The Rich Connotation and Original Contributions of the Anti-Poverty Theory with Chinese Characteristics

The problem of poverty is a global challenge, and combating poverty is a common task facing humanity. In the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, ending poverty in all its forms everywhere is the primary goal. Our country has always fought against poverty with unwavering and indomitable faith and will. Especially since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, our Party has led the people to comprehensively win the battle against poverty, historically eliminate absolute poverty, and achieve the poverty reduction target of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development ten years ahead of schedule, creating a miracle in human history that will shine through the ages. After the completion of the poverty alleviation target tasks, we have continued to "support those lifted out of poverty and see them on their way," [1]1 “Dripping water wears through stone” (滴水穿石) is a Chinese idiom meaning persistent effort can overcome any difficulty; “a blueprint drawn to the end” (一张蓝图绘到底) refers to maintaining strategic continuity and carrying out a plan consistently. persistently consolidating and expanding the achievements of poverty alleviation, firmly holding the bottom line of preventing large-scale relapse into or return to poverty. In February 2021, at the National Poverty Alleviation Summary and Commendation Conference, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "Based on our national conditions and grasping the laws of poverty reduction, we have introduced a series of extraordinary policy measures, built a complete set of effective policy systems, work systems, and institutional systems, forged a path of poverty reduction with Chinese characteristics, and formed an anti-poverty theory with Chinese characteristics." The anti-poverty theory with Chinese characteristics is an important original concept and signature concept of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. It possesses rich theoretical connotations, practical orientations, and original contributions, which require profound understanding, long-term adherence, and continuous development.

贫困问题是全球性难题，反贫困是人类共同面临的任务。在联合国2030年可持续发展议程中，在全世界消除一切形式的贫困是首要目标。我国始终以坚定不移、顽强不屈的信念和意志与贫困作斗争。特别是党的十八大以来，我们党带领人民全面打赢脱贫攻坚战，历史性消除绝对贫困，提前10年实现联合国2030年可持续发展议程减贫目标，创造了彪炳史册的人间奇迹。脱贫攻坚目标任务完成后，对脱贫地区和脱贫群众“扶上马、送一程”，持续巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果，牢牢守住了不发生规模性返贫致贫的底线。2021年2月，习近平总书记在全国脱贫攻坚总结表彰大会上指出：“我们立足我国国情，把握减贫规律，出台一系列超常规政策举措，构建了一整套行之有效的政策体系、工作体系、制度体系，走出了一条中国特色减贫道路，形成了中国特色反贫困理论。”中国特色反贫困理论是习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的一个重要原创性概念、标识性概念，具有丰富的理论内涵、实践指向和原创性贡献，需要深刻理解、长期坚持并不断发展。

The Anti-Poverty Theory with Chinese Characteristics Has Rich Connotations

中国特色反贫困理论具有丰富内涵

General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "Since its founding, the Communist Party of China has adhered to taking the pursuit of happiness for the Chinese people and the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation as its original aspiration and founding mission, uniting and leading the Chinese people in a long and arduous struggle to create a better life for themselves." The anti-poverty theory with Chinese characteristics is the theoretical crystallization of our Party's profound grasp of the characteristics of poverty occurrence and the laws of poverty governance in our country, combining the Marxist theory of anti-poverty with China's specific realities and with the excellent traditional Chinese culture, leading the entire nation in combating poverty and creating a better life. It is the latest achievement in adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times in the field of anti-poverty theory, and it has rich connotations.

习近平总书记指出：“中国共产党从成立之日起，就坚持把为中国人民谋幸福、为中华民族谋复兴作为初心使命，团结带领中国人民为创造自己的美好生活进行了长期艰辛奋斗。”中国特色反贫困理论是我们党深刻把握我国贫困发生特点和贫困治理规律，把马克思主义反贫困理论同中国具体实际、同中华优秀传统文化相结合，带领全国人民反贫困、创造美好生活的理论结晶，是马克思主义反贫困理论中国化时代化的最新成果，具有丰富内涵。

Strengthening Party leadership, reinforcing political and organizational guarantees. Marxism holds that the Communist Party, as the vanguard of the working class, manifests its advanced nature not only in theoretical consciousness but also in organizational mobilization and practical leadership capabilities, playing a leading organizational role in social transformation. The ultimate goal of the Communist Party of China is, in the final analysis, to ensure that all the people enjoy a good life. Regardless of changes in the international and domestic situation, our Party has always adhered to its original aspiration and founding mission, uniting and leading the entire nation in the struggle against poverty. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, our Party has incorporated poverty alleviation into the Five-Sphere Integrated Plan and the Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy, strengthened the working mechanism of central coordination, provincial-level overall responsibility, and implementation by cities and counties, as well as the working mechanism of focusing on areas, working down to villages, and targeting households for poverty alleviation, forming a situation where Party secretaries at five levels [2]2 The “spiritual genealogy of Chinese Communists” (中国共产党人的精神谱系) refers to the series of revolutionary spirits formed by the CPC in different historical periods, such as the Jinggangshan spirit, the Yan’an spirit, and the spirit of fighting poverty. grasp poverty alleviation and the entire Party is mobilized to tackle the tough task, constructing a responsibility system with clear responsibilities, each bearing their own, and joint efforts to overcome difficulties. General Secretary Xi Jinping personally commanded, personally deployed, and personally supervised the battle, coordinated planning, and forcefully advanced it. He presided over the Central Poverty Alleviation Work Symposium seven times, conducted over 50 grassroots research trips on poverty alleviation work, visited all 14 contiguous destitute areas, and investigated and guided 24 poor villages, playing an ultra-strong core leadership and political core role. Persistently upholding and strengthening the overall leadership of the Party provided a strong political and organizational guarantee for the battle against poverty.

