Economic Globalization and the Development of New Quality Productive Forces

Economic globalization is an objective requirement of the development of social productive forces and an inevitable result of scientific and technological progress, and it conforms to the long-term interests of humanity. At present, China is accelerating the development of new quality productive forces through scientific and technological innovation. Against the backdrop of deepening economic globalization, no country can rely solely on its own strength to solve all innovation challenges; strengthening scientific and technological innovation is inseparable from building an open innovation ecosystem and promoting international scientific and technological cooperation. Multiple works in Volume I of *Selected Works of Xi Jinping on the Economy* provide profound expositions on building an open innovation ecosystem and promoting international scientific and technological cooperation. For example, *Strengthening the Supply of Science and Technology to Serve the Main Battlefield of Economic and Social Development* points out: “We must enhance our ability to lead the global flow of goods, capital, information, etc., promote the formation of a new pattern of opening up, strengthen our strength and capability to participate in the formulation of global economic, financial, and trade rules, and carry out international economic and scientific and technological cooperation at a higher level.” *Deepening Understanding of Major Issues in Medium- and Long-Term Economic and Social Development* points out: “We must adhere to open innovation and strengthen international scientific and technological exchange and cooperation.” *Chinese-Path Modernization Depends on Scientific and Technological Modernization for Support* points out: “Scientific and technological progress is a global and epochal issue; only open cooperation is the right path,” and so on. General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important expositions provide the direction and fundamental guidance for us to build an open innovation ecosystem with global competitiveness.

经济全球化是社会生产力发展的客观要求和科技进步的必然结果，符合人类长远利益。当前，我国正在以科技创新加快发展新质生产力。在经济全球化深入发展的背景下，任何一个国家都不可能仅仅依靠自身力量解决所有创新难题，加强科技创新离不开构建开放创新生态、促进国际科技创新合作。《习近平经济文选》第一卷中的多篇著作都对构建开放创新生态、促进国际科技创新合作作出深刻论述。比如，《加强科技供给，服务经济社会发展主战场》指出：“要增强我们引领商品、资本、信息等全球流动的能力，推动形成对外开放新格局，增强参与全球经济、金融、贸易规则制订的实力和能力，在更高水平上开展国际经济和科技创新合作”；《深化对中长期经济社会发展重大问题的认识》指出：“要坚持开放创新，加强国际科技交流合作”；《中国式现代化要靠科技现代化作支撑》指出：“科技进步是世界性、时代性课题，唯有开放合作才是正道”；等等。习近平总书记的重要论述，为我们建设具有全球竞争力的开放创新生态指明了前进方向、提供了根本遵循。

At present, the world is undergoing changes unseen in a century, which are accelerating, and economic globalization faces many challenges and difficulties. The rise of trade protectionism, the generalization of the concept of national security, the intensification of geopolitical conflicts, and the increase in unilateralism and bullying practices have exacerbated the uncertainty of the global political and economic landscape and have also directly or indirectly suppressed the process of economic globalization. While strengthening bilateral and multilateral cooperation, countries are also actively seeking to maximize their own interests. To thoroughly study and implement General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important expositions, we must strengthen international scientific and technological cooperation, actively and proactively integrate into the global scientific and technological innovation network, and accelerate the development of new quality productive forces.

当前，世界百年未有之大变局加速演进，经济全球化面临诸多挑战和困难。贸易保护主义抬头、国家安全概念泛化、地缘政治冲突加剧、单边主义和霸凌主义增多，加剧了全球政治经济格局的不确定性，也直接或间接抑制了经济全球化进程。各国在加强双边和多边合作的同时，也在积极寻求自身利益的最大化。深入学习贯彻习近平总书记的重要论述，必须加强国际科技创新合作，积极主动融入全球科技创新网络，加快发展新质生产力。

To develop new quality productive forces, it is necessary to grasp the general trend of the deepening development of economic globalization.

发展新质生产力，要把握经济全球化深入发展的大势

General Secretary Xi Jinping, in *What Are New Quality Productive Forces and How to Develop Them*, points out: “Scientific and technological innovation can give rise to new industries, new models, and new drivers of growth; it is the core element for developing new quality productive forces.” In *Accelerating the Construction of a New Development Pattern and Seizing the Initiative in Future Development*, he points out: “In today’s world, science and technology are the primary productive force and the primary competitive force.” On the surface, economic globalization is the widespread flow of goods, capital, information, etc., globally, but in essence, the force dominating this flow is talent and the capacity for scientific and technological innovation. Currently, the globalization of scientific and technological innovation is becoming the main feature and a powerful driving force for the deepening development of economic globalization, and it is also a powerful weapon for addressing many global challenges.

