运共同体理念破除了原有的对立的思维模式，坚持合作共赢的新型思维理念，倡导不同制度的国家之间相互尊重、相互帮扶，建立平等贸易、文明交流、共生共赢的双边或多边关系，实现了马克思世界历史理论的思维创新。

The current social situation has undergone profound changes, and the original international order can no longer meet the new requirements of international development. Faced with global problems and challenges, no nation or country can stand aloof. The countries of the world have formed a large community, sharing a common destiny and honor or disgrace. As General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “In this world, the degree of interconnection and interdependence among countries is deeper than ever before. Humanity lives in the same global village, in the same time and space where history and reality intersect, increasingly becoming a community with a shared future in which you have me and I have you.” [5]5 General Secretary Xi Jinping: Xi Jinping is the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the President of the People’s Republic of China, and the Chairman of the Central Military Commission. Faced with such social reality, the peoples of all countries should unite to jointly confront hegemonism, power politics, and unilateralism, and jointly establish a new international order that meets the needs of the times. The concept of a community with a shared future for mankind helps establish a just and reasonable new international order, conforms to the development needs of the times, responds to the aspirations of the peoples of all countries for peace and development, advocates a new type of international relations characterized by “dialogue rather than confrontation, partnership rather than alliance,” [6] and provides a practical path for the common development of the world.

当前社会形势已发生深刻变化，原有的国际秩序已难以满足国际形势发展的新要求。站在全球性的问题和挑战面前，没有一个民族和国家能够独善其身，世界各国已经形成了一个大的联合体，命运与共、荣辱与共。正如习近平总书记指出的：“这个世界，各国相互联系、相互依存的程度空前加深，人类生活在同一个地球村里，生活在历史和现实交汇的同一个时空里，越来越成为你中有我、我中有你的命运共同体。”面对这样的社会现实，各国人民应该联合起来，共同应对霸权主义、强权政治和单边主义，共同建立起符合时代发展需要的国际新秩序。人类命运共同体理念助力公正合理的国际新秩序的建立，顺应时代发展需求，回应各国人民和平发展诉求，提倡“对话而不对抗、结伴而不结盟”的新型国际关系，为世界的共同发展提供了实践路径。

3. The concept of a community with a shared future for mankind has realized a practical innovation in Marx’s theory of world history. Marx’s theory of world history points out that the proletariat should use class struggle to overthrow the bourgeoisie and realize communism. The world today is one in which the bourgeoisie and the proletariat coexist, and capitalist and socialist societies coexist. Although there are still irreconcilable social contradictions within capitalist societies, the stage has not yet been reached where the proletariat must unite to oppose the bourgeoisie and trigger a social revolution. At the same time, the continuous advancement of large-scale socialized production and the deepening of economic globalization have brought the countries of the world ever closer together, and humanity must also embark on a path of win-win cooperation. The concept of a community with a shared future for mankind, proposed by General Secretary Xi Jinping, is precisely a more suitable development path put forward on the basis of recognizing the current state of social development, responding to the practical needs of social progress, and avoiding confrontational and antagonistic methods of struggle: to establish a new type of international relations that transcends class, state, and nation, promoting equal dialogue among different civilizations, “extensive consultation,” “joint contribution,” and “shared benefits,” ultimately achieving “win-win outcomes.” On the one hand, as world connections grow ever closer, no country can exist in isolation from the world; instead, they need to join hands to set aside differences in systems, cultures, and ideologies, and jointly address global challenges and crises such as economic development difficulties, global environmental degradation, and the spread of terrorism. On the other hand, in the process of mutual cooperation among countries, the advantages of each country will gradually become apparent. The concept of a community with a shared future for mankind emphasizes that countries should strengthen exchanges and dialogue, carry out extensive cooperation, fully utilize their own advantages, and jointly promote the progress of human civilization and the peace and development of society.

3.人类命运共同体理念实现了对马克思世界历史理论的实践创新。马克思世界历史理论指出，无产阶级应采用阶级斗争的方式推翻资产阶级，实现共产主义。当今世界是资产阶级与无产阶级并存，资本主义社会与社会主义社会并存的世界，尽管资本主义社会中仍然存在着不可调和的社会矛盾，但是，目前尚未发展到无产阶级必须联合起来反抗资产阶级，以引发社会革命的阶段。与此同时，社会化大生产进程的不断推进，经济全球化的不断深化，使得世界各国越来越紧密地联系在了一起，人类也必须走上合作共赢的道路。习近平总书记提出的人类命运共同体理念正是在看到了社会发展的现状，回应了社会进步的现实需要，规避了对立对抗的斗争方式的基础上，提出的一条更适合的发展道路：建立一个超阶级、超国家、超民族的新型国家关系，促进不同文明之间的平等对话，“共商”“共建”“共享”，最终达到“共赢”。一方面，世界联系日益紧密，各国都不能脱离于世界而存在，而是需要联起手来摒弃制度、文化和意识形态的差异，共同应对经济发展的困境、全球环境的恶化以及恐怖主义的蔓延等全球性挑战与危机。另一方面，在各国相互合作的过程中，各国的优势会逐渐显露出来，人类命运共同体理念强调各国之间要加强交流对话，开展广泛的合作，充分利用自身优势，共同推动人类文明的进步、社会的和平与发展。

