On the Grand Ecological View of New Quality Productive Forces

Since September 2023, General Secretary Xi Jinping has frequently and at multiple levels elucidated the important thesis that “new quality productive forces are themselves green productive forces,” making it a new proposition and new expression of ecological productive forces thought for socialism with Chinese characteristics in the New Era. Currently, the academic community has a relatively consistent understanding of the theoretical foundation and basic concepts of the ecological implications of productive forces, and has conducted preliminary research on the ecological elements and ecological structure of new quality productive forces. However, there is relatively little research on the systematic advancement of the ecological implications of new quality productive forces and their practical pathways from the perspective of a grand ecological view, and in particular, the issue of ecologizing the external environment of new quality productive forces has not yet been addressed. The grand ecological view of new quality productive forces is not a narrow methodology for ecological environmental protection and governance, but rather a grand worldview methodology based on a broad perspective. Starting from the inherent laws and connections between ecosystems, it emphasizes the organic unity of natural ecology and social ecology. This grand ecological mode of thinking can, in essence, examine the ecological implications of new quality productive forces more comprehensively, systematically, and dialectically, and is of great significance for promoting a comprehensive green and low-carbon transformation of the economy and society, accelerating the construction of a Beautiful China, and thereby achieving high-quality development. To this end, this paper intends to take the logical thread of “theoretical generation – basic connotations – practical pathways” of the grand ecological view of new quality productive forces as its main line, to study and explain the conditions for the generation and the internal ecological system of the grand ecological view of new quality productive forces, and, in response to the problems of insufficient internal system development and poor articulation between subsystems within the grand ecosystem of new quality productive forces, to propose practical pathways for the ecological leapfrog development of new quality productive forces.

2023年9月以来，习近平总书记高频率、多层次阐发“新质生产力本身就是绿色生产力”这一重要论断，使之成为新时代中国特色社会主义生态生产力思想的新命题、新表达。目前，学界对生产力生态意蕴的理论基础、基本概念的认知较为一致，并对新质生产力的生态要素、生态结构展开了初步研究，但从大生态观视角对新质生产力的生态意蕴及其实践进路的系统性推进等问题研究较少，特别是新质生产力外部环境生态化问题尚未涉及。新质生产力的大生态观不是狭义的生态环境保护治理方法论，而是基于宽阔视野的大世界观方法论，从生态系统之间的内在规律和联系出发，强调自然生态与社会生态的有机统一。这种大生态的思维方式实质上能够更为全面、系统、辩证地审视新质生产力的生态意蕴，对推动经济社会全面绿色低碳转型，加快美丽中国建设，进而实现高质量发展意义重大。为此，本文拟以新质生产力大生态观的“理论生成-基本内涵-实践路径”为逻辑主线，研究阐释新质生产力大生态观的生成条件、内在生态体系，并针对新质生产力大生态系统存在的内部系统发展不足以及各子系统间衔接不畅问题，提出新质生产力生态化跃迁发展的实践路径。

I. Logic of Generation: The Emergence of the Grand Ecological View of New Quality Productive Forces

一、生成逻辑：新质生产力大生态观的出场

Based on historical materialism and dialectical materialism, Marxism proceeds from subjective practice and adopts an intrinsic historical-genetic method to examine the internal logic of the occurrence of things, holding that theoretical logic, historical logic, and practical logic together constitute the spatiotemporal context for the occurrence of things, providing foundational and dynamic conditions for the emergence of new things. Similarly, the emergence of the grand ecological view of new quality productive forces is inseparable from the inheritance and development of Marx’s ecological thought on productive forces, as well as from the historical exploration of the Chinese Communist Party’s thought on ecological productive forces. Meanwhile, the practical requirements for the ecological leapfrog development of productive forces in the New Era lend a sense of practical urgency to the generation of the grand ecological view of new quality productive forces.

基于唯物史观和唯物辩证法，马克思主义从主体性实践出发，采用内在性历史发生学方法考察事物发生的内在逻辑，认为理论逻辑、历史逻辑和现实逻辑共同构成事物发生的时空语境，为新事物的发生提供基础性和动力性条件。同样，新质生产力大生态观的出场离不开对马克思生产力生态思想的继承和发展，以及对中国共产党生态生产力思想的历史性探索，而新时代生产力生态化跃迁发展的实践要求则使新质生产力大生态观的生成具有了现实紧迫性。

(A) Theoretical Logic: Inheritance and Development of Marx’s Ecological Thought on Productive Forces

（一）理论逻辑：对马克思生产力生态思想的继承和发展

The generation of any theoretical form is inseparable from the guidance and support of scientific theory. The theoretical framework of the grand ecological view of new quality productive forces is precisely a theoretical system generated on the basis of fully absorbing the ecological thought inherent in Marx’s theory of productive forces, combined with China’s specific practice.

任何理论形态的生成都离不开科学理论的指导和支撑，新质生产力大生态观的理论架构正是在充分吸收马克思生产力理论内蕴的生态思想的基础上，结合中国具体实践而生成的理论体系。

On the one hand, Marx constructed an ecological system for the theory of productive forces in terms of concepts and operations. Marx explicitly divided the concept of productive forces into natural productive forces and social productive forces. Among these, the conceptual discourse of “natural productive forces” is precisely Marx’s original form concerning the ecological dimension of productive forces. Marx believed that natural productive forces are the productive forces generated by nature (the natural world) itself, which “exist without any human intervention,” such as land, water, and mineral deposits. In the productive labor of creating social wealth, while proposing “the social productive forces of labor,” Marx further proposed “the natural productive forces of labor,” which are “the productive forces that labor finds in the inorganic world,” that is, the productive forces of the nature surrounding humans, apart from humans’ own nature. The “nature” here refers to “the natural conditions of labor,” including the natural sources of means of subsistence and means of production. Therefore, the theory of productive forces expounded by Marx always takes natural ecology as its spatial context, holding that “all productive forces can be reduced to nature,” and that natural productive forces are “the natural basis of particularly high labor productivity,” constituting the premise and foundation of social productive forces.

马克思从概念、运行等方面构建了生产力理论的生态体系。一方面，马克思明确将生产力概念划分为自然的生产力和社会的生产力。其中，“自然生产力”这一概念话语正是马克思关于生产力生态维度的原初形式。马克思认为，自然生产力是自然（界）本身产生的生产力，它是“未经人类加工就已经存在的”，诸如土地、水、矿山等。在进行社会财富创造的生产劳动中，马克思在提出“劳动的社会生产力”的同时，还进一步提出“劳动的自然生产力”，这是“劳动在无机界发现的生产力”，也就是撇开人本身的自然之外的人周围的自然的生产力。这里的“自然”指的是“劳动的自然条件”，包括生活资料和生产资料的自然富源。因此，马克思所阐释的生产力理论始终以自然生态为空间语境，认为“一切生产力都归结为自然界”，自然生产力是“特别高的劳动生产力的自然基础”，它构成社会生产力的前提和基础。

On the other hand, Marx’s theory of material metabolism reveals the ecological operational mechanism of productive forces. In Marx’s view, the process of productive labor is first and foremost a process of “material metabolism between man and nature.” The occurrence of ecological crises is essentially the result of a rift in material metabolism, and its resolution can only be that “the associated producers, rationally regulating their material metabolism with nature, bring it under their common control.” On this basis, Marx prospectively proposed the idea of improving technology to achieve energy consumption reduction and material recycling. In Marx’s view, the reduction of waste and pollutants in the initial production link “depends partly on the quality of the machinery used … and also on the quality of the raw materials themselves.” The “production waste” formed on this basis can then be further transformed through rational utilization into “raw materials” for another production link, so that “so-called excreta return to the cycle of production and consumption (productive consumption or individual consumption).” It can be said that Marx’s theory of material metabolism inherently contains the idea of a circular economy, which constitutes an early beneficial exploration for developing ecological productive forces.

另一方面，马克思的物质变换理论展现着生产力的生态运行机制。在马克思看来，生产劳动的过程首先是“人和自然之间的物质变换”的过程，生态危机的发生本质上是物质变换裂缝的结果，其解决只能是“社会化的人，联合起来的生产者，将合理地调节他们和自然之间的物质变换”。在此基础上，马克思前瞻性地提出改进技术以实现降低能耗和物质循环利用的思想。在马克思看来，初始生产环节中废料和污染物的减少“部分地要取决于所使用的机器的质量……还取决于原料本身的质量”。在此基础上形成的“生产废料”，可以继续通过合理利用向另一生产环节的“原料”进行转化，这样“所谓的排泄物就再回到生产从而消费（生产消费或个人消费）的循环中”。可以说，马克思的物质变换理论内在包含循环经济的思想，这构成了发展生态生产力的早期有益探索。

In summary, the technological dimension and the ecological dimension of productive forces together constitute the holistic perspective of Marx’s ecological thought on productive forces. This not only lays an important theoretical foundation for the generation of the grand ecological view of new quality productive forces but also provides a basic theoretical framework for the modern construction of this concept.

