On the Major Significance of the Concept of a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind for World Modernization

Unlike in the past, the entire world is increasingly becoming a community with a shared future in which the interests of all countries are bound together. General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out: “The world today is a community with a shared future in which all countries prosper or suffer together.” [1]1 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, *The Communist Manifesto* (1848). Looking further, the healthy advancement and upgrading of world modernization increasingly depend on the construction of a community with a shared future for mankind. In a certain sense, without the construction of a community with a shared future for mankind, world modernization would have no future, and human society as a whole would have no prospects.

与以往不同，整个世界愈益成为各个国家在利益上休戚与共的命运共同体。习近平总书记指出：“当今世界是一荣俱荣、一损俱损的命运共同体。”进一步看，世界现代化的健康推进和升级换代越来越取决于人类命运共同体的建设。从一定意义上讲，如果没有人类命运共同体的建设，世界现代化就没有未来，整个人类社会也就没有前景。

Since reform and opening up, with the deepening of the practice of modernization and the continuous elevation of people’s cognitive level regarding modernization, China has gradually formed the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind. This is a major original contribution China has made to world modernization. It is noteworthy that the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind is not a simple major issue limited to the diplomatic level between countries, but a major issue concerning the overall transformation of contemporary human society—that is, how world modernization advances as a whole. The concept of a community with a shared future for mankind both conforms to the basic laws of human social development revealed by historical materialism and aligns with the fundamental development trends of world modernization. It can be said that, under new historical conditions, the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind deepens and enriches the Marxist view of international relations, fundamentally putting an end to the once-prevalent colonialist law of the jungle, Cold War confrontation, and other types of zero-sum game rules in the world, replacing them with the basic concept of cooperation, mutual benefit, and win-win outcomes, along with corresponding basic rules in international interactions. Because the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind conforms to the justice concepts of modern society, the basic trends of human historical development, and the fundamental interests of all countries, given time, as the modernization of various countries and world modernization advance, this concept will inevitably be recognized by more and more countries engaged in modernization. It will thereby increasingly demonstrate its indispensable and significant role in promoting the development of human society and the sustainable, healthy advancement of world modernization.

改革开放以来，随着现代化建设实践的不断深入，随着人们对现代化建设认知水准的不断提升，中国逐渐形成了人类命运共同体理念。这是中国对世界现代化所做出的一个重大的原创性贡献。值得注意的是，人类命运共同体理念不是一个简单的、仅仅限于国与国之间外交层面的重大问题，而是一个关乎当今整个人类社会变迁也就是世界现代化如何整体化推进的重大问题。人类命运共同体理念既符合历史唯物主义所揭示的人类社会发展的基本规律，也顺应了世界现代化的基本发展趋势。可以说，在新的历史条件下，人类命运共同体理念深化和丰富了马克思主义的国际观，从根本上结束了世界上曾经盛行的殖民主义的丛林法则、冷战对峙以及其他类型的零和博弈的规则，代之以合作共赢、互惠互利的国际交往的基本理念以及相应的基本规则。由于人类命运共同体理念既符合现代社会的正义理念，符合人类历史发展的基本趋势，也符合各个国家的根本利益，所以，假以时日，随着各个国家现代化以及整个世界现代化的推进，人类命运共同体理念必定会为越来越多的进行现代化建设的国家所认同，进而对人类社会的发展，对世界现代化可持续、健康的推进，愈益显示出其不可或缺的重大促进意义。

I. Why the Concept of a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind Can Be Established

一、 人类命运共同体理念何以能够成立

In 2013, General Secretary Xi Jinping proposed the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind; subsequently, the basic content of this concept has been continuously enriched and developed. The so-called community with a shared future for mankind mainly refers to the idea that, against the backdrop of globalization, all countries should “promote the common values of all humanity—peace, development, fairness, justice, democracy, and freedom,” based on the reality that the fundamental interests of all countries are closely intertwined. Adopting the basic orientation of win-win cooperation, the basic attitude of openness and inclusiveness, and the basic path of multilateralism and peaceful development, while pursuing their own interests, countries should gradually promote positive interaction and common development, realizing the vision of shared prosperity for all countries. As General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out, “A community with a shared future for mankind, as the name suggests, means that the future and destiny of every nation and country are closely linked. We should share weal and woe, stand together through thick and thin, and strive to build the planet we call home into a big harmonious family, turning the people’s aspiration for a better life into reality.”

2013年，习近平总书记提出了人类命运共同体理念；之后，这一理念的基本内容又得以不断地丰富和发展。所谓人类命运共同体，主要是指在全球化的背景下，各个国家应当“弘扬和平、发展、公平、正义、民主、自由的全人类共同价值”,基于各个国家根本利益上休戚与共的现实状况，以合作共赢的基本取向，以开放包容的基本态度，以多边主义、和平发展的基本路径，在谋求本国利益的同时，逐步促进各个国家的良性互动、共同发展，实现各个国家共同繁荣的愿景。正如习近平总书记指出的那样，“人类命运共同体，顾名思义，就是每个民族、每个国家的前途命运都紧紧联系在一起，应该风雨同舟，荣辱与共，努力把我们生于斯、长于斯的这个星球建成一个和睦的大家庭，把世界各国人民对美好生活的向往变成现实。”

The concept of a community with a shared future for mankind has a solid historical and practical basis and can actively align with the major epochal background of world modernization.

人类命运共同体理念具有坚实的历史及现实的依据，能够积极顺应世界现代化这样一个大的时代背景。

First, it can actively align with the epochal trend of economic globalization.

第一，能够积极顺应经济全球化的时代潮流。

The basic principles of historical materialism reveal the most fundamental law of human social development: “Economic movement is the most powerful, the most primordial, and the most decisive.” [2]2 Source not identified in original; likely a paraphrase of globalization theorists. The development of the modern economy and the corresponding economic globalization are the fundamental reasons for the formation of the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind.

历史唯物主义的基本原理揭示了人类社会发展这样一个最为基础性的规律，这就是：“经济运动是最强有力的、最本原的、最有决定性的。”现代经济的发展以及相应的经济全球化是人类命运共同体理念得以形成的根本原因。

From the perspective of human historical development, the economic foundation of traditional society, which lasted for thousands of years, was a mutually isolated and enclosed agricultural economy, i.e., a natural economy. In stark contrast, the economic foundation of modern society is the modern economy. Modern large-scale industry and the market economy are the standard configuration of the modern economy. With the rise and development of modern large-scale industry and the market economy, economic globalization has become an inevitable historical trend. As Marx and Engels pointed out: “Thus big industry has brought all the peoples of the earth into relations with each other, has merged all the local markets into one world market.” [3]3 Xi Jinping, “Working Together to Forge a New Partnership of Win-win Cooperation and Create a Community of Shared Future for Mankind,” speech at the United Nations Office at Geneva, January 18, 2017.

从人类历史发展的高度看，以往延续了数千年的传统社会的经济基础是相互封闭隔绝的农耕经济亦即自然经济。与之截然不同的是，现代社会的经济基础则是现代经济。现代大工业和市场经济是现代经济的标准配置。而随着现代大工业以及市场经济的兴起和发展，经济全球化成为一种必然的历史潮流。正如马克思和恩格斯指出的那样：“这样，大工业便把世界各国人民互相联系起来，把所有地方性的小市场联合成为一个世界市场。”

Importantly, unlike in the past, against the epochal background of economic globalization driven jointly by modern large-scale industry and the market economy, although countries remain the basic units of survival and development, they are increasingly inseparable from mutual cooperation and dependence. “The self-sufficiency and seclusion of the old local and national groups have given way to a universal interdependence of nations in every sphere, in material as well as in intellectual production.” [4]4 Xi Jinping, “Secure a Decisive Victory in Building a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects and Strive for the Great Success of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era,” report to the 19th National Congress of the CPC, October 18, 2017. The deepening of economic globalization means that the inseparable economic exchange activities between countries are increasing, to the extent that any country detached from globalization cannot carry out its own modernization and ultimately has no future. Under such circumstances, the gradual formation of an “integrated world” and the corresponding concept of a “community with a shared future for mankind” undoubtedly becomes a historical necessity, and the significant positive impetus of this concept for world modernization will inevitably become increasingly prominent. “As a concept, globalization refers both to the intensification of the world and to the growing awareness of the world as a whole.” [5]5 Karl Marx, *Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844*. Thus, human society increasingly becomes a community with a shared future “organically” composed of various countries, and the degree to which countries “share a common destiny” or “are bound together” is constantly rising. In particular, the rise and development of the internet have boosted the process of globalization. “The internet has truly turned the world into a global village, making the international community an increasingly close-knit community with a shared future where you have me and I have you.” [6]6 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, *The Communist Manifesto* (1848). The development and popularization of the internet have greatly expanded and enhanced the space and convenience of economic exchanges between countries, forming economic interconnections where you have me and I have you. Additionally, the popularization of the internet has greatly enhanced the understanding and empathy of a country’s people for events occurring in other countries.