加强党的领导，强化政治和组织保证。马克思主义认为，共产党作为工人阶级的先锋队，其先进性不仅体现在理论自觉上，更体现在组织动员和实践引领能力中，在社会变革中发挥组织领导作用。中国共产党的奋斗目标，归根结底是让全体人民过上好日子。不管国际国内形势如何变化，我们党始终坚守初心使命，团结带领全国人民与贫困作斗争。党的十八大以来，我们党把脱贫攻坚纳入“五位一体”总体布局和“四个全面”战略布局，强化中央统筹、省负总责、市县抓落实的工作机制和片为重点、工作到村、扶贫到户的工作机制，形成五级书记抓扶贫、全党动员促攻坚的局面，构建起责任清晰、各负其责、合力攻坚的责任体系。习近平总书记亲自指挥、亲自部署、亲自督战，统筹谋划、强力推进，先后7次主持召开中央扶贫工作座谈会，50多次深入基层调研扶贫工作，走遍14个集中连片特困地区，调研指导了24个贫困村，发挥了超强的组织领导核心和政治核心作用。始终坚持和加强党的全面领导，为脱贫攻坚提供了坚强的政治和组织保证。

Demonstrating the people's standpoint, unswervingly following the path of common prosperity. The issue of combating poverty is essentially a question of the fundamental attitude towards the people. Our Party has always placed the people in the highest position in its heart, regarding common prosperity as the essential requirement of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and continuing the struggle for the comprehensive development of individuals and common prosperity for all the people. In the New Era, our Party has adhered to a people-centered development philosophy, precisely implemented policies based on the people's needs, and unremittingly strived for common prosperity, concentrating forces to solve the basic livelihood needs of the impoverished masses. From the Loess Plateau to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, from the Taihang Mountains to the Wumeng Mountains, from Dingxi in Gansu, known as "the poorest place under heaven," to the Greater Liangshan Mountains in Sichuan, where "a day's journey spans a mountain," our Party actively responded to the needs, hopes, and demands of the people, solved the problem of "two assurances and three guarantees" [3]3 "两不愁三保障" (liǎng bù chóu sān bǎozhàng) is a policy slogan meaning "two assurances (adequate food and clothing) and three guarantees (compulsory education, basic medical care, and safe housing)." for the needy masses, and built a moderately prosperous society in all respects that "must not leave behind a single impoverished region or a single impoverished person." This is a powerful manifestation of the Communist Party of China being born for the people, thriving because of the people, always standing together with the masses, and fighting for the people's interests, fulfilling the solemn promise of "letting the common people live a good life."

彰显人民立场，坚定不移走共同富裕道路。反贫困问题本质上是对人民的根本态度问题。我们党始终把人民放在心中最高位置，把共同富裕作为中国特色社会主义的本质要求，为实现人的全面发展和全体人民共同富裕接续奋斗。新时代以来，我们党坚持以人民为中心的发展思想，围绕人民需求精准施策，围绕共同富裕不懈奋斗，集中力量解决贫困群众基本民生需求。从黄土高坡到青藏高原，从太行山区到乌蒙山区，从“贫瘠甲天下”的甘肃定西到“隔山走一天”的四川大凉山，我们党积极回应百姓所需、所盼、所求，解决了困难群众“两不愁三保障”问题，建成了“决不能落下一个贫困地区、一个贫困群众”的全面小康社会。这是中国共产党为人民而生，因人民而兴，始终同人民群众站在一起，为人民利益而奋斗的有力体现，兑现了“让老百姓过上好日子”的庄严承诺。

Leveraging institutional advantages, building the "four beams and eight pillars" [4]4 "四梁八柱" (sì liáng bā zhù) is a Chinese architectural metaphor for a sturdy framework, here referring to the comprehensive institutional systems supporting poverty alleviation. for joint efforts to overcome difficulties. Eliminating poverty is a complex and arduous systemic project that cannot rely solely on individual, regional, or non-governmental forces. Only by broadly and effectively mobilizing and consolidating forces from all sides, constructing a poverty alleviation system with coordinated advancement by the government, society, and the market, and the participation of multiple entities, can we concentrate efforts to tackle difficulties. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, our Party has fully leveraged the advantage of the socialist system in concentrating resources to accomplish major tasks, formulated a timetable and roadmap for the battle against poverty, coordinated various resources, and built a set of comprehensive, scientifically standardized, and efficiently operating policy systems and institutional frameworks. For example, adhering to the working mechanism of central coordination, provincial-level overall responsibility, and implementation by cities and counties, implementing responsibility systems layer by layer, forming a responsibility system where each bears their own responsibility and performs their own duties; the Party Central Committee strengthened top-level design, relevant departments issued a series of policy documents or implementation plans, and various localities successively introduced and improved the "1+N" series of supporting measures for poverty alleviation, forming a policy system with vertical linkage and unified coordination; constructing a large-scale poverty alleviation pattern with complementary special poverty alleviation, industry poverty alleviation, and social poverty alleviation, forming a social mobilization system with broad participation and joint efforts to overcome difficulties; and so on. Fully leveraging the advantage of the socialist system in concentrating resources to accomplish major tasks, establishing institutional systems such as the poverty alleviation responsibility system, policy system, organizational system, investment system, mobilization system, supervision system, and assessment and evaluation system, provided strong support for the smooth progress of the battle against poverty.

