Accelerating the Formation of Relations of Production More Compatible with New Quality Productive Forces

The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC pointed out that we should improve relevant rules and policies to accelerate the formation of relations of production more compatible with new quality productive forces. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has deepened its understanding of the laws governing the development of productive forces, advanced comprehensive and deepening reform, and continuously promoted the development of social productive forces. Practice has proven that more compatible relations of production are the fundamental driving force for the development of productive forces and can fully stimulate the vitality and initiative of social production. To develop new quality productive forces, we must further comprehensively deepen reform, remove institutional and mechanistic obstacles, make every effort to unblock the bottlenecks and blockages that constrain the development of new quality productive forces, promote better compatibility between relations of production and productive forces, between the superstructure and the economic base, and between national governance and social development, and provide strong impetus and institutional guarantees for Chinese-path modernization.

党的二十届三中全会指出，健全相关规则和政策，加快形成同新质生产力更相适应的生产关系。党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央深化对生产力发展规律的认识，推进全面深化改革，持续促进社会生产力发展。实践证明，更相适应的生产关系是生产力发展的根本动力，能够充分激发社会生产的活力和积极性。发展新质生产力，必须进一步全面深化改革，破除体制机制障碍，着力打通束缚新质生产力发展的堵点卡点，推动生产关系和生产力、上层建筑和经济基础、国家治理和社会发展更好相适应，为中国式现代化提供强大动力和制度保障。

I. Improve the New System of Mobilizing Resources Nationwide, Accelerate the Achievement of High-Level Scientific and Technological Self-Reliance and Self-Strengthening

一、健全新型举国体制，加快实现高水平科技自立自强

Scientific and technological innovation has a decisive impact on the qualitative state of productive forces and industrial transformation and is the core element for developing new quality productive forces. Currently, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation is developing rapidly, new technologies such as artificial intelligence are burgeoning, the technological revolution and major-power games are intertwined, and the high-tech field has become the forefront and main battlefield of international competition, profoundly reshaping the global order and development landscape. China must seize this strategic opportunity for a leap in productive forces, improve the new system of mobilizing resources nationwide, accelerate the achievement of high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening, promote a major transformation of China's science, technology, and industrial development from a "follower" to a "leader," and win strategic initiative in the increasingly fierce international competition.

科技创新对生产力的质态和产业变革具有决定性影响，是发展新质生产力的核心要素。当前，新一轮科技革命和产业变革迅猛发展，人工智能等新技术方兴未艾，科技革命与大国博弈相互交织，高技术领域成为国际竞争最前沿和主战场，深刻重塑全球秩序和发展格局。我国要抓紧此次生产力跃升的战略机遇，健全新型举国体制，加快实现高水平科技自立自强，推动我国科技和产业发展由“跟随者”向“引领者”的重大转变，在日趋激烈的国际竞争中赢得战略主动。

The new system of mobilizing resources nationwide is a powerful support and necessary guarantee for breaking through key core technologies and promoting the development of new quality productive forces. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has repeatedly emphasized the need to leverage the advantages of the new system of mobilizing resources nationwide. From the perspective of goal orientation, major scientific and technological innovations involve large investments, high risks, and long cycles, and must have a strong organizational mechanism. From the perspective of problem orientation, China's original innovation capacity is relatively weak, some key core technologies are controlled by others, and it also faces problems such as a low degree of organization and coordination in scientific and technological innovation, and the dispersion and duplication of scientific and technological resources. It is necessary to optimize the organizational mechanism for major scientific and technological innovation, fully leverage the institutional advantage of concentrating resources to accomplish major tasks, and seize the commanding heights of technological competition and future development. China must improve the new system of mobilizing resources nationwide under the conditions of the socialist market economy, fully leverage the role of the state as the organizer of major scientific and technological innovation, support strategic scientific plans and projects with long cycles, high risks, great difficulty, and promising prospects, focus on systematic layout, systematic organization, and cross-border integration, unite the forces of the government, the market, and society into one rope, and form an overall advantage for the future.