重要的是，与以往不同，在现代大工业和市场经济共同推动的经济全球化这样一个大的时代背景之下，虽然各个国家仍然是其生存和发展的基本单元，但各个国家之间愈益离不开相互间的合作和依赖。“过去那种地方的和民族的自给自足和闭关自守状态，被各民族的各方面的互相往来和各方面的互相依赖所代替了。物质的生产是如此，精神的生产也是如此。”经济全球化的日益加深意味着各个国家之间密不可分的经济交往活动日益增多，以至于任何一个国家脱离了全球化就无法进行自身的现代化建设，最终也就没有了其未来的前景。在这样的情形下，“整体化世界”以及与之相适应的“人类命运共同体”理念的逐渐形成无疑就成为一种历史的必然，而且人类命运共同体理念对于世界现代化的重大积极推动意义也必然会愈益凸显。“作为一个概念，全球化既指世界的集约化，同时又指世界整体性意识的日益强化。”于是，人类社会越来越成为一个由各个国家“有机”构成的命运共同体，各个国家“共命运”或“休戚与共”的程度在不断提高。特别是，互联网的兴起与发展助推了全球化进程。“互联网真正让世界变成了地球村，让国际社会越来越成为你中有我、我中有你的命运共同体。”互联网的发展和普及，大幅度拓展、增强了各个国家之间经济交往的空间和便捷性，形成你中有我我中有你的经济关联性。另外，互联网的普及还大幅度增强了一个国家民众对于其他国家所发生事情的了解和共情。

Second, it can actively align with the practical need for all countries to jointly address social risks.

第二，能够积极顺应各个国家必须共同应对社会风险的现实需要。

Compared with traditional agricultural society, in modern industrial society, social risk factors show a trend of increasing day by day. In traditional agricultural society based on the farming economy, although social risks existed, due to the relative simplicity and stability of farming economic activities, the social risks thus generated were also relatively few in type and relatively low in probability of occurrence. Modern society, however, is completely different. Modern society is full of uncertainty. Marx and Engels pointed out that under modern social conditions, “constant revolutionizing of production, uninterrupted disturbance of all social conditions, everlasting uncertainty and agitation.” [1]1 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, *The Communist Manifesto* (1848). Under the influence of modern large-scale industry and the market economy, vast quantities of social wealth are created. In order to sustain the trend of creating such vast social wealth, various production links are becoming increasingly complex, specialized, and integrated; at the same time, with the continuous transformation of science and technology, the production system is constantly being upgraded and iterated. Economic globalization makes the entire world economic system even more complex. “Contemporary globalization means a considerable increase in global complexity and density, including local complexity and density.” [2]2 Source not identified in original; likely a paraphrase of globalization theorists. Within such an extremely complex and constantly changing economic system, uncertainty abounds. If any one link changes, it will cause varying degrees of disharmony in the existing production and operation system, thereby creating a large number of social risks. In addition to economic risk factors, a large number of other types of multiple risk factors have also become a normal existence in today’s world. All these make modern society a risk-filled society. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, “Humanity is also in an era of emerging challenges and increasing risks.” [3]3 Xi Jinping, “Working Together to Forge a New Partnership of Win-win Cooperation and Create a Community of Shared Future for Mankind,” speech at the United Nations Office at Geneva, January 18, 2017. Moreover, under the conditions of deepening globalization and increasingly convenient transportation and information dissemination, the social risks of various countries show a situation of rapid expansion and rapid widespread transmission, while also showing a trend of mutual reinforcement and aggravation.

比之传统的农业社会，在现代的工业社会当中，社会风险因素呈现出日益增多的趋势。在以农耕经济为基础的传统农业社会，社会风险虽然存在，但由于农耕经济活动的相对简单性和稳定性，因而由此所产生的社会风险也相对来说种类较少，发生概率也相对较小。而现代社会则截然不同。现代社会充满了不确定性。马克思和恩格斯指出，在现代社会条件下，“生产的不断变革，一切社会状况不停的动荡，永远的不安定和变动”。在现代大工业和市场经济的作用下，巨量的社会财富被创造出来。为了维系这样一种巨量社会财富的创造趋势，各种生产环节呈现出日益复杂化、专业化、整合化的情状；同时，随着科学技术的不断变革，生产体系也在不断地升级迭代。而经济全球化使得整个世界的经济体系更为复杂。“当代全球化意味着全球复杂性和密集性，包括地方复杂性和密集性有了相当大的提高。”在这样一个极为复杂和不断变化的经济体系当中，充满了不确定性。其中的任何一个环节发生了变化，则会程度不同地导致已有生产运行体系的不恰，进而便会造成大量的社会风险。除了经济风险因素之外，还有大量其他类型的多种风险因素也成为当今世界的一种常态存在。凡此种种，使得现代社会成为一个充满风险的社会。习近平总书记指出，“人类也正处在一个挑战层出不穷、风险日益增多的时代。”而且，在全球化日益加深的时代条件下，在交通条件以及信息传播日益便捷的条件下，各个国家的社会风险呈现出迅速扩张和迅速广泛传递的情形，同时还呈现出相互加深加重的联动趋势。

No single country can effectively respond to such increasingly severe globalized risks alone; it must rely on the joint action of all countries. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, “No country can alone address the many challenges facing mankind.” [4]4 Xi Jinping, “Secure a Decisive Victory in Building a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects and Strive for the Great Success of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era,” report to the 19th National Congress of the CPC, October 18, 2017. Thus, the indispensable major significance of a community with a shared future for mankind is fully revealed.

对于这样一些日益加重的全球化风险的有效应对，任何一个国家都无法单独完成，都必须依靠各个国家的共同行动。习近平总书记指出，“没有哪个国家能够独自应对人类面临的各种挑战”。由此，人类命运共同体不可或缺的重大意义也就充分地显现出来。

Third, it can actively conform to the historical trend of harmonious coexistence between humanity and the ecological environment.

第三，能够积极顺应人与生态环境和谐共生的历史趋势。

The ecological environment is the most fundamental condition for the survival and development of human society. Marx pointed out, “Nature is man’s inorganic body—that is to say, nature insofar as it is not the human body. Man lives on nature.” [5]5 Karl Marx, *Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844*. Therefore, for the survival and development of human society itself, humanity must protect the ecological environment.

生态环境是人类社会得以生存和发展的最为基础性的条件。马克思指出，“自然界，就它自身不是人的身体而言，是人的无机的身体。人靠自然界生活”。所以，为了人类社会本身的生存和发展，人类必须保护好生态环境。

However, in the early stages of modernization, people did not fully recognize this. At that time, with the emergence of large-scale industry, humanity’s productive capacity achieved unprecedented liberation and development. “The bourgeoisie, during its rule of scarce one hundred years, has created more massive and more colossal productive forces than have all preceding generations together.” [6]6 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, *The Communist Manifesto* (1848). “What earlier century had even a presentiment that such productive forces slumbered in the lap of social labor?” [6]6 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, *The Communist Manifesto* (1848). Superficially, relying on the enormous productive forces of large-scale industry, human society’s ability to transform the world achieved unprecedented historical progress. But at the same time, due to a lack of reverence for and understanding of nature, people at that time engaged in situations of violating natural laws and arbitrarily “remolding nature,” thereby causing serious consequences. As Engels pointed out, “For each such victory, nature takes its revenge on us. Each victory, it is true, in the first place brings about the results we expected, but in the second and third places it has quite different, unforeseen effects which only too often cancel the first.” [7]7 Friedrich Engels, *Dialectics of Nature* (1883). Furthermore, at that time, capital had a powerful influence capable of dominating almost the entire society. According to its nature of infinite self-expansion, capital often ignored the public interest and expanded arbitrarily, thus inevitably destroying the harmony between humanity and nature. “Capital, due to its ‘principle of utility,’ inevitably views and understands nature in terms of usefulness, making it a tool; capital, due to its ‘principle of accumulation,’ determines that its use and destruction of nature are endless.” [8]8 Source not identified in original; likely a paraphrase of critical theory on capital and nature. Thus, the ecological environment on which human society depends for survival and development suffered severe damage. Some scholars point out, “Since 1750, humans have burned fossil fuels, releasing 100 billion tons of carbon into the atmosphere.” [9]9 Source not identified in original; likely a reference to cumulative carbon emissions data.