发挥制度优势，构建合力攻坚的“四梁八柱”。消除贫困是艰巨复杂的系统工程，仅仅依靠个体、区域、民间等力量远远不够。广泛有效动员和凝聚各方力量，构建政府、社会、市场协同推进，多方主体共同参与的扶贫体系，才能聚力攻坚克难。党的十八大以来，我们党充分发挥社会主义制度集中力量办大事的优势，制定脱贫攻坚时间表和路线图，统筹各类资源，构建起一套系统完备、科学规范、运行高效的政策体系和制度框架。比如，坚持中央统筹、省负总责、市县抓落实的工作机制，层层落实责任制，形成各负其责、各司其职的责任体系；党中央加强顶层设计，相关部门出台了一系列政策文件或实施方案，各地相继出台和完善“1+N”的脱贫攻坚系列配套措施，形成上下联动、统一协调的政策体系；构建专项扶贫、行业扶贫、社会扶贫互为补充的大扶贫格局，形成广泛参与、合力攻坚的社会动员体系；等等。充分发挥社会主义制度集中力量办大事的优势，建立脱贫攻坚责任体系、政策体系、组织体系、投入体系、动员体系、监督体系、考核评估体系等制度体系，为脱贫攻坚顺利推进提供了有力支撑。

Adhering to the development-oriented poverty alleviation policy, taking development as the fundamental way to solve poverty. Marxism holds that material production activities are the basis for the existence and development of human society. When the level of productive forces is low and society cannot create sufficient social products, poverty becomes inevitable along with distribution imbalances. Precisely for this reason, development is an important path to shake off the hat of poverty. The anti-poverty theory with Chinese characteristics emphasizes using the method of development to eliminate the root causes of poverty, combining poverty alleviation with economic and social development, both solving current difficulties and enhancing development capabilities. After winning the battle against poverty, a five-year transition period was established, and through measures such as industrial assistance, employment assistance, and consumption assistance, the development capabilities of formerly impoverished regions and individuals were further enhanced. Establishing mechanisms to prevent rural relapse into or return to poverty, and a tiered and classified assistance system for low-income populations and underdeveloped regions, forming a virtuous cycle of development-consolidation-redevelopment-reconsolidation, firmly holding the bottom line of preventing large-scale relapse into or return to poverty.

坚持开发式扶贫方针，把发展作为解决贫困的根本途径。马克思主义认为，物质生产活动是人类社会存在和发展的基础。当生产力水平低下，社会无法创造出足够的社会产品时，伴随着分配的失衡，贫困就成为必然。正因如此，发展是甩掉贫困帽子的重要路径。中国特色反贫困理论强调用发展的办法消除贫困根源，将扶贫与经济社会发展相结合，既解决当前困难又增强发展能力。打赢脱贫攻坚战后，设立5年过渡期，通过产业帮扶、就业帮扶、消费帮扶等措施，进一步提升脱贫地区和脱贫群众的发展能力。建立农村防止返贫致贫机制和低收入人口、欠发达地区分层分类帮扶制度等，形成发展—巩固—再发展—再巩固的良性循环，守牢不发生规模性返贫致贫的底线。

Giving play to the principal role of the impoverished masses, stimulating endogenous momentum for poverty alleviation. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized: "A good life is achieved through hard work. Ultimately, shaking off poverty and achieving prosperity must rely on the hard work of the impoverished masses themselves." Only by mobilizing the enthusiasm, initiative, and creativity of the impoverished masses in poverty alleviation, and enhancing their ability to participate in development, share in development, and achieve independent development, can their endogenous momentum for shaking off poverty and achieving prosperity be truly stimulated. In practice, we fully respect and actively leverage the principal role of the impoverished masses, guiding them to establish the concept of "preferring hard work to enduring hardship," [5]5 "宁愿苦干、不愿苦熬" (nìngyuàn kǔ gàn, bù yuàn kǔ áo) is a slogan encouraging active effort over passive suffering. boosting their drive with the belief that "as long as there is confidence, loess can turn into gold," [6]6 "只要有信心，黄土变成金" (zhǐyào yǒu xìnxīn, huángtǔ biàn chéng jīn) is a Chinese folk saying emphasizing the power of confidence. and enhancing their resilience of "weak birds flying first and dripping water wearing through stone," [7]7 "弱鸟先飞、滴水穿石" (ruò niǎo xiān fēi, dī shuǐ chuān shí) combines two Chinese idioms: "weak birds fly first" (the slow need to start early) and "dripping water wears through stone" (persistence leads to success). so that the masses' hearts are warmed and their hands are set to work, relying on their diligent hands and indomitable will to shake off poverty and change their destiny. At the same time, we persist in combining poverty alleviation with fostering aspiration and enhancing intelligence, both focusing on fostering aspiration to promote the transformation from "being pushed to shake off poverty" to "wanting to shake off poverty," and focusing on enhancing intelligence by developing education and strengthening training to enhance the "blood-creating" ability of the impoverished masses themselves.

