The Publication, Distribution, and Dissemination of the *Selected Works of Mao Zedong* in Border Ethnic Regions

The *Selected Works of Mao Zedong* (hereinafter referred to as the *Selected Works*) is the core carrier of Mao Zedong Thought, systematically bringing together the valuable experience and theoretical innovation accumulated by the Chinese Communist Party and the Chinese people in the long-term revolutionary struggle, and was called by Mao Zedong “a work written in blood.” The publication, distribution, and widespread dissemination of the *Selected Works* powerfully propelled people of all ethnic groups across the country to devote themselves to socialist revolution and construction, exerting a profound influence on strengthening the spiritual cohesion of the people of all ethnic groups nationwide. In 1951, Volume 1 of the *Selected Works* was officially published and distributed nationwide, marking a new stage in the systematic and popular dissemination of Mao Zedong Thought, and holding significant importance in the history of the dissemination of Marxist theory. By 1965, the four-volume set of the *Selected Works*, including editions in multiple ethnic languages, had been successively published and distributed, and through propaganda channels such as newspapers and periodicals, was widely disseminated in border ethnic regions. Previous research on the dissemination of the *Selected Works* in border ethnic regions has mainly focused on the translation and publication of ethnic language editions, while research on the dissemination trajectory of the *Selected Works* and its role in shaping the cohesion of the Chinese nation remains insufficient. From the perspective of advancing the building of a Chinese national community, the publication, distribution, and widespread dissemination of the *Selected Works* in border ethnic regions presents a vivid picture of the people of all ethnic groups in the border areas united in heart with the Party and jointly building a modern socialist country, manifesting the multi-dimensional and deep-seated transformative power of the Party’s theory and socialist culture. Therefore, from the overall perspective of the dissemination of classic texts, this article sorts out the historical trajectory and specific impacts of the distribution and dissemination of the *Selected Works* in border ethnic regions, with a view to revealing the important function of the Party’s theoretical achievements in strengthening the cohesion of the Chinese nation. This not only helps to deeply understand the Party’s historical practice of enhancing party identity, national identity, and maintaining ethnic unity in border ethnic regions, but can also provide reference and inspiration for forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation in the New Era, and for arming the entire Party and educating the people with the Party’s innovative theories.

《毛泽东选集》（以下简称《毛选》）是毛泽东思想的核心载体，系统汇聚了中国共产党和中国人民在长期革命斗争中积累的宝贵经验与理论创新，被毛泽东称为“血的著作”。《毛选》的出版发行及广泛传播，有力推动了全国各族人民投身社会主义革命和建设，对于增强全国各族人民的精神凝聚力具有深远影响。1951年，《毛选》第1卷正式出版并在全国范围内发行，标志着毛泽东思想进入体系化、大众化传播的新阶段，在马克思主义理论传播史上具有重要意义。至1965年，包括多民族文版的《毛选》4卷本相继出版发行，并经由报刊媒介等宣传渠道，在边疆民族地区广泛传播。以往对《毛选》在边疆民族地区传播的研究主要集中在民族文版本的译介出版方面，对《毛选》的传播脉络及其对中华民族凝聚力塑造作用的研究仍显不足。从推进中华民族共同体建设角度看，《毛选》在边疆民族地区的出版发行与广泛传播，展现着边疆各族人民一心向党、共同建设社会主义现代化国家的生动图景，彰显出党的理论和社会主义文化所具有的多维度、深层次变革力量。因此，本文从经典文本发行传播的整体视角出发，梳理《毛选》在边疆民族地区发行传播的历史脉络与具体影响，以期揭示党的理论成果对于增强中华民族凝聚力的重要功能。这既有助于深入理解党在边疆民族地区增进政党认同、国家认同与维护民族团结的历史实践，也可以为新时代铸牢中华民族共同体意识，用党的创新理论武装全党与教育人民提供借鉴启示。

I. The Publication and Distribution of the *Selected Works* in Border Ethnic Regions

一、《毛选》面向边疆民族地区的出版发行

During the period of the New Democratic Revolution, several selected works of Mao Zedong were published in various places, but due to wartime constraints, these editions were not approved by the Central Committee of the CPC nor reviewed by Mao Zedong himself. This resulted in these editions having issues such as inconsistent editorial styles, textual errors, and the omission of some important documents, making it difficult to meet the needs of cadres and the masses for systematic study of Mao Zedong Thought. Affected by various factors, only a small number of Mao Zedong’s works were translated into some ethnic languages during this period, which was even less able to meet the systematic study needs of cadres and the masses in border ethnic regions. After the founding of New China, publishing more systematic and complete works of Mao Zedong became an important task placed on the agenda. In May 1950, the Central Committee of the CPC decided to publish the *Selected Works of Mao Zedong* and specially established the Central Committee of the CPC Publication Committee for the *Selected Works of Mao Zedong*. In October 1951, Volume 1 of the *Selected Works* in the standard national language was simultaneously released in major cities across the country. By September 1960, Volumes 1 to 4 of the *Selected Works* had all been published and distributed. The publication and distribution of this edition of the *Selected Works* in border ethnic regions was warmly welcomed by cadres and the masses.

新民主主义革命时期，各地出版过几种毛泽东的著作选集，但受战时条件限制，这些作品未经中共中央批准，也未经毛泽东本人审定。这就使得这些版本存在编辑体例不一、文本错漏、部分重要文献未收录等情况，难以满足广大干部群众系统学习毛泽东思想的需求。受多种因素影响，这一时期只有少量毛泽东著作被翻译成部分民族文字，更难以满足边疆民族地区干部群众系统学习需要。新中国成立后，出版发行更系统、更完善的毛泽东著作，成为一项重要工作任务被提上日程。1950年5月，中共中央决定出版《毛泽东选集》，并专门成立了中共中央毛泽东选集出版委员会。1951年10月，《毛选》第1卷国家通用语言文字版在全国各大城市同时发行。至1960年9月，《毛选》第1至4卷全部出版发行。这版《毛选》在边疆民族地区的出版发行，受到干部群众的热烈欢迎。

(A) Systematically Providing Ethnic Language Editions for the Publication and Distribution of the *Selected Works*

（一）为《毛选》出版发行系统配发民族文版本

To help cadres and the masses of all ethnic groups better study Mao Zedong’s works and grasp Mao Zedong Thought, and to strengthen the dissemination of the Party’s theory in ethnic regions, the Party Central Committee, during the editing process of Volume 1 of the *Selected Works*, decided, in light of the actual conditions in border ethnic regions, to systematically translate it into ethnic language editions and publish and distribute them in a timely manner. Taking Xinjiang as an example, in March 1951, Xinjiang People’s Publishing House began organizing the translation of the *Selected Works* into Uyghur, Kazakh, and Mongolian editions as required. On October 12, 1951, the Xinjiang branch of Xinhua Bookstore distributed Volume 1 of the *Selected Works*. Since the complete translation of the entire volume could not be completed simultaneously, pamphlets of Mao Zedong’s works in Uyghur, Mongolian, and Kazakh were distributed as supplements, including *On New Democracy*, *On Coalition Government*, and *On the People’s Democratic Dictatorship*. After the release of Volume 1 of the *Selected Works*, people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang showed great concern for the *Selected Works*, not only actively purchasing and reading it but also writing letters to Xinjiang People’s Publishing House asking, “When will the *Selected Works of Mao Zedong* in ethnic languages be published?” To better meet the demands of the people and ensure the quality of the translation, after the publication of Volume 1 of the *Selected Works*, the Xinjiang Sub-Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPC established the Translation and Publication Committee for the *Selected Works of Mao Zedong* to lead the translation and publication of the Uyghur, Kazakh, and Mongolian editions of the *Selected Works*. Under the leadership of the Translation and Publication Committee, and through the unremitting efforts of Xinjiang People’s Publishing House, in April 1952, separate pamphlets of Volume 1 of the *Selected Works* in Uyghur and Kazakh were published and distributed, including six types of Uyghur pamphlets and four types of Kazakh pamphlets. After the pamphlets were released, the Translation and Publication Committee extensively solicited opinions from readers and translators of all ethnic groups and made targeted adjustments to make the translations more accurate. By the spring of 1953, Xinjiang People’s Publishing House had translated and published Volume 1 of the *Selected Works* in Uyghur and Kazakh editions in 15 separate pamphlets, with a circulation of over 375,000 copies. Thereafter, the circulation of Mao Zedong’s works published in ethnic languages in Xinjiang increased year by year. According to statistics from relevant departments, by 1965, Xinjiang’s Xinhua bookstores had distributed over 4.39 million copies of Mao Zedong’s works in Uyghur, Kazakh, and Mongolian editions.