不过，在现代化早期阶段，人们并没有很好地认识到这一点。当时，随着大工业的出现，人类的生产能力获得了前所未有的解放和发展。“资产阶级在它不到一百年的阶级统治中所创造的生产力，比过去一切世代创造的全部生产力还要多，还要大。”“过去哪一个世纪料想到在社会劳动里蕴藏有这样的生产力呢?”外观上看，凭借着巨大的大工业生产力，人类社会改造世界的能力获得了前所未有的巨大历史进步。但在同时，由于缺乏对自然界的敬畏和认知，因而当时人们出现了违背自然规律，任意“改天换地”的情形，进而造成了严重的后果。正如恩格斯指出的那样，“对于每一次这样的胜利，自然界都对我们进行报复。每一次胜利，起初确实取得了我们预期的结果，但是往后和再往后却发生完全不同的、出乎预料的影响，常常把最初的结果又消除了”。再者，在当时，资本具有几乎能够左右整个社会的强大影响力，按照其自身无限增值的本性，资本经常无视公众的利益而任意扩张，因而不可避免地破坏了人与自然的和谐。“资本由于其‘效用原则’,必然在有用性的意义上看待和理解自然界，使之成为工具；资本由于其‘增殖原则’,决定了它对自然界的利用和破坏是无止境的。”由此，人类社会所赖以生存和发展的生态环境遭到严重的破坏。有学者指出，“自1750年以来，人类燃烧化石燃料，将1000亿吨的碳排放到大气中”。

It is obvious that no single country can effectively address such increasingly severe ecological and environmental damage alone. The problem of ecological and environmental damage is a serious issue that crosses borders and harms the vital interests of every country. This reminds people that on ecological and environmental issues, all countries are a community of shared destiny. Only by basing themselves on such a concept of a community of shared destiny and taking joint action can countries effectively address ecological and environmental issues.

显而易见，面对如此日益严重的生态环境破坏问题，任何一个国家都无法单独地予以有效应对。生态环境破坏问题是一个跨国界的、有损于每一个国家切身利益的严重问题。这就提醒人们，在生态环境问题上，各个国家是一个命运共同体。各个国家只有基于这样一种命运共同体的理念，采取共同的行动，方能有效地应对生态环境问题。

Since the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind can actively conform to the great historical trend of economic globalization, can actively conform to the need for all countries to jointly address social risks, and can actively conform to the common need for all countries to jointly address ecological and environmental issues, then this concept of a community with a shared future for mankind can be established and exert a positive and major impact on world modernization.

既然人类命运共同体理念能够积极顺应经济全球化的历史大潮流，能够积极顺应各个国家共同应对社会风险的需要，并且能够积极顺应各个国家共同应对生态环境问题的共同需求，那么，人类命运共同体这一理念便能够得以确立，并对世界现代化产生积极的重大影响。

II. The Concept of a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind Can Effectively Promote World Modernization

二、 人类命运共同体理念能够有效地推动世界现代化

Since the construction of world modernization is jointly participated in and promoted by various independent and equal countries, and each country together constitutes the subject of world modernization construction, under such a broad historical background, the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind will inevitably become a necessary prerequisite for each country’s modernization construction. Since this is the case, once countries identify with this concept and actively promote its growth, it will be conducive to the progress of world modernization; conversely, once some countries do not identify with this concept and hinder its growth, it will inevitably harm the progress of world modernization.

由于世界的现代化建设是由各个独立和平等的国家共同参与和推进的，各个国家共同构成了世界现代化建设的主体，所以，在这样一个大的时代背景下，人类命运共同体理念就必然会成为各个国家进行现代化建设的必要前提。既然如此，那么，一旦各个国家认同这一理念并积极推动这一理念的生长，就会有利于世界现代化的前行；相反，一旦有的国家不认同这一理念并妨碍这一理念的生长，则必然会有害于世界现代化的前行。

Overall, whether world modernization can be promoted sustainably and healthily depends crucially on how well world modernization performs on several major issues, namely: the state of world economic modernization promotion, the state of balanced promotion of world modernization, the state of harmonious coexistence between humanity and nature, and the state of the fair and reasonable international order necessary for world modernization. All of these are closely related to the growth of the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind and the corresponding state of practice.

从总体上看，世界现代化能否得以可持续、健康的推进，关键取决于世界现代化在这样几个重大问题上具体做得如何，即：世界经济现代化推进状况的如何、世界现代化平衡推进状况的如何、人与自然和谐共生状况的如何以及世界现代化所必需的公正合理国际秩序状况的如何。而这一切，均同人类命运共同体理念生长及相应实践状况息息相关。

First, the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind helps promote the economic modernization construction of the world.

第一，人类命运共同体理念有助于推动世界的经济现代化建设。

World economic modernization is undoubtedly the cornerstone for promoting world modernization as a whole. Economic modernization can provide a solid material foundation for world modernization as a whole. Without economic modernization, modernization in other aspects of the world cannot be achieved. And the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind precisely helps promote the sustainable and healthy advancement of world economic modernization.

世界经济现代化无疑是世界整体现代化得以推进的基石。经济现代化能够为世界整体上的现代化提供着坚实的物质基础。没有经济上的现代化，世界其他方方面面的现代化就不可能建成。而人类命运共同体理念恰恰有助于世界经济现代化可持续、健康的推进。

The concept of a community with a shared future for mankind helps to fully leverage the role of the world market, promote the free flow of production factors of various countries worldwide, and boost the in-depth development of economic globalization. Modern large-scale industry and the market economy are the standard configuration of the modern economy. The development of the modern economy increasingly relies on the necessary effective allocation of production factors of various countries through their free flow worldwide. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, “Both theory and practice prove that market allocation of resources is the most efficient form. The market determining the allocation of resources is the general law of the market economy; the market economy is essentially an economy where the market determines the allocation of resources.” [10]10 Xi Jinping, “Explanatory Speech on the ‘Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Several Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening Reform’” (November 9, 2013), in *Selected Readings of Xi Jinping’s Works*, Vol. 1 (Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 2023), p. 499. The concept of a community with a shared future for mankind stands from the height of the common destiny of various countries sharing weal and woe, cooperation and win-win, advocating the effective allocation of production factors through their free flow worldwide. “In today’s world, the people of all countries form a community with a shared future where their interests are intertwined. Markets, capital, resources, information, and talent are all highly globalized. Only when the world develops can all countries develop; only when all countries develop can the world develop.” [11]11 Xi Jinping, “Working Together to Build a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind” (January 18, 2017), in *Selected Readings of Xi Jinping’s Works*, Vol. 1 (Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 2023), p. 648. This concept and corresponding practices help relevant countries reduce their respective production costs and improve their respective production efficiency through fair competition, thereby enabling various countries to form effective economic divisions of labor worldwide and their corresponding comparative advantages. “A country (or an individual) can improve living standards and real income by specializing in producing those goods in which it has the highest productivity.” “In today’s world of complex production processes and large scale, this specialization is of course a trend.” [12]12 Paul Krugman, Maurice Obstfeld, and Marc Melitz, *International Economics: Theory and Policy*, 10th ed., trans. Ding Chunjiang et al. (Beijing: China Renmin University Press, 2016), p. 27. Looking further, the formation of economic comparative advantages in various countries helps to enhance each country’s own production efficiency and level of economic development, thereby helping to enhance the production efficiency of the entire world and promoting the development of modern productive forces worldwide.