概言之，生产力的科技维度、生态维度共同构成马克思生产力生态思想的整体性视域。这不仅为新质生产力大生态观的生成奠定了重要的理论基础，而且为该理念的现代建构提供了基本的理论构架。

(B) Historical Logic: The Chinese Communist Party’s Historical Exploration of Ecological Productive Forces

（二）历史逻辑：中国共产党对生态生产力的历史性探索

The generation of the Chinese Communist Party’s thought on ecological productive forces is the result of combining the general principles of Marxist ecological productive forces with China’s specific practice. Its historical evolutionary logic has always accompanied the Party’s rational cognition of promoting environmental protection and economic development in different historical periods. During the period of the New Democratic Revolution, while strengthening political guarantees for China’s independent development of productive forces, the Chinese Communist Party began to recognize the importance of environmental protection. After the founding of New China, the fundamental task of the Chinese Communist Party changed “from liberating productive forces to protecting and developing productive forces under the new relations of production,” [1]1 This quotation is from Mao Zedong’s 1957 speech “On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People,” marking the shift in the Party’s focus after the completion of socialist transformation. and it initially recognized the important role of the natural environment for human survival and development, and of environmental protection for developing productive forces. In just the three years from 1956 to 1958, the Chinese Communist Party successively proposed the progressively deepening ecological slogans of “greening the motherland,” “implementing a grand gardenification of the land,” and “beautifying all of China.” [2]2 “Greening the motherland” was proposed by Mao Zedong in 1956; “grand gardenification of the land” was proposed in 1958; “beautifying all of China” was also from the late 1950s, reflecting the early environmental awareness of the CPC. Entering the new period of reform and opening up, the Chinese Communist Party further proposed numerous policies and regulations that combined and promoted production development and environmental protection. In 1983, environmental protection was listed as a basic national policy of China. In 1989, Premier Li Peng of the State Council formally proposed at the Third National Conference on Environmental Protection that “protecting the environment is protecting productive forces.” [3]3 Li Peng (1928–2019) was Premier of the State Council from 1988 to 1998. The Third National Conference on Environmental Protection was held in 1989. Subsequently, Chinese Communists elaborated on the intrinsic relationship between the environment and productive forces on many occasions and at multiple levels, regarding “protecting productive forces” as “the essence of protecting the environment,” holding that environmental resources are an important factor in social productive forces, that “destroying resources and the environment is destroying productive forces,” and that “improving resources and the environment is developing productive forces.” [4]4 These formulations were developed by successive CPC leaders, including Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao, in the 1990s and 2000s. Since the 21st century, Hu Jintao reaffirmed that “a good ecological environment is an important foundation for achieving sustained development of social productive forces and improving people’s quality of life,” [5]5 Hu Jintao was General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee from 2002 to 2012. The Scientific Outlook on Development was his signature theoretical contribution, adopted at the 17th National Congress of the CPC in 2007. elevating the comprehensive, coordinated, and sustainable Scientific Outlook on Development to the level of national strategy.

中国共产党生态生产力思想的生成是马克思主义生态生产力的一般原则与中国具体实践相结合的结果，其历史演进逻辑始终伴随着党在不同历史时期推进环境保护与经济发展的理性认知。新民主主义革命时期，中国共产党在为中国自主发展生产力加强政治保障的同时，开始认识到环境保护的重要性。新中国成立之后，中国共产党的根本任务“由解放生产力变为在新的生产关系下面保护和发展生产力”，初步认识到自然环境对人类生存和发展，环境保护对发展生产力的重要作用。仅在1956—1958年的三年时间内，中国共产党就相继提出“绿化祖国”“实行大地园林化”“美化全中国”层层递进的生态口号。进入改革开放新时期，中国共产党进一步提出诸多生产发展与环境保护相结合、相促进的政策与规章制度。1983年，保护环境被列为我国基本国策。1989年，国务院总理李鹏在第三次全国环境保护会议上正式提出“保护环境就是保护生产力”。之后，中国共产党人在诸多场合多层面阐述环境与生产力的内在关系，将“保护生产力”作为“保护环境的实质”，认为环境资源是社会生产力的重要因素，“破坏资源环境就是破坏生产力”“改善资源环境就是发展生产力”。21世纪以来，胡锦涛重申“良好生态环境是实现社会生产力持续发展和提高人们生存质量的重要基础”，将全面协调可持续的科学发展观提高到国家战略层面。

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the relationship between ecological progress and economic development has become an important consideration in the practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics for a New Era. General Secretary Xi Jinping has repeatedly used the terms “environmental productive forces” and “green productive forces” to express the original aspiration and founding mission of the CPC in the development of productive forces, putting forward important theses such as “lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets,” “ice and snow are also invaluable assets,” “protecting the environment means protecting productive forces, and improving the ecological environment means developing productive forces,” “ecology is resources, ecology is productive forces,” and proposing “sub-concepts” related to ecological productive forces such as “grassland productive forces.” It can be said that a century of ecological governance practice has driven the discourse on ecological productive forces from the great call to “green the motherland” to the shift in discourse of “protecting the environment means protecting productive forces,” and then to the formation of Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization, vividly demonstrating the innovative theoretical achievements the Party has made in creatively answering the questions of the relationship between humanity and nature, and between economic development and environmental protection at different stages of development. This marks the development and perfection of the CPC’s views on ecological productive forces.

党的十八大以来，生态文明建设与经济建设的关系问题成为新时代中国特色社会主义实践的重要考量。习近平总书记多次运用“环境生产力”“绿色生产力”来表述中国共产党在生产力发展中的初心和使命，提出了“绿水青山就是金山银山”“冰山雪地也是金山银山”“保护环境就是保护生产力，改善生态环境就是发展生产力”“生态就是资源，生态就是生产力”等重要论断，并提出“草地生产力”等与生态生产力相关的“子概念”。可以说，百年生态治理实践推动生态生产力思想由“绿化祖国”伟大号召到“保护环境就是保护生产力”的话语变迁，再到形成习近平生态文明思想，生动展现了党在不同发展阶段创造性地回答人与自然的关系、经济发展与环境保护问题所取得的创新理论成果，这标志着中国共产党关于生态生产力观点的发展与完善。

(III) Practical logic: the realistic drive for the ecological leapfrog development of productive forces in the New Era

（三）实践逻辑：新时代生产力生态化跃迁发展的现实驱动

The practical level of the generation of the great ecological view of new quality productive forces is manifested as a two-way leapfrog between the transformation of productive forces and green, low-carbon development under the background of high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening. Traditional productive forces are generated on the basis of original production technologies through the spatial combination of the basic elements of productive forces, relying mainly on the accumulation and input of traditional production factors to achieve rapid economic development. Within a certain special time frame, this traditional extensive development model did indeed enable China to gain a huge advantage in the rapid accumulation of material wealth, but China also fell into a development predicament due to the ecological problems such as resource waste and environmental pollution accompanying this non-cyclical development. Against the backdrop of tightening supply and demand for energy and resources, diminishing marginal returns on the allocation of traditional production factors, and a new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation, the extensive development model supported by traditional productive forces is unsustainable, while an innovation-driven, high-quality, green, and low-carbon development model has opened a path for China’s more sustainable and higher-quality economic development.

新质生产力大生态观生成的实践层面呈现为高水平科技自立自强背景下生产力转型与绿色低碳发展的双向跃迁。传统生产力是以原有生产技术为基础，通过生产力基本要素的空间组合而生成的生产力，它主要依靠传统生产要素的积累和投入来实现经济的快速发展。在一定特殊时间范围内，这种传统粗放发展模式的确使我国取得物质财富快速积累的巨大优势，但我国也因这种非循环性发展所伴随的资源浪费、环境污染等生态问题而陷入发展困境。在能源资源供需趋紧、传统生产要素配置的边际效应递减以及新一轮科技革命和产业变革的时代背景下，传统生产力支撑的粗放发展模式不可持续，创新驱动的高质量绿色低碳发展模式则开辟了我国更可持续、更高质量的经济发展之路。

Relying on high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening, the high-quality, green, and low-carbon development model calls for the ecological transformation of productive forces from “traditional” to “modern.” The Russian scholar Dubinin pointed out, “The more extensively nature is transformed by society, the stronger humanity’s ecological function becomes.” This indicates that ecology plays an important value-guiding role in the development of productive forces, and advanced productive forces are first manifested in the ecologicalization of the elements of laborers, means of labor, and objects of labor. At the same time, industry is the supporting carrier for the combination of productive forces elements and also the concrete form of realization of productive forces; industrial forms and industrial organizations inversely affect the allocation and efficiency of productive forces. As the basic direction of industrial transformation, high-quality, green, and low-carbon development also requires industry to achieve a dual transformation of production drivers and development modes, manifested not only in the clean use of energy production and consumption but also in the adaptive transformation of green and environmentally friendly development methods. With the accelerated evolution of the new technological revolution and industrial transformation, new quality productive forces have formed in practice and demonstrated strong driving force and supporting force for promoting green and low-carbon development. This is manifested both in the layout of green strategic emerging industries and the cultivation of future green industries, and in the application of advanced green technologies to promote the upgrading of traditional industries, thereby facilitating the generation of the great ecological view of new quality productive forces.