为帮助各族干部群众更好地学习毛泽东著作、掌握毛泽东思想，加强党的理论在民族地区的传播，党中央在《毛选》第1卷编辑过程中，结合边疆民族地区实际，决定将其系统译成民族文版本及时出版发行。以新疆为例，1951年3月，新疆人民出版社即开始根据要求组织维吾尔文、哈萨克文、蒙古文版《毛选》的翻译工作。1951年10月12日，新华书店新疆分店发行《毛选》第1卷，由于尚不能同步完成整卷翻译，因此配套发行了维吾尔文、蒙古文、哈萨克文版的毛泽东著作小册子，包括《新民主主义论》《论联合政府》《论人民民主专政》等。《毛选》第1卷发行后，新疆各族人民对《毛选》表现出极大的关心，不仅积极购买和阅读学习，还纷纷致信新疆人民出版社询问“民族文字的《毛泽东选集》什么时候出版”。为更好满足人民群众要求，同时确保译文质量，《毛选》第1卷出版后，中共中央新疆分局成立《毛泽东选集》翻译出版委员会，负责领导维吾尔文、哈萨克文、蒙古文版《毛选》的翻译出版工作。在翻译出版委员会的领导下，经过新疆人民出版社的不懈努力，1952年4月，《毛选》第1卷的维吾尔文、哈萨克文版单行册出版发行，其中维文单行册6种，哈文单行册4种。单行册发行后，翻译出版委员会广泛征集各民族读者和翻译界的意见，有针对性地加以调整，以使译文更加准确。至1953年春，新疆人民出版社翻译出版维吾尔文版、哈萨克文版《毛选》第1卷单行本15分册，发行37.5万余册。此后，新疆用民族文出版的毛泽东著作发行量逐年增长。据有关部门统计，至1965年，新疆各地新华书店已发行维吾尔文、哈萨克文、蒙古文版的毛泽东著作439万余册。

During the same period, under the leadership of the Mongolian Edition Publication Committee for the *Selected Works of Mao Zedong* of the Suiyuan Sub-Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPC, Inner Mongolia People’s Publishing House also carried out the translation into Mongolian. At the end of March 1953, the Mongolian edition of Volume 1 of the *Selected Works* was published in 17 separate pamphlets, and by the end of April, over 68,000 copies had already been distributed. By 1962, the Mongolian edition of Volumes 1 to 4 of the *Selected Works* had all been published.

同一时期，内蒙古人民出版社在中共中央蒙绥分局《毛泽东选集》蒙文版出版委员会的领导下，也进行了蒙古文版的翻译。1953年3月末，《毛选》第1卷蒙古文版单行本以17分册的形式出版，至4月底就已发行6.8万册。到1962年时，蒙古文版《毛选》第1至4卷已全部完成出版。

The translation and publication of the Tibetan edition of the *Selected Works* was centered on the Tibetan Translation Office of the Ethnic Publishing House, which organized Tibetan translation forces from across the country to work centrally in Beijing. Between 1959 and 1965, a total of 32,000 copies of Mao Zedong’s works in the Tibetan edition were distributed in Tibet.

藏文版《毛选》的翻译出版工作，则是以民族出版社的藏文翻译室为核心，组织全国藏文翻译力量在北京集中进行的。1959年至1965年间，西藏共发行藏文版毛泽东著作3.2万册。

By 1965, Volumes 1 to 4 of the *Selected Works* had all been systematically translated into five major minority languages—Uyghur, Kazakh, Mongolian, Tibetan, and Korean—and published. Through diverse channels, they were widely disseminated in border ethnic regions alongside the standard national language edition of the four-volume *Selected Works*. According to statistics, in 1965 alone, the circulation of separate pamphlets of the *Selected Works* and related works published in ethnic languages reached 3.72 million copies, making them the undisputed bestsellers in border ethnic regions.

至1965年，《毛选》第1至4卷全部被系统翻译为维吾尔文、哈萨克文、蒙古文、藏文、朝鲜文5种主要少数民族文字并出版，借助多样化渠道，与《毛选》4卷本的国家通用语言文字版在边疆民族地区广泛传播。据统计，仅在1965年，以民族文字出版的《毛选》及相关著作的单行本发行量即达372万册，是边疆民族地区当之无愧的第一畅销书。

(B) Expanding the Propaganda and Distribution Channels of the *Selected Works* in Border Ethnic Regions

（二）拓展《毛选》在边疆民族地区宣传及发行渠道

The widespread dissemination of the *Selected Works of Mao Zedong* in border ethnic regions benefited from multi-media propaganda and diversified distribution channels. At the level of media propaganda, local newspapers and periodicals played an important role in guiding public opinion and introducing content. Whenever a new volume of the *Selected Works* was released, major local newspapers such as *Xinjiang Daily* and *Inner Mongolia Daily* would set aside special pages to introduce its content and would also separately publish some of its important articles. For example, between April 1951 and July 1952, *Xinjiang Daily* continuously published eight of Mao Zedong’s works, including “A Single Spark Can Start a Prairie Fire” and “On Contradiction,” for readers to study. On April 12, 1952, *Xinjiang Daily* even used an entire page to issue a call, urging all sectors of society to deeply study the *Selected Works*, regarding it as “a theoretical weapon for building a new China.” At the same time, on the anniversaries of the publication of important works in the *Selected Works*, newspapers would also organize commemorative articles to guide readers in revisiting the classics. For instance, 1961 marked the 35th anniversary of the publication of “Analysis of the Classes in Chinese Society,” and *Ningxia Daily* published interpretive articles such as “We Must Learn to Use the Method of Class Analysis—Reading ‘Analysis of the Classes in Chinese Society’.” In 1962, the 20th anniversary of the publication of “Talks at the Yan’an Forum on Literature and Art,” *Ningxia Daily* and *Xinjiang Daily* also had special pages for commemoration and promotion. This sustained, multi-node propaganda caused the content of the *Selected Works* to be continuously evoked and deepened over time, achieving re-dissemination. At the same time, radio stations also played an important role in publicizing and promoting the *Selected Works*. In the 1950s, China National Radio launched broadcasts in minority languages, and the autonomous regions successively established people’s radio stations, effectively breaking through geographical barriers and the impact of low literacy rates, playing a significant role in the dissemination of the *Selected Works*. For example, a Uyghur man in his seventies heard on the radio at night the news that the Uyghur-language edition of Volume 3 of the *Selected Works* had been released in Kashgar. The next day, before dawn, he rode a donkey to a bookstore more than ten li away and bought five copies for his family.