习近平总书记在《什么是新质生产力，如何发展新质生产力》中指出：“科技创新能够催生新产业、新模式、新动能，是发展新质生产力的核心要素”；在《加快构建新发展格局，把握未来发展主动权》中指出：“当今世界，科学技术是第一生产力、第一竞争力”。经济全球化表面上看是商品、资本、信息等在全球广泛流动，但本质上主导这种流动的力量是人才、是科技创新能力。当前，科技创新的全球化正在成为经济全球化的主要特征和深入发展的强大动力，也是应对许多全球性挑战的有力武器。

From the perspective of scientific and technological development, a series of major breakthroughs have been made in frontier fields such as artificial intelligence, aerospace, robotics, quantum computing, biomedicine, new energy, and communication technology. While giving rise to new industries, new business forms, and new models, these breakthroughs have injected new vitality into the global economic recovery and transformation. For example, with the rapid development and application of digital technologies such as the Internet and the Internet of Things, the speed of development, breadth of radiation, and depth of impact of the digital economy are unprecedented. It has become a key force in reorganizing global factor resources, reshaping the global economic structure, and changing the global competitive landscape, and it is further penetrating all aspects of social production and life, promoting the transformation and upgrading of the global economy. Countries are competing to formulate relevant development strategies and introduce supportive policies to promote the development of the digital economy. For another example, green development has become an important trend in economic globalization. Most major countries in the world are strengthening green scientific and technological innovation to improve resource utilization efficiency, reduce the resource and environmental costs of development, better address climate change, and promote green and low-carbon development transformation. The new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation is advancing rapidly, science, technology, and economic and social development are accelerating their integration and penetration, innovation resources are flowing faster worldwide, and the economic and technological ties between countries are becoming closer. Open innovation and collaborative innovation have become important directions for scientific and technological innovation. Only by fully integrating into the global innovation network with an open mindset and actions can we better utilize global innovation resources and accelerate the development of new quality productive forces.

从科技发展看，人工智能、航空航天、机器人、量子计算、生物医药、新能源、通信技术等前沿领域取得一系列重大突破，在催生新产业新业态新模式的同时，为全球经济复苏与转型注入了新活力。比如，随着互联网、物联网等数字技术的快速发展应用，数字经济发展速度之快、辐射范围之广、影响程度之深前所未有，已经成为重组全球要素资源、重塑全球经济结构、改变全球竞争格局的关键力量，并进一步渗透到社会生产生活的方方面面，推动全球经济转型升级。各国竞相制定相关发展战略、出台鼓励政策，推动数字经济发展。又如，绿色发展已成为经济全球化的重要趋势，世界主要国家大都通过加强绿色科技创新，提高资源利用效率、降低发展的资源环境代价，更好应对气候变化、促进绿色低碳发展转型。新一轮科技革命和产业变革突飞猛进，科学技术和经济社会发展加速渗透融合，创新资源在世界范围加快流动，各国经济科技联系更加紧密，开放创新与协同创新成为科技创新的重要方向。只有以开放心态和行动全面融入全球创新网络，才能更好利用全球创新资源，加快发展新质生产力。

From the perspective of international competition, the world is undergoing changes unseen in a century, which are accelerating. The scientific and technological revolution and major-power games are intertwined, and the high-tech field has become the forefront and main battlefield of international competition, profoundly reshaping the global order and development landscape. Major countries in the world have successively introduced new innovation strategies, increased investment, and strengthened the competition for strategic innovation resources such as talent, patents, and standards. In recent years, the rise of emerging market economies and developing countries, with significant progress in scientific and technological innovation, industrial upgrading, and institutional reform, has not only had an important impact on global economic development but also posed challenges to the competitive landscape of traditional international markets. At the same time, the widespread application of digital technology has promoted the vigorous development of new trade methods such as e-commerce and digital trade. The scope and scale of international trade and investment activities continue to expand, and competition among countries is becoming increasingly fierce. The source of international market competitiveness increasingly relies on various forms of innovation, including not only scientific and technological innovation and business form innovation but also management innovation and business model innovation. New quality productive forces, as the crystallization of scientific and technological progress, industrial upgrading, and business model transformation, are becoming a major source for a country to enhance its international competitiveness.