人类命运共同体理念有助于充分发挥世界市场的作用，促进各个国家生产要素在世界范围内的自由流动，助推经济全球化的深入发展。现代大工业和市场经济是现代经济的标准配置。现代经济的发展，越来越离不开各个国家的生产要素通过在全世界范围内的自由流动来实现其必需的有效配置。习近平总书记指出，“理论和实践都证明，市场配置资源是最有效率的形式。市场决定资源配置是市场经济的一般规律，市场经济本质上就是市场决定资源配置的经济”。而人类命运共同体理念是站在各个国家休戚与共、合作共赢的共同命运高度，倡导生产要素通过在全世界范围内的自由流动来实现有效配置。“当今世界，各国人民是一个休戚与共的命运共同体。市场、资金、资源、信息、人才等等都是高度全球化的，只有世界发展，各国才能发展；只有各国发展，世界才能发展。”这种理念及相应的作法，有利于相关的国家通过公平竞争，降低各自生产成本，提升各自生产效率，从而使得各个国家形成世界范围内有效的经济分工以及各自相应的比较优势。“一国(或一个人)可以通过专门生产那些自己拥有最高生产率的商品提高生活水平和实际收入。”“在今天的生产工艺复杂、规模庞大的世界里，这种专业化当然是一种趋向。”进一步看，各个国家经济比较优势的形成，有助于提升各个国家自身的生产效率和经济发展的水准，进而有助于提升整个世界的生产效率，促进整个世界现代生产力的发展。

The concept of a community with a shared future for mankind also helps to form benign economic interactions among various countries, preventing or weakening malignant economic interactions and zero-sum games between them. There is no doubt that, against the backdrop of economic globalization, fierce economic competition among various countries will inevitably become widespread. It is noteworthy that not all competitive behaviors are benign and fair. To ensure the fairness of economic competition worldwide, the international community has specifically established international institutions such as the World Trade Organization and formulated corresponding rule systems to regulate the market competition behaviors of member states and handle corresponding economic disputes. Nevertheless, when interacting with other countries, some countries, relying on their own strong economic and capital strength, adhere to the law of the jungle and the concept of the strong preying on the weak, destroying the rule system of fair competition to expand their own economic interests and arbitrarily harming the reasonable economic interests of other countries. The negative effect of such practices on the modernization of the world economy is that they suppress and hinder the development of production potential and creativity in many countries, preventing the world economy from being properly advanced in its modernization. In particular, for developing countries with relatively backward development levels, this negative impact is especially significant. “If the monetary policies of major economies make ‘sharp turns’ or ‘sudden reversals,’ they will produce severe negative spillover effects, posing challenges to world economic and financial stability, and developing countries will bear the brunt.” [13]13 Xi Jinping, “Keeping Abreast of the Trend of the Times and Jointly Promoting the Well-being of People of All Countries” (September 21, 2021), in *Selected Readings of Xi Jinping’s Works*, Vol. 4 (Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 2023), p. 537.

人类命运共同体理念还有助于形成各个国家在经济上形成良性互动，防止或减弱各个国家之间在经济上的恶性互动与零和博弈。毫无疑问，在经济全球化的时代背景下，各个国家在经济上必然会普遍出现相互激烈竞争的情形。值得注意的是，并非所有的竞争行为均是良性、公平的。为了确保世界范围内经济竞争的公平性，国际社会专门成立了世界贸易组织等国际机构，并制定了相应的规则体系，用以规范成员国的市场竞争行为，处理相应的经济纠纷。尽管如此，有的国家在与别的国家交往时，凭借自身强大的经济及资本实力，秉承丛林法则、弱肉强食的理念，为了扩张本国的经济利益而破坏公平竞争的规则体系，任意损害他国合理的经济利益。类似作法对于世界经济现代化的负面效应在于，它会抑制、阻碍不少国家生产潜能和创造力的开发，使得世界经济现代化得不到应有的推进。特别是，对于发展水准较为落后的发展中国家来说，这种负面影响尤其显著。“如果主要经济体货币政策‘急刹车’或‘急转弯’,将产生严重负面外溢效应，给世界经济和金融稳定带来挑战，广大发展中国家将首当其冲。”

In contrast, the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind emphasizes that economic interactions between countries should follow the market economy principles of fair competition, discard the previous law-of-the-jungle rules of interaction or other types of zero-sum games among countries, and achieve benign interactions of economic interests among countries through mutual benefit, cooperation, and win-win outcomes. This concept and corresponding practices not only help to fully tap the potential of each country’s economic modernization but also effectively promote the integrated development of world modernization. For example, China has adopted precisely this approach, which has enabled it to demonstrate strong resilience and development momentum in recent years, despite suffering relentless suppression and blockades from the United States in the economic sphere. Based on the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind, China upholds the basic principles of fair competition, cooperation, and win-win outcomes in its economic interactions with other countries worldwide, actively promotes its own economic exchanges with other countries, and actively safeguards the rule system of the World Trade Organization. Consequently, its economy has achieved important accomplishments in sustainable and healthy development. From 2018 to 2023, China’s gross domestic product increased from 919,281.1 billion yuan to 1,260,582.1 billion yuan; China’s total import and export of goods increased from 4,622.44 billion US dollars to 5,935.98 billion US dollars. [14]14 National Bureau of Statistics of China, *China Statistical Yearbook 2024* (Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2024), pp. 4, 11. At the same time, this approach has also promoted the economic modernization of many countries with close economic ties to China, such as countries along the Belt and Road Initiative, thereby advancing the development of world modernization. In other words, the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind and corresponding actions have enabled the modernization of many countries to develop in sync with world modernization, boosting the common prosperity of various countries. This situation demonstrates the immense vitality of the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind.

相比之下，人类命运共同体理念则是强调各个国家之间的经济交往理应遵循公平竞争的市场经济准则，摒弃各个国家之间以往丛林法则的交往规则或其他类型的零和博弈方式，以互惠互利、合作共赢的方式，实现各个国家经济利益上的良性互动。这种理念和相应的作法，不仅有助于充分开发每一个国家经济现代化建设的潜能，而且能够有效地促进世界现代化的整体化发展。例如，中国正是采取这种作法，使得自己近年来虽然在经济上遭受了美国的无底线打压和封杀，但仍然表现出强大的韧性和发展势头。中国正是基于人类命运共同体理念，在世界范围内秉持公平竞争、合作共赢的基本准则，积极推动自己与其他国家的经济交往，积极维护世贸组织的规则体系，因而其经济取得了可持续、健康发展的重要成就。2018—2023年，中国的国内生产总值从919281.1亿元人民币增至1260582.1亿元人民币；中国的货物进出口总额从46224.4亿美元增至59359.8亿美元。同时，这种作法也促进了许多与中国有着密切经济交往的国家如“一带一路”沿线国家的经济现代化建设，进而促进了世界现代化的发展。换言之，人类命运共同体的理念和相应行为，使得许多国家的现代化与世界的现代化实现了同步发展，助推了各个国家的共同繁荣。这种情形显示了人类命运共同体理念的巨大生命力。

Second, the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind helps to promote the balanced advancement of world modernization.

第二，人类命运共同体理念有助于世界现代化的平衡推进。

The balanced advancement of world modernization is a matter of paramount importance. It is not only a major issue concerning how many countries and how many people in human society can benefit from modernization, nor only a major issue concerning the extent to which the people-centered basic concept can be realized worldwide, but also a major issue concerning whether each country’s modernization can develop “normally” and the extent to which its potential can be activated and released. In a word, whether balanced advancement can be achieved is a major issue concerning whether world modernization can be advanced sustainably and healthily.

世界现代化的平衡推进是一件至关重要的事情。它不仅是事关人类社会当中有多少国家、多少人能够从现代化当中受益的重大问题，是事关以人为本的基本理念在世界范围内在多大程度能够实现的重大问题，而且也是事关每一个国家的现代化能否得到“正常”发展，其潜能在多大程度上能够被激活释放出来的重大问题。一言以蔽之，能否得以平衡推进，是一个事关世界现代化能否得以可持续、健康推进的重大问题。

After the Second World War, as a large number of former colonial and semi-colonial countries successively achieved national independence, and as the process of economic globalization advanced rapidly, most developing countries initiated their own modernization construction, causing tremendous changes in the world map of modernization. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, “The collective rise of emerging market and developing countries, represented by the BRICS countries, is fundamentally changing the world map. Emerging market and developing countries have contributed as much as 80% to world economic growth over the past 20 years, and their share of global GDP has increased from 24% to over 40% over the past 40 years.” [15]15 Xi Jinping, “Joining Hands to Advance Modernization and Create a Bright Future Together” (August 23, 2023), *People’s Daily*, August 24, 2023. This is a major event in the process of world modernization and a significant progress for human society. The great significance of this event lies not only in the change of the world modernization map but also in the fact that the long-standing situation where Western developed countries dominated world modernization has come to an end. Many developing countries that were formerly colonies or semi-colonies, with the development of their own modernization, have begun to play an important role in world modernization and gradually possess a certain degree of discourse power. “The rise of China, India, Brazil, South Korea, and many other developing countries not only represents a huge shift in the balance of economic power but also carries broader implications. Economic prosperity helps these countries enhance their self-confidence and also prompts them to display their political and cultural values on a broader stage.” [16]16 Joseph S. Nye Jr., *The Future of Power*, trans. Wang Jimei (Beijing: China Citic Press, 2011), p. 196.