新型举国体制是突破关键核心技术、推动新质生产力发展的有力支撑和必要保障。党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央多次强调要发挥新型举国体制优势。从目标导向上看，重大科技创新投入大、风险高、周期长，必须要有强大的组织机制。从问题导向上看，我国原始创新能力相对薄弱，一些关键核心技术受制于人，也面临科技创新组织化协同化程度不高，科技资源分散、重复等问题，必须优化重大科技创新组织机制，充分发挥集中力量办大事的制度优势，抢占科技竞争和未来发展制高点。我国要健全社会主义市场经济条件下新型举国体制，充分发挥国家作为重大科技创新组织者的作用，支持周期长、风险大、难度高、前景好的战略性科学计划和科学工程，抓系统布局、系统组织、跨界集成，把政府、市场、社会等各方面力量拧成一股绳，形成未来的整体优势。

To leverage the advantages of the new system of mobilizing resources nationwide and accelerate the achievement of high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening, it is necessary to improve the system of the Party Central Committee's centralized and unified leadership over scientific and technological work, strengthen the coordination of strategic planning, policies and measures, major tasks, scientific research forces, resource platforms, and regional innovation, build a collaborative and efficient decision-making command system and organizational implementation system, adhere to facing the world's scientific and technological frontiers, facing the main battlefield of the economy, facing the major needs of the country, and facing the life and health of the people, optimize the organizational mechanism for major scientific and technological innovation, coordinate and strengthen the tackling of key core technologies, promote the systematization, institutionalization, and collaboration of scientific and technological innovation forces, factor allocation, and talent teams, and gather a strong force to promote scientific and technological innovation. Strengthen the construction of national strategic scientific and technological forces, improve the national laboratory system, enhance the integrated capability of the national innovation system, optimize the positioning and layout of national research institutions, high-level research universities, and leading technology enterprises, scientifically plan major scientific and technological infrastructure, strengthen the independent guarantee of basic conditions for science and technology, promote central-local coordination in scientific and technological innovation, coordinate the construction of various science and innovation platforms, encourage and regulate the development of new-type research and development institutions, and promote the integrated development of scientific and technological innovation and industrial innovation. Strengthen the principal position of enterprises in scientific and technological innovation, establish and improve the mechanism for cultivating and strengthening leading technology enterprises, strengthen the deep integration of industry, academia, and research led by enterprises, establish a system for enterprise research and development reserves, build a mechanism for promoting the development and growth of specialized and new small and medium-sized enterprises, support enterprises in taking the lead or participating in national scientific and technological research tasks, encourage science and technology-based small and medium-sized enterprises to increase research and development investment, increase the additional deduction ratio for research and development expenses, guide enterprises to cooperate closely with universities and research institutions, jointly refine scientific and technological issues based on industrial needs, jointly carry out scientific research, and collaboratively cultivate scientific and technological talents, and promote the integrated innovation of industry, academia, and research led by enterprises.

健全新型举国体制优势，加快实现高水平科技自立自强，必须完善党中央对科技工作集中统一领导的体制，加强战略规划、政策措施、重大任务、科研力量、资源平台、区域创新等方面的统筹，构建协同高效的决策指挥体系和组织实施体系，坚持面向世界科技前沿、面向经济主战场、面向国家重大需求、面向人民生命健康，优化重大科技创新组织机制，统筹强化关键核心技术攻关，推动科技创新力量、要素配置、人才队伍体系化、建制化、协同化，凝聚推动科技创新的强大合力。加强国家战略科技力量建设，完善国家实验室体系，增强国家创新体系一体化能力，优化国家科研机构、高水平研究型大学、科技领军企业定位和布局，科学规划重大科技基础设施，加强科技基础条件自主保障，推进科技创新央地协同，统筹各类科创平台建设，鼓励和规范发展新型研发机构，推动科技创新和产业创新融合发展。强化企业科技创新主体地位，建立培育壮大科技领军企业机制，加强企业主导的产学研深度融合，建立企业研发准备金制度，构建促进专精特新中小企业发展壮大机制，支持企业主动牵头或参与国家科技攻关任务，鼓励科技型中小企业加大研发投入，提高研发费用加计扣除比例，引导企业与高校、科研机构密切合作，面向产业需求共同凝练科技问题、联合开展科研攻关、协同培养科技人才，推动企业主导的产学研融通创新。

