A Review of Research on Chen Yun since the New Century

Chen Yun, as an important member of the Party's first-generation central collective leadership and the second-generation central collective leadership, made significant contributions to the development of the Party and the state. The year 2025 marks the 120th anniversary of Chen Yun's birth. Systematically reviewing relevant domestic research results since the New Era [1]1 New Era (新时代): Refers to the period beginning with the 19th National Congress of the CPC in 2017, characterized by Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. is of positive significance for further advancing the study of Chen Yun's life and thought from the perspective of the New Era, and for better inheriting and promoting Chen Yun's lofty spiritual style.

陈云作为党的第一代中央领导集体和第二代中央领导集体的重要成员，为党和国家事业的发展作出了重要贡献。2025年适逢陈云诞辰120周年，从整体上梳理新世纪以来国内相关研究成果，对进一步推进新时代视域下的陈云生平和思想研究，更好地传承和弘扬陈云的崇高精神风范具有积极意义。

I. Overview of Research

一、研究概况

Since the beginning of the New Century, the successive publication and revision of documentary historical materials related to Chen Yun's life and thought, the publication and release of a large number of research works and papers, as well as the guidance and promotion of academic institutions and conferences, have greatly promoted the flourishing and deepening of Chen Yun research, while also presenting some new research trends.

进入新世纪以来，陈云生平和思想相关文献史料的陆续出版和修订、一大批研究性著作和论文的出版面世，以及学术机构与学术会议的引领和促进，极大地推动了陈云研究的繁荣和深化，同时也呈现出一些新的研究趋势。

First, the editing and publication of relevant documents and basic historical materials have provided important new materials for Chen Yun research. For example, in 2000, with the title inscribed by Jiang Zemin, the Party Literature Research Center of the CPC Central Committee and the Central Archives jointly edited and published *Selected Handwritings of Chen Yun*, which includes 221 items such as telegrams, letters, instructions, outlines, study notes, and reading annotations from 1939 to 1994, most of which were published for the first time, serving as important primary sources for Chen Yun research. In the same year, the Fourth Editorial and Research Department of the Party Literature Research Center of the CPC Central Committee also edited and published *In Memory of Chen Yun*, which selected articles recalling and commemorating Chen Yun written by some Party and state leaders, veteran comrades, economists, figures from literary and art circles, relatives, and staff members. These articles record Chen Yun's main historical deeds, discuss his main thoughts, and praise his spiritual style. They have important historical reference value for Chen Yun research and also led to a subsequent publishing boom in documentary, oral history, interview records, commemorative collections, and pictorial biographies of Chen Yun. In 2005, the 100th anniversary of Chen Yun's birth, the Party Literature Research Center of the CPC Central Committee not only launched the three-volume *Collected Works of Chen Yun* but also compiled and published the two-volume *Biography of Chen Yun*. *Collected Works of Chen Yun* includes important articles, manuscripts, speeches, and records of talks by Chen Yun from 1935 to 1986, most of which were published for the first time, serving as important primary sources for Chen Yun research. *Biography of Chen Yun* records Chen Yun's thought, life, and achievements, especially presenting his important deeds and thoughts after the founding of New China, and is an important reference for studying Chen Yun's thought and life. In 2015, the 110th anniversary of Chen Yun's birth, the Party Literature Research Center of the CPC Central Committee edited and published *Chronicle of Chen Yun* (revised edition). This book, revised on the basis of the 2000 edition by fully absorbing existing research results, supplements many new historical materials and documents, making the content richer and more detailed. Integrating documentary, academic, ideological, and biographical characteristics, it is an authoritative chronological work detailing Chen Yun's life and thought. In the same year, the Party Literature Research Center of the CPC Central Committee also launched the 1-4 volume edition of *Biography of Chen Yun*. Compared with the 2005 edition, the new edition updated and supplemented the content, adding some of Chen Yun's important thoughts and practices during the new period of reform and opening up, as well as his new contributions to economic construction and Party building, making the biographical content more complete. It not only provides a more detailed account of Chen Yun's life deeds but also conducts in-depth analysis of some of his important thoughts and decisions, such as his role in reform and opening up and his reflections on economic system reform, enabling readers to more comprehensively understand Chen Yun's thoughts and contributions.

首先是相关文献和基础史料的编辑出版，为陈云研究提供了重要的新材料。如2000年由江泽民题写书名，中共中央文献研究室和中央档案馆联合编辑出版的《陈云手迹选》，收录了陈云1939年至1994年间的文电、书信、批示、提纲、学习笔记和读书批注等221件，多数为首次公开，是陈云研究的重要原始文献。同年，中共中央文献研究室第四编研部还编辑出版了《缅怀陈云》一书，该书精选了部分党和国家领导人、老同志、经济学家、文艺界人士、亲属和身边工作人员等撰写的回忆和纪念陈云的文章。这些文章记述了陈云的主要历史事迹，论述了他的主要思想，赞颂了他的精神风范，对于陈云研究有重要的史料参考价值，也引领了其后出现的陈云纪实、口述史、访谈录、纪念文集、画传类著作的出版热潮。2005年适逢陈云100周年诞辰，中共中央文献研究室不仅推出了三卷本的《陈云文集》，还编写出版了《陈云传》上下卷。《陈云文集》收录了陈云1935年至1986年间的重要文章、手稿、讲话和谈话记录等，多数文稿为首次公开，是陈云研究的重要原始文献。《陈云传》则记录了陈云的思想生平和业绩，特别是呈现了陈云在新中国成立后的重要事迹和思想，是研究陈云思想生平的重要参考文献。2015年陈云诞辰110周年之际，中共中央文献研究室编辑出版了《陈云年谱》（修订本），该书是在2000年版的基础上，充分吸收已有研究成果修订而成，增补了许多新史料和文献，内容更加丰富、翔实，集资料性、学术性、思想性、传记性于一体，是详细记述陈云生平和思想的权威编年体著作。同年，中共中央文献研究室还推出了《陈云传》1-4卷本，相较于2005年版，新版在内容上进行了更新和补充，增加了陈云在改革开放新时期的一些重要思想和实践，以及他在经济建设、党的建设等方面的新贡献，使传记内容更加完整，不仅对陈云的生平事迹进行了更详细的记述，还对他的一些重要思想和决策进行了深入分析，例如他在改革开放中的作用、对经济体制改革的思考等，使读者能够更全面地了解陈云的思想和贡献。

Second, the successive emergence of a large number of research results has greatly enriched Chen Yun research. According to a search using "Chen Yun" as the subject term in the Duxiu database, from 2000 to 2024, excluding the publication of original documentary historical materials, there are over 150 types of research works, essay collections, pictorial albums, etc., with publication peaks occurring around the 100th and 110th anniversaries of Chen Yun's birth. Representative works include: *Chen Yun's Extraordinary Path* by Sun Yeli and Xiong Lianghua (People's Publishing House, 2001); *A Review of Chen Yun Research* (two volumes) compiled by the Chen Yun Research Group of the Party Literature Research Center of the CPC Central Committee (Central Party Literature Press, 2004); *Chen Yun and Investigation and Research* by Liu Jiadong (Central Party Literature Press, 2004); *A Study of Chen Yun's Economic and Philosophical Thought* by Jin Bangqiu (Central Party Literature Press, 2005); *Chen Yun at Historical Moments* by Chi Aiping and Xiong Lianghua (People's Publishing House, 2005); *Chen Yun's Later Years* by Yang Mingwei (People's Publishing House, 2005); *Chen Yun in Daily Life* edited by Yu Jundao (Central Party Literature Press, 2005); *Chen Yun's Personality and the Construction of the Party's Advanced Nature* edited by Zhu Mingde (Party School of the CPC Central Committee Press, 2006); *Chen Yun* by Zhu Jiamu, Chi Aiping, and Zhao Shigang (Central Party Literature Press, 2010); the essay collections *On Chen Yun* (Central Party Literature Press, 2010) and *Further On Chen Yun* (Central Party Literature Press, 2020) by Zhu Jiamu; *A Study of Chen Yun's Decision-Making Thought* (People's Publishing House, 2011) and *A Study of Chen Yun's Leadership Thought* (People's Publishing House, 2017) by Liu Yaojing; *A Study of Chen Yun and the Sinicization of Marxism* by Wang Shuhui (Tianjin People's Publishing House, 2014); *Chen Yun's Exploration of the Path of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics* by Zhang Feng'ao (People's Publishing House, 2015); *Chen Yun and the Institutional Construction of the Chinese Communist Party* by Yan Aiyun (People's Publishing House, 2015); *Chen Yun Research Series: Chen Yun and Party Building* by Fang Zhong (People's Publishing House, 2017); *The Wisdom of Chen Yun* by Cao Yingwang (Shanghai People's Publishing House, 2021), among others. In terms of academic papers, according to a search using "Chen Yun" as the subject term for journal papers published from 2000 to 2024 in the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), excluding duplicate publications and non-research articles, there are approximately 4,500 journal papers on Chen Yun research, with two publication peaks in 2005 (the 100th anniversary of his birth) and 2015 (the 110th anniversary of his birth). Among them, scholars such as Zhu Jiamu, Chi Aiping, Zhang Feng'ao, Cao Yingwang, Wang Jiayun, and Dong Zhikai rank among the top in terms of the number of articles published on Chen Yun research. The research content covers various periods of Chen Yun's life activities, and research themes include Chen Yun's historical contributions, economic thought, Party building thought, philosophical thought, methods of thinking, and spiritual style. In addition, Chen Yun research has also become a popular topic for master's and doctoral theses. A title search containing "Chen Yun" in CNKI, starting from the first master's thesis in 2001 (*A Study of Chen Yun's Agricultural Thought* by Dai Daxin from Hunan Normal University), yields a total of 198 master's and doctoral theses by 2024. Among them, there are 7 doctoral dissertations and 191 master's theses. Shandong Normal University, East China Normal University, Yan'an University, Hunan Normal University, and Northeast Normal University are among the institutions with a high number of theses on Chen Yun. The research themes mainly involve Chen Yun's Party building thought, economic thought, ideological and political education, livelihood thought, and investigation and research. The research periods mainly involve the Yan'an period, the War of Resistance Against Japan period, the early period of the founding of New China, and the early period of reform and opening up. Most research content addresses contemporary value or practical inspiration.