发挥贫困群众主体作用，激发脱贫内生动力。习近平总书记强调：“好日子是干出来的。脱贫致富终究要靠贫困群众用自己的辛勤劳动来实现。”只有调动贫困群众脱贫的积极性、主动性、创造性，增强参与发展、共享发展、自主发展的能力，才能真正激发其脱贫致富的内生动力。在实践中，我们充分尊重、积极发挥贫困群众主体作用，引导贫困群众树立“宁愿苦干、不愿苦熬”的观念，鼓足“只要有信心，黄土变成金”的干劲，增强“弱鸟先飞、滴水穿石”的韧性，让群众的心热起来、手动起来，依靠勤劳双手和顽强意志摆脱贫困、改变命运。同时，坚持扶贫与扶志、扶智相结合，既注重扶志，推动实现从“要我脱贫”到“我要脱贫”转变；又注重扶智，通过发展教育、加强培训，增强贫困群众自身“造血”能力。

From a global perspective, we jointly build a community with a shared future for mankind free from poverty. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “China’s poverty alleviation journey shows that, with the tenacity, perseverance, and fighting spirit of dripping water wearing through stone and carrying out a blueprint to the end, the poverty problem of developing countries can be solved, and weak birds can fly first and fly high.” [1]1 “Dripping water wears through stone” (滴水穿石) is a Chinese idiom meaning persistent effort can overcome any difficulty; “a blueprint drawn to the end” (一张蓝图绘到底) refers to maintaining strategic continuity and carrying out a plan consistently. Historical materialism holds that, with the progress of the mode of production, the expansion of intercourse, and the deepening of the division of labor, nations no longer develop in isolation, and human history will move from closure to global integration. China’s elimination of absolute poverty is not only an achievement of domestic development but also a positive contribution to promoting the common development of Global South countries. As the world’s largest developing country, China focuses on global poverty governance, strengthening exchanges and cooperation with other developing countries and international institutions in the field of anti-poverty through forms such as foreign aid, project cooperation, technology diffusion, and think tank exchanges, jointly building a community with a shared future for mankind free from poverty and with common development, and providing Chinese wisdom and Chinese solutions for global poverty governance and sustainable economic and social development.

立足全球视野，共建没有贫困的人类命运共同体。习近平总书记指出：“中国脱贫历程表明，本着滴水穿石、一张蓝图绘到底的韧性、恒心和奋斗精神，发展中国家的贫困问题是可以解决的，弱鸟是可以先飞、高飞的。”历史唯物主义认为，随着生产方式进步、交往扩大和分工深化，各民族不再孤立发展，人类历史将从封闭走向全球一体化。我国消除绝对贫困，不仅仅是国内发展的成就，也是对推动全球南方国家共同发展的积极贡献。作为世界上最大的发展中国家，我国着眼于世界贫困治理，通过对外援助、项目合作、技术扩散、智库交流等形式，加强与其他发展中国家和国际机构在反贫困领域的交流与合作，共建没有贫困、共同发展的人类命运共同体，为世界贫困治理和经济社会可持续发展提供中国智慧与中国方案。

The anti-poverty theory with Chinese characteristics has important original contributions

中国特色反贫困理论具有重要原创性贡献

Great practice gives rise to great theory, and great theory guides great practice. The anti-poverty theory with Chinese characteristics not only reveals the winning path to the comprehensive victory in the fight against poverty but also creates a Chinese model for international poverty governance, making important original contributions.

伟大实践产生伟大理论，伟大理论指导伟大实践。中国特色反贫困理论不仅揭示了脱贫攻坚取得全面胜利的制胜之道，而且创造了国际贫困治理的中国样本，具有重要原创性贡献。

In the theoretical dimension, it enriches and develops the Marxist anti-poverty theory. Marxism is the fundamental guiding ideology for our Party and our country. The Marxist anti-poverty theory holds that when the means of production are in the hands of a political force representing the interests of the entire people, the purpose of production can shift from profit maximization to meeting the needs of the people. The anti-poverty theory with Chinese characteristics adheres to the guidance of the basic principles of Marxism, forms a regular understanding of the path of poverty reduction with Chinese characteristics, and achieves a major leap from practical exploration to theoretical sublimation, from experience summarization to law grasping. The anti-poverty theory with Chinese characteristics persists in taking the elimination of poverty, improvement of people’s livelihood, and gradual realization of common prosperity for all the people as an unswerving goal, and as an important symbol of the superiority and advanced nature of the socialist system, breaking through the Western theoretical limitation of individualizing and marginalizing poverty; adheres to the people-centered development thought, taking the people’s aspiration for a better life as the goal, highlighting the people’s character of the anti-poverty theory with Chinese characteristics; forms a series of practical and effective policy measures, blazing a path of poverty reduction with Chinese characteristics; and so on. These aspects are logically interlinked and progressively layered, together constituting an organic and unified theoretical whole. It both inherits the Marxist anti-poverty theory and, based on China’s actual conditions, enriches and develops the Marxist anti-poverty theory, deepening the understanding of the laws governing the Communist Party’s governance, the laws of socialist construction, and the laws of the development of human society.