第二次世界大战之后，随着大量原殖民地半殖民地国家陆续实现了民族独立，随着经济全球化进程的迅速推进，大多数发展中国家开启了自身的现代化建设，使得现代化的世界版图发生了巨大的变化。习近平总书记指出，“以金砖国家为代表的新兴市场国家和发展中国家群体性崛起，正在从根本上改变世界版图。新兴市场国家和发展中国家过去20年对世界经济增长的贡献率高达80%,过去40年国内生产总值的全球占比从24%增至40%以上”。这是世界现代化进程当中的一件大事情，是人类社会的一次重大进步。这一事情的重大意义不仅在于世界现代化版图的改变，还在于多年来一直由西方发达国家主导世界现代化的局面宣告结束，许多原来属于殖民地半殖民地的发展中国家随着其自身现代化建设的发展，它们在世界现代化当中开始扮演重要角色，逐渐拥有了一定的话语权。“中国、印度、巴西、韩国和其他许多发展中国家的崛起，不仅代表着一种经济力量均势的巨大转变，同时还包含了更广泛的寓意。经济的繁荣有助于这些国家增强自信心，也促使其在更为广阔的舞台展示其政治和文化价值观。”

However, it should be noted that while many developing countries have made important progress in their modernization construction and the world modernization map has undergone tremendous changes, the problem of unbalanced development in the process of world modernization has never been well resolved, and this imbalance has become more pronounced in recent years.

但应当看到的是，在许多发展中国家现代化建设取得重要进展以及世界现代化版图发生巨大变化的同时，世界现代化进程当中不平衡发展问题一直没有得到很好的解决，并且，这种不平衡现象在近年来表现得比较明显。

Clearly, only by basing oneself on the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind and corresponding actions can one effectively resolve, or at least alleviate, the phenomenon of unbalanced advancement in world modernization. If, based on the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind, all countries are regarded as members of this community, and as equal members, then each country will inevitably base itself on the idea of common development with other countries, interacting through mutually beneficial, win-win, and cooperative modes of behavior. Furthermore, developed countries should provide necessary support within their capacity to developing countries, in order to promote the balanced advancement of world modernization. An obvious fact is that the continuous elevation of the modernization level of developing countries contributes to the overall security and integrated advancement of world modernization. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, “It should be recognized that when developing countries develop, the entire world will have a more solid foundation for prosperity and stability, and developed countries will also benefit from it. The international community should take a long-term view, fulfill its commitments, provide necessary support for the development of developing countries, safeguard their legitimate rights and interests in development, promote equality of rights, opportunities, and rules, and enable people of all countries to share development opportunities and achievements.” [17]17 Xi Jinping, “Working Together to Build a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind” (January 18, 2017), in Xi Jinping: The Governance of China, Vol.

显然，只有基于人类命运共同体的理念以及相应的行为，方能有效地解决至少是缓解世界现代化当中的不平衡推进现象。如果基于人类命运共同体的理念，将各个国家均视为人类命运共同体当中的成员，而且都是平等的一员，那么，各个国家就必然会立足于同其他国家共同发展的思路，以互惠互利、合作共赢的行为方式进行交往。再者，发达国家对于发展中国家应当进行力所能及的必要支持，以助推世界现代化的平衡推进。一个明显的事实是，发展中国家现代化水准的不断提升，有助于世界现代化整体上的安全和整体化的推进。习近平总书记指出，“应该看到，发展中国家发展起来了，整个世界繁荣稳定就会有更加坚实的基础，发达国家也将从中受益。国际社会应该着眼长远、落实承诺，为发展中国家发展提供必要支持，保障发展中国家正当发展权益，促进权利平等、机会平等、规则平等，让各国人民共享发展机遇和成果”。

Third, the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind is conducive to the formation of a state of harmonious coexistence between humanity and nature.

第三，人类命运共同体理念有助于人与自然和谐共生状态的形成。

The ecological environment is a fundamental condition for the healthy and sustainable advancement of world modernization. “Only by following the laws of nature can humanity effectively avoid detours in exploiting and utilizing nature; harm done by humanity to nature will ultimately harm humanity itself—this is an irresistible law.” [18]18 “反全球化” (anti-globalization) refers to a political and social movement opposing the perceived negative effects of global economic integration, such as inequality and loss of national sovereignty, which gained prominence in the late 1990s and has seen a resurgence in recent years. The increasing destruction of the ecological environment is not only a problem that increasingly and severely affects the modernization construction of each country itself, but also a major unavoidable problem with increasingly cross-border negative impacts. At the same time, it should be recognized that in addressing the problem of ecological destruction, no single country can either cope alone or stand aloof and remain unharmed; thus, it requires the joint efforts and close cooperation of all countries. Clearly, on such a major issue, the common interests among countries are relatively more evident. Therefore, compared with other issues, it is relatively easier for countries to form a certain consensus on ecological and environmental issues, and relatively easier to take some relatively consistent actions to varying degrees.

生态环境是世界现代化建设赖以健康、可持续推进的基础性条件。“人类只有遵循自然规律才能有效防止在开发利用自然上走弯路，人类对大自然的伤害最终会伤及人类自身，这是无法抗拒的规律。”生态环境日益遭受破坏这一现象，不仅是一个日益严重影响到各个国家自身现代化建设的问题，而且还是一个越来越具有跨国界负面影响的无法回避的重大问题。同时应当看到，在应对生态环境破坏问题上，任何一个国家都是既难以单独应对，也不可能置身于事外而独善其身，因而需要各个国家的共同努力、密切合作。显然，在这样一个重大问题上，各个国家之间的共同利益相对来说更加明显，因而比之其他问题，各个国家在生态环境问题上相对来说更加容易形成一定的共识，更加容易程度不同地采取一些相对一致的行动。

Beginning in the 1970s, marked by the discussion on sustainable development initiated by the civil academic organization the Club of Rome, the international community gradually began to pay attention to ecological and environmental issues. In the 1990s, the United Nations formally began to intervene in the protection of the ecological environment. In 1992, the United Nations adopted the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which has a certain binding force on participating countries and was signed by heads of state or government. Subsequently, a series of agreements for its specific implementation were supplemented and adopted, such as the Kyoto Protocol, the Copenhagen Accord, and the Paris Agreement. It can be said that, constrained and urged by international agreements such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, most countries have participated to varying degrees in the major undertaking of ecological and environmental governance, causing the world’s ecological and environmental problems to begin to receive widespread attention and be improved to varying degrees. Thus, a community with a shared future for mankind characterized by harmonious coexistence between humanity and nature has begun to take initial shape.

自20世纪70年代开始，以民间学术团体罗马俱乐部引发的关于可持续发展的讨论为标志，国际社会开始逐渐重视生态环境问题。20世纪90年代联合国开始正式介入生态环境的保护问题。1992年，联合国通过了对于参与国具有一定约束力的、由各国政府首脑签署的《联合国气候变化框架公约》。之后，又相继对之进行补充并通过了用于具体落实的一系列协定，如《京都议定书》《哥本哈根议定书》《巴黎协定》等。可以说，以《联合国气候变化框架公约》等国际协议为约束和督促，大多数国家程度不同地参与到生态环境治理这一重大事情当中，使得世界生态环境问题开始受到广泛重视并程度不同地得以改善。由此，人与自然和谐共生的命运共同体开始初步显现。

However, the degree of participation and fulfillment of related commitments by various countries regarding the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is not entirely consistent, and the overall intensity is still insufficient. The United States, out of its own selfish interests, has withdrawn from this convention twice. [19]19 “逆全球化” (deglobalization) denotes the process of diminishing interdependence and integration between nations, often manifested through protectionist trade policies, withdrawal from international agreements, and a retreat from multilateral cooperation. In the long run, these actions have had some adverse effects on the advancement of building a community with a shared future for mankind between humanity and nature, which is beneficial to all countries.

不过，各个国家对《联合国气候变化框架公约》的参与及履行相关承诺的程度不尽一致，而且总体上的力度还不够。美国则是出于一己私利而两度退出这一公约。长远看，这些行为使得对各个国家原本都有益处的人与自然和谐共生的人类命运共同体建设的推进受到一些不利的影响。

On the construction of a community with a shared future for mankind concerning the harmonious coexistence of humanity and nature, China can be said to be the most responsible, most trustworthy, and largest investor among major countries. From a cognitive perspective, China elevates modern ecological civilization construction to the height of a community with a shared future for mankind. From the perspective of action logic, China’s ecological civilization construction exhibits a strong practical quality. Since 2012, China has listed ecological construction as one of the “five major tasks” [20]20 Xi Jinping, “Working Together to Forge a New Partnership of Win-Win Cooperation and Create a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind,” speech at the 2015 United Nations Summit on Sustainable Development, September 26, 2015. of Chinese-path modernization, formulated short-term, medium-term, and long-term action plans, implemented them with the state’s strong mobilization and organizational capacity, and used the strictest and most rigorous rule of law to protect the ecological environment. Thanks to scientific cognition and efficient action, China’s ecological and environmental governance has achieved universally recognized great successes. It can be said that, from a global perspective, China has gradually transformed from a “follower” in ecological and environmental governance to a “leader.”