其次是一大批研究成果的相继问世，极大地丰富了陈云研究。根据读秀数据库以“陈云”为主题词的搜索，在2000年至2024年期间，剔除原始文献史料的出版，有关研究著作、论文集、画册等共计有150余种，其中以陈云100周年和110周年诞辰为出版高峰。较有代表性的著作有孙业礼、熊亮华合著的《陈云的非常之路》（人民出版社2001年）；中共中央文献研究室陈云研究组编撰的《陈云研究述评》上下卷（中央文献出版社2004年）；刘家栋著的《陈云与调查研究》（中央文献出版社2004年）；金邦秋著的《陈云经济哲学思想研究》（中央文献出版社2005年）；迟爱萍、熊亮华合著的《陈云在历史瞬间》（人民出版社2005年）；杨明伟著的《陈云晚年岁月》（人民出版社2005年）；于俊道主编的《生活中的陈云》（中央文献出版社2005年）；朱明德主编的《陈云人格与党的先进性建设》（中共中央党校出版社2006年）；朱佳木、迟爱萍、赵士刚合著的《陈云》（中央文献出版社2010年）；朱佳木的论文集《论陈云》（中央文献出版社2010年）和《再论陈云》（中央文献出版社2020年）；刘耀京著的《陈云决策思想研究》（人民出版社2011年）和《陈云领导思想研究》（人民出版社2017年）；王淑辉著的《陈云与马克思主义中国化问题研究》（天津人民出版社2014年）；张凤翱著的《陈云对中国特色社会主义道路的探索》（人民出版社2015年）；严爱云著的《陈云与中国共产党的制度建设》（人民出版社2015年）；房中著的《陈云研究丛书：陈云与党的建设》（人民出版社2017年）；曹应旺著的《陈云的智慧》（上海人民出版社2021年），等等。在学术论文方面，根据中国知网以“陈云”为主题词对2000年至2024年发表的期刊论文进行检索，剔除重复发表与非研究性篇目，有关陈云研究的期刊论文约有4500篇，并在陈云诞辰100周年的2005年和诞辰110周年的2015年出现了两个发表高峰。其中，朱佳木、迟爱萍、张凤翱、曹应旺、王家云、董志凯等学者发表陈云研究的文章数量位居前列。研究内容涉及陈云生平活动的各个时期，研究主题包括陈云的历史贡献、经济思想、党建思想、哲学思想、思想方法、精神风范等。此外，陈云研究也成为硕博学位论文的热门选题。在中国知网中进行含有“陈云”的题名检索，从2001年首篇硕士学位论文（湖南师范大学戴大新的《陈云农业思想研究》）开始，截至2024年共有198篇硕博学位论文问世。其中，博士学位论文7篇，硕士学位论文191篇，山东师范大学、华东师范大学、延安大学、湖南师范大学、东北师范大学等研究陈云的学位论文数量居前。研究主题主要涉及陈云的党建思想、经济思想、思想政治教育、民生思想、调查研究等，研究时期主要涉及延安时期、抗日战争时期、新中国成立初期、改革开放初期等，研究内容大多关照到了当代价值或现实启示。

Third, academic institutions and academic conferences have also played a positive leading and promoting role in the study of Chen Yun since the New Era. On the one hand, institutions and groups such as the Party Literature Research Office of the CPC Central Committee, the National Society of the History of the People’s Republic of China, the “Chen Yun and Contemporary China” Research Center of the Institute of Contemporary China Studies, the Chen Yun Memorial Hall, and the Chen Yun Life and Thought Research Branch have played an important leading role in Chen Yun research. For example, in addition to publishing important documentary works by Chen Yun, the Institute of Party History and Literature of the CPC Central Committee has a special column on Chen Yun research on its official website, releasing important research results; the academic seminar hosted by the “Chen Yun and Contemporary China” Research Center has become an important academic exchange platform for domestic Chen Yun research; the Chen Yun Memorial Hall has carried out work such as sorting Chen Yun’s cultural relics, verifying his personal effects, and researching historical facts; the “Chen Yun and Contemporary China” Research Center has also jointly established a website with the Chen Yun Memorial Hall to integrate research results, provide an academic exchange platform, publish research trends and historical data, and promote resource sharing. On the other hand, the National Society of the History of the People’s Republic of China, together with the “Chen Yun and Contemporary China” Research Center, the Chen Yun Memorial Hall, relevant local governments, and universities, has individually or jointly held many academic conferences on Chen Yun research, promoting the deepening of Chen Yun research. Among them, the “Chen Yun and Contemporary China” Academic Seminar is a representative national academic exchange platform for Chen Yun research. The annual seminar themes of this seminar are closely integrated with the central work of the Party and the state and the tasks of the times. For example, the themes of the third, sixth, eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth sessions were respectively “Chen Yun and the Establishment and Construction of New China,” “Chen Yun and the Exploration of the Path of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics,” “Chen Yun and the Experience of National Governance in New China,” “Chen Yun Research and the New Era of Reform and Opening Up,” and “Chen Yun and the 70 Years of New China,” focusing on Chen Yun’s relevant thoughts and historical contributions concerning the construction of New China, reform and opening up, and the exploration of the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics. The themes of the fourth, fifth, seventh, eighth, ninth, and fifteenth sessions were respectively “Chen Yun and Party Building,” “Chen Yun and the Study of the Party’s Historical Experience,” “Chen Yun’s Thought on Party Building and Comprehensively Improving the Scientific Level of Party Building,” “Chen Yun and the Study of Party History and National History,” “Chen Yun at Critical Historical Junctures,” and “The Centenary of the Party’s Founding and Chen Yun,” focusing on Chen Yun’s relevant thoughts and historical contributions concerning Party history and Party building. The themes of the tenth, fourteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth sessions were respectively “Chen Yun’s Thought and the Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy,” “Chen Yun and Building a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects,” “Chen Yun Research and the Spirit of the 20th National Congress of the CPC,” and “Chen Yun and Chinese-Path Modernization,” focusing on Chen Yun’s thoughts and historical contributions concerning socialist construction, aiming to provide certain historical experience and ideological reference for the governance of the Party Central Committee in the New Era.

再次是学术机构和学术会议也对新世纪以来的陈云研究起到了积极的引领和促进作用。一方面，中共中央文献研究室、国史学会、当代中国研究所“陈云与当代中国”研究中心、陈云纪念馆、陈云生平和思想研究分会等机构和团体对陈云研究发挥了重要的引领作用。比如，中共中央党史和文献研究院除了出版陈云的重要文献著作之外，其官网设有陈云研究专栏，发布重要研究成果；“陈云与当代中国”研究中心主办的学术研讨会已经成为国内陈云研究的重要学术交流平台；陈云纪念馆开展了陈云文物整理、遗物考证及史实研究等；“陈云与当代中国”研究中心还联合陈云纪念馆创办了网站，整合研究成果，提供学术交流平台，发布研究动态及史料数据，促进资源共享。另一方面，国史学会与“陈云与当代中国”研究中心、陈云纪念馆、相关地方政府、高校单独或者联合举办了不少有关陈云研究的学术会议，促进了陈云研究不断深入。其中，“陈云与当代中国”学术研讨会是较有代表性的陈云研究全国性学术交流平台。该研讨会每年的研讨主题都能够紧密结合党和国家的中心工作和时代任务展开。如第三届、六届、十一届、十二届、十三届的主题分别是“陈云与新中国的建立和建设”“陈云与中国特色社会主义道路的探索”“陈云与新中国的治国理政经验”“陈云研究与改革开放新时代”“陈云与新中国70年”，重点研讨了陈云关于新中国建设、改革开放、中国特色社会主义道路探索的相关思想及历史贡献。第四届、五届、七届、八届、九届、十五届的主题分别是“陈云与党的建设”“陈云与党的历史经验研究”“陈云的党建思想与全面提高党的建设科学化水平”“陈云与党史、国史研究”“陈云在历史关键时期”“建党百年与陈云”，重点研讨了陈云关于党的历史、党的建设相关思想及其历史贡献。第十届、第十四届、第十六届、第十七届的主题分别是“陈云的思想与‘四个全面’战略布局”“陈云与全面建成小康社会”“陈云研究与党的二十大精神”“陈云与中国式现代化”，重点研讨了陈云关于社会主义建设方面的思想及其历史贡献，旨在为新时代党中央治国理政提供一定的历史经验和思想借鉴。