以高水平科技自立自强为依托，高质量的绿色低碳发展模式呼吁生产力发展由“传统”向“现代”的生态转型。俄国学者杜比宁指出，“自然界被社会改造的范围越广，人的生态功能就越强”。这说明生态在生产力发展中承担着价值导向的重要角色，而先进生产力首先表现为劳动者、劳动资料、劳动对象的要素生态化。同时，产业是生产力要素组合的依托载体，也是生产力的具体实现形式，产业形态和产业组织反向影响着生产力配置和效率。作为产业变革的基本方向，高质量绿色低碳发展同样要求产业实现生产动力和发展方式的双重转变，不仅表现为能源生产和使用的清洁化，而且呈现出绿色环保发展方式的调试性变革。随着新科技革命和产业变革的加速演进，新质生产力在实践中形成并展现出推动绿色低碳发展的强劲推动力和支撑力，这既表现为布局绿色化的战略性新兴产业、培育未来绿色产业，又表现为应用先进绿色技术推动传统产业升级，从而促成新质生产力大生态观的生成。

(IV) Methodological logic: the scientific application of holistic and coordinated systems thinking

（四）方法逻辑：对统筹协调系统思维的科学运用

The generation of the great ecological view of new quality productive forces cannot be separated from the scientific guidance of methodology. As a thinking paradigm for understanding things, modern systems thinking is a complexity thinking gradually developed from simple thinking against the background of the deep development of contemporary scientific and technological information technology. It represents a way of thinking that systematically understands the “elements-structure-function” of things, possessing characteristics of wholeness, hierarchy, dynamism, and openness. Specifically, wholeness arises throughout the entire world of the inorganic and organic realms, manifested as nonlinear interactions among “elements-structure-function,” emphasizing the optimization of partial organization to achieve overall system effectiveness. Hierarchy is an orderliness with the appearance of hierarchy, presented based on the differences among system elements and their different modes of combination, reflecting the continuity and stages of the system. Dynamism focuses on the process by which the system state shifts over time, also known as evolutionary development. Openness emphasizes the exchange and integration of matter, energy, and information between the system’s internal environment and external environment, thereby enhancing the stability of system operation and forming a benign and orderly operation.

新质生产力大生态观的生成离不开方法论的科学指导。作为认识事物的思维范式，现代系统思维是在当代科技信息技术深入发展的背景下，从简单性思维逐渐发展起来的复杂性思维，代表的是一种系统性认识事物“要素-结构-功能”的思维方式，具有整体性、层次性、动态性和开放性。具体而言，整体性发生于无机界和有机界的整个世界中，表现为“要素-结构-功能”之间的非线性相互作用，强调在优化部分组织基础上实现系统整体效能。层次性是基于系统各要素的自身差异和相互组合方式不同，而呈现出的具有等级表象的秩序性，体现了系统的连续性和阶段性。动态性注重随时间流逝而使系统状态发生转移的过程，又称演化发展。开放性则强调系统内环境与外环境进行物质、能量、信息的交换与融通，从而增强系统运行的稳定性，形成良性有序运行。

As a complex large system, the study of the ecological implications of new quality productive forces should also adopt systems thinking. From a general systems perspective, the ecological implications of new quality productive forces also possess the above four basic characteristics. Taken together, the ecological system of new quality productive forces is a complex nonlinear system based on a certain crosswise and lengthwise structure between the ecological elements of productive forces and between each element and the system as a whole. Currently, academic discussions on the ecological implications of new quality productive forces mainly focus on element ecology and structural ecology, that is, the internal ecological environment and the carrier ecological environment of new quality productive forces. However, in the process of social development, the creation of social wealth is often based on the relations of production established in social production, realizing the exchange of matter and energy between humanity and nature. Therefore, according to the co-evolutionary law of systems theory and the theory of social organism, the elements, structure, function, and laws of the ecological system of new quality productive forces exhibit obvious co-evolutionary characteristics with the external environment. This means that the great ecological system of new quality productive forces should include at least three sub-ecological systems: the internal element ecological system, the structural carrier ecological system, and the external environment ecological system. The core elements within the three subsystems in turn constitute secondary subsystems. Information transmission, energy exchange, and element integration continuously occur between subsystems, between secondary subsystems, and between subsystems and secondary subsystems, ultimately forming the optimized combination and overall emergence of the ecological system of new quality productive forces, thereby accelerating the ecological leapfrog development of new quality productive forces.

作为一个复杂大系统，对新质生产力生态意蕴的研究也应秉持系统思维方式，在一般系统视角下，新质生产力生态意蕴同样具有以上四个基本特征。综合来看，新质生产力的生态系统是生产力的生态要素之间以及各要素与系统整体之间基于一定纵横交叉结构的复杂的非线性系统。当前，学界对于新质生产力生态意蕴的探讨主要集中于要素生态和结构生态，亦即新质生产力的内生态环境和载体生态环境。但是，在社会发展过程中，社会财富的创造往往基于社会生产中所建立的生产关系，实现人与自然界的物质能量交换。因此，根据系统论的协同演化定律以及社会有机体理论，新质生产力生态系统的要素、结构、功能、规律与外部环境表现出明显的协同发展特征。这意味着新质生产力的大生态系统应至少包含三个子生态系统，分别是内部要素生态系统、结构载体生态系统以及外部环境生态系统，三个子系统的内部核心要素又构成次级子系统。子系统之间、次级子系统之间以及子系统与次级子系统之间不断发生着信息传递、能量交换、要素融合，最终形成新质生产力生态系统的优化组合和整体涌现，进而加速推进新质生产力实现生态化跃迁发展。

II. Presentation of implications: the rich connotations of the great ecological view of new quality productive forces

二、意蕴呈现：新质生产力大生态观的丰富内涵

Systems philosophy expert Wu Jie believes that a general system is a holistic existence composed of multiple elements organically structured, and it interacts with the environment through the exchange of matter, energy, and information. From the perspective of systems theory, the great ecological system of new quality productive forces is mainly composed of three core subsystems: the internal element ecological system, the structural carrier ecological system, and the external environment ecological system. They interact and couple with each other, jointly promoting the benign development of the great ecological system of new quality productive forces.

系统哲学专家乌杰认为，一般系统是由多种要素有机构成的整体性存在，并且与环境通过交换物质、能量、信息实现相互作用。在系统论视角下，新质生产力的大生态系统主要由内部要素生态系统、结构载体生态系统、外部环境生态系统三个核心子系统构成。它们之间相互作用、相互耦合，共同推动新质生产力大生态系统的良性发展。

(I) The internal element ecological system of new quality productive forces

（一）新质生产力内部要素生态系统

The elements of productive forces are the most basic constituent parts or factors of productive forces. As early as in his “Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy,” Engels pointed out that production includes two elements: nature and humanity, the latter including his physical and spiritual activities. Further, the elements of productive forces include material elements (nature) and human elements. Subsequently, Marx further specified the material and human elements as “purposeful activity or labor itself, the object of labor, and the instruments of labor.” [6]6 Karl Marx, *Capital*, Volume 1, Chapter 5, “The Labor Process and the Valorization Process.” These three elements constitute the substantive elements of productive forces. Since the 21st century, with the information technology revolution and industrial transformation, new production factors such as data and technology have continuously empowered traditional production factors, thereby forming new types of laborers, new types of means of labor, and new types of objects of labor that contain ecological characteristics.