在理论维度上，丰富发展马克思主义反贫困理论。马克思主义是我们立党立国的根本指导思想。马克思主义反贫困理论认为，当生产资料掌握在代表全体人民利益的政治力量手中时，生产的目的才能从利润最大化转向满足人民需要。中国特色反贫困理论坚持以马克思主义基本原理为指导，形成了对中国特色减贫道路的规律性认识，实现了从实践探索到理论升华、从经验总结到规律把握的重大飞跃。中国特色反贫困理论坚持把消除贫困、改善民生、逐步实现全体人民共同富裕作为矢志不渝的奋斗目标，作为体现社会主义制度优越性、先进性的重要标志，突破了西方将贫困个体化、边缘化的理论局限；坚持以人民为中心的发展思想，把人民对美好生活的向往作为奋斗目标，彰显了中国特色反贫困理论的人民性；形成了一系列务实管用的政策举措，走出了一条中国特色减贫道路；等等。这几个方面在逻辑上环环相扣、层层递进，共同构成有机统一的理论整体，既继承了马克思主义反贫困理论，又立足于中国实际丰富发展了马克思主义反贫困理论，深化了对共产党执政规律、社会主义建设规律、人类社会发展规律的认识。

In the methodological dimension, it creatively proposes the strategy of targeted poverty alleviation. For countries with a large impoverished population, identifying the poor and implementing true poverty alleviation is a universal challenge. The anti-poverty theory with Chinese characteristics actively draws on international experience, closely integrates with China’s actual conditions, adheres to the strategy of targeted poverty alleviation, insists on analyzing specific problems concretely, and achieves a transition from traditional extensive poverty alleviation to modern scientific poverty governance. In terms of requirements, it focuses on the “six precisions” of targeting support objects, project arrangements, fund use, measures reaching households, dispatching personnel to villages, and poverty alleviation outcomes, taking precise identification of poverty targets as the premise, precise project arrangements and precise fund use as the guarantee, precise measures reaching households and precise dispatching of personnel to villages as the means, and precise poverty alleviation outcomes as the goal, realizing a shift from “flood irrigation” to “precise drip irrigation.” In terms of pathways, targeting causes of poverty such as few employment opportunities, poor living conditions, fragile ecological environments, and backward education levels, it implements the “five batches” of developing production, relocation, ecological compensation, developing education, and social security as a safety net, ensuring measures tailored to individuals and local conditions, measures tailored to the causes of poverty, and measures tailored to the types of poverty, achieving symptomatic treatment and targeted therapy. In terms of mechanisms, it establishes a full-chain dynamic management system of identification—implementation—exit—monitoring, carrying out registration and filing to solve the problem of “who to support”; dispatching village-based cadres to solve the problem of “who will support”; insisting on classified implementation to solve the problem of “how to support”; strictly enforcing poverty exit to solve the problem of “how to exit”; and establishing a long-term mechanism to prevent relapse into poverty to solve the problem of “how to stabilize.” The strategy of targeted poverty alleviation embodies our Party’s scientific attitude of proceeding from reality in everything and following the laws of development of things. It not only runs through the entire process of the fight against poverty but has also become an effective measure for consolidating and expanding the achievements of the fight against poverty, achieving stable income growth for the formerly impoverished population and sustainable development of formerly impoverished areas, injecting lasting momentum into promoting comprehensive rural revitalization.

在方法维度上，创造性提出精准扶贫方略。对于贫困人口规模庞大的国家，找准贫困人口、实施扶真贫是普遍性难题。中国特色反贫困理论积极借鉴国际经验，紧密结合中国实际，坚持精准扶贫方略，坚持具体问题具体分析，实现了从传统粗放式扶贫向现代科学化治贫的跃迁。在要求上，聚焦扶持对象、项目安排、资金使用、措施到户、因村派人、脱贫成效“六个精准”，以精准识别扶贫对象为前提，以项目安排精准和资金使用精准为保障，以措施到户精准和因村派人精准为手段，以脱贫成效精准为目标，实现从“大水漫灌”到“精准滴灌”的转变。在路径上，针对就业机会少、居住条件恶劣、生态环境脆弱、教育水平落后等致贫原因，实施发展生产、易地搬迁、生态补偿、发展教育、社会保障兜底“五个一批”，做到因人因地施策、因贫困原因施策、因贫困类型施策，实现对症下药、靶向治疗。在机制上，建立识别—施策—退出—监测全链条动态管理体系，开展建档立卡，解决好“扶持谁”的问题；选派驻村干部，解决好“谁来扶”的问题；坚持分类施策，解决好“怎么扶”的问题；严格贫困退出，解决好“如何退”的问题；建立防止返贫致贫长效机制，解决好“如何稳”的问题。精准扶贫方略体现了我们党坚持一切从实际出发、遵循事物发展规律的科学态度，不仅贯穿脱贫攻坚全过程，更成为巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果，实现脱贫人口稳定增收、脱贫地区可持续发展的有效举措，为推进乡村全面振兴注入持久动力。