II. Improve the Institutional Mechanisms for Industrial Transformation and Upgrading, Promote the Integrated Development of Scientific and Technological Innovation and Industrial Innovation

二、健全产业转型升级的体制机制，推动科技创新和产业创新融合发展

Scientific and technological innovation and industrial innovation are the basic paths for developing new quality productive forces. Scientific and technological innovation should focus on building a modern industrial system, while industrial innovation should adhere to the real economy, insisting on both the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries and the opening up of new tracks in strategic emerging industries and future industries. To grasp the integration of scientific and technological innovation and industrial innovation, it is necessary to build platforms, improve institutional mechanisms, strengthen the principal position of enterprises in innovation, and achieve a seamless connection between the innovation chain and the industrial chain. To improve the institutional mechanisms for industrial transformation and upgrading, it is necessary to focus on promoting the transformation and application of scientific and technological achievements, use disruptive technologies and frontier technologies to spawn new industries, new models, and new drivers, promote the supplementation of weak industrial chains, the extension of advantageous industrial chains, the upgrading of traditional industrial chains, and the establishment of emerging industrial chains, accelerate the construction of a modern industrial system, and promote the integrated development of scientific and technological innovation and industrial innovation.

科技创新和产业创新，是发展新质生产力的基本路径。科技创新要着眼于建设现代化产业体系，产业创新要守牢实体经济，坚持推动传统产业改造升级和开辟战略性新兴产业、未来产业新赛道并重。抓科技创新和产业创新融合，要搭建平台、健全体制机制，强化企业创新主体地位，让创新链和产业链无缝对接。健全产业转型升级的体制机制，要聚焦促进科技成果转化应用，以颠覆性技术和前沿技术催生新产业、新模式、新动能，推动短板产业补链、优势产业延链、传统产业升链、新兴产业建链，加快建设现代化产业体系，推动科技创新和产业创新融合发展。

The modern industrial system is the material and technological foundation of a modern country. The focus of economic development must be placed on the real economy to provide strong material support for achieving the Second Centenary Goal. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, China's industrial system has become more complete, the industrial chain more integrated, and the overall strength, quality and efficiency, as well as innovation, competitiveness, and risk resistance of the industry have significantly improved. The real economy, especially manufacturing, has achieved steady growth in quantity and significant improvement in quality. At the same time, it must also be noted that China's industrial system still has problems such as being large but not strong, comprehensive but not refined, and overcapacity in some industries. Therefore, it is necessary to further comprehensively deepen reform and build a modern industrial system.

现代化产业体系是现代化国家的物质技术基础，必须把发展经济的着力点放在实体经济上，为实现第二个百年奋斗目标提供坚强物质支撑。党的十八大以来，我国产业体系更加健全、产业链更加完整，产业整体实力、质量效益以及创新力、竞争力、抗风险能力显著增强，实体经济特别是制造业实现量的稳步增长和质的显著提升。同时也要看到，我国产业体系还存在大而不强、全而不精，部分行业产能过剩等问题，因此要进一步全面深化改革，建设现代化产业体系。