《毛选》在边疆民族地区的广泛传播，得益于多媒介的宣传与多元化的发行渠道。在媒介宣传层面，地方报刊发挥了重要的舆论引导与内容推介作用。每当《毛选》新卷发行时，《新疆日报》《内蒙古日报》等地方主要报刊会专门安排版面，对其内容进行介绍，还会单独刊载其中一些重要文章。如1951年4月至1952年7月间，《新疆日报》曾连续刊载《星星之火，可以燎原》《矛盾论》等8篇毛泽东著作，供读者进行学习。1952年4月12日，《新疆日报》更是利用整版篇幅发出号召，倡导社会各界深入学习《毛选》，将其视为“建设新中国的理论武器”。同时，在《毛选》中的重要著作发表周年之际，报刊也会组织专文纪念，引导读者重温经典。如1961年是《中国社会各阶级的分析》发表35周年，《宁夏日报》曾刊发《必须学会运用阶级分析方法——读〈中国社会各阶级的分析〉》等解读性文章;1962年是《在延安文艺座谈会上的讲话》发表20周年，《宁夏日报》《新疆日报》亦有专版进行纪念与推介。这种持续、多节点的宣传，使《毛选》内容在时间维度上不断被唤起和深化，实现了再传播。与此同时，广播电台在宣传和推介《毛选》方面也发挥了重要作用。20世纪50年代，中央人民广播电台开办少数民族语言广播，各自治区相继建立人民广播电台，有效突破了地理空间阻隔与识字率低的影响，对《毛选》的传播发挥了重要作用。如一位70多岁的维吾尔族老人晚上从广播中听到维吾尔文版《毛选》第3卷在喀什发行的消息，次日天不亮就骑毛驴赶到十多里外的书店，为家人购得5本。

At the distribution level, the construction of physical channels expanded the breadth and depth of dissemination. To ensure the effective distribution of the *Selected Works*, Xinhua Bookstore branches and sub-branches generally established “*Selected Works of Mao Zedong* Distribution Groups,” with the manager serving as group leader to coordinate distribution plans, arrange propaganda display windows, and related work. While adding fixed outlets, the bookstores also actively developed a mobile supply system, using horse-drawn cart book stalls, backpack book delivery teams, and other forms to deliver Mao Zedong’s works and portraits to remote areas with inconvenient transportation. For example, Mongolian herders affectionately called these delivered *Selected Works* “Buyin ke” (meaning spring water). Booksellers from the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture Xinhua Bookstore in Jilin carried book boxes to sell books outside while simultaneously propagating Mao Zedong Thought, receiving a warm welcome from the local people. This multi-media, multi-channel propaganda and distribution system that complemented each other provided a solid guarantee for the extensive, in-depth, and sustained dissemination of the *Selected Works* in border ethnic regions.

在发行层面，实体渠道的建设拓展了传播的广度与深度。新华书店为保障《毛选》有效发行，各分店、支店普遍成立了“《毛泽东选集》发行小组”，由经理任组长，统筹安排发行计划、布置宣传橱窗等相关工作。在增设固定网点的同时，书店还积极发展流动供应体系，通过马车售书站、背篓送书队等形式，将毛泽东著作和毛泽东画像送至交通不便的偏远地区。如蒙古族农牧民就将这些送来的《毛选》亲切地称为“布音克”（即泉水）。吉林延边朝鲜族自治州新华书店的售书员背着书箱外出售书，同时宣传毛泽东思想，受到了当地人民的热烈欢迎。这种多媒介、多渠道相互配合的宣传发行体系，为《毛选》在边疆民族地区的广泛、深入与持续传播提供了坚实保障。

(3) Cadres and People of All Ethnic Groups in Border Ethnic Regions Eagerly Purchased the *Selected Works*

（三）边疆民族地区各族干部群众踊跃购买《毛选》

The publication and distribution of the *Selected Works* caused strong repercussions across the country, touching the hearts of cadres and people of all ethnic groups in the border regions. Whenever a volume of the *Selected Works* was released, cadres and people of all ethnic groups eagerly went to purchase it. In October 1951, at the first-day sales site for Volume 1 of the *Selected Works*, Party members, cadres, People’s Liberation Army soldiers, and students left messages in the guestbook at Xinhua Bookstore: “Buying this book makes me as happy as seeing Chairman Mao himself,” “When I study the *Selected Works of Mao Zedong*, I feel as if Chairman Mao is standing before me, pointing out the direction forward.” When Volume 1 of the *Selected Works* went on sale simultaneously at the Yinchuan Xinhua Bookstore and the *Ningxia Daily* sales department, cadres, workers, and students from various organs in Yinchuan competed to buy it. Cadres from the Provincial Department of Commerce and teachers and students from Ningxia Normal School and the Girls’ Middle School even went to the bookstore beating drums and gongs and dancing yangge. Readers who bought the *Selected Works* shook hands and congratulated each other, regarding it as “the greatest honor.”

《毛选》的出版发行，在全国上下引起强烈反响，牵动着边疆各族干部群众的心。各族干部群众每逢《毛选》发行，便踊跃前往购买。1951年10月，在《毛选》第1卷首发的购书现场，党员干部、解放军战士和学生在新华书店的留言簿处留言：“我买到了这书，就像见到毛主席一样的高兴”，“我学习《毛泽东选集》，就觉得毛主席站在我的面前向我指出着前进的方向”。《毛选》第1卷在银川新华书店和宁夏日报门市部同时发售时，银川各机关干部、工人、学生争相购买，省商业厅干部及宁夏师范、女子中学的师生，甚至敲锣打鼓、扭着秧歌前往书店。买到《毛选》的读者互相握手道贺，视之为“最大的荣幸”。

With the successive release of the *Selected Works* in various ethnic language editions, the enthusiasm of people of all ethnic groups for purchasing books continued to rise. For example, on April 10, 1952, Volume 2 of the *Selected Works* was published and distributed, and the Uyghur- and Kazakh-language separate editions of Volume 1 were also published and distributed simultaneously. Within just four hours on the morning of April 10, the Dihua Xinhua Bookstore sold 1,820 copies of Volume 2 of the *Selected Works*, 5,500 copies of the Uyghur-language separate edition, and 480 copies of the Kazakh-language separate edition. Multi-ethnic students from the Xinjiang Military Region Political Training Class, including Uyghur, Kazakh, and Xibe, went to the bookstore collectively and purchased a total of 2,320 copies of the Uyghur- and Kazakh-language separate editions. Subsequently, the distribution scope and social impact of each volume in ethnic language editions further expanded. For instance, when the Tibetan-language edition of Volume 3 of the *Selected Works* was released, those who came to Xinhua Bookstore to buy it included people from all walks of life, ranging from deputies attending the First Session of the First People’s Congress of the Autonomous Region and members attending the Second Session of the First Committee of the Tibet Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, to Tibetan cadres, workers, urban residents, and suburban farmers. Similarly, when the Mongolian-language edition of Volume 4 of the *Selected Works* was released in Hohhot, as dawn was just breaking, many local cadres, students, PLA soldiers, and ordinary citizens had already gathered in front of Xinhua Bookstore, waiting. These actual distribution scenes in different regions vividly reflect the enthusiasm of people of all ethnic groups for studying Mao Zedong’s works and Mao Zedong Thought, as well as their love and respect for the Chinese Communist Party.