The concept of a community with a shared future for mankind is precisely to create a new international order of mutual respect, fairness and justice, and win-win cooperation, and to build a beautiful world of “lasting peace, universal security, common prosperity, openness and inclusiveness, and a clean and beautiful environment.” First, lasting peace. The concept of a community with a shared future for mankind returns the direction of human social development to the people of all countries, bases itself on the realistic foundation of social development, advocates that countries set aside prejudices arising from systems, wealth and poverty, regions, etc., treat all sovereign states equally and amicably, do not interfere in the internal affairs of other countries, actively resolve conflicts through consultation and dialogue, and jointly build a social environment of lasting peace. Second, universal security. The concept of a community with a shared future for mankind advocates that countries replace confrontation and struggle with dialogue and consultation, enhance mutual trust, broaden areas of cooperation, expand methods of cooperation, innovate the content of cooperation, and gradually establish a security concept of mutual benefit and mutual trust. It insists on equal treatment and win-win cooperation, thereby forming an overall, sustainable concept of security development. Countries around the world should work together to jointly maintain universal security for the nation and society, and jointly address various security threats. Third, common prosperity. Based on the theory of world history, the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind takes economic globalization as its realistic foundation and is committed to achieving common prosperity for the whole society. This concept emphasizes that different countries and nations should respect each other, treat each other as equals, jointly address global challenges through cooperation and exchange, and promote balanced development in various fields such as economy, society, and culture. It advocates building an open world economy, opposing protectionism and unilateralism, and supporting multilateral trade, so as to ensure that the people of all countries can enjoy the dividends of economic globalization. Fourth, openness and inclusiveness. The concept of a community with a shared future for mankind advocates creating a new form of human civilization, advocating that countries enhance understanding, respect each other, be inclusive and learn from each other, treat the diversity of human civilizations with a more open and inclusive attitude, and jointly build a safe haven for the protection, inheritance, and development of human civilization. This concept emphasizes that different countries, different cultures, and different social systems should abandon prejudice and discrimination, and conduct exchanges and cooperation in an equal and dialogical manner. The concept of a community with a shared future for mankind not only provides new ideas and solutions for world peace and development, but also points the way for the harmonious coexistence of different civilizations. Fifth, a clean and beautiful environment. The concept of a community with a shared future for mankind always adheres to the concept of harmonious coexistence between man and nature, adheres to a green, low-carbon, and sustainable development path, proposes building an ecological civilization system, rejects the erroneous concept of prioritizing development over the environment, actively and proactively responds to current social and environmental problems, advocates strengthening exchanges and cooperation among countries, and combines the actual situation of each country’s development to find the optimal solution and build a clean and beautiful global environment.

人类命运共同体理念正是要打造相互尊重、公平正义、合作共赢的国际新秩序，建设一个“持久和平、普遍安全、共同繁荣、开放包容、清洁美丽”的美好世界。其一，持久和平。人类命运共同体理念将人类社会发展的方向交还给世界各国人民，立足于社会发展的现实基础，提倡各国之间放下因制度、贫富、地域等产生的偏见，平等友好地对待所有的主权国家，不干涉他国内政，积极协商对话解决矛盾冲突，共同构建一个持久和平的社会环境。其二，普遍安全。人类命运共同体理念提倡各国以对话协商取代对抗斗争，增强彼此信任，拓宽合作领域、拓展合作方式、创新合作内容，逐步树立起互利互信的安全观。坚持平等相待、合作共赢，进而形成整体、可持续的安全发展理念。世界各国应齐心协力，共同维护国家和社会的普遍安全，携手应对各项安全威胁。其三，共同繁荣。人类命运共同体理念基于世界历史理论，将经济全球化作为现实基础，致力于实现全社会的共同繁荣。这一理念强调，不同国家和民族之间应该相互尊重、平等相待，通过合作与交流，共同应对全球性挑战，推动经济、社会、文化等各个领域的均衡发展。它倡导构建开放型世界经济，反对保护主义和单边主义，支持多边贸易，以确保各国人民都能享受到经济全球化的红利。其四，开放包容。人类命运共同体理念主张创造人类文明新形态，主张各国间应增进理解、相互尊重、包容互鉴，以更加开放和包容的姿态对待人类文明的多样性，共同构筑人类文明的保护、传承与发展的安全港湾。这一理念强调，不同国家、不同文化、不同社会制度之间，应该摒弃偏见和歧视，以平等和对话的方式进行交流与合作。人类命运共同体理念不仅为世界和平与发展提供了新的思路和方案，也为不同文明之间的和谐共存指明了方向。其五，清洁美丽。人类命运共同体理念始终坚持人与自然和谐共生的理念，坚持绿色、低碳、可持续的发展道路，提出构建生态文明体系，要拒绝发展优先于环境的错误观念，积极主动应对当前的社会环境问题，倡导各国之间加强交流合作，并结合各国发展的实际情况，找到最优解决方案，构建清洁美丽的地球环境。

(Authors: Professor and Master’s Supervisor, School of Marxism, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine; School of Marxism, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine)

（作者：长春中医药大学马克思主义学院教授、硕士生导师；长春中医药大学马克思主义学院）

Online Editor: Chen Ruoshui

网络编辑：陈若水