从国际竞争看，世界百年未有之大变局加速演进，科技革命与大国博弈相互交织，高技术领域成为国际竞争最前沿和主战场，深刻重塑全球秩序和发展格局。世界主要国家纷纷出台新的创新战略，加大投入力度，加强对人才、专利、标准等战略性创新资源的争夺。近年来，新兴市场国家和发展中国家崛起，在科技创新、产业升级、体制改革等方面取得显著进展，不仅对全球经济发展产生重要影响，也对传统国际市场的竞争格局提出挑战。同时，数字技术的广泛应用推动电子商务、数字贸易等新型贸易方式蓬勃发展，国际贸易和投资活动的范围和规模不断扩大，各国之间的竞争日益激烈。国际市场竞争力的来源越来越依靠各种形式的创新，既包括科技创新、业态创新，也包括管理创新、商业模式创新等。新质生产力作为科技进步、产业升级与商业模式变革的结晶，正在成为一个国家增强国际竞争力的主要源泉。

Accelerating the development of new quality productive forces can promote economic transformation and upgrading and structural optimization, achieve sustainable development, and thereby continuously enhance competitiveness in international competition. Specifically, by pooling global innovation elements and strengthening scientific and technological innovation, especially original and disruptive scientific and technological innovation, we can cultivate new drivers of development; by tapping into the potential needs of consumers, developing new products, and relying on technological innovation to reduce the costs of new products, new business forms, and new models, we can lead the rapid and healthy development of new products, new business forms, and new models; by promptly applying the results of scientific and technological innovation to specific industries and industrial chains, we can transform and upgrade traditional industries, cultivate and strengthen emerging industries, and plan and build future industries, thereby driving the transformation and upgrading of the global industrial chain through the in-depth transformation and upgrading of our own industries.

加快发展新质生产力，能够推动经济转型升级和结构优化，实现可持续发展，进而在国际竞争中不断提升竞争力。具体来看，通过汇集全球创新要素，加强科技创新特别是原创性、颠覆性科技创新，能够培育发展新动能；通过挖掘消费者潜在需求、开发新产品，并依靠技术创新降低新产品新业态新模式的成本，能够引领新产品新业态新模式快速健康发展；通过及时将科技创新成果应用到具体产业和产业链上，能够改造提升传统产业，培育壮大新兴产业，布局建设未来产业，进而以自身的产业深度转型升级带动全球产业链的转型升级。

Management innovation and institutional innovation are important components of developing new quality productive forces. By providing better public services, continuously improving the business environment, and fostering a good atmosphere for encouraging innovation and entrepreneurship, the government can give full play to the decisive role of the market in resource allocation, making innovation a new engine driving development. In this process, enterprises better adapt to changes in market demand. Through technological innovation and management innovation, they can integrate resources globally, continuously improve production efficiency and the quality of products and services, reduce production costs, and thereby gain a higher position and greater say in the global value chain.

管理创新、制度创新是发展新质生产力的重要组成部分。政府通过提供更优质的公共服务、不断改善营商环境、营造鼓励创新创业的良好氛围等，能够充分发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用，让创新成为驱动发展的新引擎。在这一过程中，企业更好适应市场需求的变化，通过技术创新和管理创新，能够在全球范围整合资源，不断提高生产效率以及产品与服务质量，降低生产成本，进而在全球价值链中获得更高地位和更大话语权。

To develop new quality productive forces, it is necessary to actively respond to the new challenges of economic globalization.

发展新质生产力，要积极应对经济全球化的新挑战

At present, while economic globalization is deepening, it also faces new challenges, characterized by the rise of anti-globalization sentiment and the fragmentation of trade rules. General Secretary Xi Jinping, in *Guiding Development with New Development Concepts*, points out: “The situation of international economic cooperation and competition is undergoing profound changes, and the global economic governance system and rules are facing major adjustments.” From the perspective of historical materialism, the new challenges facing economic globalization stem from the mismatch between relations of production and the development of productive forces. The rapid development of productive forces on a global scale requires that relations of production adapt to them. However, the rise of anti-globalization sentiment and the fragmentation of trade rules have led to a lag in the transformation of relations of production, hindering the free flow of technology, capital, and data, constraining the development of productive forces, and also posing challenges to China’s development of new quality productive forces.