Generally speaking, with the gradual enrichment of relevant documentary materials on Chen Yun, academic and theoretical circles have paid increasing attention to Chen Yun research. In terms of research perspectives, there has been a gradual shift from evaluating historical contributions to multi-dimensional interpretations of his thought themes, extending from economic thought, Party building theory, philosophical thought, and spiritual style to areas such as the view on people’s livelihood, ecological view, cultural view, and foreign thought. In terms of research methods, attempts have been made to break through the narrative paradigm of historiography and introduce interdisciplinary theories, such as combining theories from economics, management, political science, sociology, and quantitative statistics, and applying digital technologies to conduct research. In terms of research content, it closely follows the themes of the times and the central tasks of the Party and national development, presenting a trend of prosperity.

大体而言，随着陈云相关文献资料的逐渐丰富，学术界和理论界对陈云研究也愈加重视，在研究视域上逐步从历史贡献评价转向思想主题的多维阐释，从经济思想、党建理论、哲学思想、精神风范延伸至民生观、生态观、文化观、对外思想等领域，在研究方法上试图突破史学叙述范式，引入跨学科理论，如结合经济学、管理学、政治学、社会学、数量统计等学科理论，应用数字化技术等来开展研究，在研究内容上紧贴时代主题以及党和国家发展的中心任务，呈现出繁荣之势。

II. Research Focal Points

二、研究重点

The focus of academic and theoretical circles on Chen Yun research has changed with the publication and discovery of new materials. Overall, since the New Era, many gratifying results have been achieved. In particular, research on Chen Yun’s philosophical thought, Chen Yun’s thought on Party building, Chen Yun’s economic thought, and Chen Yun’s spiritual style has attracted considerable attention.

学术界和理论界对于陈云研究的侧重点是随着新资料的出版和发现而变化的，总体而言，新世纪以来取得了不少可喜的成果。特别是关于陈云哲学思想、陈云党建思想、陈云经济思想和陈云精神风范的研究尤为引人关注。

(I) Research on Chen Yun’s Philosophical Thought

（一）关于陈云哲学思想的研究

Chen Yun adhered to the guidance of dialectical materialism and historical materialism, was a model for studying and applying Marxist philosophy in practice, and at the same time promoted the development of Marxist philosophy, especially the Sinicization of Marxist philosophy, enriching Sinicized Marxist theory. Chen Yun was adept at using Marxist philosophy to think about problems, able to closely integrate the basic principles of Marxism with China’s specific realities, and condensed them to form his own philosophical thought. Lu Jianjie believes that Chen Yun, among the Party’s senior cadre ranks and even among the Party’s leaders, was “a model for studying philosophy, applying philosophy, and striving for philosophical innovation.” His philosophical thought of “not merely following superiors, not merely following books, but only following facts” deepened the materialist foundation of “Chinese Marxist philosophy”; his philosophical thought of “exchange, comparison, and repetition” deepened the epistemology of “Chinese Marxist philosophy” and the historical creation theory that the masses create history; his philosophical thought of “balance, coordination, and development” made valuable contributions to the economic philosophy of “Chinese Marxist philosophy.” Yang Zongli and Yang Mingwei believe that Chen Yun “in his leadership style and methods of thinking and working, manifested the philosophical thinking of a Marxist politician, both seeking truth from facts and engaging in dialectical thinking.” Li Shaojun points out that Chen Yun not only valued studying Marxist philosophy himself but also advocated that leading cadres within the Party study Marxist philosophy, believing that “studying Marxist philosophy is the basic construction of thought” and that “learning philosophy well benefits one for life.” Wang Shuhui analyzed Chen Yun’s understanding of the necessity of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context from three levels: theoretical basis, practical basis, and cultural basis. She examined Chen Yun’s specific practices in promoting the adaptation of Marxism to the Chinese context and the main thoughts formed, arguing that “in the process of promoting the adaptation of Marxism to the Chinese context, Chen Yun always adhered to the principles of integrating theory with practice and seeking truth from facts, adhering to the viewpoints of practice and the masses, and adhering to a comprehensive viewpoint; he embodied the distinctive characteristics of the unity of materialism and dialectics, inheritance and innovation, nationality and contemporaneity, and principle and flexibility.”

陈云坚持以辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义为指导，是在实践中学习贯彻马克思主义哲学的典范，同时又推动了马克思主义哲学特别是马克思主义哲学中国化的发展，丰富了中国化马克思主义理论。陈云善于运用马克思主义哲学思考问题，能够将马克思主义基本原理与中国具体实际紧密结合，凝练形成自己的哲学思想。陆剑杰认为，陈云在党的高级干部队伍中乃至党的领导人中是“学习哲学、运用哲学、着力进行哲学创新的一个典范”，他“不唯上、不唯书、只唯实”的哲学思想深化了“中国马克思主义哲学”的唯物主义基础，“交换、比较、反复”的哲学思想深化了“中国马克思主义哲学”的认识论和人民群众创造历史的历史创造论，“平衡、协调、发展”的哲学思想对“中国马克思主义哲学”的经济哲学作出了宝贵的贡献。杨宗丽、杨明伟认为，陈云“在他的领导风格和思想方法、工作方法中，表现出来的是马克思主义政治家的哲学思维，既实事求是，又辩证思考”。李少军指出，陈云不仅自己重视学习马克思主义哲学，还倡导党内领导干部学习马克思主义哲学，认为“学习马克思主义哲学是思想上的基本建设”，“学好哲学，终身受用”。王淑辉从理论依据、实践依据和文化依据三个层面分析了陈云对于马克思主义中国化的必然性认识，考察了陈云推进马克思主义中国化的具体实践及形成的主要思想，认为“陈云在推进马克思主义中国化过程中，始终遵循坚持理论联系实际和实事求是，坚持实践观点和群众观点，坚持全面观点的原则；体现出唯物论与辩证法、继承性与创新性、民族性与时代性、原则性与灵活性相统一的鲜明特点”。

Chen Yun’s philosophical thought is mainly embodied in the theoretical content of “the doctrine of seeking truth from facts” (唯实论), “dialectics,” and “the mass view of history.” His philosophical summary of “not following superiors, not following books, only following facts; exchange, compare, repeat” is also known as the “fifteen-character formula,” which has received sustained attention from academia and theoretical circles. Zhu Jiamu pointed out that Chen Yun’s “fifteen-character formula” is a method for achieving seeking truth from facts, for enabling leading cadres to clarify facts and make scientific decisions, and for elevating the study of Marxist philosophy to a height of fundamental significance for the Party’s own construction. Liu Jiadong, on the other hand, comprehensively discussed the ideological origins, proposal and development, main practices, and ideological connotations of Chen Yun’s “fifteen-character formula,” arguing that Chen Yun’s contribution to philosophy is mainly manifested in his highly generalized summary, through practical experience, of the effective pathway to realizing the essence of Mao Zedong Thought—seeking truth from facts—the core of which is the “fifteen-character formula.” Luo Jiuping elucidated the main connotations of Chen Yun’s philosophical thought from Chen Yun’s materialism of “not following superiors, not following books, only following facts,” the dialectical thinking method of “exchange, compare, repeat,” the epistemology of “using more than ninety percent of the time to study the situation and less than ten percent of the time to decide policy,” and the mass view of history of “the Communist Party member serves as a servant for the masses.” Ren Zhijiang and others expounded on the formation process, connotation and essence, practical experience, and contemporary revelations of Chen Yun’s “doctrine of seeking truth from facts,” arguing that Chen Yun’s “doctrine of seeking truth from facts” “creatively completed the unity of ontology, epistemology, praxis, and axiology, representing a major innovation and development of Marxist philosophical theory and Mao Zedong Thought.” Jin Bangqiu deeply analyzed the philosophical thought and methods embedded in Chen Yun’s economic theory, arguing that “only by delving into Chen Yun’s economic theory can one more concretely, accurately, and comprehensively understand and grasp his philosophical thought,” and that “Chen Yun’s economic philosophical thought is a series of philosophical viewpoints and methods permeating his economic theory, forming an intersecting relationship closely linked with his philosophical thought and economic theory.” Hou Shudong pointed out that Chen Yun’s philosophy belongs to applied philosophy, “embodying the most essential characteristic of Marxist philosophy, namely its practicality.” Yan Yanzi also believed that the spiritual essence and distinctive feature of Chen Yun’s philosophical thought is “seeking truth from facts.”