To build a modern industrial system and promote the integrated development of scientific and technological innovation and industrial innovation, it is necessary to improve the institutional mechanisms for the optimization and upgrading of traditional industries, use the upgrading of national standards to lead the optimization and upgrading of traditional industries, revise national standards in areas such as technology and environmental protection, strengthen institutional constraints in areas such as environmental protection and safety, and drive technological upgrading, equipment renewal, and quality improvement; actively use digital technology and green technology to transform and upgrade traditional industries, improve the system for promoting the deep integration of the real economy and the digital economy, build a number of industry-wide technology platforms, accelerate the transformation of industrial models and enterprise organizational forms, accelerate the comprehensive and full-chain popularization and application of the new generation of information technology, develop the industrial internet, and build digital industry clusters with international competitiveness. Improve policies and governance systems for promoting the development of strategic industries, enhance the basic capabilities of industries; promote the integrated and clustered development of strategic emerging industries, build a tiered development system for industrial clusters, optimize the regional layout of industries, continuously expand market space, deeply participate in the global division of labor, and cultivate a number of strategic emerging industry clusters with distinctive features, complementary advantages, and reasonable structures in key areas. Establish a mechanism for increasing investment in future industries, grasp the characteristics of future industries such as high uncertainty in incubation, high growth potential in development, and multi-route iteration of technology, strengthen forward-looking planning and policy guidance, and build an industrial cultivation chain of innovation source creation, transformation and incubation, application traction, and ecological cultivation; strengthen frontier-leading technology and disruptive technology innovation, implement from the system the principal position of enterprises in innovation decision-making, research and development investment, scientific research organization, and achievement transformation; strengthen the supply of systems for new fields and new tracks, explore the establishment of an inclusive and prudent adaptive regulatory system for new industries, new business forms, and new models, support enterprises, especially the vast number of small and medium-sized enterprises, in boldly exploring and experimenting, and support localities in carrying out reforms and policy pilot projects related to future industries.

建设现代化产业体系，推动科技创新和产业创新融合发展，必须健全传统产业优化升级体制机制，以国家标准提升引领传统产业优化升级，修订技术、环保等领域的国家标准，强化环保、安全等制度约束，牵引技术升级、设备更新和质量提高；积极运用数字技术、绿色技术改造提升传统产业，健全促进实体经济和数字经济深度融合制度，建设一批行业共性技术平台，加快产业模式和企业组织形态变革，加快新一代信息技术全方位全链条普及应用，发展工业互联网，打造具有国际竞争力的数字产业集群。完善推动战略性产业发展政策和治理体系，提升产业基础能力；推进战略性新兴产业融合集群发展，构建产业集群梯次发展体系，优化产业区域布局，持续扩大市场空间，深度参与全球产业分工，重点领域培育一批各具特色、优势互补、结构合理的战略性新兴产业集群。建立未来产业投入增长机制，把握未来产业孵化具有高不确定性、发展具有高成长性、技术具有多路线迭代性等特点，加强前瞻谋划和政策引导，构建创新策源、转化孵化、应用牵引、生态营造的产业培育链条；加强前沿引领技术、颠覆性技术创新，从制度上落实企业在创新决策、研发投入、科研组织、成果转化中的主体地位；加强新领域新赛道制度供给，探索建立包容审慎的新产业新业态新模式适应性监管体系，支持企业特别是广大中小企业大胆探索试错，支持地方开展未来产业相关改革和政策先行先试。

III. Build Institutional Mechanisms to Support Comprehensive Innovation, Enhance the Overall Effectiveness of the National Innovation System

三、构建支持全面创新体制机制，提升国家创新体系整体效能

Science and technology are the primary productive forces, talent is the primary resource, and innovation is the primary driving force. Scientific and technological innovation relies on talent, talent cultivation relies on education, and education, science and technology, and talent are internally consistent and mutually supportive. Education, science and technology, and talent are the foundational and strategic underpinnings for comprehensively building a modern socialist country. It is necessary to thoroughly implement the strategy of invigorating China through science and education, the strategy of strengthening the nation through talent, and the innovation-driven development strategy, to open up new fields and tracks for development, and to continuously shape new drivers and advantages for development. It is necessary to coordinate and advance the integrated reform of the systems and mechanisms for education, science and technology, and talent, to smooth the virtuous cycle of education, science and technology, and talent, to allow all sources of innovation to flow fully, and to accelerate the formation of a future-oriented innovative economic structure and development model.