当前，经济全球化在深入发展的同时，也面临新的挑战，呈现出逆全球化思潮抬头、贸易规则碎片化等特点。习近平总书记在《以新的发展理念引领发展》中指出：“国际经济合作和竞争局面正在发生深刻变化，全球经济治理体系和规则正在面临重大调整”。从历史唯物主义视角看，经济全球化面临的新挑战源于生产关系与生产力发展不适应。全球范围的生产力快速发展，要求生产关系与之相适应。但逆全球化思潮抬头、贸易规则碎片化等导致生产关系变革滞后，阻碍了技术、资本、数据的自由流动，制约了生产力的发展，也对我国发展新质生产力形成挑战。

For a long time, some Western countries have occupied the high-end segments of most industries in the international industrial chain during the process of economic globalization, reaping enormous benefits from it. Such immense gains have also prompted these Western countries to rely more heavily on high-end industries within the industrial chain for their economic development, leading to issues such as hollowing out of their domestic manufacturing sectors and structural imbalances. As downward pressure on the world economy has increased in recent years, compounded by the inherent drawbacks of Western modernization, contradictions within some Western countries—between growth and distribution, capital and labor, efficiency and fairness—have become more pronounced. Some Western politicians erroneously attribute their domestic development problems and policy failures to economic globalization, resulting in a resurgence of trade protectionism and unilateralism, an increase in international trade barriers, restrictions on technological exchanges, and constraints on the technological diffusion and market expansion required for the development of productive forces. At the same time, multilateralism has been obstructed and challenged, leading to fragmentation of governance mechanisms and rules in relevant fields and a rise in the institutional costs of factor mobility. These phenomena have significantly reduced the efficiency with which countries integrate into global innovation networks, introducing new risks and challenges for national development. In the practice of China’s economic development, these challenges are concentrated in the adverse changes to the external environment facing China’s development. This fully demonstrates that lagging relations of production have already hindered the global allocation of advanced production factors. To actively address this challenge, innovation must be used to promote the adjustment and optimization of global relations of production, guiding the construction of an open world economy.

长期以来，一些西方国家在经济全球化过程中占据了国际产业链大多数产业的高端部分，从中获取巨大利益。这样巨大的利益，也促使这些西方国家的经济发展更多依赖产业链中的高端产业，导致其国内制造业出现了空心化和结构失衡等问题。随着近年来世界经济下行压力加大，加上西方现代化所固有的弊端，一些西方国家内部增长和分配、资本和劳动、效率和公平等矛盾更加突出。一些西方政客错误地把其国内的发展问题和政策失误归咎于经济全球化，致使贸易保护主义与单边主义抬头，国际贸易壁垒增加，科技交流受限，限制了生产力发展所要求的技术扩散与市场拓展。同时，多边主义受到阻碍和挑战，导致相关领域的治理机制、规则分化，要素流动的制度成本上升。这些现象的出现，大大降低了各国融入全球创新网络的效率，为各国发展带来新的风险和挑战。在我国经济发展实践中，这些挑战集中体现为我国发展面临的外部环境发生不利变化。这充分表明，生产关系滞后已经阻碍了先进生产要素的全球配置。积极应对这一挑战，要以创新推动全球生产关系调整优化，引领构建开放型世界经济。

General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out in “What Is New Quality Productive Forces and How to Develop Them” that “the salient feature of new quality productive forces is innovation”; in “Accelerating the Implementation of the Free Trade Zone Strategy and Building a New System for an Open Economy” that “the multilateral trading system and regional trade arrangements have always been the two wheels driving the forward progress of economic globalization”; and in “Continuously Opening Up New Horizons for the Marxist Political Economy of Contemporary China” that “actively participate in global economic governance and promote the development of the international economic order in a direction of equality, justice, and win-win cooperation.” To implement General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important expositions, we must unequivocally oppose unilateralism and protectionism, advocate a concept of global economic governance based on equality, openness, cooperation, and sharing, improve the free and open international trading system, make full use of trade platforms such as the World Trade Organization and various bilateral and multilateral trade agreements, promote the construction of a fair, reasonable, and transparent system of international economic and trade rules, facilitate trade and investment liberalization and facilitation, maintain the stability and smooth flow of industrial and supply chains, and promote further opening up, exchange, and integration of the global economy. At the same time, we must coordinate the advancement of scientific and technological innovation with management innovation, strengthen industrial synergy, and promote the continuous improvement of relations of production on a global scale.