陈云哲学思想在理论内容上主要体现为“唯实论”“辩证法”和“群众史观”几个方面，他的“不唯上、不唯书、只唯实，交换、比较、反复”哲学总结也被称为“十五字诀”，受到了学术界和理论界的持续关注。朱佳木指出，陈云的“十五字诀”是做到实事求是，是使领导干部弄清事实、科学决策，是把学习马克思主义哲学提高到党的具有根本意义的自身建设高度的一个重要方法。刘家栋则比较全面地论述了陈云“十五字诀”的思想渊源、提出和发展、主要实践及思想内涵，认为陈云在哲学上的贡献，主要表现在通过总结实践经验高度概括了实现毛泽东思想的精髓——实事求是的有效途径，其核心就是“十五字诀”。罗九平从陈云“不唯上、不唯书、只唯实”的唯物论，“交换、比较、反复”的辩证思维方法，“用百分之九十以上的时间研究情况，用不到百分之十的时间决定政策”的认识论，“共产党人为群众当差”的群众史观，阐明了陈云哲学思想的主要内涵。任志江等人阐述了陈云“唯实观”（即“唯实论”）的形成过程、内涵实质、实践经验及现实启示，认为陈云“唯实观”“创造性地完成了本体论、认识论、实践论和价值论的统一，是对马克思主义哲学理论和毛泽东哲学思想的重大创新与发展”。金邦秋深入分析了陈云经济理论中蕴含的哲学思想和方法，认为“只有深入到陈云的经济理论中去，才能更具体、更准确、更完整地了解和把握他的哲学思想”，而“陈云经济哲学思想是渗透在陈云经济理论中的一系列哲学观点和方法，它与陈云哲学思想和经济理论是密切相联系的交叉关系”。侯树栋指出，陈云的哲学属于应用哲学，“体现了马克思主义哲学最具本质性的特征，即它的实践性”。严燕子也认为，陈云哲学思想的精神实质和鲜明特征就是“唯实”。

The methodology contained in Chen Yun’s philosophical thought holds significant practical significance for Chinese Communists in enhancing their fundamental Marxist skills and for governing the country in the New Era. Chen Linhui pointed out that this methodology is mainly manifested in the philosophical thinking paradigm of “mastering philosophy benefits one for life,” the essence of dialectical materialism of “not following books, not following superiors, only following facts,” and the epistemological method of “exchange, compare, repeat.” Liu Jiadong provided a detailed account of Chen Yun’s investigative research practices from the Yan’an period to the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the CPC, analyzing and summarizing Chen Yun’s investigative research methods, including “the method of conducting investigations at a fixed point,” “the method of inviting people up for conversation,” “the method of thematic investigation,” “accumulating information anytime and anywhere,” and “closely integrating investigation with research,” emphasizing that Chen Yun’s investigative research methods still hold important enlightening significance today. [5]5 The Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the CPC, held in December 1978, marked the beginning of the reform and opening-up era and a shift away from Maoist class struggle as the central task of the Party. Through a careful examination of Chen Yun’s work across various fields, Cao Yingwang summarized Chen Yun’s wisdom as a “hundred-character true maxim,” namely: “not following superiors, not following books, only following facts; exchange, compare, repeat”; “the difficulty lies in clarifying the situation, not in deciding policy”; “doing big things starts with doing small things”; “it is better to be steady than to be rash”; “first, eating; second, construction”; “seventy percent economics, thirty percent politics”; “without agriculture there is no stability, without grain there is chaos”; “in economic work, one must consider multiple factors and make overall plans”; “truly seek benefits for the people.” He argued that these wisdoms, imbued with philosophical thinking, still hold important guiding significance for current work in finance and economics, Party building, culture, and other fields.

陈云哲学思想所蕴含的方法论，对于中国共产党人提高马克思主义的看家本领，对于新时代治国理政等方面具有重要的现实意义。陈麟辉指出，这种方法论主要体现为“学好哲学，终身受用”的哲学思维范式，“不唯书、不唯上，只唯实”的唯物辩证法精髓，“交换、比较、反复”的认识论方法。刘家栋详细记述了陈云从延安时期到党的十一届三中全会以来调查研究的实践活动，分析总结了陈云调查研究的方法，包括“蹲点调查法”“请人上来谈话法”“专题调查法”“随时随地积累情况”“调查与研究紧密结合”等，强调陈云的调查研究方法在今天仍然具有重要的启示意义。曹应旺通过对陈云各方面工作的爬梳，将陈云的智慧概括为“百字真言”，即“不唯上、不唯书、只唯实，交换、比较、反复”“难者在弄清情况，不在决定政策”“做大事都是从做小事开始的”“宁可稳当一些，不要冒冒失失”“一要吃饭，二要建设”“七分经济，三分政治”“无农不稳，无粮则乱”“搞经济工作，一定要多方考虑，统筹兼顾”“真正为人民谋福利”，认为这些蕴含着哲学思维的智慧对于当下财经、党建、文化等工作开展依旧具有重要指导意义。

(II) Research on Chen Yun’s Thought on Party Building

（二）关于陈云党建思想的研究

Chen Yun led the Party’s organizational work for a relatively long period, forming a relatively complete thought on Party building that covers various aspects of Party construction. Chen Yun’s thought on Party building not only inherits Marxist Party-building theory but also closely integrates with China’s reality, taking the solution of the Party’s practical problems as its starting point, carrying out localized innovation, and possessing a distinct practical orientation.

陈云曾较长时间领导党的组织工作，形成了比较完整的党建思想，涉及党的建设的各个方面。陈云党建思想既继承了马克思主义党建理论，又紧密结合中国实际，以解决党的实际问题为出发点，进行了本土化创新，具有鲜明的实践导向。

Regarding the theoretical content of Chen Yun’s thought on Party building, many scholars have conducted overall reviews. Yu Yunyao summarized the content of Chen Yun’s thought on Party building into ten aspects: attaching great importance to the issues of Party building and Party leadership, emphasizing the promotion of China’s revolution, construction, and reform and opening up through strengthening Party building and improving Party leadership; emphasizing that possessing strong Party spirit is the primary condition for Party members, listing lifelong struggle for communism as the first criterion for Communist Party members; emphasizing that study is the responsibility of Communist Party members, with senior cadres needing to study first and become models of learning; profoundly discussing the relationship between democracy and centralism, emphasizing that there is no issue of “loosening restrictions” on Party spirit principles and Party discipline; clearly elevating the issue of the Party’s work style in power to the height of being “a matter of life and death for the Party”; proposing a series of important ideas and principles for strengthening cadre work, emphasizing that cadre selection should “value both ability and integrity, with integrity as the priority”; attaching great importance to the construction of Party grassroots organizations, proposing that branches should truly play a core and fortress role; emphasizing issues of leadership style and working methods, proposing that work requires “artistic leadership style” and “deft working methods,” among others. Li Zhongjie also summarized the main content of Chen Yun’s thought on Party building into ten major areas: thought on the Party’s historical status and leadership role, thought on the Party’s ideological line, thought on the vanguard and exemplary role of Party members, thought on the construction of the Party’s cadre contingent, thought on the education of Party cadres, thought on the construction of the Party’s democratic centralism, thought on the construction of the Party’s grassroots organizations, thought on the relationship between the Party and the masses and the Party’s mass work, thought on the Party’s leadership style and working methods, and thought on the construction of a clean and honest Party conduct. Ding Junping and others outlined the main content of Chen Yun’s thought on Party building from many of his original assertions, such as “study is the responsibility of Communist Party members,” “the issue of the Party’s work style in power is a matter of life and death for the Party,” and “disciplinary inspection work should study new situations and adapt to new situations.” In addition to overall reviews, there are also many analyses of the various components of Chen Yun’s thought on Party building. Among them, thought on work style construction is the most discussed. Wang Jian and Liu Chengjun pointed out that “the issue of the Party’s work style is the logical starting point of Chen Yun’s thought on Party building,” “the construction of the cadre contingent is the logical intermediary of Chen Yun’s thought on Party building,” and “the Party’s cause is the logical endpoint of Chen Yun’s thought on Party building.” Zhu Jiamu, by combing through Chen Yun’s discussions on the construction of the Party’s work style in power in various historical periods, summarized Chen Yun’s specific propositions on improving the work style of the ruling Party, namely: to strengthen political education and Party spirit education for the vast number of Party members and leading Party cadres; to adhere to the cadre selection standard of having both ability and integrity, with integrity as the priority; to advocate within the Party the spirit of adhering to principles and not fearing offending others; to give play to the role of the Party’s discipline inspection departments; and for leading cadres at all levels, especially senior cadres, to set an example by their own conduct.