随着各民族文版《毛选》的相继发行，各族群众的购书热情持续高涨。如1952年4月10日，《毛选》第2卷出版发行，第1卷的维吾尔文与哈萨克文单行本也同时出版发行。迪化市新华书店仅在10日上午4小时内即售出《毛选》第2卷1820册，维吾尔文版单行本5500册，哈萨克文版单行本480册。来自新疆军区政治训练班的维吾尔、哈萨克、锡伯等多民族学员集体前往书店，共购买维吾尔文与哈萨克文版单行本2320册。此后，各卷次民族文版的发行范围与社会影响进一步扩大。如《毛选》第3卷藏文版发行时，到新华书店购买这本书的囊括社会各界人士，既有前来参加自治区一届人大一次会议的代表和出席政协西藏委员会二届一次会议的委员，也包括藏族干部、工人、城市居民、郊区农民等。又如《毛选》第4卷蒙古文版在呼和浩特市发行时，天刚破晓就已有众多当地干部、学生、解放军和广大市民聚集在新华书店门前等候。这些不同地区的发行实况，生动反映出各族人民对毛泽东著作、毛泽东思想的学习热情及对中国共产党的敬爱。

II. A Wave of Studying the *Selected Works* Swept Border Ethnic Regions

二、边疆民族地区掀起《毛选》学习热潮

Our Party has always attached great importance to theoretical education work. Before the publication of Volume 1 of the *Selected Works*, it had already emphasized, through documents such as the “Circular of the Central Committee of the CPC on the Decision to Strengthen Theoretical Education,” placing the propaganda and study of Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought in the foremost position of the Party’s theoretical work. After the *Selected Works* were published, relevant central departments formulated detailed study plans, organized cadres for graded study, and required that they “become familiar with Comrade Mao Zedong’s major works.” These requirements and deployments provided a model for study across the country. On this basis, Party committees at all levels in border ethnic regions actively promoted, and people of all ethnic groups enthusiastically responded, gradually establishing a normalized study mechanism covering both cadres and the masses, integrating theory and practice, effectively ensuring the deep rooting and integration of learning and application of Mao Zedong Thought in border ethnic regions.

我们党高度重视理论教育工作，在《毛选》第1卷出版前便通过《中共中央关于加强理论教育的决定的通知》等文件，强调将马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想的宣传与学习摆在党的理论工作的首要位置。《毛选》发行后，中央相关部门制定了详细的学习计划，组织干部分级学习，要求“对于毛泽东同志的主要著作能够熟悉”。这些要求和部署为全国各地开展学习提供了范例。在此基础上，边疆民族地区各级党委积极推动、各族群众热烈响应，逐步建立起覆盖干部与群众、贯通理论与实践的常态化学习机制，切实推动了毛泽东思想在边疆民族地区的深植厚培与学用贯通。

(1) Leading Cadres Issued Calls, Party and Government Organs Took the Lead in Studying

（一）领导干部发出号召，党政机关带头学习

As the core leading force of the study movement, Party organizations at all levels in border ethnic regions incorporated the study and propaganda of the *Selected Works* into their important agendas, constructing a systematic study mechanism with clear hierarchies and comprehensive coverage. First, leading Party and government cadres in various regions issued calls to study the *Selected Works* through media such as newspapers. For example, on the eve of the publication of Volume 1 of the *Selected Works*, Zhang Bangying, Third Secretary of the CPC Xinjiang Sub-Bureau, delivered a special report titled “Earnestly Study Mao Zedong Thought,” publicizing the great political significance of the publication of the *Selected Works* and issuing calls and arrangements for studying them. Other members of the Sub-Bureau also published articles in *Xinjiang Daily* on their study of Mao Zedong’s works. After the formal release of Volume 1 of the *Selected Works*, Li Jinglin, Vice Chairman of the Ningxia Provincial People’s Government and Deputy Secretary of its Party Leadership Group, called on all Party members and Youth League members in the province to earnestly study the *Selected Works* with concrete actions. After the publication of Volume 2 of the *Selected Works*, Wang Zhen, Secretary of the CPC Xinjiang Sub-Bureau, published an article in *Xinjiang Daily* titled “Establish a System for Studying the *Selected Works of Mao Zedong*,” and Burhan Shahidi, Chairman of the Xinjiang Provincial People’s Government, published an article titled “A Great Contribution to the Cause of Marxism-Leninism,” calling on cadres to actively study Mao Zedong’s works. Inner Mongolia held a special mobilization meeting, where Ulanhu, First Secretary of the CPC Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Committee, emphasized that studying the *Selected Works* was a political task for Inner Mongolian cadres, and that theory and practice should be combined to use Mao Zedong Thought to promote Inner Mongolia’s construction. Thereafter, with the publication of each volume of the *Selected Works*, related study mobilization work continued to deepen.

作为学习运动的核心领导力量，边疆民族地区各地各级党组织将《毛选》学习宣传工作纳入重要议程，构建起层级分明、覆盖全面的系统化学习机制。首先是各地党政领导干部通过报刊等媒介发出学习《毛选》的号召。如在《毛选》第1卷出版前夕，中共中央新疆分局第三书记张邦英便作了《努力学习毛泽东思想》的专题报告，宣传《毛选》出版的重大政治意义，作出学习《毛选》的号召与安排。分局其他委员也在《新疆日报》发表了他们学习毛泽东著作的文章。《毛选》第1卷正式发行后，宁夏省人民政府副主席、党组副书记李景林号召全省所有党员和青年团员用实际行动，认真学习《毛选》。《毛选》第2卷出版后，中共中央新疆分局书记王震以《建立学习〈毛泽东选集〉的制度》为题、新疆省人民政府主席包尔汉以《对马克思列宁主义事业的伟大贡献》为题，在《新疆日报》发表文章，号召广大干部积极学习毛泽东著作。内蒙古则召开专题动员大会，中共内蒙古自治区委员会第一书记乌兰夫强调学习《毛选》是内蒙古干部的政治任务，要将理论与实践相结合，运用毛泽东思想推动内蒙古建设。此后，随着《毛选》各卷出版，相关学习动员工作也持续深入。

At the same time, Party organizations at all levels in various localities formulated specific methods and relevant regulations for studying the *Selected Works of Mao Zedong* (hereafter *SWMZ*). On the eve of the publication of Volume 1 of the *SWMZ*, the Southwest Bureau of the CPC Central Committee planned not only to organize special articles for propaganda and introduction but also to arrange systematic study for cadres at and above the county level. In 1952, the Xinjiang Branch of the CPC Central Committee issued instructions on studying the *SWMZ*, requiring local Party committees to convene meetings and conduct in-depth mobilization to launch the study. The Inner Mongolia Branch of the CPC Central Committee and the Qinghai Provincial Party Committee both organized senior cadres for unified study of the *SWMZ*, requiring each participant to study at least six hours per week, formulate individual study plans, submit regular study briefings, and write study reflections and papers at the end of each phase, as well as participate in discussions and give reports. On January 20, 1960, the Party Committee of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region issued the *Decision on Deepening the Movement to Study and Propagandize Mao Zedong Thought among Cadres and the Masses*, calling for a widespread upsurge in study across the entire region. After the decision was published, media outlets such as the *Guangxi Women’s Newspaper* and the *Guangxi Youth Daily* published articles, promoting the comprehensive development of the study movement. This series of measures not only highlighted the significant political significance of the publication of the *SWMZ* but also provided strong organizational guarantees for the widespread dissemination and practice of Mao Zedong Thought in border ethnic regions.