习近平总书记在《什么是新质生产力，如何发展新质生产力》中指出：“新质生产力的显著特点是创新”；在《加快实施自由贸易区战略，构建开放型经济新体制》中指出：“多边贸易体制和区域贸易安排一直是驱动经济全球化向前发展的两个轮子”；在《不断开拓当代中国马克思主义政治经济学新境界》中指出：“积极参与全球经济治理，促进国际经济秩序朝着平等公正、合作共赢的方向发展”。贯彻落实习近平总书记的重要论述，要旗帜鲜明地反对单边主义和保护主义，倡导平等、开放、合作、共享的全球经济治理观，完善自由开放的国际贸易体系，充分利用世界贸易组织等贸易平台以及各种双边、多边贸易协议，推动构建公正、合理、透明的国际经贸规则体系，促进贸易和投资自由化便利化，维护产业链供应链稳定畅通，推动全球经济进一步开放、交流、融合。同时，要统筹推进科技创新与管理创新，加强产业协同，推动全球范围的生产关系不断完善。

Specifically, in terms of scientific and technological innovation, we should focus on independent innovation in core digital key technologies, strengthen foundational research and development capabilities in digital technology, optimize the global allocation of resources through data-driven approaches, and reduce market entry costs through digital platforms such as cross-border e-commerce; in terms of the green and low-carbon transformation of economic and social development, we should accelerate green technological innovation and the promotion and application of advanced green technologies, develop green and low-carbon industries and supply chains, and help reduce global carbon emissions, thereby breaking down trade protectionism. In terms of management innovation, we should vigorously develop intelligent manufacturing, enhance production efficiency through automation and big data, strengthen the competitiveness of Chinese enterprises “going global” in the context of fragmented trade rules within the global value chain, and further promote the optimization and adjustment of global value chains and supply chains. In terms of industrial synergy, we should promote technological and infrastructure cooperation through high-quality Belt and Road cooperation, help partner countries break free from the low-end lock-in of traditional value chains, achieve industrial transformation and upgrading, further integrate into the global division of labor, and resolve the contradiction of uneven distribution of the dividends of economic globalization.

具体来看，在科技创新方面，围绕数字关键核心技术自主创新，加强数字技术基础研发能力，并通过数据驱动优化全球资源配置、通过跨境电商等数字化平台降低市场进入成本；围绕经济社会发展绿色低碳转型，通过加快绿色科技创新和先进绿色技术推广应用、发展绿色低碳产业和供应链等，助力降低全球碳排放，进而打破贸易保护主义。在管理创新方面，通过大力发展智能制造，以自动化与大数据提升生产效率，增强我国“走出去”企业在贸易规则碎片化背景下在全球价值链中的竞争力，并进一步推动全球价值链供应链优化调整。在产业协同方面，通过高质量共建“一带一路”推动技术与基础设施合作，帮助共建国家打破传统价值链低端锁定，实现产业转型升级，进一步融入全球分工，化解经济全球化红利分配不均的矛盾。

At the same time, it must be recognized that as technological innovation becomes the main battlefield of global competition, coordination of science and technology policies and industrial policies should be strengthened to better guide the allocation of global scientific and technological resources, avoiding misallocation, waste, and even conflicts arising from them. Currently, countries are at different stages of development, have different economic systems, and different market environments. We should actively advocate for enhanced communication among countries to create a fair and just market environment; promote trade and investment liberalization and facilitation, reduce tariffs and non-tariff barriers, and facilitate the free flow of goods and services. At the same time, the growth and expansion of multinational enterprises impose higher demands on the construction of an international rule-of-law environment. Optimizing the international rule-of-law environment through judicial cooperation, legal aid, and other means is conducive to resolving legal disputes and issues in cross-border investment and enterprise operations. Furthermore, we must strengthen intellectual property protection, improve relevant laws and regulations, regulate corporate behavior, and provide legal safeguards for technological innovation and industrial development.