科技是第一生产力、人才是第一资源、创新是第一动力。科技创新靠人才，人才培养靠教育，教育、科技、人才内在一致、相互支撑。教育、科技、人才是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的基础性、战略性支撑，需要深入实施科教兴国战略、人才强国战略、创新驱动发展战略，开辟发展新领域新赛道，不断塑造发展新动能新优势。需要统筹推进教育科技人才体制机制一体改革，畅通教育、科技、人才的良性循环，让一切创新源泉充分涌流，加快形成面向未来的创新型经济结构和发展模式。

Building a system and mechanism that supports comprehensive innovation is an important guarantee for further liberating and developing the productive forces and consolidating the material and technological foundation of Chinese-path modernization. Developing new quality productive forces requires advancing comprehensive innovation with scientific and technological innovation at its core, to the greatest extent liberating and stimulating the immense potential contained in science and technology as the primary productive force. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, China has built the world's largest education system, entered the ranks of innovative countries, and already possesses a talent force of enormous scale, excellent quality, continuously optimized structure, and increasingly prominent role. Historic achievements have been made and historic changes have occurred in the cause of education, science and technology, and talent work in the New Era. At the same time, it must also be recognized that the achievements of scientific and technological innovation are difficult to apply promptly and effectively to specific industries and industrial chains, and there is a shortage of top-tier scientific and technological talent. Therefore, it is necessary to deepen reforms in the systems of science and technology, education, and talent, to unblock the bottlenecks and blockages that constrain the development of new quality productive forces.

构建支持全面创新体制机制，是进一步解放和发展生产力、夯实中国式现代化物质技术基础的重要保障。发展新质生产力，需要推进科技创新为核心的全面创新，最大限度解放和激发科技作为第一生产力所蕴藏的巨大潜能。党的十八大以来，我国建成了世界上规模最大的教育体系，进入创新型国家行列，已经拥有一支规模宏大、素质优良、结构不断优化、作用日益突出的人才队伍，新时代教育事业、科技事业、人才工作取得历史性成就、发生历史性变革。同时也要看到，科技创新成果难以及时有效地应用到具体产业和产业链上，而且顶尖科技人才不足。因此，要深化科技体制、教育体制、人才体制等改革，打通束缚新质生产力发展的堵点卡点。

To build a system and mechanism that supports comprehensive innovation, it is necessary to deepen comprehensive reform of education, establish a scientific education evaluation system, improve the school management system, establish and improve a more rational and efficient mechanism for the allocation of educational resources, implement the basic disciplines and interdisciplinary breakthrough plan, build school-enterprise-local government joint innovation platforms, improve the mechanism for matching talent cultivation with the needs of economic and social development, implement the national education digitalization strategy, and build a learning society. Deepen the reform of the science and technology system, improve the management of science and technology plans, strengthen forward-looking and leading layout in the fields of basic research, interdisciplinary frontiers, and key areas, increase the proportion of science and technology expenditure used for basic research, and improve the basic research investment mechanism combining competitive support and stable support; establish a separate management system for the assets of job-related scientific and technological achievements, deepen the reform of empowerment for job-related scientific and technological achievements, encourage and guide universities and research institutes to license scientific and technological achievements to small, medium, and micro enterprises using a "use first, pay later" method; strengthen the construction of the national technology transfer system, accelerate the layout and construction of a batch of concept verification and pilot testing platforms; grant scientists greater decision-making power over technical routes, greater control over funding, and greater authority over resource allocation, and allow scientific and technical personnel greater autonomy in the distribution of income from the transformation of scientific and technological achievements. Deepen the reform of the talent development system and mechanism, focus on cultivating and producing strategic scientists, leading scientific and technological talents and innovation teams, focus on cultivating and producing outstanding engineers, master craftsmen, and highly skilled talents, and build a first-class industrial technical worker team; improve the system to ensure that scientific research personnel can concentrate on scientific research; establish a talent evaluation system oriented towards innovation capability, quality, effectiveness, and contribution, unblock the channels for talent exchange between universities, research institutes, and enterprises; build a more internationally competitive talent attraction mechanism, adhere to a global vision and world-class standards, improve the support and guarantee mechanism for overseas introduced talents, and explore the establishment of a high-tech talent immigration system.