关于陈云党建思想的理论内容，不少学者从整体上进行了梳理。虞云耀将陈云党建思想内容概括为高度重视党的建设和党的领导问题，强调通过加强党的建设和改善党的领导来推进中国的革命、建设和改革开放事业；强调具备坚强的党性是党员的首要条件，把为共产主义奋斗终身列为共产党员标准的第一条；强调学习是共产党员的责任，高级干部首先要努力学习，成为学习的模范；深刻论述民主和集中的关系，强调党性原则和党的纪律不存在“松绑”的问题；鲜明地把执政党的党风问题提到“有关党的生死存亡”的高度来认识；提出一系列加强干部工作的重要思想和原则，强调选拔干部要“德才并重，以德为主”；高度重视党的基层组织建设，提出支部要在实质上真正能起核心的堡垒作用；强调领导方式和工作方法问题，提出干工作必须具备“艺术的领导方式”和“灵巧的工作方法”等十个方面。李忠杰也将陈云党建思想的主要内容概括为关于党的历史地位和领导作用的思想、关于党的思想路线的思想、关于党员先锋模范作用的思想、关于党的干部队伍建设的思想、关于党的干部教育的思想、关于党的民主集中制建设的思想、关于党的基层组织建设的思想、关于党与人民群众关系和党的群众工作的思想、关于党的领导方式和工作方法的思想、关于党风廉政建设的思想等十大方面。丁俊萍等则从“学习是共产党员的责任”“执政党的党风问题是有关党的生死存亡的问题”“纪检工作应该研究新情况，适应新情况”等陈云的许多独创性的论断，勾勒了陈云党建思想的主要内容。除了整体上的梳理，也有不少对陈云党建思想各个组成部分的分析。其中党风建设思想是被讨论最多的。王剑、刘成军指出，“党风问题是陈云党建思想的逻辑起点”“干部队伍建设是陈云党建思想的逻辑中介”“党的事业是陈云党建思想的逻辑终点”。朱佳木通过爬梳陈云在各个历史时期所作的有关执政党党风建设的论述，概括出陈云关于抓好执政党党风的具体主张，即要对广大党员和党的领导干部加强政治教育和党性教育，要坚持德才兼备、以德为主的干部选拔标准，要在党内提倡坚持原则、不怕得罪人的精神，要发挥党的纪律检查部门的作用，各级领导干部尤其是高级干部要以身作则。

Scholars share a high degree of consensus on the historical contributions and contemporary significance of Chen Yun’s Party-building thought. Yan Aiyun points out: “Chen Yun’s thought and practice concerning Party institutional building were inseparable from the relevant practices of the entire Party, forming a positive interaction and complementarity with Mao Zedong’s and Deng Xiaoping’s related ideas, becoming tributaries that flowed into the two major ideological systems. Many of his important ideas and incisive, original insights were directly appreciated and affirmed by Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping, becoming important principles guiding Party building. They not only played a major role in strengthening and improving Party building but also made historical contributions to the formation and development of Mao Zedong Thought and Deng Xiaoping Theory.” Fang Zhong holds that Chen Yun’s Party-building thought is an important component of Mao Zedong Thought and Deng Xiaoping Theory, “a concretization, supplement, and development of Mao’s Party-building doctrine,” and “mutually linked, mutually influential, and mutually reflective with Deng Xiaoping’s Party-building theory.” Li Zhongjie emphasizes that Chen Yun’s Party-building thought “not only made important contributions to the Sinicized Marxist theory of Party building but also has practical guiding significance for advancing the Party’s governance capacity and advanced nature building today.” Wei Xiaoliu believes that “Chen Yun’s work in the areas of ideological building, organizational building, work style building, and anti-corruption and integrity building made outstanding contributions to advancing the Sinicization of Marxist Party-building doctrine.” Zhong Ligong argues that Chen Yun’s Party-building thought plays a foundational role in the theory of ruling Party building and is complementary to Deng Xiaoping’s Party-building theory. Zhu Yueyi notes: “In the new historical period, Chen Yun’s Party-building thought also has major theoretical and practical significance for the Communist Party of China, which faces tests of governance capacity, reform and opening up, and volatile international circumstances, in maintaining the advanced nature of its members.” Zhu Jiamu discusses the contemporary significance of Chen Yun’s Party-building thought for comprehensive and strict governance of the Party from four aspects—strictness in thought, organization, work style, and discipline—and argues that in-depth research and promotion of Chen Yun’s Party-building thought can help provide intellectual support for effectively implementing the strategic deployment of comprehensive and strict governance of the Party by the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core.

对于陈云党建思想的历史贡献和现实意义，学者们有着高度的共识。严爱云指出：“陈云关于党的制度建设思想和实践离不开全党的相关实践，与毛泽东和邓小平的有关思想形成良好互动互补，成为汇入两大思想体系的支流，他的很多重要思想、精辟独到的见解直接受到了毛泽东、邓小平的赞赏和肯定，成为指导党的建设的重要原则，不仅对加强和改进党的建设发挥了重大作用，而且为毛泽东思想和邓小平理论的形成和发展作出了历史贡献。”房中认为，陈云党建思想是毛泽东思想和邓小平理论的重要组成部分，“是对毛泽东建党学说的具体化、补充和发展”“与邓小平党建理论互相联系、互相影响、互相映照”。李忠杰强调，陈云党建思想“不仅对中国化马克思主义的党建理论作出了重要的贡献，而且对我们今天推进党的执政能力建设和先进性建设有着现实的指导意义”。魏晓柳认为，“陈云在党的思想建设方面、党的组织建设方面、党风建设方面、反腐倡廉建设方面的工作为推进马克思主义党建学说中国化作出了卓越贡献”。钟立功认为，陈云党建思想对执政党建设理论具有基础性作用，与邓小平党建理论具有互补性。朱悦怡指出：“在新的历史时期，陈云的党建思想对面临着执政能力、改革开放和国际环境风云变幻考验的中国共产党保持共产党员先进性教育，同样有着重大的理论和现实意义。”朱佳木从思想从严、组织从严、作风从严、纪律从严四个方面论述了陈云党建思想对全面从严治党的现实意义，认为深入研究和宣传陈云党建思想，有利于为切实贯彻以习近平同志为核心的党中央关于全面从严治党的战略部署提供智力支持。

(III) Research on Chen Yun’s Economic Thought

（三）关于陈云经济思想的研究

Chen Yun is generally regarded as an expert on economic affairs within the Party. His economic theory and practice directly influenced China’s economic development, have long-term significance for China’s socialist modernization, and have also become a sustained focus of discussion in academic and theoretical circles. Scholars have mainly approached the content and characteristics of Chen Yun’s economic thought from two aspects.

陈云通常被认为是党内经济事务方面的专家。他在经济方面的理论与实践，直接影响着中国经济的发展，对我国社会主义现代化建设具有长远的意义，也成为学术界和理论界持续讨论的热点。对于陈云经济思想的内容与特点，学者们主要是从两个方面展开的。

On the one hand, it is grasped from the perspective of developmental history. By expounding the developmental history of Chen Yun’s economic thought, Li Chengrui and Zhu Jiamu summarize six major aspects of its content: “thought on building a socialist economy beneficial to the people, starting from China’s actual conditions (teleology and methodology)”; “thought on achieving comprehensive balance and developing the productive forces in a planned and proportionate manner (comprehensive balance theory)”; “thought on coordinating economic construction with population, environment, and resources (coordinated development theory)”; “thought on adapting the economic system to the nature of the productive forces, correctly handling the relationship between the main part and the supplementary part in multiple ownership forms and different economic operation mechanisms, and continuously improving and developing socialist relations of production (principal-supplementary relations theory)”; “thought on actively and soberly conducting foreign economic exchanges to serve the construction of China’s independent socialist economic system (internal-external relations theory)”; and “thought on economic workers needing strong political and mass viewpoints, and on economic departments strengthening the role and authority of ideological and political work to ensure that economic work firmly advances along the socialist path (politics-economy relations theory).” The Marxist stance, viewpoint, and method run through all these as a red thread, giving them distinct practical characteristics. Zhu Jiamu also conducts a historical examination of Chen Yun’s thought on the relationship between plan and market, namely “exerting the regulatory role of the market under a planned economy,” “combining the planned economy with market regulation,” “taking the planned economy as the mainstay and market regulation as the supplement,” and “the metaphor of the ‘bird and the cage.’” Chi Aiping points out that the evolution from the “big plan, small freedom” proposed in the 1950s, to the complete conception of “three mainstays, three supplements,” to the economic system reform policy of “planned economy as the mainstay, market regulation as the supplement,” and then to the “birdcage economy” thought of enlivening the microeconomy under macro-control, clearly reflects Chen Yun’s arduous exploration and contributions to the path of economic system reform over long-term practice. Wang Jie examines the development process of Chen Yun’s market economy thought, arguing that it began during the period of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region, took shape as a framework for a planned commodity economy on the eve of the founding of New China, sublimated into the “three mainstays, three supplements” model and created a comprehensive balance market economy theory in the practice of correcting “Left” errors, and formed a complete “three ‘two kinds’ plus four ‘crossings’” model system in the early period of reform and opening up, laying the foundation for the establishment of a socialist market economy.