In the value dimension, it forges and forms the great spirit of fighting poverty. Marxism holds that the initiative of spirit is an important characteristic distinguishing humans from animals. Human activities are conscious and purposeful, manifested in humans’ ability to understand the world through their consciousness and thinking and to transform the world through practical activities. The spirit of fighting poverty, “uniting as one, mobilizing the best forces, being precise and pragmatic, pioneering and innovating, overcoming difficulties, and living up to the people,” which was nurtured and formed in the great practice of fighting poverty, has become the “spiritual power engine” driving the anti-poverty theory with Chinese characteristics to take root in practice, enriching and developing the spiritual genealogy of Chinese Communists. [2]2 The “spiritual genealogy of Chinese Communists” (中国共产党人的精神谱系) refers to the series of revolutionary spirits formed by the CPC in different historical periods, such as the Jinggangshan spirit, the Yan’an spirit, and the spirit of fighting poverty. “Uniting as one” gathers the mighty strength of the entire Party and the people of all ethnic groups across the country; “mobilizing the best forces” embodies the institutional advantage of concentrating resources to accomplish large undertakings; “being precise and pragmatic” demonstrates the work style of seeking truth from facts; “pioneering and innovating” highlights the reform spirit of keeping pace with the times; “overcoming difficulties” interprets the fighting character of fearing no sacrifice; “living up to the people” engraves the value pursuit of governing for the people. The spirit of fighting poverty embodies the united struggle and responsible action of the entire Party and the people of all ethnic groups across the country in the practice of fighting poverty. It not only provided strong spiritual motivation for the fight against poverty but also provides valuable spiritual wealth for consolidating and expanding the achievements of the fight against poverty, promoting comprehensive rural revitalization, and realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, inspiring the Chinese people to continue striving to create a better future.

在价值维度上，锻造形成伟大的脱贫攻坚精神。马克思主义认为，精神的能动性是人类区别于动物的重要特征。人类活动是有意识、有目的的，表现为人类能够通过自己的意识和思维去认识世界，并通过实践活动改造世界。在脱贫攻坚伟大实践中孕育形成的“上下同心、尽锐出战、精准务实、开拓创新、攻坚克难、不负人民”的脱贫攻坚精神，成为推动中国特色反贫困理论在实践中落地生根的“精神动力引擎”，丰富发展了中国共产党人的精神谱系。“上下同心”凝聚了全党全国各族人民的磅礴力量，“尽锐出战”体现了集中力量办大事的制度优势，“精准务实”展现了实事求是的工作作风，“开拓创新”彰显了与时俱进的改革精神，“攻坚克难”诠释了不怕牺牲的奋斗品格，“不负人民”铭刻了执政为民的价值追求。脱贫攻坚精神体现了全党全国各族人民在脱贫攻坚实践中的团结奋斗和担当作为，不仅为脱贫攻坚提供了强大精神动力，更为巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果、推进乡村全面振兴、实现中华民族伟大复兴提供了宝贵精神财富，激励中国人民为创造美好未来继续奋斗。

In the practical dimension, it explores new plans and pathways for human poverty reduction. Eliminating poverty is a common goal of all countries in the world and a common aspiration of the vast number of developing countries. Facing the problem of poverty, no country can stand alone; only through full cooperation, joint efforts, and mutual assistance can countries around the world eliminate global poverty at an early date. The anti-poverty theory with Chinese characteristics is valuable experience explored and formed in China’s poverty reduction practice, expanding the thinking on human anti-poverty and exploring new pathways for human poverty reduction; the path of poverty reduction with Chinese characteristics is a successful path blazed by the Chinese people under the leadership of the Party through long-term arduous exploration. If China can succeed, other developing countries can also succeed. China’s successful practice and valuable experience in eliminating absolute poverty deepen the understanding of the laws of human poverty reduction, enrich and develop the theory of human anti-poverty, inject strong confidence into other countries, especially the vast number of developing countries, in eliminating absolute poverty, provide reference and lessons for other countries to choose their own poverty reduction and development paths suitable for themselves, and offer Chinese solutions for solving the governance problems of modern states and opening up a brighter prospect for the development of human society.

在实践维度上，为人类减贫探索新的方案和路径。消除贫困是世界各国的共同目标，也是广大发展中国家的共同心声。面对贫困问题，没有哪个国家能够独善其身，世界各国只有通力合作、携手同心、互帮互助，才能早日消除全球贫困。中国特色反贫困理论是我国在减贫实践中探索形成的宝贵经验，拓展了人类反贫困思路，为人类减贫探索了新的路径；中国特色减贫道路是我国人民在党的领导下，经过长期艰辛探索开创出来的一条成功道路。我国可以成功，其他发展中国家同样可以成功。我国消除绝对贫困的成功实践和宝贵经验，深化了对人类减贫规律的认识，丰富发展了人类反贫困理论，为其他国家特别是广大发展中国家消除绝对贫困注入了强大信心，为其他国家选择适合自己的减贫发展道路提供了参考和借鉴，为破解现代国家治理难题、开辟人类社会发展更加光明的前景提供了中国方案。

Adhere to and continuously develop the anti-poverty theory with Chinese characteristics over the long term, laying a solid foundation for basically realizing socialist modernization