构建支持全面创新体制机制，必须深化教育综合改革，确立科学的教育评价体系，完善学校管理体系，建立健全更加合理高效的教育资源配置机制，实施好基础学科和交叉学科突破计划，打造校企地联合创新平台，完善人才培养与经济社会发展需要适配机制，实施国家教育数字化战略，建设学习型社会。深化科技体制改革，改进科技计划管理，强化基础研究领域、交叉前沿领域、重点领域前瞻性、引领性布局，提高科技支出用于基础研究比重，完善竞争性支持和稳定支持相结合的基础研究投入机制；建立职务科技成果资产单列管理制度，深化职务科技成果赋权改革，鼓励和引导高校、科研院所按照先使用后付费方式把科技成果许可给中小微企业使用；加强国家技术转移体系建设，加快布局建设一批概念验证、中试验证平台；赋予科学家更大技术路线决定权、更大经费支配权、更大资源调度权，允许科技人员在科技成果转化收益分配上有更大自主权。深化人才发展体制机制改革，着力培养造就战略科学家、一流科技领军人才和创新团队，着力培养造就卓越工程师、大国工匠、高技能人才，建设一流产业技术工人队伍；健全保障科研人员专心科研制度；建立以创新能力、质量、实效、贡献为导向的人才评价体系，打通高校、科研院所和企业人才交流通道；构建更具国际竞争力的引才机制，坚持全球视野、世界一流水平，完善海外引进人才支持保障机制，探索建立高技术人才移民制度。

IV. Improve the Systems and Rules of the Factor Market, Guide Resource Factors to Converge on New Quality Productive Forces

四、完善要素市场制度和规则，引导资源要素向新质生产力集聚

With the development of the productive forces, the scope and importance of resource factors themselves are also constantly changing. For example, in the era of the internet economy, as a new factor, data is a basic and strategic resource, and also an important productive force. New quality productive forces take the leap in laborers, means of labor, subjects of labor, and their optimized combination as their basic connotation. Optimizing the allocation of factor inputs and enhancing the efficiency of factor combination are key pathways for the development of new quality productive forces. The factor market is the foundation of the entire market system. Improving the systems and rules of the factor market is conducive to optimizing the allocation of resource factors, enabling factors to flow from low-quality, low-efficiency areas to high-quality, high-efficiency areas, expanding the supply of high-quality increments, improving the efficiency of factor allocation, and promoting the optimization and upgrading of factor allocation efficiency.

随着生产力的发展，资源要素本身的范围和重要程度也不断发生变化。例如，在互联网经济时代，作为新的要素，数据是基础性资源和战略性资源，也是重要生产力。新质生产力以劳动者、劳动资料、劳动对象及其优化组合的跃升为基本内涵，优化要素投入配置，提升要素组合效能，是新质生产力发展的关键路径。要素市场是整个市场体系的基础，完善要素市场制度和规则，有利于优化资源要素配置，使要素能够从低质低效领域向优质高效领域流动，扩大优质增量供给，提高要素配置效率，推动要素配置实现效率优化提升。

The key to improving the systems and rules of the factor market is to deepen market-oriented reform of factors, remove institutional and mechanistic obstacles hindering factor flow, fully unleash market potential, efficiently allocate various resources, and guide resource factors to converge on new quality productive forces. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has attached great importance to the market-oriented reform of factors, clarifying the goals, directions, tasks, and measures for market-oriented reform of factors in areas such as labor, capital, land, technology, and data. The construction of factor market systems and rules has been continuously deepened, the reform of the basic system for capital factors has been smoothly implemented, the construction of the technology factor market and the transformation of achievements have been vigorously promoted, important progress has been made in data factor policy legislation and standard setting, the allocation methods of traditional factors have been continuously innovated, and new factors have accelerated their transformation into real productive forces. At the same time, it must also be recognized that China still faces problems such as imperfect rules and systems in some areas, relatively lagging development of the factor market, local protectionism, and market segmentation. The development of new business forms and new fields also places new demands on the systems and rules of the factor market, which urgently need to be addressed through further comprehensively deepening reform to improve the systems and rules of the factor market.