在事关人与自然和谐共生的人类命运共同体建设上，中国可以说是最为负责、最讲信用、投入最大的大国。从认知的维度看，中国将现代生态文明建设上升到人类命运共同体的高度来看待。从行动逻辑的维度看，中国的生态文明建设呈现出强烈的实践性品质。2012年以来，中国将生态建设列为中国式现代化建设的“五大任务”之一，并制定了近期、中期、远期的行动规划，以国家强大的动员和组织能力予以实施，并用最严格、最严密的法治来保护生态环境。得益于认知上的科学以及行为上的高效，中国的生态环境治理取得了举世公认的巨大成就。可以说，从世界范围看，中国已经从生态环境治理的“跟跑者”逐渐变为“领跑者”。

Fourth, the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind is conducive to forming a fair, reasonable, and secure international order.

第四，人类命运共同体理念有助于形成一个公正合理、安全的国际秩序。

It should be recognized that whether it is the sustainable and healthy advancement of world economic modernization, the balanced advancement of world modernization, or the formation of a state of coexistence between humanity and nature, all require a corresponding fair and reasonable international order based on the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind, and the peaceful situation thus formed, to guarantee them. If the world lacks even a basic peaceful situation, the normal modernization construction of any country and world modernization as a whole would be impossible.

应当看到，无论是世界经济现代化建设可持续且健康的推进、世界现代化的平衡推进，还是人与自然的共生状态的形成，都需要有一个相应的基于人类命运共同体理念而建立起来的公平合理的国际秩序以及由此所形成的和平局面来予以保证。如果世界没有一个起码的和平局面，任何一个国家正常的现代化建设以及世界现代化建设均无从谈起。

Although the existing international order appears to have many problems, even serious problems, that have already affected the world’s peaceful situation, it should be recognized that the increasing and expanding fairness component within the international order has become a historical trend. Historically, with the progress of modern human civilization and the emergence and universalization of modern concepts of freedom, equality, and justice, the elimination of national oppression has long become an inevitable historical trend. Engels pointed out, “The elimination of national oppression is a basic condition for all healthy and free development.” [21]21 Xi Jinping, “Keeping Abreast of the Trend of the Times and Every country has equal sovereignty and equal rights to development, which no country can deprive on any grounds. From the perspective of the international order, over the past several hundred years, especially since the end of World War II to the present, the consciousness of national equality and national sovereignty within the global scope has gradually taken shape and taken root in people’s hearts. First, chronologically, from the 17th century to the present, anti-oppression, anti-slavery national independence activities have not ceased as a historical trend, but have been advancing continuously. Second, geographically, the consciousness of national sovereignty and national self-determination has gradually expanded to a broader, even global, scope. Marked by the Peace of Westphalia in the 17th century, some European countries possessed, to a certain extent, an independent consciousness of national sovereignty and corresponding rule systems. However, this situation involved only a small number of countries. Subsequent national liberation movements, such as the American War of Independence and the Latin American wars of independence, began to involve more countries. In particular, the national liberation movements that emerged after the end of World War II enabled more than one hundred countries to gain independence, completely dismantling the original colonial system. Third, in terms of content, the demands of national equality and national sovereignty consciousness have become increasingly profound and rich, expanding from respect for national sovereignty and territorial integrity to independent economic development, multilateralism, cultural inclusiveness, opposition to racial discrimination, etc., with their extension continuously broadening.

尽管现有的国际秩序看来存在许多问题，甚至是存在许多严重的问题，已经影响到世界的和平局面，但应当看到的是，国际秩序当中的公平性成分在不断地增加和扩大已经成为一种历史趋势。历史地看，伴随着人类现代文明的进步，随着现代意义上的自由、平等、公正理念的出现和普遍化，消除民族压迫早已成为一种历史的必然趋势。恩格斯指出，“排除民族压迫是一切健康而自由的发展的基本条件”。每一个国家都有平等的主权、平等的发展权利，任何国家都不能以任何理由予以剥夺。从国际秩序的维度看，数百年以来。特别是自第二次世界大战结束后至今，世界范围当中的民族平等、国家主权意识开始逐渐形成并深入人心。其一，从时间上看，从17世纪到现在，反压迫、反奴役的民族独立活动作为一种历史的趋势没有停止过，一直在向前推进。其二，从地理空间上看，国家主权意识、民族自决意识逐渐扩展至更为广阔的、乃至整个世界的范围。以17世纪的《威斯特伐利亚和约》为标志，欧洲一些国家在一定程度上具有了独立的国家主权意识以及相应的规则体系。但是，这种情形只是涉及一小部分国家。之后的北美独立战争、拉美独立革命等民族解放运动开始涉及更多的国家。特别是，第二次世界大战结束之后开始兴起的民族解放运动更是让一百多个国家获得了独立，原殖民主义体系被彻底瓦解。其三，从内容上看，民族平等、国家主权意识的诉求越来越深入和丰富，从尊重国家主权以及领土完整，到经济自主发展、多边主义、文化包容、反对种族歧视等，其外延在不断扩大。

Regarding the historical progress of the international order, General Secretary Xi Jinping made this precise summary: “Looking at modern history, the establishment of a fair and reasonable international order has been a goal tirelessly pursued by humanity. From the principles of equality and sovereignty established by the Peace of Westphalia over 360 years ago, to the international humanitarian spirit established by the Geneva Conventions over 150 years ago; from the four purposes and seven principles clearly defined by the UN Charter over 70 years ago, to the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence advocated by the Bandung Conference over 60 years ago, the evolution of international relations has accumulated a series of universally recognized principles. These principles should serve as the basic guidelines for building a community with a shared future for mankind.” [22]

对于国际秩序的历史进步脉络，习近平总书记作了这样的精当概括：“纵观近代以来的历史，建立公正合理的国际秩序是人类孜孜以求的目标。从三百六十多年前《威斯特伐利亚和约》确立的平等和主权原则，到一百五十多年前日内瓦公约确立的国际人道主义精神；从七十多年前联合国宪章明确的四大宗旨和七项原则，到六十多年前万隆会议倡导的和平共处五项原则，国际关系演变积累了一系列公认的原则。这些原则应该成为构建人类命运共同体的基本遵循。”

Clearly, national equality and the principle of sovereignty, the spirit of international humanitarianism, the basic purposes and principles of the United Nations, and the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence constitute the foundational content of the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind. At the same time, it should also be noted that the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind represents a further refinement, deepening, and upgrading of the aforementioned foundational content. The reason is simple. That is, if the aforementioned purposes and principles emphasize that each country restrains its own behavior to safeguard national sovereignty and equality and to maintain peaceful coexistence among countries, thereby pursuing a "negative" sense of "coexistence" among states, then the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind emphasizes that each country actively pursues the goal of "shared prosperity" in a "positive" sense. Based on the ideas of a shared destiny of weal and woe, win-win cooperation, mutual benefit, and corresponding actions, the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind seeks to align the interests of all countries, eliminate intense confrontation between countries, especially major powers; and through necessary cooperation, jointly address various global risks that no single country can handle alone. All of this helps to achieve the "positive" sense of active "common development" and "shared prosperity" among countries. Undoubtedly, all this contributes to the formation of a just and reasonable international order, to the creation of a peaceful world situation, and thereby provides the necessary guarantee for the sustainable and healthy advancement of world modernization.