长期坚持并不断发展中国特色反贫困理论，为基本实现社会主义现代化夯实基础

The period of the 14th Five-Year Plan [1]1 “Dripping water wears through stone” (滴水穿石) is a Chinese idiom meaning persistent effort can overcome any difficulty; “a blueprint drawn to the end” (一张蓝图绘到底) refers to maintaining strategic continuity and carrying out a plan consistently. is a crucial stage for consolidating the foundation and making comprehensive efforts to basically realize socialist modernization, and it is also the first five years after the transition period linking the consolidation and expansion of poverty alleviation achievements with rural revitalization. It is of great significance for testing the effectiveness of poverty alleviation and advancing comprehensive rural revitalization. The Proposal of the Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Party [2]2 The “spiritual genealogy of Chinese Communists” (中国共产党人的精神谱系) refers to the series of revolutionary spirits formed by the CPC in different historical periods, such as the Jinggangshan spirit, the Yan’an spirit, and the spirit of fighting poverty. stated that "agricultural and rural modernization concerns the overall situation and quality of Chinese-path modernization" and made important arrangements for "accelerating agricultural and rural modernization and solidly advancing comprehensive rural revitalization," proposing to "coordinate the establishment of a normalized mechanism to prevent a return to poverty and the emergence of new poverty." The Central Economic Work Conference held in December 2025 stated: "Continue to consolidate and expand the achievements of poverty alleviation, incorporate normalized assistance into the overall implementation of the rural revitalization strategy, and firmly hold the bottom line of preventing large-scale relapse into poverty or emergence of new poverty." To implement the decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee, it is necessary to focus on the overall situation of Chinese-path modernization construction, adhere to and continuously develop the anti-poverty theory with Chinese characteristics over the long term, coordinate the establishment of a normalized mechanism to prevent a return to poverty and the emergence of new poverty, ensure that no large-scale relapse into poverty or emergence of new poverty occurs, and continuously consolidate the foundation for basically realizing socialist modernization.

“十五五”时期是基本实现社会主义现代化夯实基础、全面发力的关键时期，也是巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果同乡村振兴有效衔接过渡期后的第一个五年，对于检验脱贫攻坚成效、推进乡村全面振兴意义重大。党的二十届四中全会《建议》提出“农业农村现代化关系中国式现代化全局和成色”，并对“加快农业农村现代化，扎实推进乡村全面振兴”作出重要部署，提出“统筹建立常态化防止返贫致贫机制”。2025年12月举行的中央经济工作会议提出：“持续巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果，把常态化帮扶纳入乡村振兴战略统筹实施，守牢不发生规模性返贫致贫底线。”把党中央决策部署落到实处，要着眼于中国式现代化建设全局，长期坚持并不断发展中国特色反贫困理论，统筹建立常态化防止返贫致贫机制，确保不发生规模性返贫致贫，不断夯实基本实现社会主义现代化的基础。

Promote the transformation from "concentrated assault" to "normalized consolidation." General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "After achieving victory in the fight against poverty, we must comprehensively promote rural revitalization. This is a historic shift in the focus of work on agriculture, rural areas, and farmers." [3]3 "两不愁三保障" (liǎng bù chóu sān bǎozhàng) is a policy slogan meaning "two assurances (adequate food and clothing) and three guarantees (compulsory education, basic medical care, and safe housing)." "Deeply implement the rural revitalization strategy, increase support for key counties designated for national rural revitalization assistance, and establish a normalized assistance mechanism for low-income populations and underdeveloped regions." Social development is a unity of continuity and stages. The historic shift in the focus of work on agriculture, rural areas, and farmers requires us, while continuing to consolidate and expand the achievements of poverty alleviation, to accelerate agricultural and rural modernization and solidly advance comprehensive rural revitalization. To this end, we must adhere to the principle of "major stability, minor adjustments," maintaining the overall stability of the existing assistance policy system and work system while, based on changes in the assistance situation and tasks after the transition period and prominent problems in actual operation, optimizing, improving, and adjusting supporting policies on the basis of item-by-item evaluation and assessment. Focusing on improving the scientific, precise, and effective nature of monitoring and reducing the burden on grassroots units, we should establish and improve a normalized monitoring system to prevent a return to poverty and the emergence of new poverty that is unified and standardized, precisely identifies, and allows for dynamic entry and exit. Promote the convergence and integration of policies for preventing a return to poverty and normalized assistance policies for rural low-income populations, include all eligible targets within the scope of normalized assistance, and build a normalized assistance system that can both secure the bottom line and promote development, making the foundation of poverty alleviation more stable and its effects more sustainable.

推动从“集中攻坚”到“常态巩固”的转变。习近平总书记指出：“脱贫攻坚取得胜利后，要全面推进乡村振兴，这是‘三农’工作重心的历史性转移”“深入实施乡村振兴战略，加大对国家乡村振兴重点帮扶县支持力度，建立低收入人口和欠发达地区常态化帮扶机制”。社会发展是连续性与阶段性的统一。“三农”工作重心的历史性转移，要求我们在持续巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果的同时，加快农业农村现代化、扎实推进乡村全面振兴。为此，要坚持“大稳定、小调整”的原则，既保持现有帮扶政策体系和工作体系的总体稳定，又根据过渡期后帮扶形势和任务变化以及实际运行中存在的突出问题，在逐项论证评估的基础上有针对性地优化完善调整配套政策。着眼提高监测科学性、精准性、有效性和减轻基层负担，建立健全统一规范、精准识别、动态进出的常态化防止返贫致贫监测体系。推动防止返贫帮扶政策和农村低收入人口常态化帮扶政策衔接并轨，把符合条件的对象全部纳入常态化帮扶范围，构建起既能兜底线又能促发展的常态化帮扶体系，让脱贫基础更加稳固、成效更可持续。