同时，各地各级党组织制定了学习《毛选》的具体方法和相关规定。在《毛选》第1卷即将出版前夕，中共中央西南分局即计划除组织专文宣传介绍外，还拟安排县级以上干部系统学习。1952年中共中央新疆分局发出学习《毛选》的指示，要求各地党委召集会议，深入动员开展学习。中共中央内蒙古分局、中共青海省委都组织高级干部统一学习《毛选》，要求每位学员每周至少学习6小时，需制定个人学习计划，定期提交学习简报，并在每阶段结束时撰写学习心得、论文，参与讨论、进行汇报。1960年1月20日，广西壮族自治区党委作出《关于在干部和群众中深入开展学习宣传毛泽东思想运动的决定》，号召在全区范围内广泛掀起学习热潮。决定发布后，《广西妇女报》《广西青年日报》等媒体纷纷刊文，推动了学习运动的全面开展。这一系列举措不仅彰显了《毛选》出版的重大政治意义，也为毛泽东思想在边疆民族地区的广泛传播与实践提供了有力的组织保障。

(2) Enterprises and Institutions Deepen Study

（二）企事业单位深入推进学习

Beyond Party and government organs, enterprises, schools, hospitals, and other institutions in border ethnic regions also attached importance to in-depth study of the *SWMZ*, forming an organized study system with checks and evaluations. The study practice in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture was quite representative. In 1960, after the Propaganda Department of the Yanbian Prefectural Party Committee held a mobilization meeting for cadres in directly subordinate organs to study the *SWMZ*, factories, mines, universities, hospitals, and other units in various localities responded quickly, successively holding pledge meetings [11]11 Pledge meetings (誓师大会) were mass mobilization rallies common in the Mao era, where participants publicly vowed to achieve specific production or political study targets, often with theatrical elements like banners and collective oaths. and symposiums and establishing core study groups, pushing the study of Mao’s works to deeper levels. In Yanji County alone, over 100,000 people participated in the study. In many enterprises, normalized study mechanisms were established. For example, the Shixian Paper Mill formed 20 employee study groups, using time during trade union activities and workshop meetings to conduct study and discussion. Enterprise workers also focused on integrating theoretical study with daily production. For instance, after studying *On Practice*, some workers carried forward the spirit of innovation, successfully developing an electronic automatic tester, which significantly improved production efficiency. Study in cultural and educational institutions also exhibited characteristics of organization and depth. For example, medical schools in the Yanbian area established 124 teacher-student mutual aid study groups. Within two years, teachers and students at Yanbian University purchased 1,956 volumes of the *SWMZ* and 3,700 copies of individual pamphlets, writing 34,000 pages of notes and 12,000 pages of scientific papers. In teaching practice, teachers at the Yanbian Art School integrated the viewpoints from the *Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan* into Chinese language instruction, guiding students to analyze the attitudes of different strata in the people’s communes. [12]12 People’s communes (人民公社) were the basic administrative and economic units in rural China from 1958 to the early 1980s, combining government administration with collective agricultural production and social organization. The Yanbian Education Publishing House implemented an innovative method of “combining reading, thinking, writing, listening, speaking, and discussing, and integrating centralized with decentralized study,” establishing a sustainable study mechanism through running study newspapers, setting up models, and conducting regular evaluations.

除党政机关外，边疆民族地区的工矿企业、学校、医院等企事业单位也重视深入学习《毛选》，形成有组织、有检查、有评比的学习体系。延边朝鲜族自治州的学习实践颇具代表性。1960年延边朝鲜族自治州州委宣传部召开直属机关干部学习《毛选》动员大会后，各地厂矿、高校、医院等单位快速响应，相继召开誓师大会、座谈会并组建核心学习组，推动毛泽东著作学习向纵深延伸，仅在延吉县就有10万余人参加学习。在许多企业中，都建立起常态化的学习机制。如石岘造纸厂组建20个职工学习小组，利用工会活动、车间会议等时间开展学习与讨论。企业职工还注重将理论学习与日常生产结合起来。如有的职工在学习《实践论》后，发扬创新精神，成功研制出电子自动测定器，显著提高了生产效率。文教机构的学习同样呈现出组织化、深入化的特点。如延边地区的医学院建立起124个师生互助学习小组，延边大学师生两年内购置《毛选》1956卷、单行本3700册，撰写笔记34000页、科学论文12000页。在教学实践中，延边艺术学校教师将《湖南农民运动考察报告》的观点融入语文教学，引导学生分析人民公社中不同阶层的态度。延边教育出版社则推行“读想写听说论并举、集中与分散学习并行”的创新方法，通过办学习报、树标兵和定期评比，建立起可持续的学习机制。

(3) People of All Ethnic Groups Carry Out Diverse Forms of Study

（三）各族群众开展形式多样的学习

After the publication and distribution of the *SWMZ*, the masses of various ethnic groups in border regions regarded it as a “golden key” to enhancing their own political and theoretical literacy and guiding work practice, sparking a wave of diverse study activities. Newspaper reading groups were a widely popular method for studying the *SWMZ*. For example, ethnic language newspaper reading groups in Xinjiang used the *Xinjiang Daily* as their text, selecting Chinese, Uyghur, Kazakh, Mongolian, and other versions based on local conditions to conduct reading activities. The readers were cadres and teachers of various ethnicities who possessed both political literacy and cultural knowledge. They shared common language habits, life experiences, and values with the listening masses of various ethnicities, giving them a unique advantage in conveying information and mobilizing emotions among the listeners. Some pastoral areas also set up specialized newspaper reading groups, reading and lecturing on the *SWMZ* in tents. For instance, Kazakh herders in the Tianshan pastoral area studied individual pamphlets of the *SWMZ* in the Kazakh language through newspaper reading groups, including articles such as *Analysis of the Classes in Chinese Society*, *Pay Attention to Economic Work*, *Our Economic Policy*, and *Be Concerned with the Well-Being of the Masses, Pay Attention to Methods of Work*. This study model, adapted to the actual conditions of border ethnic regions, made the *SWMZ* a true bridge connecting state ideology with social life in border areas. Besides newspaper reading groups, literacy classes and night schools were also important channels for the broad masses in border ethnic regions to study the *SWMZ*. Literacy classes and night schools in these regions often used the *SWMZ* as teaching material, becoming important platforms for explaining Mao Zedong’s articles and propagating Mao Zedong Thought, attracting many people eager to attend. For example, various state farms in Hainan established “Cultural Education Committees” or literacy groups, widely setting up night schools in production teams. According to the recollections of Miao ethnic students at the time, while teaching literacy, the night schools also organized the study of important articles from the *SWMZ* such as *The Foolish Old Man Who Removed the Mountains*, *In Memory of Norman Bethune*, and *Serve the People*. Similarly, in Tengchong, Yunnan, the stationed People’s Liberation Army helped Lisu ethnic villages establish cultural night schools, organizing newly enlisted soldiers and local cadres and masses to study the *SWMZ* together. Through organized study and education, the Party branch secretary of a Lisu production brigade, who was originally illiterate, was able to read the *SWMZ* independently.