生产力要素是生产力最基本的构成部分或因素。恩格斯早在《国民经济学批判大纲》中就指出，生产包括两个要素：自然和人，后者包括他的肉体活动和精神活动。进言之，生产力要素包含物的要素（自然）和人的要素。此后，马克思进一步把物的要素和人的要素明确为“有目的的活动或劳动本身，劳动对象和劳动资料”。三个要素构成生产力的实体性要素。21世纪以来，伴随着信息科技革命和产业变革，数据、科技等新生产要素不断赋能传统生产要素，从而形成内蕴生态特质的新型劳动者、新型劳动资料、新型劳动对象。

First, high-quality new-type labourers with ecological consciousness. Marx once pointed out that “man himself, regarded as the mere existence of labour power, is a natural object, a thing, though a living conscious thing, and labour is the physical manifestation of this power.” This reveals the dual character of labour power: first, as a living conscious thing, man’s labour power possesses active creative capacity; second, labour is the physical manifestation of labour power and the sole factor creating product value. Rooted in the New Era of ecological civilisation, new-type labourers are likewise based on the dual character of labour power. On the one hand, new-type labourers shift from an economic consciousness to an ecological consciousness, which is an important prerequisite determining how labourers labour. New quality productive forces take green and low-carbon as their intrinsic characteristic, which requires new-type labourers to establish an ecological consciousness and to carry out the overall labour of ecological production under the guidance of the sustainable concept of harmonious coexistence between man and nature. On the other hand, the proactive consciousness of new-type labourers is markedly enhanced. Because they possess scientific and innovative qualities commensurate with modern green technological progress and the development of modern green industries, they are able to engage in production activities in accordance with scientific laws, especially possessing the ability and level to apply green high technology, and can actively promote the ecological leap of new quality productive forces through the greening of production in the green practice of industrial development.

第一，具有生态意识的高素质新型劳动者。马克思曾指出，从“人本身单纯作为劳动力的存在来看，也是自然对象，是物，不过是活的有意识的物，而劳动本身则是这种力的物质表现”。这揭示了劳动力的双重特点：一是人作为活的有意识的物，其劳动力具有能动的创造能力；二是劳动是劳动力的物质表现，是产品价值唯一的创造因素。立足生态文明新时代，新型劳动者同样以劳动力的双重特点为基础。一方面，新型劳动者由经济意识转向生态意识，这是决定劳动者如何劳动的重要前提。新质生产力以绿色低碳为内在特征，这要求新型劳动者树立生态意识，在人与自然和谐共生的可持续性理念的指导下进行生态生产的总体性劳动。另一方面，新型劳动者的主动性意识明显增强。因其具备与现代绿色科技进步、现代绿色产业发展相适应的科学素质和创新素质，所以能够按照科学规律从事生产活动，特别是拥有对绿色高科技应用的能力和水平，并能积极在产业发展的绿色实践中，通过生产的绿色化推动新质生产力的生态化跃进。

Second, new-type means of labour that manifest an ecological tendency. As a measure of the level of development of society’s productive forces, the means of labour in new quality productive forces are new-type means of labour represented by high and new technologies such as the Internet+, artificial intelligence, cloud computing, and big data, marking the transformation and upgrading of traditional means of labour towards digital intelligence. Compared with the non-ecological nature of traditional means of labour, the means of labour empowered by science and technology undergo a fundamental change in form, efficiency, and nature, presenting an obvious ecological turn and containing a distinct green and environmentally friendly attribute. It emphasises, under the guidance of a correct scientific and technological values, the development of labour tools with higher green technological content premised on ecology, such as digital technology, artificial intelligence, green and low-carbon frontier technologies, and disruptive green and low-carbon technologies, and integrates ecological science and technology into the industrial chain, supply chain, and logistics chain, thereby achieving an increase in resource utilisation rates and the holistic development of “economy-society-technology-ecology.” It should be particularly noted that virtual forms of means of labour, with data as their main content, are being widely applied in the new technological revolution. This not only helps to promote the upgrading and expansion of the means of labour, but its inherent green attribute will also further accelerate the green transformation of the mode of production.

第二，展现生态化趋向的新型劳动资料。作为社会生产力发展水平的测量器，新质生产力中的劳动资料是以互联网+、人工智能、云计算、大数据等高新科技为代表的新型劳动资料，标志着传统劳动资料向数智化的转型升级。相较于传统劳动资料的非生态性，科技赋能后的劳动资料在形态、效能、性质上发生根本性变革，呈现出明显的生态转向，内蕴鲜明的绿色环保属性。它强调在正确科技价值观的引导下，发展以生态为前提的具有更高绿色技术含量的劳动工具，如数字技术、人工智能、绿色低碳前沿技术、颠覆性绿色低碳技术等，并将生态科技融入产业链、供应链、物流链中，进而实现资源利用率的提高以及“经济-社会-科技-生态”的整体性发展。需要特别指出的是，以数据为主要内容的虚拟形态劳动资料在新科技革命中正得到广泛应用，这不仅有利于推动劳动资料的升级扩容，且其自带绿色属性的特质也将进一步加快生产方式的绿色转型。

Third, new-type objects of labour whose green production space is continuously expanding. Objects of labour refer to the objective objects acted upon by man in the labour process, including both physical and non-physical objects of labour. In Marx’s view, nature is the most important and most basic object of labour processing, but in order to discover and increase social wealth, “it is necessary to explore the earth in all directions, to discover new useful objects and new use attributes of existing objects.” Along with the new round of technological revolution, industrial transformation, and the improvement of knowledge levels, objects of labour continuously “transform from general objects of labour into concrete, special objects of labour,” and their types and forms have also expanded substantially. Currently, people’s choice of objects of labour places more emphasis on the consideration of renewable, low-pollution natural resources, including not only physical objects of labour such as new materials, new energy sources, and intermediate products, but also fields such as aerospace, deep sea, and deep earth, for example, energy-saving and environmental protection industries, new energy industries, and future energy industries, as well as new non-physical objects of labour such as data and algorithms. In this way, under the influence of digital intelligence, greening, and low-carbonisation, new-type objects of labour in the green field, empowered by high and new technology, achieve a strong rise of synthetic substances with excellent performance and energy-saving and low-carbon properties in new quality productive forces through cross-field, cross-space interactive cooperation, realising the expansion of new boundaries of green production and the creation of new spaces for green production.

第三，绿色生产空间得以不断拓展的新型劳动对象。劳动对象指的是人在劳动过程中所作用的客体对象，包含实体性劳动对象和非实体性劳动对象。在马克思看来，自然界是最重要也是最基本的劳动加工对象，但为了发掘和增加社会财富，“要从一切方面去探索地球，以便发现新的有用物体和原有物体的新的使用属性”。伴随新一轮科技革命、产业变革以及知识水平的提高，劳动对象不断“从一般的劳动对象转换为具体的特殊的劳动对象”，其种类和形态也随之大幅拓展。当前，人们对劳动对象的选择更为注重对可再生低污染自然资源的考虑，不仅包含新材料、新能源、中间产品等实体性劳动对象，目前已涉及空天、深海、深地等领域，如节能环保产业、新能源产业、未来能源产业等，也包含数据、算法等新型非实体性劳动对象。这样，在数智化、绿色化、低碳化的影响下，经过高新技术赋能的绿色领域的新型劳动对象通过跨领域、跨空间的交互式合作，使具有优良性能且节能低碳的合成物质在新质生产力中强势崛起，实现了绿色生产新边界的拓展以及绿色生产新空间的创造。

(II) The Structural Carrier Ecosystem of New Quality Productive Forces

（二）新质生产力结构载体生态系统

Industry is the main carrier of the development of productive forces. The optimal combination of new-type productive forces elements needs to rely on the modernised industrial system to maximise overall effectiveness. The modernised industrial system refers to a modern industrial system in which industries are interconnected and coordinated horizontally, have a complete industrial chain vertically, interact well between industrial structure and consumption structure, coordinate industrial development with resources and the environment, and are connected with international industrial development. It mainly includes three major elements: industrial structure, industrial development, and industrial support. Different from the traditional industrial system that mainly relies on the input of factors of production and the Western model of first polluting and then treating, the modernised industrial system possesses more “modern elements” that conform to the new development concept, exhibiting characteristics of digital intelligence and symbiosis with nature.

产业是生产力发展的主要载体，新型生产力要素的优化组合需要依托现代化产业体系实现整体效能最大限度的发挥。现代化产业体系指产业在横向联系上相互衔接与协调，在纵向发展上具有完整的产业链，产业结构与消费结构良好互动，产业发展与资源、环境相协调，并与国际产业发展相衔接的现代产业系统，主要包含产业结构、产业发展、产业支撑三大要素。区别于主要依靠生产要素投入的传统产业体系以及西方先污染后治理的工业模式，现代化产业体系拥有更多符合新发展理念的“现代元素”，展现出数智化以及与自然相生相融的产业特征。

First, the greening of the structural chain. Since the Industrial Revolution, every revolutionary breakthrough in technology has brought about deep adjustments and transformation and upgrading of the industrial structure. From the steam technology revolution, the electric power technology revolution, to the information technology revolution, the industrial structure has undergone historical changes from heavy industry replacing handicraft industry and light industry, to the service industry and high-tech industry becoming the main industries. Today, frontier technologies and disruptive technologies have shifted from “point breakthroughs” to “group breakthroughs,” giving rise to more new industries and new business forms, making the transformation of the modernised industrial structure pay more attention to the dual role of high-tech industry leadership and green industry empowerment, and also applying the concepts, technologies, standards, and management of green and low-carbon throughout the development of the modernised industrial structure, in order to achieve industrial ecologisation. On the one hand, as the key to the ecological leap of new quality productive forces, traditional industries gradually achieve transformation towards low energy consumption and low pollution by integrating modern science and technology. On the other hand, strategic emerging industries and future industries, with their characteristics of high technological content and low resource consumption, also continuously help the industrial structure upgrade to a higher level.