一方面是从发展史的角度来把握。李成瑞、朱佳木通过阐述陈云经济思想的发展史，概括出陈云关于社会主义经济思想的六大方面的主要内容，即“关于从中国实际情况出发，建设有利于人民的社会主义经济的思想（目的论和方法论）”“关于搞好综合平衡，有计划按比例地发展社会生产力的思想（综合平衡论）”“关于经济建设要与人口、环境、资源协调发展的思想（协调发展论）”“关于经济体制要适合生产力的性质，正确处理多种所有制和不同经济运行机制中主体部分与辅助部分的关系，不断完善和发展社会主义生产关系的思想（主辅关系论）”“关于积极地清醒地开展对外经济交流，为建设我国独立自主的社会主义经济体系服务的思想（内外关系论）”“关于经济工作者必须有坚强的政治观点和群众观点，经济部门必须加强思想政治工作的作用和权威，保证经济工作坚定地沿着社会主义道路前进的思想（政经关系论）”，而马克思主义的立场、观点、方法是贯穿其中的一条红线，具有鲜明的实践特色。朱佳木还对陈云关于计划与市场关系的思想，即“在计划经济下发挥市场调节作用”“计划经济与市场调节相结合”“以计划经济为主、市场调节为辅”“‘鸟’与‘笼子’的比喻”进行了历史的考察。迟爱萍指出，从20世纪50年代提出的“大计划，小自由”，发展到“三个主体，三个补充”完整的构想，再到“计划经济为主，市场调节为辅”的经济体制改革方针，再到在宏观调控下把微观搞活的“鸟笼经济”思想，清晰地反映出陈云在长期实践中对经济体制改革道路的艰辛探索和贡献。王杰考察了陈云市场经济思想的发展过程，认为陈云市场经济思想于陕甘宁边区时期起步，新中国成立前夕形成有计划的商品经济框架，在矫正“左”的错误实践中升华为“三个主体、三个补充”模式并创建综合平衡市场经济论，改革开放初期形成完整的“三个两种+四跨”模式体系，为社会主义市场经济的确立奠定了基础。

On the other hand, it is interpreted from the perspective of core viewpoints. Zhu Jiamu points out that the core of Chen Yun’s economic thought is “seeking progress while maintaining stability” and “enlivening without chaos.” Economic construction and reform, economic development, enlivening the economy, and opening to the outside world should each be based on ensuring people’s livelihood, proportionality and high quality and high efficiency, macro-control, and “putting ourselves first.” Zong Han summarizes Chen Yun’s economic thought as “ten basic principles”: economic development is the number one priority; modernization must proceed from national conditions and national strength; the real problem is the peasant problem; the scale of construction must be adapted to national strength, with room left for flexibility; comprehensive balance and proportionate development; combining centralization with decentralization, expanding the powers of localities and enterprises; “three mainstays, three supplements”; do whatever is beneficial to the people; uphold the socialist nature of economic construction and economic system reform; look at the big picture, start with the details, and “not follow superiors, not follow books, only follow facts.” [6]6 “不唯上、不唯书、只唯实” (bù wéi shàng, bù wéi shū, zhǐ wéi shí) is a well-known maxim of Chen Yun, meaning “not blindly follow superiors, not blindly follow books, only follow facts.” Based on an interview with Chen Yun in 1982, Li Shangzhi specifically expounds Chen Yun’s “birdcage economy” thought, i.e., the dialectical relationship between enlivening the economy and state planning. Cao Yingwang examines Chen Yun’s related thoughts on China’s economic system reform and opening-up policy, arguing that Chen Yun pioneered economic system reform, supported agricultural household contracting, was the earliest among Party leaders to systematically study the relationship between plan and market, and played an important driving role in the state’s establishment of the socialist market economy system and reform and opening up.

另一方面是从核心观点的角度来阐释。朱佳木就指出，陈云经济思想的核心是“稳中求进”和“活而不乱”，经济建设和改革、经济发展、搞活经济、对外开放要分别建立在保障民生、按比例和高质量高效益、宏观调控和“以我为主”的基础之上。宗寒将陈云经济思想概括为“十个基本原理”，即发展经济是第一位的大事；现代化建设要从国情和国力出发；真正的问题是农民问题；建设规模要和国力相适应，而且要留有余地；综合平衡，按比例发展；集中与分散相结合，扩大地方和企业的权力；“三个主体，三个补充”；怎样对老百姓有利，就怎么办；坚持经济建设和经济体制改革的社会主义性质；大处着眼，细处着手，不唯上，不唯书，只唯实。李尚志根据对陈云1982年的采访，专门阐述了陈云的“鸟笼经济”思想，即搞活经济与国家计划的辩证关系。曹应旺考察了陈云对中国经济体制改革及对外开放政策的相关思想，认为陈云首倡经济体制改革，支持农业包产到户，在党内领导人中最早系统研究计划与市场的关系，对国家确立社会主义市场经济体制和改革开放发挥了重要推动作用。

Many scholars note that the theoretical content of Chen Yun’s economic thought is inseparable from the methods it contains; these methods are both a component of Chen Yun’s economic thought and his working methods. Xiong Xiaolin and others examine the main content of Chen Yun’s “comprehensive balance theory,” compare it with Mao Zedong’s “overall consideration” thought and Deng Xiaoping’s “first rich helping later rich” thought, and argue that Chen Yun’s comprehensive balance theory has important implications for promoting common prosperity. Tao Lei believes that seeking progress while maintaining stability is an important economic work policy and method that Chen Yun consistently advocated and upheld, seeking both “advancement” and “stability,” with the focus on “stability,” emphasizing comprehensive balance and paying attention to the overall planning of coordinated development. Peng Qinghong and Wu Xiaorong focus on expounding several of Chen Yun’s economic thoughts and working methods, including “seeking truth from facts,” “comprehensive balance,” “overall consideration,” and “seeking progress while maintaining stability.” They argue that these methods are valuable experiences gained by combining the basic principles of Marxism with the concrete realities of China’s economic construction, are scientific thoughts and working methods verified in the practice of leading New China’s economic construction, and still have important guiding significance for doing a good job in various economic and social development tasks today. Wei Jikun analyzes the value of quantitative analysis in Chen Yun’s economic thought, arguing that quantitative analysis is an important method for Chen Yun to understand, study, and solve China’s economic problems, with distinct characteristics such as seeking truth in exploring actual conditions, seeking regularity in exploring truth, and upholding the dialectics of the unity of opposites.

不少学者注意到，陈云经济思想的理论内容与蕴含的方法密不可分，这些方法既是陈云经济思想的组成部分，又是其工作方法。熊晓琳等人考察了陈云“综合平衡论”的主要内容，并将其与毛泽东“统筹兼顾”思想、邓小平“先富带后富”思想作了比较，认为陈云综合平衡论对于促进共同富裕有重要启示意义。陶蕾认为，稳中求进是陈云一直倡导和秉持的一条重要经济工作方针和方法，既谋“前进”，又要“稳妥”，重心在于“稳”，强调综合平衡，注重协调发展的总体规划。彭庆鸿、吴晓荣着重论述了陈云“实事求是”“综合平衡”“统筹兼顾”“稳中求进”几个经济思想和工作方法，认为这些方法是把马克思主义基本原理与中国经济建设的具体实际相结合所得出的宝贵经验，是在领导新中国经济建设的实践中得到验证的科学的思想和工作方法，对今天我们做好经济社会发展各项工作依然具有重要的指导意义。魏继昆分析了计量分析在陈云经济思想中的价值，认为计量分析是陈云认识、研究和解决中国经济问题的重要方法，具有探寻实情的求真性、探寻规律的求是性、坚持对立统一的辩证性等鲜明特点。

It is noteworthy that the thought on people’s livelihood has been a topic attracting considerable attention in research on Chen Yun’s economic thought since the New Era. Zhu Jiamei believes that Chen Yun’s thought on people’s livelihood “is closely linked with his thought on Party style building.” Tian Zhijie points out that “Chen Yun’s thought on people’s livelihood is the core of his economic thought system.” Liu Shengtao discusses the connotation, practice, and characteristics of Chen Yun’s thought on people’s livelihood, arguing that “Chen Yun’s ‘people’s livelihood’ thought is an inheritance and important transformation of Sun Yat-sen’s ‘people’s livelihood’ thought, and is also an important component of Chen Yun’s economic thought, serving as the starting point for his research and formulation of economic policies.” Shao Yong further discusses the main content of Chen Yun’s thought on people’s livelihood, holding that “guiding work with Marxist epistemology and methodology, and adhering to viewing problems from an overall and long-term perspective are the characteristics of Chen Yun’s thought on people’s livelihood.” In addition, some scholars have explored Chen Yun’s thought on agricultural economy, his thought on opening up and how to treat capitalism, his thought on resolving economic crises, and so on. Chen Yun’s outstanding performance and historic contributions in the economic field have kept academic research on Chen Yun’s economic thought enduringly popular. As American scholar David M. Bachman pointed out, Chen Yun left an intellectual legacy for future generations, especially China’s economic leaders; he was “the premier troubleshooter who helped extricate the Chinese economy from numerous economic crises. He will also be remembered in the annals of the People’s Republic of China as the initiator of using markets to supplement planning.”