完善要素市场制度和规则，重点是深化要素市场化改革，破除阻碍要素流动的体制机制障碍，充分释放市场潜力，高效配置各类资源，引导资源要素向新质生产力集聚。党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央高度重视要素市场化改革工作，明确劳动、资本、土地、技术、数据等领域要素市场化改革的目标方向与任务举措，要素市场制度和规则建设持续深化，资本要素基础制度改革顺利实施，技术要素市场建设与成果转化有力推进，数据要素政策立法与标准制定取得重要进展，传统要素配置方式不断创新，新型要素加快向现实生产力转化。同时也要看到，我国仍面临一些领域制度规则不完善、要素市场发育相对滞后、地方保护和市场分割等问题，新业态新领域发展也对要素市场制度和规则提出新的要求，亟待通过进一步全面深化改革，完善要素市场制度和规则。

To improve the systems and rules of the factor market, it is necessary to build a science and technology financial system compatible with scientific and technological innovation, improve diversified "relay-style" financial services adapted to the characteristics of each stage of the full life cycle of scientific and technological innovation and industrial development, encourage and regulate the development of angel investment, venture capital, and private equity investment, better leverage the role of government investment funds, develop patient capital, strengthen financial support for major national scientific and technological tasks and technology-based small and medium-sized enterprises, improve support policies for long-term capital to invest early, invest small, invest long-term, and invest in hard technology, improve the risk diversification mechanism for major technological breakthroughs, and establish a science and technology insurance policy system. Cultivate a national integrated technology and data market, promote the interconnection of regional or industry technology trading institutions, improve basic systems and standards and norms for data resource property rights, transaction circulation, cross-border transmission, and security; build and operate national data infrastructure, promote data sharing; enhance data security governance and supervision capabilities, accelerate the establishment of systems for data property rights determination, market transactions, rights distribution, and interest protection; establish efficient, convenient, and secure mechanisms for cross-border data flow, and actively participate in the formulation of global digital field standards and rules. Improve a unified and efficient factor market system, strengthen anti-monopoly and anti-unfair competition, clean up and abolish various regulations and practices that hinder a unified national market and fair competition, standardize local investment attraction laws and regulations, strictly prohibit illegal and irregular policy concessions, and prevent "involution-style" vicious competition; improve the mechanism for determining factor prices mainly by market supply and demand, prevent improper government intervention in price formation; innovate and optimize the market access environment for new business forms and new fields, follow the principles and pathways of standard leadership, scenario opening, market promotion, industrial agglomeration, and system upgrading, formulate implementation plans for optimizing the market access environment by sector, and improve the efficiency of market access.

完善要素市场制度和规则，必须构建同科技创新相适应的科技金融体制，完善与科技创新、产业发展全生命周期各阶段特点相适应的多元化“接力式”金融服务，鼓励和规范发展天使投资、风险投资、私募股权投资，更好发挥政府投资基金作用，发展耐心资本，加强对国家重大科技任务和科技型中小企业的金融支持，完善长期资本投早、投小、投长期、投硬科技的支持政策，健全重大技术攻关风险分散机制，建立科技保险政策体系。培育全国一体化技术和数据市场，推动区域或行业技术交易机构互联互通，健全数据资源产权、交易流通、跨境传输和安全等基础制度和标准规范；建设和运营国家数据基础设施，促进数据共享；提升数据安全治理监管能力，加快建立数据产权归属认定、市场交易、权益分配、利益保护制度；建立高效便利安全的数据跨境流动机制，积极参与全球数字领域标准、规则制定。健全统一高效的要素市场体系，强化反垄断和反不正当竞争，清理和废除妨碍全国统一市场和公平竞争的各种规定和做法，规范地方招商引资法规制度，严禁违法违规给予政策优惠行为，防止“内卷式”恶性竞争；完善主要由市场供求关系决定要素价格机制，防止政府对价格形成的不当干预；创新优化新业态新领域市场准入环境，按照标准引领、场景开放、市场推动、产业聚集、体系升级的原则路径，分领域制定优化市场准入环境实施方案，提高市场准入效率。

Online Editor: Paul

网络编辑：保罗