第一，结构链的绿色化。自工业革命以来，每一次技术的革命性突破都会带来产业结构的深度调整和转型升级。从蒸汽技术革命、电力技术革命到信息技术革命，产业结构历经从重工业取代手工业、轻工业，到服务业和高科技产业成为主要产业的历史性变革。如今，前沿技术和颠覆性技术从“点状突破”到“群体性突破”，催生了更多新产业、新业态，使现代化产业结构变革更加注重高新技术产业主导以及绿色化产业赋能的双重作用，也将绿色低碳的理念、技术、标准和管理应用于现代化产业结构发展的始终，以实现产业生态化。一方面，作为新质生产力生态化跃迁的关键，传统产业通过融入现代化科技逐渐实现向低能耗低污染转型。另一方面，战略性新兴产业和未来产业具有技术含量高、资源消耗少的特点，也不断助力产业结构向高阶升级。

Second, the greening of the industrial chain. Since the British environmental economist David Pearce first proposed the concept of “green economy,” the green economic growth mode, with ecological agriculture, circular industry, and sustainable service industry as its core content, has gradually become a sustainable development mode generally recognised by the international community. However, no industry can achieve green and low-carbon development goals solely by relying on a single link or a single entity; the degree of greening ultimately depends on the coordinated efforts of all links and entities across the entire industrial chain, from raw material collection to product research and development, product production and processing, product packaging and transportation, to product sales. Therefore, it is necessary to apply the concepts, technologies, standards, and management of green and low-carbon to achieve environmental friendliness at the source of production, digitalisation of the manufacturing process, ecologisation of production links, greening of product supply, and greening of the consumer market. This requires China to actively control energy use at the source of the industry, optimise structure in production links, and guard the green bottom line in end-of-pipe treatment, especially by actively achieving self-controlled supply of green intermediate products through green technological innovation of intermediate products in the industrial chain. In this way, not only can China reshape its global green competitive advantage to cope with the decoupling of global industrial chains and the disruption of supply chains, but it can also promote the upgrading of intermediate products to the middle and high end of the value chain, thereby enhancing the resilience and security of the industrial chain and supply chain.

第二，产业链的绿色化。自英国环境经济学家皮尔斯（DavidPearce）首先提出“绿色经济”概念以来，以生态农业、循环工业和持续服务产业为核心内容的绿色经济增长方式逐渐成为国际社会普遍认同的可持续发展方式。然而，任何产业都无法单纯依靠某一环节、某个主体实现绿色低碳的发展目标，绿色化程度最终取决于从原材料采集到产品研发、产品生产加工、产品包装运输，再到产品销售的全产业链上各环节、各主体之间的协同发力，因而需要通过运用绿色低碳的理念、技术、标准和管理，实现生产源头环保化、制造流程数字化、生产环节生态化、产品供给绿色化、消费市场绿色化。这要求我国积极在产业源头控制用能，在生产环节优化结构，在末端治理把关绿色底线，特别是要积极通过产业链上中间品的绿色科技创新，实现自主可控的绿色中间品供应。这样，不仅能够重塑我国的全球绿色竞争优势，以应对全球产业链脱钩和供应链断供，而且可促使中间品向价值链中高端升级，进而增强产业链供应链的韧性和安全性。

Third, the greening of the support chain. To achieve an overall effect where 1+1>2, establishing a modern industrial system should not only seek breakthroughs in development from the industry itself but also focus on integrating high-quality factor resources and constructing a support system for systemic development. Relying on systems theory, drawing on and integrating national competitiveness theory, regional industrial strategy theory, technological innovation theory, etc., to construct a support system with elements such as science and technology, finance, and talent as support, and with hardware and software such as infrastructure, governance systems, and enterprise management as foundational support, can achieve synergistic coupling between industries, regions, enterprises, and innovation entities within the modern industrial system, thereby effectively supporting and catalyzing industrial transformation. The support chain is a key variable for the modern industrial system to achieve green transformation. Industries that make greater use of high-end elements such as green technological innovation, modern green finance, green human resource management, and green intelligent modern infrastructure systems are better positioned to seize the high ground in the development of a modern green industrial system. Furthermore, the digital economy, because it can integrate with various support elements and produce a multiplier effect in the construction of a green support chain, is also a key driving force that cannot be ignored in promoting the ecological development of new quality productive forces in the era of the new round of technological revolution.

第三，支撑链的绿色化。为了实现1+1>2的整体效应，建立现代化产业体系不仅应从产业自身寻求发展的突破，而且要注重整合优质要素资源以及建构系统发展的支撑体系。依托系统论，借鉴并整合国家竞争力理论、区域产业战略理论、技术创新理论等，构建以科技、金融、人才等为要素支撑，以基础设施、治理体系、企业管理等软硬件为基础支撑的支撑体系，可以实现现代化产业体系在产业之间、区域之间、企业之间与创新主体之间的协同耦合，从而有效支撑和催生产业变革。支撑链是现代化产业体系实现绿色转型的关键变量。较多运用绿色科技创新、现代绿色金融、绿色人力资源管理、绿色智能的现代化基础设施体系等高端要素的产业，更能在现代化绿色产业体系发展中抢占发展制高点。此外，数字经济在绿色支撑链构建中因能与各支撑要素融合发生作用而产生乘数效应，同样是新一轮科技革命时代推动新质生产力生态化发展不可忽视的关键动力。

(3) The External Environmental Ecosystem of New Quality Productive Forces

（三）新质生产力外部环境生态系统

The environment is the field and generative soil for the existence and evolution of a system, divided into internal and external environments. According to the second law of thermodynamics, "in an open system, this includes both the positive entropy generated by the system's own irreversible development process and the entropy flow brought about by interaction with the external environment, which can be positive or negative." [7]7 This is a reference to the concept of entropy in thermodynamics, applied here as a metaphor for system order and disorder in social and economic systems. Introducing sufficient negative entropy from the external environment can effectively offset the entropy inevitably generated by the system's operation in the internal environment, thereby maintaining its "metabolism" in the exchange of matter, energy, and information, ultimately enabling the system to move from disordered to ordered development. Society is an open organism composed of politics, economy, culture, and ecology. The ecosystem of new quality productive forces and the social organism form a whole-part relationship. The ecological leapfrog development of new quality productive forces also requires society to provide it with guaranteed support from top-level design to practical implementation, that is, to build a favorable external environment for the ecological leapfrog development of new quality productive forces.

环境是系统存在与演化的场域与生成土壤，有内环境与外环境之分。根据热力学第二定律，“保持开放性的系统中既包括系统本身不可逆发展过程中引发的正熵，也包含与外界环境进行交互作用带来的熵流，这部分可正可负”，而从外环境中引入足够负熵可以有效抵消系统在内环境运行中所必然产生的熵，进而维持自身在物质、能量和信息交换过程中的“新陈代谢”，最终实现系统由无序发展走向有序发展。社会是一个由政治、经济、文化、生态共同构成的开放的有机体。新质生产力生态系统与社会有机体构成整体与部分的关系，新质生产力生态化跃迁发展同样需要社会为其提供从顶层设计到实践落实的保障性支持，亦即为新质生产力生态化跃迁发展构建良好的外部环境。

First, the policy and institutional ecological environment. Concepts are the guide for action. General Secretary Xi Jinping's important concept that "new quality productive forces are green productive forces" [8]8 Xi Jinping's statement "新质生产力就是绿色生产力" (new quality productive forces are green productive forces) was made in the context of promoting ecological civilization and green development. points the way for transforming the traditional economic development model, optimizing the economic structure, and shaping new drivers and advantages, providing scientific guidance for achieving the dialectical unity of the economy, society, and ecology. Guided by this concept, all sectors of society have gained a clearer understanding of the ecological attributes of new quality productive forces. Whether traditional industries, strategic emerging industries, or future industries, they should all take ecology as the starting point and ultimate goal for enhancing new quality productive forces, committing to promoting a comprehensive green transformation of the production model. To this end, the state should, in accordance with the strategic requirements of green development, scientifically formulate relevant ecological indicator systems, form medium- and long-term development patterns, and strive to build ecological policy inducement mechanisms, such as financial policies, investment mechanisms, and standard systems conducive to promoting green and low-carbon development. At the same time, the state should also focus on the conscious guarantee function of institutions for the ecological development of new quality productive forces, accelerate the construction of a green institutional system with Chinese characteristics, and form a new model of "pluralistic co-governance" [9]9 "多元共治" (pluralistic co-governance) refers to a governance model involving multiple stakeholders, including the government, enterprises, and civil society, in environmental management. environmental governance led by the government.