同时需要看到，随着科技创新成为全球竞争的主战场，应当加强科技政策和产业政策的协调，更好引导全球科技资源配置，避免错配和浪费甚至由此引发的冲突。当前，各国所处发展阶段不同、经济体制不同、市场环境不同，应积极倡导各国之间加强沟通，营造公平、公正的市场环境；推动贸易和投资自由化便利化，降低关税、非关税壁垒，促进商品和服务自由流通。同时，跨国企业的发展壮大，对国际法治环境建设提出更高要求。通过司法合作、法律援助等方式优化国际法治环境，有利于解决跨国投资和企业运营中的法律纠纷和问题。此外，要加强知识产权保护，完善相关法律法规，规范企业行为，为技术创新和产业发展提供法治保障。

These innovative measures can help reshape global production methods and improve relations of production, both providing guarantees for China’s development of new quality productive forces and injecting cooperative impetus into global economic governance, promoting the development of global economic governance in a more inclusive and balanced direction.

这些创新性举措，能够促进重塑全球生产方式，改善生产关系，既为我国发展新质生产力提供保障，又为全球经济治理注入合作动力，推动全球经济治理向更具包容性、平衡性方向发展。

Steadily Expand Institutional Opening Up to Accelerate the Development of New Quality Productive Forces

稳步扩大制度型开放，助力新质生产力加快发展

General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out in “Accelerating the Construction of a New Development Pattern and Striving to Promote High-Quality Development” that “relying on the advantages of our country’s super-large market, we should attract global resource factors through the domestic circulation, enhance the linkage effect of the two markets and two types of resources at home and abroad, and improve the quality and level of trade and investment cooperation. Steadily expand institutional opening up in terms of rules, regulations, management, and standards”; and in “What Is New Quality Productive Forces and How to Develop Them” that “we must expand high-standard opening up to create a favorable international environment for the development of new quality productive forces.” General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important expositions provide scientific guidance for us to promote the development of new quality productive forces through open innovation.

习近平总书记在《加快构建新发展格局，着力推动高质量发展》中指出：“依托我国超大规模市场优势，以国内大循环吸引全球资源要素，增强国内国际两个市场两种资源联动效应，提升贸易投资合作质量和水平。稳步扩大规则、规制、管理、标准等制度型开放”；在《什么是新质生产力，如何发展新质生产力》中指出：“要扩大高水平对外开放，为发展新质生产力营造良好国际环境”。习近平总书记的重要论述，为我们以开放创新推动发展新质生产力提供了科学指引。

Developing new quality productive forces requires both forward-looking government planning and guidance and scientific policy support, as well as market mechanism regulation and continuous innovation by micro-entities such as enterprises. It is jointly cultivated and driven by the government’s “visible hand” and the market’s “invisible hand.” Therefore, it is necessary to further deepen reforms comprehensively and construct new types of relations of production that are compatible with them. This can not only promote intelligent manufacturing through new technologies, thereby reshaping production methods, but also optimize resource allocation through innovations in the platform economy and sharing economy, and promote international production synergy through globalized network cooperation. Therefore, it is essential to expand high-standard opening up, both to create a favorable international environment for the development of new quality productive forces and to promote the construction of new types of relations of production.

发展新质生产力既需要政府超前规划引导、科学政策支持，也需要市场机制调节、企业等微观主体不断创新，是政府“有形之手”和市场“无形之手”共同培育和驱动形成的。因此，要通过进一步全面深化改革，构建与之相适应的新型生产关系。这不仅能够以新科技推动智能制造，进而重构生产方式，而且能够通过平台经济、共享经济等的创新，优化资源配置，还能够通过全球化的网络合作，促进国际生产协同。因此，必须扩大高水平对外开放，既为发展新质生产力营造良好国际环境，又促进构建新型生产关系。

Under the new conditions of the era, high-standard opening up, as an important prerequisite for gathering advanced and high-quality production factors such as global technology, talent, and data, plays a key role in accelerating the development of new quality productive forces. Promoting high-level coordinated opening up, continuously expanding the breadth and depth of opening up, and fully leveraging the role of opening up in promoting reform and development can actively respond to the needs of the times, enhance the comprehensive effectiveness of opening up, create new advantages in international cooperation and competition, and activate the momentum for developing new quality productive forces. Currently, promoting high-standard opening up is transitioning from factor-flow-based opening up of goods, services, capital, and talent to institutional opening up in terms of rules, regulations, management, and standards. Institutional opening up aims to further create a market-oriented, law-based, and internationalized first-class business environment by improving and perfecting relevant rules and institutions, promote industrial upgrading and structural adjustment, and improve the efficiency and innovation capacity of economic operations; at the same time, it seeks to enhance institutional discourse power in the international market and shape an international rule system more conducive to the country’s economic development and the prosperity of the world economy.