Promote the transformation from "treating existing poverty" to "preventing a return to poverty and the emergence of new poverty." General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "Improve the monitoring and assistance mechanism to prevent a return to poverty, and prevent the occurrence of large-scale relapse into poverty." Looking at international anti-poverty practices, most focus on post-hoc governance of poverty occurrence, which is a passive response approach. Preventing large-scale relapse into poverty or emergence of new poverty is a bottom-line task for advancing comprehensive rural revitalization. It requires shifting the focus of poverty governance forward, which is an active prevention approach. Currently, the work of holding the bottom line of preventing large-scale relapse into poverty or emergence of new poverty remains arduous. Establishing a normalized mechanism to prevent a return to poverty and the emergence of new poverty after the transition period is precisely to enable timely detection and timely intervention, eliminating the risk of relapse into poverty or emergence of new poverty in its infancy. This fully reflects the transformation of poverty governance from "treating existing poverty" to "preventing a return to poverty and the emergence of new poverty," and from "passive rescue" to "active prevention." To this end, on the basis of improving the dynamic monitoring mechanism, we should focus on bottom-line requirements such as the "two assurances and three guarantees" [4]4 "四梁八柱" (sì liáng bā zhù) is a Chinese architectural metaphor for a sturdy framework, here referring to the comprehensive institutional systems supporting poverty alleviation. and drinking water safety, comprehensively consider the per capita disposable income of rural residents and the property status and rigid expenditures of rural households, adapt to changes in economic and social development and living costs, and reasonably determine the criteria for identifying targets for monitoring the prevention of a return to poverty and the emergence of new poverty; based on the actual degree of difficulty of the assistance targets, implement tiered and stratified assistance, promote the realization of a closed-loop prevention mechanism of "monitoring—verification—assistance—elimination—tracking," and ensure the initiative and foresight in preventing a return to poverty and the emergence of new poverty.

推动从“治已贫”到“防返贫致贫”的转变。习近平总书记指出：“健全防止返贫监测帮扶机制，防止出现规模性返贫。”纵观国际反贫困实践，大都以贫困发生的事后治理为核心，这是一种被动响应的方式。不发生规模性返贫致贫，是推进乡村全面振兴的底线任务，要求把贫困治理重心向前转移，是一种主动预防的方式。当前，守住不发生规模性返贫致贫底线的工作仍然艰巨。在过渡期后建立常态化防止返贫致贫机制，正是为了及时发现、及时干预，把返贫致贫的风险消除于萌芽状态。这充分体现出贫困治理从“治已贫”向“防返贫致贫”、从“被动救”向“主动防”的转变。为此，要在健全动态监测机制的基础上，聚焦“两不愁三保障”和饮水安全等底线要求，综合农村居民人均可支配收入和农户家庭财产状况、刚性支出等情况，适应经济社会发展和生活成本变化，合理确定防止返贫致贫监测对象认定标准；根据帮扶对象实际困难程度，实行分层分梯度帮扶，推动实现“监测—核查—帮扶—消除—跟踪”的闭环预防机制，确保防止返贫致贫的主动性和预见性。

Promote the transformation from "ensuring basic needs" to "promoting development." General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "Consolidate and expand the achievements of poverty alleviation, and enhance the endogenous development momentum of poverty-alleviated areas and populations." Chinese-path modernization is the modernization of common prosperity for all people. To enable all people to share the fruits of modernization, the focus and difficulty remain the rural low-income population. It should be noted that many rural low-income populations still lack the capacity and conditions for self-development. During the transition period and even for a longer period thereafter, they will still be inseparable from necessary state support. To this end, we should improve the institutional arrangements to enable rural low-income populations and underdeveloped regions to keep pace with modernization. For low-income populations without labor capacity, we can secure the bottom line through comprehensive social security measures, firmly hold the bottom line of minimum subsistence guarantees, improve social assistance measures, and ensure basic living without worry; for low-income populations with labor capacity, on the basis of ensuring basic living, we can increase development-oriented assistance efforts, helping them create a better life through their own hard work by supporting the development of characteristic industries, conducting skills training, and organizing transfer employment; for the specific constraints faced by underdeveloped regions in their development, we should adopt targeted assistance measures to help them improve development conditions and create a better development environment. At the same time, in light of the development requirements of comprehensive rural revitalization, grasp regional development differences, make up for shortcomings in basic public services, develop and strengthen characteristic industries, promote the efficient matching of assistance resources with the development needs of underdeveloped regions, enhance the endogenous development momentum of underdeveloped regions, and lay a solid foundation for solidly advancing comprehensive rural revitalization.

推动从“保基本”到“促发展”的转变。习近平总书记指出：“巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果，增强脱贫地区和脱贫群众内生发展动力。”中国式现代化是全体人民共同富裕的现代化。让全体人民共享现代化成果，重点和难点仍然是农村低收入人口。应当看到，许多农村低收入人口自我发展能力和发展条件还不足，过渡期后乃至今后更长一个时期，仍然离不开国家必要的扶持。为此，要健全让农村低收入人口和欠发达地区跟上现代化步伐的制度安排，对没有劳动能力的低收入人口，可通过综合性社会保障措施兜底，兜牢最低生活保障底线，完善社会救助举措，确保基本生活无忧；对有劳动能力的低收入人口，可在保障基本生活基础上，加大开发式帮扶力度，通过支持发展特色产业、开展技能培训、组织转移就业等方式，帮助他们靠自己勤劳的双手创造更加美好的生活；对于欠发达地区在发展中遇到的具体制约因素，采取有针对性的帮扶措施，帮助其改善发展条件，创造更好的发展环境。同时，结合乡村全面振兴发展要求，把握区域发展差异，补上基本公共服务短板，发展壮大特色产业，推动帮扶资源与欠发达地区的发展需求高效匹配，增强欠发达地区发展内生动力，为扎实推进乡村全面振兴筑牢根基。

(The author is a researcher at the Beijing Research Center for Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era)

（作者为北京市习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想研究中心研究员）