一是政策制度生态环境。理念是行动的先导。习近平总书记关于“新质生产力就是绿色生产力”这一重要理念为转变传统经济发展方式、优化经济结构、塑造新动能新优势指明了前进方向，为实现经济社会与生态的辩证统一提供了科学指引。在这一理念的引导下，社会各界对新质生产力的生态属性有了更为清晰的认知，无论是传统产业，还是战略性新兴产业、未来产业，都应当将生态作为提升新质生产力的出发点和落脚点，致力于促进生产方式的全面绿色转型。为此，国家应根据绿色发展的战略要求，科学制定相关生态指标体系，形成中长期发展规律，并着力构建生态政策诱导机制，诸如有利于促进绿色低碳发展的金融政策、投资机制、标准体系等。同时，国家还应注重制度对新质生产力生态发展的自觉保障功能，加快构建中国特色的绿色制度体系，形成以政府为主导的“多元共治”环境治理新模式。

Second, the rule-of-law and ethical ecological environment. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, "We must prospectively study and judge the rule conflicts, social risks, and ethical challenges brought about by technological development, and improve relevant laws and regulations, ethical review rules, and regulatory frameworks." [10]10 This quote from Xi Jinping emphasizes the need for proactive governance of technological risks and ethical challenges. Rule of law is the basis for strengthening the ecological review and supervision of new quality productive forces and is also a fundamental and key means to ensure the ecological leapfrog development of new quality productive forces. In this regard, it is necessary to strengthen legislative work on the rights and interests of new-type workers, technological innovation, intellectual property protection, green industries, ecological governance, and green standards, as well as to strengthen the rule-of-law norms and guarantees for institutional reform, configuration innovation, and factor mobility. At the same time, with the superimposed development of original and disruptive technological innovations and the continuous expansion of the spatial field of labor objects, while technology transforms human production and lifestyles, the complexity of its application scenarios also brings many challenges, including ethical ones, to handling the interrelationship between humans and nature in scientific and technological practice. Therefore, it is also necessary to strengthen the construction of science and technology ethics to achieve the integrated development of technology towards "goodness" and technology with "green," providing ethical guarantees for the green transformation of the economy and society.

二是法治伦理生态环境。习近平总书记指出，“要前瞻研判科技发展带来的规则冲突、社会风险、伦理挑战，完善相关法律法规、伦理审查规则及监管框架”。法治化是强化新质生产力生态审查和监管的依据，也是保障新质生产力实现生态化跃迁发展的基础性和关键性手段。对此，既要加强新型劳动者权益、科技创新、知识产权保护、绿色产业、生态治理、绿色标准等方面的立法工作，还要加强体制改革、配置创新、要素流动等方面的法治规范和保障。同时，伴随原创性、颠覆性科技创新的叠加式发展，以及劳动对象的空间场域不断扩大，科技在变革人类生产生活方式的同时，其应用场景的复杂性也给在科技实践活动中处理人与自然的相互关系带来伦理等诸多挑战。因此，还要通过加强科技伦理建设，实现科技向“善”以及科技带“绿”的融合性发展，为经济社会的绿色转型提供伦理保障。

Third, the scientific and technological innovation ecological environment. General Secretary Xi Jinping has repeatedly emphasized the need to "create a policy environment conducive to innovation and entrepreneurship." [11]11 This is a recurring theme in Xi Jinping's speeches on innovation-driven development. Scientific and technological innovation is the core element for developing new quality productive forces. Scientific and technological innovation activities aim to achieve interactive coordination between innovation elements by constructing a scientific and technological innovation ecosystem, thereby maximizing the effect of scientific and technological innovation. The scientific and technological innovation ecosystem mainly includes scientific and technological workers, scientific and technological resources, and science and technology operation policies. Creating a favorable environment for scientific and technological innovation not only requires building the hardware foundation level with scientific and technological innovation platforms as content but also deeply integrating all links of the entire talent cultivation chain, formulating education, talent, science and technology, and industrial policies conducive to developing new quality productive forces, and forming an integrated "education-talent-science and technology-industry" scientific and technological innovation ecosystem throughout society. At the same time, it is necessary to create a good social atmosphere of respecting knowledge, talent, and innovation throughout society, actively introduce mechanisms for tolerating, correcting, and experimenting with innovation errors, encourage workers to place the stage of innovation on the front line of production practice, and allow the ecological value of new quality productive forces to be fully integrated into the entire process of economic and social development.

三是科技创新生态环境。习近平总书记多次强调，要“营造有利于创新创业的政策环境”。科技创新是发展新质生产力的核心要素，科技创新活动意在通过构建科技创新生态系统实现创新要素之间互动协调，进而发挥科技创新最大效应。科技创新生态系统主要包括科技工作者、科技资源和科技运作政策等。营造良好的科技创新环境不仅要构建以科技创新平台为内容的硬件基础水平，而且要深度整合人才培养全链条的各个环节，制定有利于发展新质生产力的教育、人才、科技和产业政策，在全社会形成“教育-人才-科技-产业”一体化的科技创新生态体系。同时，要在全社会营造尊重知识、尊重人才、尊重创新的良好氛围，积极引入创新容错纠错试错机制，鼓励劳动者将创新的舞台放在生产实践第一线，让新质生产力的生态价值全面融入经济社会发展全过程。

Fourth, the open development ecological environment. In the global context, the ecological development of new quality productive forces has become the key for China to win future international green competitive advantages and initiative. In this regard, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized: "We must expand high-standard opening up and create a favorable international environment for developing new quality productive forces." [12]12 This quote reflects China's strategy of high-level opening up to integrate with global economic and technological systems. First, creating an open development environment can, by establishing efficient and smooth global factor flow mechanisms, gather advanced and high-quality production factors such as global technology, talent, and data, optimize the allocation of advanced and high-quality production factor resources globally, and provide support for developing new quality productive forces. Second, creating an open development environment can provide space for China to expand institutional opening up in areas such as rules, regulations, management, and standards, which is conducive to China's participation in and leadership in the formulation of international rules and standards in the green and low-carbon field of new quality productive forces, reducing the risk that first-mover countries attempt to use the inconsistency and lack of coordination between China and international rules and standards to restrict the ecological development of China's new quality productive forces, thereby providing guarantees for the open cooperation of global industrial chains, supply chains, and innovation chains. Finally, creating an open development environment can create a larger international market for the ecological development of new quality productive forces, further enhancing the international market competitiveness of China's green and low-carbon product production, export, and services, strengthening the promoting effect of exports on the domestic cycle, and reversely driving the green transformation and upgrading of domestic industries.

四是开放发展生态环境。在全球背景下，新质生产力生态化发展成为我国赢得未来国际绿色竞争优势和主动权的关键所在。对此，习近平总书记强调：“要扩大高水平对外开放，为发展新质生产力营造良好国际环境。”首先，营造开放发展环境可以通过建立高效畅通的全球要素流动机制，集聚全球科技、人才、数据等先进优质生产要素，实现全球范围内先进优质生产要素资源配置的优化，为发展新质生产力提供支撑。其次，营造开放发展环境可以为我国扩大规则、规制、管理、标准等制度型开放提供空间，有利于我国参与和引领新质生产力绿色低碳领域国际规则和标准的制定，降低先发国家试图利用我国与国际规则和标准的不统一、不协调制约我国新质生产力生态化发展的风险，进而为全球产业链供应链创新链的开放合作提供保障。最后，营造开放发展环境可以为新质生产力生态化发展创造更大的国际市场，进一步提高我国绿色低碳产品生产、出口与服务的国际市场竞争力，加强对外出口对国内大循环的促进作用，反向拉动国内产业绿色转型升级。

III. Path Advancement: Accelerating the Realization of the Ecological Leapfrog Development of New Quality Productive Forces

三、路向推进：加快实现新质生产力生态化跃迁发展

The practical advancement of the ecological implications of new quality productive forces is a complex systemic project. It requires leveraging the mechanisms of interconnection, communication, constraint, and interaction among the various elements of the new quality productive forces ecosystem to achieve an overall enhancement of the ecological function of new quality productive forces.