《毛选》出版发行后，边疆各族群众将其视为提升自身政治理论素养、指导工作实践的“金钥匙”，掀起了形式多样的学习热潮。读报组是广受群众喜爱的学习《毛选》的方式。如新疆的民族语文读报组以《新疆日报》为读本，结合当地实际，选择汉文、维吾尔文、哈萨克文、蒙古文等不同版本，开展读报活动。读报人由兼具政治素养和文化水平的各族干部、教师等担任，他们与听报的各族群众有着共同的语言习惯、生活经验与价值理念，具备向听报人员传递信息、调动情感的独特优势。一些牧区也专门设置读报组，在帐篷中朗读和宣讲《毛选》。如天山牧区的哈萨克族牧民，就是通过读报组学习了哈萨克文版的《毛选》单行本，包括《中国社会各阶级的分析》《必须注意经济工作》《我们的经济政策》《关心群众生活，注意工作方法》等文章。这种适应边疆民族地区实际的学习模式，使《毛选》真正成为连接国家意识形态与边疆社会生活的桥梁。除了读报组，扫盲班与夜校也是边疆民族地区广大群众学习《毛选》的重要途径。边疆民族地区的扫盲班与夜校经常将《毛选》作为授课教材，成为讲解毛泽东文章、宣传毛泽东思想的重要平台，吸引了许多群众踊跃听讲。如海南各农场设立“文化教育委员会”或扫盲小组，在生产队广泛开办夜校。据当时的苗族学员回忆，夜校在教授识字的同时，还组织学习《毛选》中的《愚公移山》《纪念白求恩》《为人民服务》等重要文章。又如，在云南腾冲，驻地解放军帮助傈僳族村寨开办文化夜校，组织入伍新兵和当地干部群众共同学习《毛选》。通过有组织的学习教育，使得原本不识字的傈僳族大队党支部书记能够独立阅读《毛选》。

In summary, the study of the *SWMZ* by cadres and masses in border ethnic regions formed a mechanism combining organizational impetus with mass response, and integrating institutional arrangements with diverse practices. On the one hand, study activities were carried out under the unified leadership of Party organizations at all levels. By formulating clear study plans, establishing specialized study organizations, and stipulating specific study requirements, study was constructed as a serious political task and gradually integrated into daily work, forming a top-down, widely covered, organized study network, reflecting a high degree of planning and systematization. On the other hand, study practice was not a simple mechanical indoctrination but focused on adapting to the linguistic environment, social life, and production realities of ethnic border regions. Whether it was newspaper reading and lecturing conducted in ethnic languages, or study forms combined with literacy education and professional work, all reflected the flexibility and pragmatism of study activities at the grassroots level. This combination of organized deployment and diversified practice was the basic form of the dissemination and study of Mao Zedong Thought in border ethnic regions during this period, and it was also the key to achieving effective dissemination and deep internalization.

综上可见，边疆民族地区干部群众对《毛选》的学习，形成了组织推动与群众响应相结合、制度性安排与多样性实践相统一的机制。一方面，学习活动在各级党组织统一领导下开展，通过制定明确的学习方案、建立专门的学习组织、规定具体的学习要求，将学习构建为一项严肃的政治任务，并逐步融入日常工作，形成了自上而下、覆盖广泛的有组织的学习网络，体现了高度的计划性与系统性。另一方面，学习实践并非简单机械的灌输，而是注重与民族边疆地区的语言环境、社会生活和生产实际相适应。无论是借助民族语言文字开展的读报宣讲，还是与扫盲教育、业务工作相结合的学习形式，都反映出学习活动在基层社会中所呈现出的灵活性与务实性。这种组织化部署与多样化实践相结合的方式，是这一时期毛泽东思想在边疆民族地区传播与学习的基本形态，也是实现有效传播与深度内化的关键所在。

3. The Publication, Distribution, and Dissemination of the *SWMZ* in Border Ethnic Regions Effectively Strengthened the Cohesion of the Chinese Nation

三、《毛选》在边疆民族地区的出版发行和传播有力增强了中华民族凝聚力

The publication, distribution, and dissemination of the *SWMZ* was, in essence, a process of transforming the Party’s theory, governance philosophy, and policy arrangements into social governance resources and cultural forms in border ethnic regions, shaping the identification of the masses of all ethnicities with the Party and the state. On the one hand, the Marxist truth contained in the *SWMZ* provided value guidance and methodological direction for the masses of all ethnicities in border ethnic regions. On the other hand, through organizational forms such as newspaper reading groups and night schools, the masses of all ethnicities connected abstract political concepts with their own life experiences in collective study, gradually forming a concrete cognition and emotional belonging to concepts such as the “Communist Party of China,” the “Chinese nation,” and “New China.” This top-down ideological dissemination intertwined with bottom-up knowledge and cultural reproduction, enriching the emotional bonds between the masses of all ethnicities and the Communist Party of China, strengthening the political and cultural ties between border areas and the interior, and laying a solid ideological foundation for cultivating and consolidating the sense of community of the Chinese nation.

《毛选》的出版发行和传播，实质上是将党的理论、执政理念、政策安排等转化为边疆民族地区社会治理资源与文化形态，塑造各族群众对党和国家认同的过程。一方面，《毛选》所蕴含的马克思主义真理，为边疆民族地区各族群众提供了价值观引领和方法论指导；另一方面，通过读报组、夜校等组织形式，各族群众在集体学习中将抽象的政治理念与自身生活经验联系起来，逐步形成对“中国共产党”“中华民族”“新中国”等概念的具体认知与情感归属。这种自上而下的意识形态传播与自下而上的知识和文化再生产相互交织，丰富了各族人民群众和中国共产党之间的情感联结、强化了边疆与内地的政治及文化纽带，为培育铸牢中华民族共同体意识奠定了坚实思想基础。

(1) Enhancing the Theoretical Literacy of the Cadre Contingent

（一）提升干部队伍理论素养

“Once the political line is determined, cadres are the decisive factor.” After the founding of New China, the country faced the arduous tasks of quickly restoring and developing the national economy, gradually realizing the modernization of industry, agriculture, national defense, and science and technology, and building China into a powerful socialist state. For cadres in border ethnic regions to unite and lead the masses of all ethnic groups in jointly accomplishing these tasks, the key lay in cultivating their own revolutionary fighting spirit and revolutionary capability. Arming cadres with the *Selected Works of Mao Zedong* (hereafter *SWMZ*) strengthened their determination and confidence to devote themselves to socialist revolution and construction. For instance, when the Tibetan-language edition of the *SWMZ* was released, Langdün Gungwang Chögyal [13]13 Langdün Gungwang Chögyal (朗顿·贡噶旺秋, 1909–1988) was a Tibetan aristocrat and official who served as a Vice Chairman of the Preparatory Committee for the Tibet Autonomous Region in the 1950s., Vice Chairman of the Preparatory Committee for the Tibet Autonomous Region, and others stated that to remold their own thinking, they must deeply study Chairman Mao’s works in order to guide Tibet’s socialist construction. This practice of combining textual study with self-renewal was quite representative among the cadre corps in border ethnic regions. The scientific methodology and the spiritual character of Communists contained in the *SWMZ* also provided ideological weapons for cadres of all ethnicities to analyze and solve problems. For example, teachers at the Xinjiang Political and Legal Cadre School, by studying articles such as “On Practice” and “Analysis of the Classes in Chinese Society,” broke free from the shackles of empiricism, established a framework of class analysis, and resolved difficulties in their work. Tayir Memetli [14]14 Tayir Memetli (塔依尔·买买提力) was a Uyghur Communist Party official in Xinjiang., Deputy Party Secretary of the Kizilsu Kirghiz Autonomous Prefecture in Xinjiang, persistently studied Mao Zedong’s works over the long term, combined “On Practice” to guide livestock development, conducted field surveys spanning thousands of kilometers, and led the masses in building artificial pastures, significantly improving the livestock situation on the Pamir Plateau. Practice has proven that the theoretical wisdom in the *SWMZ* completed a value transition from theoretical text to practical efficacy, transforming into tangible productive forces. Furthermore, in the process of training ethnic minority cadres, Mao Zedong’s works were always the core content of the education and training system. In 1950, there were only 10,000 ethnic minority cadres nationwide; by 1956, this number had increased to 210,000; and by 1966, it had reached 800,000. This contingent of ethnic minority cadres, armed with Mao Zedong Thought, became the core force linking the masses of all ethnic groups and maintaining ethnic unity. They carried out democratic reform and socialist transformation in border ethnic regions, promoted regional ethnic autonomy, played an important role in the socialist modernization of border ethnic regions, and at a deeper level, expanded the path of political integration for the unified multi-ethnic state.