在新的时代条件下，高水平对外开放作为集聚全球技术、人才、数据等先进优质生产要素的重要前提，在加快发展新质生产力的过程中扮演着重要角色。推进高层次协同开放，不断拓展开放的广度与深度，充分发挥以开放促改革、促发展的作用，能够积极回应时代需求，提高开放综合效能，打造国际合作和竞争新优势，激活发展新质生产力的动能。当前，推进高水平对外开放正在从商品、服务、资金、人才等要素流动型开放向规则、规制、管理、标准等制度型开放转变。制度型开放旨在通过健全完善相关规则、制度等，进一步打造市场化、法治化、国际化一流营商环境，推动产业升级与结构调整，提高经济运行的效率和创新能力；同时，提升在国际市场中的制度话语权，塑造更加有利于本国经济发展、促进世界经济繁荣的国际规则体系。

For the development of new quality productive forces, steadily expanding institutional opening up can better meet the demands of innovation. For example, leveraging the role of new types of production factors such as technology and data in promoting the development of new quality productive forces requires clarifying innovation gains through property rights systems, incentivizing technological research and development through distribution systems, and facilitating cross-border collaboration through organizational forms. Steadily expanding institutional opening up, through the internationalization of rules and the modernization of governance, promotes the comprehensive optimization of property rights protection mechanisms, market mechanisms, and investment and financing systems, thereby enabling the efficient allocation of new types of production factors such as technology and data, and in turn stimulating the innovation potential of new quality productive forces. Steadily expanding institutional opening up can also better promote the free flow of technology, capital, and talent. For instance, by lowering market access thresholds and enhancing policy transparency, it facilitates the free flow and allocation of factors, strengthens incentives for technological innovation, and creates a favorable environment for transforming the development model; by fostering an external environment conducive to win-win cooperation, promoting the internationalization of financial services, and participating in and leading the formulation of digital trade rules, it can attract and accumulate global advanced production factors for the development of new quality productive forces. To this end, it is necessary to steadily expand institutional opening up, proactively align with high-standard international economic and trade rules, achieve convergence in rules, regulations, management, and standards in areas such as property rights protection, industrial subsidies, environmental standards, labor protection, government procurement, e-commerce, and finance, and create a transparent, stable, and predictable institutional environment to accelerate the development of new quality productive forces.

对于发展新质生产力来说，稳步扩大制度型开放能够更好适应创新需求。比如，发挥技术、数据等新型生产要素在推动新质生产力发展中的作用，要求以产权制度明晰创新收益、以分配制度激励技术研发、以组织形式促进跨国协同。稳步扩大制度型开放，通过规则国际化、治理现代化，推动产权保护机制、市场机制、投融资体制等的全面优化，能够推动实现技术、数据等新型生产要素的高效配置，进而激发新质生产力的创新潜能。稳步扩大制度型开放，还能更好促进技术、资本、人才的自由流动。比如，通过降低市场准入门槛和提升政策透明度，促进要素自由流动和配置，强化技术创新激励，能够为转变发展方式创造良好环境；通过打造有利于合作共赢的外部环境，促进金融服务国际化，参与并引领数字经贸规则制定，能够为发展新质生产力吸引和积聚全球先进生产要素。为此，要稳步扩大制度型开放，主动对接国际高标准经贸规则，在产权保护、产业补贴、环境标准、劳动保护、政府采购、电子商务、金融等领域实现规则、规制、管理、标准相通，打造透明稳定可预期的制度环境，促进新质生产力加快发展。

(This article is a result of the research project "Theoretical Study on Developing New Quality Productive Forces" of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference [CPPCC] [1]1 The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) is a political advisory body in China, composed of representatives from various political parties, social groups, and sectors, which discusses state policies and offers suggestions to the Party and government.)

（本文系全国政协“发展新质生产力学理研究”课题成果）

Online editor: Tongxin

网络编辑：同心