新质生产力生态意蕴的实践推进是一个复杂的系统工程，需要发挥新质生产力生态系统各要素之间相互联系、沟通、制约、互动的机制，实现新质生产力生态功能整体效能的提升。

(1) Adhere to Synergistic Coordination of Subjects

（一）坚持主体协同发力

Although the state has actively introduced policies related to green and low-carbon development, at the level of the main actors a development pattern of collaborative innovation among multiple entities in green science and technology has not yet been formed. Problems such as policy discontinuity, inadequate supervision, and weak cooperation and interaction among multiple entities including the government, universities, and enterprises persist, and the mechanism for mobilising social resources needs improvement. In response, General Secretary Xi Jinping has repeatedly emphasised that advancing scientific and technological innovation requires “promoting the integration of industry, academia, and research, and truly stimulating the initiative and creativity of enterprises, research institutions, and especially the vast number of scientific researchers.” [13]13 Top-level design (顶层设计): A term used in Chinese policy discourse to refer to comprehensive, systematic planning and design from the highest level of authority, ensuring coherence and coordination across all subordinate levels. At the government level, it is necessary to leverage the notable advantages of the new nationwide system for mobilising resources [14]14 The “new development concept” (新发展理念) refers to the five concepts of innovation, coordination, greenness, openness, and sharing, formally proposed by the CPC around 2015 to guide China’s economic and social development. and national governance, further improve and perfect relevant policies and regulations to provide systematic overall planning for the ecological development of new quality productive forces, actively explore fiscal and financial policies, introduce incentive measures conducive to the transformation of green scientific and technological achievements to guide enterprises’ green transformation, and strengthen the regulatory mechanism for green and low-carbon transformation, providing service guarantees with the posture of a proactive and effective government. At the enterprise level, it is necessary to vigorously promote the entrepreneurial spirit, strengthen the leading and exemplary role of enterprises in science and technology, especially the leading and driving role of leading enterprises in green scientific and technological innovation, actively research and develop new green, technological, and environmentally friendly technologies and products, and actively drive more small and medium-sized enterprises to integrate into the green industrial chain of large enterprises. At the university level, it is necessary to both strengthen basic research, “making climate change response, new pollutant treatment, etc., key areas of national basic research and scientific and technological innovation,” [15] and vigorously leverage the advantage of convergence, integrating scientific research into the cultivation of innovative and composite talents, and smoothing the virtuous cycle of education, science and technology, and talent. On this basis, promote the deep integration of “government, industry, academia, and research,” establish cooperative networks among the various entities, leverage the positive interaction between universities and enterprises, enterprises and the market, and the market and the government, promote integrated innovation and the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, and accelerate the development of new quality productive forces.

虽然国家积极出台绿色低碳相关政策，但在主体层面仍未形成绿色科技创新多元主体协同攻关的发展格局，政策不连续、监管不到位、政府与高校及企业等多元主体之间合作互动较弱等问题仍然存在，社会资源的调动机制有待改善。对此，习近平总书记多次强调，推进科技创新要“推动产学研一体化，真正把企业、科研单位特别是广大科研人员的积极性和创造性激发出来”。政府层面，要发挥新型举国体制和国家治理的显著优势，进一步健全并完善相关政策法规以为新质生产力生态化发展进行系统整体谋划，也要积极探索财政金融政策，出台有利于绿色科技成果转化的激励措施以引导企业绿色转型，还要加强绿色低碳转型监管机制，以有为政府和有效政府的姿态做好服务保障。企业层面，要大力弘扬企业家精神，强化企业的科技引领示范作用，特别是领军企业在绿色科技创新中的主体带动作用，要主动研发绿色、科技、环保的新技术、新产品，积极带动更多中小企业融入大企业的绿色化产业链。高校层面，既要加强基础性研究，“把应对气候变化、新污染物治理等作为国家基础研究和科技创新重点领域”，还要大力发挥汇聚优势，把科学研究融入创新型人才以及复合型人才培养中，畅通教育、科技和人才的良性循环。在此基础上，推动“政产学研”深度融合，在各主体之间建立合作网络，发挥高校和企业、企业与市场、市场和政府的良性互动，促进集成创新和科技成果转化，加快发展新质生产力。

(II) Strengthening the Driving Force of Green Scientific and Technological Innovation

（二）加强绿色科技创新驱动

As the core technological element of the ecological development of new quality productive forces, green and low-carbon innovative technologies, such as clean energy technology, energy storage and conversion technology, and carbon capture, utilisation, and storage technology, will act to varying degrees on the raw material supply, product production, and other processes of modern industries. Their research and development will drive revolutionary changes in all production factors. Currently, China still faces difficulties in green scientific and technological innovation, such as leading the world in the total number of green patents but having weak international competitiveness, high application costs for green technologies, and poor system support. Therefore, to strengthen the driving force of green scientific and technological innovation, it is necessary to continuously increase investment in green technology research and development, especially financial investment, human cost investment, investment in green innovation in key fields, and transformation and incentive mechanisms, and accelerate the development and promotion of new green environmental protection technologies; it is necessary to strengthen the leading role of green technology innovation, and attach importance to technology research and development for industrial iteration and upgrading; it is necessary to promote synergy in green technology innovation, actively form a supporting system with cutting-edge technology and industrial fields, and further enhance the radiation effect of green innovation technology; it is necessary to make every effort to promote cluster innovation, accelerate the transformation and application of green technology, and enhance the efficiency of transforming green innovation technology into actual productive forces; it is necessary to deepen international exchanges and cooperation in green technology, and continuously increase the international competitiveness of China’s green innovation technology.

作为新质生产力生态化发展的核心技术要素，诸如清洁能源技术，能源储存和转换技术，碳捕集、利用与封存技术等在内的绿色低碳创新技术将在不同程度作用于现代化产业的原材料供应、产品生产等过程，它们的研发将带动整个生产要素发生革命性变革。当前，我国在绿色科技创新中仍面临绿色专利总量领先但国际竞争力较弱，绿色技术应用成本高、系统支持差等困境。所以，为了加强绿色科技创新驱动，必须持续加大绿色技术研发投入，特别是财政投入、人力成本投入、关键领域绿色创新投入、转化和激励机制等，加快开发和推广新绿色环保技术；必须强化绿色技术创新引领，重视产业迭代升级技术研发；必须促进绿色技术创新协同，积极与前沿科技和产业领域形成配套，进一步增强绿色创新科技辐射效应；必须全力推动集群创新，加快绿色技术转化应用，增强绿色创新科技向现实生产力的转化效能；必须深化绿色技术国际交流合作，不断增长我国绿色创新科技的国际竞争力。

(III) Strengthening the Integrated Development of Industrial Clustering, Synergy, and Greening

（三）强化产业集群化、协同化与绿色化融合发展

Regional coordination, industrial clustering, and industrial synergy mean that supply chains, production chains, technology chains, and talent chains break through the constraints of time and space to achieve deep integration. This is a key node for enhancing new quality productive forces. Currently, China’s industrial chain faces problems such as inconsistent enterprise standards, insufficient information sharing, and poor coordination between upstream and downstream enterprises, which seriously affect the green transformation of the industrial structure. New economic geography holds that, driven by cost advantages such as external economies of scale, specialised division of labour, and economies of scope, clustering can improve industrial productivity and innovation benefits, reduce transaction costs, and thus form strong competitiveness and competitive advantages. To this end, firstly, it is necessary to strengthen the integrated development of industrial clustering and greening. Vigorously promote the integrated cluster development of strategic emerging industries and future industries, actively explore ways to achieve the coupling and optimisation of the industrial system and the environmental system within specific geographical spaces, accelerate the creation of efficient and ecological green industrial clusters with international competitiveness, and achieve synergy between upstream and downstream enterprises. Secondly, it is necessary to strengthen the integrated development of industrial synergy and greening. The French economist Perroux believes that after a growth pole appears in a region with a high concentration of technology or capital, it will continue to spread outward from the accumulation centre and drive the development of these areas, thereby forming regional characteristics or features. Therefore, it is necessary to leverage the ecological advantages of each region, through means such as complementary advantages and differentiated competition, strengthen cross-regional and cross-industry industrial collaboration, and thereby achieve the coordination of ecological factors across different regional spaces.