值得注意的是，民生思想是新世纪以来陈云经济思想研究中引起较多关注的一个话题。朱佳木认为，陈云的民生思想，“是与他的党风建设思想紧密联系在一起的”。田志杰则指出，“陈云民生思想是其经济思想体系的核心”。刘圣陶论述了陈云民生思想的内涵、实践及其特征，认为“陈云的‘民生’思想是对孙中山‘民生’思想的继承与重要改造，也是陈云经济思想的重要组成部分，是他研究、制定经济政策的出发点”。邵雍进一步论述陈云民生思想的主要内容，认为“以马克思主义的认识论与方法论指导工作，坚持从全局和长远观点看问题是陈云民生思想的特色”。此外，还有学者探讨了陈云的农业经济思想、对外开放与如何对待资本主义的思想、化解经济危机的思想，等等。陈云在经济方面的杰出表现和历史性贡献，使得学界对陈云经济思想的研究保持着长久的热度。正如一位美国学者大卫·M.贝奇曼指出的，陈云给后人特别是中国的经济领导人留下了一笔思想遗产，他是“首要的处理麻烦问题的能手，是他帮助中国经济从多次的经济混乱中摆脱了出来。他也会因首倡利用市场补充计划而载入中华人民共和国的史册上”。

(IV) Research on Chen Yun’s Spirit and Style

（四）关于陈云精神风范的研究

In the historical process of China’s revolution, construction, and reform, a large number of outstanding Communists “made of special material” have emerged, and Chen Yun is one of them. Excavating and studying historical materials on Chen Yun’s life, and inheriting and promoting the lofty spirit and style of Chen Yun and other veteran revolutionaries, is also a focus of attention in academic and theoretical circles, mainly involving two aspects.

在中国革命、建设和改革的历史进程中，涌现出了一大批用“特殊材料制成的”优秀共产党人，陈云就是其中的代表。挖掘和研究陈云生平史料，继承和发扬陈云等老一辈革命家的崇高精神风范，也是学术界和理论界关注的一个重点，主要涉及两个方面。

One is to directly reflect Chen Yun’s spirit and style by excavating and organizing historical materials on Chen Yun’s life during various periods of China’s revolution, construction, and reform, and by editing and publishing biographies, oral histories, interview records, commemorative collections, and so on. In 2005, based on interviews with Chen Yun’s wife Yu Ruomu and Chen Yun’s five children, the Third Editorial and Research Department of the Party Literature Research Office of the CPC Central Committee edited and published *Chen Yun’s Family Tradition: Interviews with Yu Ruomu and Chen Yun’s Children*. In 2015, the Third Editorial and Research Department of the Party Literature Research Office of the CPC Central Committee, in collaboration with the Chen Yun Memorial Hall, jointly edited and published *Chen Yun’s Family Tradition* and *Chen Yun’s Calligraphy Style*. Compared with *Chen Yun’s Family Tradition: Interviews with Yu Ruomu and Chen Yun’s Children*, *Chen Yun’s Family Tradition* has a broader range of interviewees, including Chen Yun’s staff, and much of its content is published for the first time. The editors believe that Chen Yun’s “lofty character and style, as well as his strict demands on his family, children, and staff, are universally praised within the Party and set an exemplary model.” *Chen Yun’s Calligraphy Style* selects more than 70 pieces of Chen Yun’s handwriting from different historical periods, presenting Chen Yun’s calligraphic art and the spiritual temperament it embodies in a richly illustrated format. In the preface to this book, Zhu Jiamei points out: “Appreciating and savoring Comrade Chen Yun’s calligraphy is not only a way to understand Comrade Chen Yun and enter his inner world, but also a method to learn from Comrade Chen Yun’s spirit and work style.” In the preface to *Approaching Chen Yun: Edited Records of Oral History and Archival Materials*, Chen Jinhua states: “Looking at Comrade Chen Yun’s glorious life, studying his thought, practice, career, and life, what educates people most profoundly is his spirit of seeking truth from facts. This was his consistent style and a lifelong, unwavering character.”

一种是通过挖掘整理中国革命、建设、改革各个时期陈云的生平史料，编辑出版传记、口述史、访谈录、纪念文集等，直接反映陈云的精神风范。2005年中共中央文献研究室第三编研部在采访陈云夫人于若木及陈云的五位子女的基础上，编辑出版了《陈云家风：于若木及陈云子女访谈录》。2015年中共中央文献研究室第三编研部与陈云纪念馆联合编辑出版《陈云家风》《陈云书风》。《陈云家风》相对《陈云家风：于若木及陈云子女访谈录》的采访对象更广，包括陈云的身边工作人员，其中不少内容是首次公开发表，编者认为陈云“崇高的品格风范以及他对家属子女、身边工作人员的严格要求，在党内有口皆碑，堪称模范”。《陈云书风》一书选取了陈云不同历史时期的手迹70余幅，以图文并茂的形式展现了陈云的书法艺术及其所蕴含的精神气质。朱佳木在该书序言中指出：“欣赏、品味陈云同志的书法，既是了解陈云同志、走进陈云同志内心世界的一条途径，也是向陈云同志精神和作风学习的一种方法。”陈锦华在《走近陈云——口述历史馆藏资料辑录》序言中指出：“纵观陈云同志光辉一生，研究他的思想、实践、事业和生活，对人们教育最为深刻的是实事求是精神。这是他的一贯风貌，是终生不渝的品格。”

The other is to explain and promote Chen Yun’s lofty spirit and style by studying his thought and life. General Secretary Xi Jinping profoundly pointed out at the symposium commemorating the 110

另一种是通过研究陈云思想和生平，阐释弘扬其崇高的精神风范。习近平总书记在陈云同志诞辰110周年座谈会上深刻指出：“陈云同志身上表现出来的坚定理想信念、坚强党性原则、求真务实作风、朴素公仆情怀、勤奋学习精神，永远值得我们学习。”陈元谈道，陈云留下的精神财富包括“坚贞不渝的理想信念、实事求是的工作作风、勤政为民的崇高风范、坚持真理的非凡胆识、淡泊名利的高尚情怀”等。陈群认为，陈云留下的宝贵精神财富，集中体现在《陈云文选》之中，主要概括为三个方面，即“提出了社会主义经济建设应该遵循的若干指导思想”“从思想上组织上作风上巩固党”“坚持实事求是的科学态度和辩证方法”。赵天元指出，“清正廉洁，体恤群众疾苦，是陈云最为推崇的又一种情操和精神”，这个精神不能丢。余永定认为，中国经济理论研究工作者应认真学习陈云的“唯实”精神，与时俱进、深化对市场与计划两种资源配置方式的认识。李殿仁强调，应该学习陈云坚持实事求是和敢于担当精神，勇于任事，担“事”不避的崇高风范；为党进言，担“险”不畏的忠心义胆；敢于负责，担“责”不推的无私情怀；终身学习，担“学”不辍的治学态度。李洪峰将陈云的人格魅力概括为：“勤奋学习的典范”“坚定信念的典范”“坚持原则的典范”“爱民为民的典范”“艰苦奋斗的典范”“谦虚谨慎的典范”，认为陈云“实现了治党、治国、治家、修身的有机结合和完美统一”。毕京京认为，应该从协调推进“四个全面”战略布局中弘扬陈云实事求是精神，像陈云那样坚持马克思主义真理观、国情观、问题观、使命观、统筹观。

In addition to the above major research topics, studies on Chen Yun’s ecological thought, cultural thought, and thought on cultural-ethical progress have also made some headway, enriching the themes of Chen Yun research and expanding its content.

除了以上几个主要研究论题外，陈云生态思想、文化思想、精神文明建设思想等方面的研究也取得了一定进展，丰富了陈云研究的主题，拓展了陈云研究的内容。

III. Research Prospects

三、研究展望

From the above review, it can be seen that since the new century, with the gradual publication of documentary materials, research on Chen Yun’s life and thought has also progressively deepened. It encompasses both summary analysis of his ideological methods and meticulous sorting of his concrete work; it highlights both the emphases and characteristics of his thought and the lofty spiritual demeanor in his life story. Nevertheless, there remain areas that can be further expanded and deepened.

从上述梳理可以看出，新世纪以来，伴随着文献资料的逐步公开出版，陈云的生平和思想研究也逐步走向深入，既有思想方法上的总结分析，又有具体工作上的细致梳理，既突出了其思想上的重点和特点，又彰显了其生平事迹中的崇高精神风范，但也存在一些可以进一步拓展和深化之处。

First, research can be further advanced from the century-long perspective of the history of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context. Chen Yun held an important political status, being both a key member of the Party’s first generation of central collective leadership and a key member of the Party’s second generation of central collective leadership. [7]7 The “first generation of central collective leadership” refers to the leadership core centered on Mao Zedong, formed during the Yan’an period; the “second generation” refers to the leadership core centered on Deng Xiaoping, formed after the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee in 1978. Chen Yun was a member of both. Chen Yun experienced various historical periods of China’s revolution, construction, and reform, and played a significant role at critical historical junctures. He made important contributions to the formation and development of Mao Zedong Thought and Deng Xiaoping Theory, and the process of his own ideological development was also a process of continuously advancing and deepening the adaptation of Marxism to the Chinese context. To deepen research on Chen Yun’s life and thought from the century-long perspective of the history of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context means: on the one hand, to see how Chen Yun, in promoting the integration of the basic tenets of Marxism with China’s concrete realities, consistently carried forward the tradition while keeping pace with the times, continuously advancing the adaptation of Marxism to the Chinese context, and upholding fundamental principles while breaking new ground to open up new realms of Marxism; on the other hand, to summarize and analyze Chen Yun’s historic contributions from this century-long perspective, and to understand and grasp Chen Yun’s historical status from a broader vista. This both broadens the scope of research and expands the content of the study of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context.