“政治路线确定之后，干部就是决定的因素。”新中国成立后，面临着尽快恢复和发展国民经济，逐步实现工业、农业、国防和科学技术的现代化，把我国建设成为强大的社会主义国家的艰巨任务。边疆民族地区干部要团结带领各族群众共同完成这一任务，关键在于培养自身的革命斗志和革命能力。以《毛选》武装干部头脑，坚定了干部投身于社会主义革命建设的决心和信心。如在《毛选》藏文版发行时，西藏自治区筹备委员会副主任委员朗顿·贡噶旺秋等人表示，要改造自己的思想，就必须深入学习毛主席的著作，以指导西藏的社会主义建设。这种将文本学习与自我革新相结合的做法，在边疆民族地区的干部群体中颇具代表性。《毛选》中蕴含的科学方法论和共产党人的精神品格也为各族干部分析与解决问题提供了思想武器。如新疆政法干校教师通过学习《实践论》《中国社会各阶级的分析》等文章，突破了经验主义的桎梏，建立起阶级分析的思维框架，破解了工作中的难题。新疆克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州党委副书记塔依尔·买买提力长期坚持学习毛泽东著作，结合《实践论》指导畜牧业发展，实地考察数千公里，带领群众建设人工草场，显著改善了帕米尔高原的畜牧业面貌。实践证明，《毛选》中的理论智慧完成了从理论文本到实践效能的价值跃迁，转化为实实在在的生产力。此外，在少数民族干部培养过程中，毛泽东的著作始终是教育培训体系的核心内容。1950年，全国少数民族干部只有1万人；1956年，增加到21万人；1966年，则已达到80万人。这支经过毛泽东思想武装的少数民族干部队伍，成为联系各族人民群众、维护民族团结的核心力量。他们在边疆民族地区开展民主改革和社会主义改造，推动民族区域自治，在边疆民族地区社会主义现代化建设中发挥了重要作用，也在深层次上拓展了统一多民族国家的政治整合路径。

(II) Strengthening the Political Identification of the Masses of All Ethnic Groups in Border Ethnic Regions with the Party and the State

（二）增强边疆民族地区各族群众对党和国家的政治认同

In the early days of the founding of New China, democratic reform and socialist transformation in border ethnic regions had not yet been fully launched, and multiple forms of economic and social systems coexisted. At the same time, remnants of Kuomintang forces and bandits had not yet been eliminated, social order was very unstable, and coupled with the long-term implementation of ethnic oppression policies by rulers in history, some of the masses harbored doubts about New China and the Party’s and state’s policies and guidelines. Against this backdrop, the publication and dissemination of the *SWMZ* opened a window for the masses of all ethnicities to understand the Party’s theory and the Party’s ethnic policies. Through reading and studying the *SWMZ*, the masses of all ethnicities came to understand core Marxist concepts such as the Communist Party, class struggle, and the dictatorship of the proletariat, and realized that the goal of the Party-led New Democratic Revolution was to make the people the masters of the country. This gave them a relatively clear and accurate understanding of New China and strengthened their identification with the Chinese Communist Party and the socialist cause it led. For example, in Xinjiang, herders said that after reading the *SWMZ*, their hearts became enlightened, and they understood why they had come to enjoy such a happy life. In Inner Mongolia, cadres of the autonomous region presented visiting foreign guests with hada [15]15 A hada (哈达) is a traditional ceremonial silk scarf used in Tibetan and Mongolian cultures to express respect and welcome. and the Mongolian-language edition of the *SWMZ*, showing that in the hearts of cadres and masses in ethnic regions, the *SWMZ* had become a carrier of the national image and an expression of friendly sentiments. In Tibet, the dissemination of the *SWMZ* enabled the masses of all ethnicities to gradually understand the irrationality of the feudal serf system and the necessity of democratic reform, laying the ideological foundation for Tibet’s democratic reform. For instance, a poor peasant from Maizhokunggar County in Tibet, after buying the Tibetan-language edition of the *SWMZ*, said excitedly: “Chairman Mao speaks and acts for us poor people. In the old society, I had nothing; now I have land, a house, and livestock, and life is very good. This is all because of Chairman Mao’s leadership. I bought this book, and I must study hard, listen to Chairman Mao’s words, and do an even better job in production.” In Yunnan, Hani soldiers, by studying the discussions on class struggle and armed struggle in the *SWMZ*, sublimated their families’ memories of suffering under oppression in the old society into a conscious revolutionary awareness of “carrying guns for the people and fighting for the people.” In addition, the exhibition on studying Mao Zedong’s works, held in Beijing, also attracted masses of all ethnicities to visit. A young Zhuang person from Guangxi wrote a message after viewing the exhibition: “All ethnicities love you, the guiding light points the way, everyone loves to read your books.” Visitors also spontaneously compared themselves with advanced models, stating that they would learn and apply simultaneously, combining reading, self-examination, and practice, strictly demanding of themselves, practicing what they learned, carrying out ideological remolding, and improving their revolutionary capabilities. These genuine feelings and conscious comparisons fully proved that studying the *SWMZ* promoted the masses of all ethnicities’ heartfelt love for the people’s leader, as well as their political identification with and ideological alignment towards the Party and the state.

新中国成立之初，边疆民族地区的民主改革和社会主义改造尚未全面展开，多种形态的经济社会制度并存。同时，国民党残余力量和土匪尚未肃清，社会秩序很不稳定，加之历史上的统治者长期实行民族压迫政策，部分群众对新中国及党和国家的方针政策存在疑虑。在此背景下，《毛选》的发行与传播，为各族群众打开了一扇了解党的理论与党的民族政策的窗口。通过阅读学习《毛选》，各族群众了解到共产党、阶级斗争、无产阶级专政等马克思主义核心概念，认识到党领导新民主主义革命的目的是实现人民当家作主，从而对新中国有了较为清晰准确的认知，坚定了对中国共产党及其领导的社会主义事业的认同。如在新疆，牧民们说，读了《毛选》以后心里就亮了，懂得了我们为什么会得到这种幸福的生活。在内蒙古，自治区干部向来访外宾赠送的是哈达和蒙古文版《毛选》，可见在民族地区干部群众心中，《毛选》已经成为国家形象与表达友好情谊的载体。在西藏，《毛选》的传播让各族群众逐渐理解封建农奴制度的不合理性以及民主改革的必要性，为西藏的民主改革奠定了思想基础。如西藏墨竹工卡县的一位贫苦农民买到藏文版《毛选》后激动地说：“毛主席是为我们穷人说话和办事的。我在旧社会什么也没有，现在有了土地、房屋、牲畜，生活过得很好，这都是因为有毛主席的领导。我买了这本书，一定要努力学习，听毛主席的话，把生产搞得更好。”在云南，哈尼族战士通过学习《毛选》中关于阶级斗争与武装斗争的论述，将家族在旧社会遭受压迫的苦难记忆，升华为“为人民扛枪、为人民打仗”的自觉革命意识。此外，设于北京的学习毛泽东著作展览也吸引了各族群众前往参观。一位广西壮族青年观展后写下留言：“各族人民都爱你，指路明灯方向对，人人爱读你的书。”参观者还自发对照先进榜样，表示要边学边用，把读书、对照、实践结合起来，严格要求，身体力行，进行思想改造，提高革命本领。这些真实感受与自觉对照充分证明，学习《毛选》促进了各族群众对人民领袖的衷心爱戴以及对党和国家的政治认同与思想靠拢。