显然，国家平等和主权原则、国际人道主义精神、联合国基本宗旨和基本原则以及和平共处五项原则是人类命运共同体理念的基础性内容。同时还应看到的是，人类命运共同体理念又是对于前述基础性内容的进一步完善、深化及升级。理由很简单。这就是，如果说前述宗旨和原则强调的是通过各个国家约束各自的行为，来维护国家的主权和平等，维护国家与国家之间相安无事，因而是一种追求“消极”意义上的各个国家“共存”局面的话，那么，人类命运共同体强调的则是各个国家在“积极”意义上主动追求“共同繁荣”的目标。人类命运共同体理念基于休戚与共的共同命运、合作共赢、互惠互利的理念及相应的行为，来实现各个国家利益上的相向而行，消除国家之间尤其是大国之间的激烈对抗；通过必需的合作来共同应对单靠任何一个国家所无法应对种种世界范围内的风险。凡此种种，有助于求得各个国家“积极”意义上主动的“共同发展”和“共同繁荣”。这一切，无疑会有助于公正合理的国际秩序的形成，有助于世界和平局面的形成，进而能够为世界现代化可持续、健康的推进提供必要的保障。

III. Actively Promoting the Building of a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind

三、 积极推动人类命运共同体的建设

Since the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind has an indispensable and significant role in promoting world modernization and is also beneficial to the modernization construction of each country, all countries should therefore identify with this concept and jointly promote the sustainable and healthy development of world modernization. Otherwise, it will not only have a serious negative impact on a country's own modernization construction but also adversely affect the smooth progress of the world modernization process.

既然人类命运共同体理念对于世界现代化有着不可或缺的重大推动意义，又有利于各个国家现代化建设，那么，各个国家就理应认同这一理念，以此共同推动世界现代化可持续、健康的发展。否则，不仅会对本国的现代化建设产生严重的负面影响，也会对世界现代化进程的顺利推进产生不利影响。

To effectively advance the building of a community with a shared future for mankind, each country should at least focus on doing the following things well.

就有效推进人类命运共同体建设而言，各个国家至少应当着重做好以下几个方面的事情。

First, be mentally prepared for long-term efforts.

第一，做好长期努力的心理准备。

There is no doubt that the formation and development of a community with a shared future for mankind is the trend of the world, and the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind represents the correct direction of human history. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "The historical trend of peace, development

毋庸置疑，人类命运共同体的形成和发展是世界大势之所在，人类命运共同体理念代表着人类历史前行的正确方向。习近平总书记指出：“和平、发展、合作、共赢的历史潮流不可阻挡，人心所向、大势所趋决定了人类前途终归光明。”相应的，只有基于人类命运共同体的理念，世界现代化方能得以可持续、健康的推进。

Although the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind represents the general trend of human historical development, we must also see the other side of the issue: the formation of a community with a shared future for mankind must undergo a long and difficult historical process. As General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out, “We must fully estimate the complexity of the evolution and transformation of the international landscape,” “we must fully estimate the sharpness of international contradictions and struggles,” and “the noble cause of promoting human peace and development remains an arduous and long-term task.”

尽管人类命运共同体理念代表着人类历史发展的大势，但同时应当看到问题的另一方面，即：人类命运共同体的形成要经历一个漫长、艰难的历史过程。正如习近平总书记指出的那样，“要充分估计国际格局发展演变的复杂性”,“要充分估计国际矛盾和斗争的尖锐性”,“推进人类和平与发展的崇高事业依然任重而道远”。

The unfavorable factors affecting the formation of a community with a shared future for mankind are diverse. Among them, the following several unfavorable factors are particularly prominent. First, there is no unified “government” institution in the international community that can be commonly recognized by all countries, similar to those existing within states. Although many international organizations exist in the international community, in many cases these international organizations lack the “authoritative” coercive enforcement power that the government institutions of various countries have over their respective states. Consequently, individual countries often bypass the constraints of international organizations and act according to their own specific interests. Under such circumstances, some countries with stronger economic and military power, especially developed hegemonic countries, are accustomed to handling international disputes and conflicts in their long-standing unjust manner of the strong bullying the weak, in order to expand their own selfish interests. Objectively speaking, this situation undoubtedly hinders the formation of an integrated community with a shared future for mankind. For example, the United States frequently uses its strong dollar hegemony, technological monopoly, and military hegemony to treat other countries, even leading to the emergence of an “anti-globalization” backlash in the international arena in recent years. At certain periods, this situation can impede the construction of a community with a shared future for mankind. Second, the mutual cultural adaptation and cultural integration between different countries or ethnic groups require a very long historical period. The traditional cultures of various countries or ethnic groups have been formed over a very long historical period and therefore possess relatively strong characteristics; moreover, the traditional cultures of some countries or ethnic groups include certain deeply ingrained irrational elements. If economic exchange and integration between countries are relatively easier, then their mutual cultural exchange and integration are much more difficult. In other words, countries or ethnic groups are more prone to generating friction or even conflict in cultural matters. “Cognitions based on cultural traditions are very difficult to completely change in a short period of time, and it is almost impossible for them to converge, thus leading to extremely complex and diverse situations in the interest demands of different countries, and further causing the chain of interaction between countries to suddenly break under certain conditions.” In the long run, this will have an adverse impact on the formation of a community with a shared future for mankind. Third, the various disputes, contradictions, and conflicts between countries are often intricately intertwined. Once serious obstacles arise in interactions between countries, they will inevitably trigger contradictions and conflicts, hindering the formation and development of a community with a shared future for mankind. For instance, globalization itself sometimes brings about a widening of the wealth gap between countries. “Globalization does not develop in a fair manner, and the results it brings are by no means entirely benign.” This phenomenon inevitably exacerbates some disputes and conflicts between countries. Moreover, certain latent interest demands of some countries may suddenly become prominent with the help of some unpredictable sudden economic crisis or public crisis event, causing a “backlash” or “countercurrent” of “deglobalization,” which at certain periods will seriously impede the construction of a community with a shared future for mankind. In short, the existence of the aforementioned various situations inevitably hinders the smooth growth of a community with a shared future for mankind.

影响人类命运共同体形成的不利因素多种多样。其中，如是几种不利因素尤为凸显。其一，国际社会上并没有一个统一的、能够被各个国家共同认可的、类似于国家内部所拥有的“政府”机构。在国际社会，虽然存在许多国际组织，但这些国际组织在很多情况下，缺少像各个国家政府机构对于各自国家那样所具有的“权威”强制执行力。于是，各个国家经常能够避开国际组织的约束而按照自己特定的利益诉求各行其是。在这样的情形下，一些经济实力、军事实力较强的国家特别是一些发达的霸权主义国家习惯于按照自己由来已久的恃强凌弱的不公正方式来处理国际上的矛盾纠纷，以扩张自身的一己私利。客观上看，这种情形无疑会阻碍着人类整体化命运共同体的形成。比如，美国就是经常利用自身强势的美元霸权、科技垄断、军事霸权来对待其他国家，以至于造成近年来国际上出现“反全球化”的逆流。在某个时期，这种情形会妨碍人类命运共同体的建设。其二，不同国家或族群相互间的文化适应以及文化融合需要经历一个很长的历史时期。各个国家或族群的传统文化是在经历了一个很长的历史时期方得以形成的，因而有着比较强固的特性；而且，在一些国家或族群的传统文化当中，还包括了某些根深蒂固的非理性成分。如果说各个国家在经济上的交流与融合相对来说还容易一些的话，那么它们在文化上的相互交流与融合的难度则相对大得多。换言之，各个国家或族群在文化上相对来说更容易生成一些抵触甚至是冲突。“基于文化传统的认知在短时间当中是很难彻底改变的，几乎不可能趋同，由此也就导致不同的国家在利益诉求上极为复杂多样的状况，进而导致国家之间的交往链条在某种条件下会忽然出现断裂的情形。”长远看，这就会对人类命运共同体的形成构成不利的影响。其三，各个国家之间各种各样的纠纷和矛盾冲突经常是错综复杂地交织在一起。而国家与国家之间的交往一旦出现严重的障碍，则不可避免地会引发矛盾冲突，阻碍着人类命运共同体的形成和发展。比如，全球化本身有时会带来各个国家贫富差距扩大的情形。“全球化并不以公平的方式发展，而且它所带来的结果绝对不是完全良性的。”这种现象难免会加重国家与国家之间的一些矛盾纠纷。况且，一些国家原本潜在的某些利益诉求会借助于某种难以预料的突发性经济危机或公共危机事件，有可能会忽然凸显起来，并造成某种“逆全球化”的“回潮”“逆流”现象，在某个时期会严重阻碍人类命运共同体的建设。总之，前述种种情形的存在，不可避免地会妨碍人类命运共同体的顺利生长。

Second, actively promote the construction of the entire community with a shared future for mankind through the construction of an economic community with a shared future and the joint response to social risks.