一是可以进一步从马克思主义中国化思想发展史百年视域展开研究。陈云具有重要的政治地位，既是党的第一代中央领导集体的重要成员，也是党的第二代中央领导集体的重要成员。陈云历经了中国革命、建设、改革各个历史时期，并在历史的关键时刻发挥了重要作用。陈云为毛泽东思想和邓小平理论的形成和发展作出了重要贡献，其思想发展过程也是马克思主义中国化不断推进、不断深化的过程。从马克思主义中国化思想发展的百年视域来深化陈云生平和思想研究，就是既要看到陈云在推动马克思主义基本原理与中国实际相结合的过程中是如何一脉相承、与时俱进地不断推进马克思主义中国化，不断守正创新推动开辟马克思主义新境界的，又要从马克思主义中国化思想发展的百年视域来总结分析陈云的历史性贡献，从更为宽广的视野来认识和把握陈云的历史地位。这样既拓宽了研究的视野，也拓展了马克思主义中国化的研究内容。

Second, while deepening holistic research, comparative research can be strengthened. This holistic research is first of all understood in terms of the wholeness of historical development. Chen Yun spanned two generations of the Party’s central leadership and experienced different historical periods of China’s revolution, construction, and reform. The themes of the times and historical tasks of different historical periods differ to some extent; however, differences in historical periods and variations in the themes of the times and historical tasks do not affect the continuity of historical development. One cannot therefore sever history, still less sever research on Chen Yun’s life and thought. Chen Yun’s life and thought are themselves a whole; consequently, relevant research should not be sharply divided, but rather Chen Yun should be studied holistically as an important historical figure in the history of the CPC and in the history of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context. At the same time, research on Chen Yun’s philosophical thought, Party-building thought, economic thought, and other subfields has already become relatively abundant, and it is all the more necessary to grasp these subfield studies from an overall perspective, revealing the position and function of these subfield thoughts within Chen Yun’s thought system, so as to better understand Chen Yun’s thought and life. On the other hand, while deepening holistic research, comparative research can be further strengthened. For example, Mao Zedong, Liu Shaoqi, Chen Yun, and others were all models within the CPC who valued investigation and research, were adept at investigation and research, and solved problems through investigation and research. Although the general methods and principles of their investigation and research are consistent, each has its own characteristics. From comparative research, patterns can be identified, content with methodological features can be discovered, and the contemporary value of their thought methods can be highlighted.

二是可以在深化整体研究的同时加强比较研究。这种整体性研究首先是从历史发展的整体性来说的，陈云跨越了两代中央领导集体，经历了中国革命、建设、改革的不同历史时期。不同历史时期的时代主题和历史任务是有所差别的，然而历史时期的差异，时代主题和历史任务的不同并不影响历史发展的连续性，不能因此割裂历史，更不能因此而割裂陈云的生平和思想研究。陈云的生平和思想本身是一个整体，因而不能把相关研究截然分割开来，而是应该将陈云当作党史和马克思主义中国化发展史中的重要历史人物进行整体研究。同时，陈云的哲学思想、党建思想、经济思想等分领域的研究已经较为丰富了，也更需要进一步从整体上把握这些分领域的研究，揭示这些分领域思想在陈云思想体系中的地位及作用，从而更好地理解陈云的思想生平。另一方面，在深化整体研究的同时，可以进一步加强比较性研究。比如，毛泽东、刘少奇、陈云等都是中国共产党重视调查研究、善于调查研究、通过调查研究解决问题的典范，虽然他们调查研究总的方法和原则是一致的，但是又有各自的特点，可从比较研究中找出规律，发现具有方法论特色的内容，凸显其思想方法的当代价值。

Third, research on the relationship between Chen Yun and Chinese-path modernization can be further deepened. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized: “Chinese-path modernization is a major achievement obtained by our Party leading the people of all ethnic groups across the country through long-term exploration and practice, enduring untold hardships and paying a huge price. We must cherish it all the more, adhere to it unswervingly, and continuously expand and deepen it.” [8]8 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Opening Ceremony of the Seminar on the Study and Implementation of the Spirit of the 20th National Congress of the CPC,” February 7, 2023. This has two implications for research on Chen Yun’s life and thought. On the one hand, Chinese-path modernization is a major achievement of the Party leading the people through long-term exploration and practice, formed and advanced on the basis of the relayed explorations of successive generations of Chinese Communists. Chen Yun made many important contributions to the exploration of China’s modernization cause, and it is necessary to further sort out and summarize these contributions. On the other hand, Chinese-path modernization is currently China’s greatest theoretical and practical theme. Research on historical figures and the thoughts generated in historical eras can only generate enduring vitality when they resonate at the same frequency as the themes of the times, and can only increasingly highlight their theoretical and spiritual charm when they echo the themes of the times. Therefore, further deepening research on the relationship between Chen Yun and Chinese-path modernization not only helps Chen Yun’s relevant important thoughts gain contemporary vitality, but also helps deepen the understanding of the theoretical content and historical development trajectory of Chinese-path modernization.

三是可以进一步深化陈云与中国式现代化的关系研究。习近平总书记强调：“中国式现代化是我们党领导全国各族人民在长期探索和实践中历经千辛万苦、付出巨大代价取得的重大成果，我们必须倍加珍惜、始终坚持、不断拓展和深化。”这对陈云生平和思想研究有着两方面的启示。一方面，中国式现代化是党领导人民长期探索和实践的重大成果，是在一代又一代中国共产党人接力探索的基础上形成和推进的，陈云对探索中国的现代化事业作出了许多重要贡献，有必要对这些贡献进行进一步梳理总结。另一方面，中国式现代化是中国当前最大的理论主题和实践主题，历史人物的研究，历史时代中产生的思想，只有在与时代主题的同频共振中，才能生发出恒久的生命力，只有在与时代主题的互相呼应中，才能愈发凸显其理论和精神的魅力。因此，进一步深化陈云与中国式现代化关系的研究，既有助于让陈云的相关重要思想获得当代的生命力，也有助于加深对中国式现代化理论内容与历史发展脉络的理解。

Fourth, research on Chen Yun’s spiritual style can be further deepened. At the symposium commemorating the 120th anniversary of Comrade Chen Yun’s birth, General Secretary Xi Jinping once again emphasized that we should learn from and carry forward Chen Yun’s lofty spiritual style. [9]9 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Symposium Commemorating the 120th Anniversary of Comrade Chen Yun’s Birth,” June 14, 2025. Deepening research on Chen Yun’s spiritual style has important theoretical and practical significance for solving the unique problems of building a large Party and governing the country, and for strengthening the ideological and work style construction of Party members and cadres in the New Era, such as reinforcing theoretical armament, firmly establishing a political stance, strengthening ideals and convictions, enhancing Party spirit, and cultivating a people-centered sentiment. Further deepening research on Chen Yun’s spiritual style also requires continuing to strengthen the excavation of historical materials, attaching importance to interdisciplinary analytical research, systematically integrating existing archival documents, and refining and summarizing the lofty spiritual style contained in Chen Yun’s rich thought and practice. At the same time, it is also necessary to pay more attention to practical problems and the characteristics of the times, grasp the new changes in the world situation, national conditions, Party conditions, and China’s principal social contradictions, and closely integrate the research and promotion of Chen Yun’s spiritual style with the central tasks of the Party and national development, thereby assisting the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

四是可以进一步深化对陈云精神风范的研究。习近平总书记在纪念陈云同志诞辰120周年座谈会上再次强调，我们要学习发扬陈云的崇高精神风范。深化对陈云精神风范的研究，对于解决大党建设和国家治理的独有难题，对于新时代党员干部强化理论武装、站稳政治立场、坚定理想信念、增强党性修养、厚植为民情怀等思想作风建设，都具有重要的理论与现实意义。进一步深化陈云精神风范的研究，也需要继续加强史料挖掘，重视跨学科分析研究，系统整合现有的档案文献，从陈云的丰富思想与实践中提炼总结其蕴含的崇高精神风范。同时，还需要更加观照现实问题和时代特点，把握世情国情党情及中国社会主要矛盾的新变化，将研究和弘扬陈云精神风范与党和国家发展的中心任务紧密结合起来，助力中华民族伟大复兴。