区域协调、产业集群与产业协同意味着供应链、生产链、技术链、人才链打破了时空限制，实现深度融合，这是新质生产力提升的关键节点。目前，我国产业链存在企业标准不一、信息共享不充分、上下游企业协同不畅等问题，严重影响产业结构的绿色转型。新经济地理学认为，在外部规模经济、专业化分工、范围经济等成本优势的助推下，集群可以使产业生产率和创新效益提高，交易费用降低，进而形成强有力的竞争力和竞争优势。为此，首先要强化产业集群化与绿色化融合发展。大力推动战略性新兴产业、未来产业融合集群发展，积极探索在特定地域空间内实现产业系统和环境系统耦合优化的方式，加快打造具有国际竞争力的高效生态绿色产业集群，实现上下游企业协同。其次，要加强产业协同化与绿色化融合发展。法国经济学家佩鲁认为，在技术或资本高度集中的区域出现经济增长极后，会在积聚中心继续向外围扩散，并带动这些地区发展，进而形成区域特点或特色。因此，要借助各区域的生态优势，通过优势互补和错位竞争等方式，加强跨区域、跨行业产业协作，进而实现不同区域空间生态因素的协调。

(IV) Improving Ecological Standards to Boost Industrial Upgrading

（四）完善生态标准助推产业升级

Without standards, nothing can be accomplished. [16] General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that it is necessary to

不以规矩，不能成方圆。习近平总书记指出，要“通过立规矩，倒逼产业转型升级”，进而推动高质量发展。所谓“立规矩”指的是在事物发展中要遵守统一规定、规则、规范，在生态发展中“立规矩”就是通过在各个领域规定生态标准，在生态优先的前提下守住生态红线。因而，生态标准的制定是加强新质生产力发展中生态转向的关键一步。一般而言，生态环境标准的完善程度，反映一个地方生态环境管理的水平和效率。但是，我国目前尚未形成以生态安全为导向的标准体系，现有标准在均衡发展、实时更新等方面还有待完善。对此，国家应以优化生态空间为抓手，加快形成包括生态可承载力、生态修复标准、绿色技术标准、绿色生活标准等内容在内的生态标准体系；加强创新科技与生态标准相融相生，促进生态标准实时更新；建立生态标准与全局发展规划协调机制，促进各领域各环节生态标准均衡发展。此外，还要制定标准评估反馈体系，利用大数据等先进技术搭建信息反馈平台，通过收集各项生态数据，对新质生产力的生态化发展形成整体性认识，并通过反馈成果进一步加以改善。

(5) Creating a favorable external ecological environment

（五）营造良好的外部生态环境

At present, China has initially recognized the supporting significance of external environments such as the green policy and institutional environment, the rule-of-law and ethical environment, the scientific and technological innovation environment, and the open development environment for the ecological leapfrog development of new quality productive forces. However, problems still exist, such as incomplete policies and institutions, insufficient momentum for scientific and technological innovation, and inadequate open development. To solve these problems and create a favorable external ecological environment, first, the top-level design for the ecological development of new quality productive forces should be strengthened, and holistic policies conducive to the ecological development of new quality productive forces should be introduced on the basis of comprehensively considering internal factors and the external environment. Specifically, the top-level design should include a development system covering all aspects from theory to practice, such as concepts, connotations, objectives, institutions, indicators, and evaluations, particularly the construction of the institutional mechanisms and supporting policy systems for the ecological development of new quality productive forces. This is a key node for ensuring the formation of a good atmosphere from the top down. Second, creating a favorable external environment also requires building diversified platform carriers to provide effective means for the whole society to engage in the development of new quality productive forces. In this regard, a big data platform should be constructed, utilizing digital transformation to deeply integrate digital technology into various fields of production and life, thereby providing new impetus for the ecological development of new quality productive forces. Third, build practical base platforms, utilizing the typical guiding role of national eco-industrial park construction and demonstration zone construction to drive all parts of the country to support the ecological development of new quality productive forces. Finally, establish a service platform for exchange and cooperation in global industrial chains, supply chains, and innovation chains. Through strategic cooperation with multinational enterprises on the green economy, form a global open innovation ecosystem, and thereby achieve win-win cooperation in the green development of new quality productive forces.

当前，我国已初步认识到绿色政策制度环境、法治伦理环境、科技创新环境以及开放发展环境等外部环境对新质生产力生态化跃迁发展的支撑性意义，但仍然存在政策制度不完善、科技创新动力不足、开放发展不充分等问题。要解决以上问题，营造良好的外部生态环境，首先，应加强新质生产力生态化发展的顶层设计，在综合考虑内部要素和外部环境的基础上推出有利于新质生产力生态化发展的整体性政策。具体而言，顶层设计应包含概念、内涵、目标、制度、指标、评价等从理论到实践全方面的发展体系，特别是新质生产力生态化发展的体制机制和配套政策体系的构建，这是保证自上而下形成良好风气的关键节点。其次，营造良好的外部环境还要打造多元化平台载体，为全社会投身新质生产力发展提供有效手段。对此，要构建大数据平台，利用数字化转型促使数字科技深度融入生产生活各领域，为新质生产力生态化发展提供新动力。再次，构建实践基地平台，利用国家生态工业园区建设、示范区建设的典型引导作用，带动全国各地助力新质生产力生态化发展。最后，搭建全球产业链供应链创新链交流与合作服务平台，通过与跨国企业进行绿色经济战略合作，形成全球开放创新生态，进而在新质生产力绿色发展上实现合作共赢。

IV. Conclusion

四、结语

As the latest achievement of Xi Jinping’s economic thought and Xi Jinping’s thought on ecological civilization, the grand ecological view of new quality productive forces is both an inevitable choice for coordinating high-quality economic development with high-level ecological and environmental protection from the perspective of the harmonious coexistence of humanity and nature, and a major proposition put forward in response to revolutionary technological breakthroughs and the comprehensive green transformation of the economy and society. It is intrinsically an original theoretical and practical proposition of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. This theory deepens the Chinese Communist Party’s understanding of the laws governing the development of productive forces, the laws of ecological civilization construction, and the laws by which the new development concept guides high-quality development, thereby achieving an innovative development of the Marxist theory of productive forces and the theory of the relationship between humanity and nature.

作为习近平经济思想和习近平生态文明思想的最新成果，新质生产力的大生态观既是站在人与自然和谐共生的高度，协同推进经济高质量发展与生态环境高水平保护的必然选择，也是面向技术革命性突破和经济社会全面绿色转型而提出的重大命题，内在属于习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的原创性理论和实践命题。这一理论深化了中国共产党对生产力发展规律、生态文明建设规律、新发展理念引领高质量发展规律的认识，实现了对马克思主义生产力理论以及人与自然关系理论的创新发展。

As a forward-looking and strategic innovative concept, the grand ecological view of new quality productive forces provides a new perspective and methodology for understanding and promoting the ecological transformation and leapfrog development of new quality productive forces and the sustainable development of the economy and society. In terms of social consciousness, the grand ecological view of new quality productive forces is conducive to raising the ecological awareness of the whole society. With the widespread dissemination and popularization of ecological knowledge and ecological concepts, people will more consciously practice green, low-carbon lifestyles and consumption patterns. In terms of practical application, the grand ecological view of new quality productive forces is conducive to promoting the ecological transformation and high-quality development of new quality productive forces; green technological innovation will be more widely applied to industrial upgrading and transformation. In terms of international cooperation, the grand ecological view of new quality productive forces is conducive to providing new ideas and solutions for global sustainable development. Countries will place greater emphasis on international cooperation and exchange under the guidance of the grand ecological view of new quality productive forces, jointly formulating and implementing relevant policies, standards, and norms, in order to better address the relationship between world economic development and ecological protection, and jointly promote the building of a beautiful world.

作为一种具有前瞻性和战略性的创新理念，新质生产力的大生态观为我们理解和推动新质生产力生态化跃迁发展和经济社会的可持续发展提供了全新视角和方法论。在社会意识方面，新质生产力的大生态观有利于提升全社会的生态意识。随着生态知识和生态理念广泛地传播和普及，人们将更加自觉地践行绿色低碳的生活方式和消费模式。在实践应用方面，新质生产力的大生态观有利于推动新质生产力的生态转型和高质量发展，绿色科技创新将被更多地应用到产业升级和转型中。在国际合作方面，新质生产力的大生态观有利于为全球可持续发展提供新的思路和方案。各国将更加重视在新质生产力大生态观指导下的国际合作与交流，共同制定和实施相关的政策、标准和规范，以更好地解决世界经济发展和生态保护的关系问题，共同推动建设美丽世界。

In summary, as a landmark concept that manifests China’s independent knowledge system, the grand ecological view of new quality productive forces advances the development process of the modernization of the harmonious coexistence of humanity and nature. Internally, it can lead society in fostering a favorable innovation ecosystem and shaping a sound ecological civilization paradigm; externally, it can defend the nation’s sovereignty over ecological development and influence the development process of human ecological civilization, contributing Chinese wisdom to global ecological development and providing a new option for other countries in the world that seek to solve the dilemma of being unable to simultaneously achieve economic development and ecological protection.

总之，作为彰显我国自主知识体系的标志性概念，新质生产力大生态观推进着人与自然和谐共生现代化的发展进程，对内可引领社会营造良好的创新生态和塑造良好的生态文明范式，对外可捍卫国家生态发展主权和影响人类生态文明发展进程，为全球生态发展贡献中国智慧，为世界其他想要破解经济发展与生态保护不可兼得难题的国家提供全新的选择。

(The author is an assistant researcher at the School of Marxism, Shandong University)

（作者系山东大学马克思主义学院助理研究员）

Online editor: Ma Jingren

网络编辑：马京仁

1

1