第二，以经济命运共同体的建设以及对社会风险的共同应对积极推动整个人类命运共同体的建设。

For any country, economic interests are the most fundamental, basic, and long-term major matter. It should be acknowledged that the development of an economic community with a shared future among various countries is not a sufficient condition for the formation and development of an integrated community with a shared future for mankind; the degree of development of an economic community with a shared future among various countries does not necessarily naturally bring about a corresponding degree of development of the entire community with a shared future for mankind. Nevertheless, there is no doubt that, against the backdrop of economic globalization, the construction of an economic community with a shared future among various countries is the foundation for the integrated development of the community with a shared future for mankind, its necessary prerequisite, and its most important driving factor. In the era of economic globalization, the economic interactions and exchanges among various countries create necessary division of labor and cooperation in economic activities worldwide, thereby fostering the formation of a shared destiny of economic interests where countries are interdependent to a large extent, making it so that no country can do without others. This lays the necessary material foundation for the formation and development of the integrated community with a shared future for mankind. Moreover, over time, the formation and development of an economic community with a shared future among countries, along with close economic division of labor, cooperation, and shared benefits, will undoubtedly help increase mutual understanding and build trust among countries, thereby serving as a foundation and platform for mutual trust in other non-economic aspects and for consensus in multiple areas, including the gradual identification of value orientations. Furthermore, the deepening of economic ties among countries and the consequent elevation of the economic community level also help curb historical regressive phenomena such as deglobalization and anti-globalization. Precisely because the construction of an economic community with a shared future among various countries has such important foundational significance for the integrated construction of the community with a shared future for mankind, countries should, in principle, take the construction of an economic community with a shared future as the cornerstone and actively promote the construction of the entire community with a shared future for mankind.

无论对哪一个国家来说，经济利益都是最为基础性、根本性以及长远性的重大事情。应当承认，各个国家在经济上命运共同体的发展并不是整体化人类命运共同体得以形成和发展的充分条件，各个国家经济上命运共同体的发展程度并不一定自然会带来整个人类命运共同体同等程度的相应发展。尽管如此，但毫无疑问，在经济全球化背景下，各个国家经济上命运共同体的建设是人类命运共同体整体化发展的基础，是其必要前提，是其最为重要的促进因素。在经济全球化的时代背景下，各个国家在经济上的交往互动，使得各个国家的经济活动在世界范围内形成必要的分工合作，进而促成各个国家经济利益上休戚与共的共同命运的形成，使得各个国家在很大程度上谁都离不开谁。这就为人类命运共同体整体化的形成和发展奠定了必要的物质基础。不仅如此，随着时间的推移，各个国家经济命运共同体的形成和发展，经济上的密切分工合作以及共同受益，无疑还有助于使得各个国家相互间增加了解，形成信任，以此成为其他非经济方面互信和多方面共识包括价值取向逐渐认同的基础和平台。再者，各个国家经济联系的加深以及随之而来的经济共同体程度的提升，也有助于抑制逆全球化、反全球化等历史倒退现象的发生。正因为各个国家经济命运共同体的建设对于人类命运共同体的整体化建设具有如此重要的基础意义，所以，各个国家理应以经济命运共同体的建设为基石，积极推动整个人类命运共同体的建设。

Furthermore, through the joint governance of certain social risks, countries will also deepen their awareness of interdependence. In the modernization process of each country, they inevitably face a large number of social risks, including nuclear threats, terrorism, financial crises, public health crises, refugees, humanitarian relief, artificial intelligence technology traps, and ecological environmental damage, among other social risks. If these social risks cannot be effectively addressed and governed, and are allowed to accumulate and evolve on their own over time, their destructive energy will grow increasingly large, ultimately inevitably forming cross-border large-scale negative effects, causing serious or even irreparable destructive consequences for the modernization process of every relevant country or even all countries. Faced with a large number of serious social risks, effective cooperation among countries must be relied upon; no single country can effectively address and govern them alone. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “In the era of economic globalization, the development of all countries is closely interlinked; when one prospers, all prosper; when one suffers, all suffer. No country can stand alone; coordination and cooperation are an inevitable choice.” [20]20 Xi Jinping, “Working Together to Forge a New Partnership of Win-Win Cooperation and Create a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind,” speech at the 2015 United Nations Summit on Sustainable Development, September 26, 2015. In the process of jointly addressing and governing a large number of serious social risks, as each country increases its attention to and investment in social risks, over time, it will inevitably increase mutual understanding and corresponding “empathy” awareness, forming unique mechanisms of cooperation and assistance. These undoubtedly become positive growth points for the development of the community with a shared future for mankind.

再者，通过对一些社会风险的共同治理，各个国家也会加深相互间休戚与共的意识。在各个国家的现代化进程中，不可避免地面临大量的社会风险，包括核威胁、恐怖主义、金融危机、公共卫生危机、难民、人道主义救援、人工智能技术陷阱以及生态环境破坏等社会风险。对这些社会风险如若不能进行有效应对和治理，任由之日积月累和自我演化，其破坏性能量将会越来越大，最终不可避免地会形成跨国家的大面积负面效应，对每一个相关的国家甚至所有国家的现代化进程均会造成严重的甚至是难以收拾的破坏性后果。面对大量严重的社会风险，必须依靠各个国家之间的有效合作，单靠一个国家是无法予以有效应对和治理的。习近平总书记指出：“在经济全球化时代，各国发展环环相扣，一荣俱荣，一损俱损。没有哪一个国家可以独善其身，协调合作是必然选择。”而在对大量严重社会风险的共同应对和治理的过程中，各个国家随着各自对于社会风险关注度的提升和投入的增加，假以时日，必定会增加相互间的理解以及相应的“共情”意识，形成特有的合作及援助机制。这些，无疑成为人类命运共同体发展的积极生长点。

Third, gradually improve international organizations based on the United Nations.

第三，逐渐改进以联合国为基础的国际组织。

The world is composed of various countries; world modernization requires the cooperation of various countries, and the peaceful situation necessary for world modernization also depends on the cooperation of various countries. This cooperation cannot be separated from a certain international order.

世界是由各个国家共同组成的，世界现代化需要各个国家的合作，世界现代化所必需的和平局面也有赖于各个国家的合作。这种合作离不开一定的国际秩序。

Clearly, the international order necessary for cooperation among various countries must be constructed based on the concept of fairness and justice. Looking further, in their interactions with each other, countries must, based on the concept of fairness and justice, eliminate unilateralist, hegemonic practices where one country issues orders, and construct a just and reasonable international order through multilateralism and joint consultation among all countries. Today, with the weakening of US hegemonic power, the change in the world modernization landscape, and the enhancement of the voice of developing countries, constructing a just and reasonable international order through multilateralism and joint consultation has gradually begun to become a reality.

显然，各个国家之间合作所必需的国际秩序必须基于公平正义的理念来建构。进一步看，各个国家在相互交往当中，必须基于公平正义的理念，消除单边主义的、由一个国家发号施令的霸权主义做法，按照多边主义、由各个国家共同协商的方式方能建构起公正合理的国际秩序。如今，随着美国霸权主义势力的削弱、现代化世界版图的改变以及发展中国家话语权的增强，以多边主义共同协商的方式构建公正合理的国际秩序开始逐渐成为一种现实。

Realistically, multilateral joint consultation behavior can only be effectively carried out by relying on an international organization like the United Nations and following corresponding international law. After all, the United Nations is currently an international organization with relatively great influence and international credibility, familiar to and relatively recognized by various countries. No other institution can replace it at present. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, “The UN Charter is the universally recognized basic norm for relations between states,” [21]21 Xi Jinping, “Keeping Abreast of the Trend of the Times and and “There is only one system in the world, that is the international system with the United Nations at its core. There is only one order, that is the international order based on international law. There is only one set of rules, that is the basic norms of international relations based on the purposes and principles of the UN Charter.” [22] At the same time, it must also be recognized that the United Nations still has many shortcomings that need improvement. The key to improvement lies in: first, focusing on global governance; second, enhancing the voice of developing countries.

现实地看，多边主义的共同协商行为只有依托于联合国这样一种国际组织，并遵循相应的国际法方能有效地进行。联合国毕竟是目前具有较大影响力和国际信誉的国际组织，能够被各个国家熟悉且相对认可。现在还没有哪一个机构能够予以取代。习近平总书记指出，“联合国宪章是公认的国与国关系的基本准则”,“世界只有一个体系，就是以联合国为核心的国际体系。只有一个秩序，就是以国际法为基础的国际秩序。只有一套规则，就是以联合国宪章宗旨和原则为基础的国际关系基本准则”。同时还需要看到的是，联合国毕竟存在许多不足之处，需要改进。而改进的关键在于，一是应当注重全球治理。二是应当增强发展中国家如的话语权。