(III) Promoting the Dissemination, Development, and Prosperity of Socialist Culture in Border Ethnic Regions

（三）推动边疆民族地区社会主义文化的传播及发展繁荣

As an important vehicle of the mainstream ideology of New China, the ideas, concepts, and value connotations contained in the *SWMZ* continuously integrated into the cultural life of border ethnic regions during their dissemination, profoundly influencing the content composition and development direction of ethnic culture and art. Various localities began to explore the construction of a new socialist culture that absorbed revolutionary culture. Among these, the case of the Inner Mongolian Ulanmuqi [16]16 Ulanmuqi (乌兰牧骑) were mobile cultural troupes established in Inner Mongolia starting in 1957, tasked with bringing performances, propaganda, and services to remote pastoral and rural areas. combining the dissemination of the *SWMZ* with the flourishing of socialist culture is quite typical. Ulanmuqi troupe members deeply studied and implemented Mao Zedong Thought; while performing artistic programs, they also delivered books and medicine to the masses of all ethnicities in the border areas and worked alongside them, winning widespread popularity among the masses. Initially, some troupe members were puzzled as to why they had to participate in labor when performing artistic works. However, after studying articles in the *SWMZ* such as “Serve the People,” “Reform Our Study,” and “Talks at the Yan’an Forum on Literature and Art,” their ideological understanding underwent a fundamental transformation. They came to realize that literary and art workers should serve the workers, peasants, and soldiers, and eat, live, and work together with the masses. The Ulanmuqi troupe members always kept in mind Mao Zedong’s requirement that “revolutionary culture is a powerful revolutionary weapon for the masses of the people.” Drawing on local true stories, they wrote and performed a series of programs such as *On the Front Line*, *Dedicated to the Model*, and *Don’t Forget Your Roots*. While enriching the spiritual and cultural life of the masses of all ethnicities, these programs subtly disseminated revolutionary ideals and convictions, fully realizing the goal of literary and artistic creation serving the people and serving socialism. The values of the *SWMZ* were disseminated to ethnic regions through artistic forms, further reaching the masses of all ethnicities, and promoting the integration and symbiosis of the excellent traditional cultures of all ethnicities with socialist culture. The cultural elements of various ethnicities were also endowed with new cultural connotations, becoming new vehicles for disseminating revolutionary ideas and scientific truths.

《毛选》作为新中国主流意识形态的重要载体，其中的思想观念、价值底蕴在传播中不断融入边疆民族地区文化生活，深刻影响着民族文化艺术的内容构成与发展方向，各地纷纷开始探索融汇吸收革命文化的社会主义新文化建设。其中，内蒙古乌兰牧骑结合《毛选》传播繁荣社会主义文化的事例较为典型。乌兰牧骑队员深入学习贯彻毛泽东思想，在演出文艺节目同时，为边疆各族群众送书送药，共同劳作，深受群众欢迎。最初有队员抱有表演文艺作品为什么要参加劳动的困惑。但当他们学习《毛选》中的《为人民服务》《改造我们的学习》《在延安文艺座谈会上的讲话》等文章后，思想认识发生根本性转变，认识到文艺工作者应该为工农兵服务，同群众同吃、同住、同劳动。乌兰牧骑的队员们时刻牢记毛泽东“革命文化，对于人民大众，是革命的有力武器”的要求，取材于当地真实事迹，自编自演了《在第一线上》《献给模范》《不能忘本》等一系列节目，在丰富各族群众精神文化生活的同时，潜移默化中传播了革命理想与信念，充分实现了文艺创作为人民服务，为社会主义服务。《毛选》的价值理念通过艺术形式传播到民族地区，进一步走进各族群众，推动各民族优秀传统文化与社会主义文化交融共生。各民族的文化元素也被赋予新的文化内涵，成为传播革命理念和科学真理的新型载体。

(IV) Consolidating the Ideological Foundation of the Great Unity of the Chinese Nation

（四）巩固中华民族大团结的思想基础

After the founding of New China, the broad masses of cadres and the people gradually initiated and deepened their study of the Party’s ethnic theory and ethnic policy, striving to construct a socialist new type of ethnic relations, so as to truly realize equality, unity, and mutual assistance among all ethnic groups. To accomplish these tasks, it was necessary to ideologically discard the two erroneous understandings of “Han chauvinism” and “local ethnic nationalism,” [17]17 “Han chauvinism” (大汉族主义) refers to the belief in the superiority of the Han ethnic group and the corresponding neglect or oppression of minority nationalities; “local ethnic nationalism” (地方民族主义) refers to an excessive emphasis on the interests and identity of a specific minority nationality at the expense of national unity. Both were criticized by the CPC as obstacles to socialist ethnic relations. thereby providing an ideological guarantee for the great unity of the Chinese nation. The publication and dissemination of the *Selected Works of Mao Zedong* (hereafter *SWMZ*) provided an authoritative theoretical weapon for this purpose. As early as the period of the New Democratic Revolution, Mao Zedong had already paid attention to the harm of “two types of ethnic nationalism” and engaged in profound theoretical exposition on ethnic issues. This is deeply reflected in the *SWMZ*. In relevant articles, Mao Zedong criticized the ethnic oppression policies of the old regime, clearly pointing out: “Toward the various minority nationalities within the country, Chiang Kai-shek’s policy was to practice Han chauvinism, to destroy and suppress them, stopping at nothing.” [18]18 Mao Zedong, “On the Coalition Government” (1945), *Selected Works of Mao Zedong*, Vol. 3. In contrast, Mao Zedong unequivocally put forward the basic principles and paths for the Chinese Communist Party to solve ethnic problems. On the one hand, it was necessary to resolutely oppose Han chauvinism, “to seek the complete liberation of the Chinese nation externally, and to seek equality among all ethnic groups within the country internally,” advocating that “we must help the broad masses of the people of all minority nationalities,” “strive for their liberation and development in politics, economy, and culture,” while at the same time “their languages, scripts, customs, habits, and religious beliefs should be respected.” On the other hand, it was necessary to resolutely oppose local ethnic nationalism, emphasizing that “China is a vast country composed of many nationalities combined together.” [19]19 Mao Zedong, “The Chinese Revolution and the Chinese Communist Party” (1939), *Selected Works of Mao Zedong*, Vol. 2. These important expositions, from both positive and negative aspects, provided ideological guidance for cadres and the masses of all ethnicities to distinguish and resist erroneous understandings of ethnic issues, and pointed out the correct direction for realizing ethnic equality, unity, and mutual assistance. At the First Session of the First National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, a Korean nationality committee member pointed out that studying the *SWMZ* was the only way to overcome narrow nationalist thinking and do a good job in ethnic work, which is a vivid manifestation of this process of theoretical internalization.

新中国成立后，广大干部群众逐步开展和深化对党的民族理论、民族政策的学习，着力构建社会主义新型民族关系，以真正实现各民族的平等、团结与互助。要完成这些任务，必须在思想上摒弃“大汉族主义”与“地方民族主义”两种错误认识，为中华民族大团结提供思想保障。《毛选》的发行传播，为此提供了权威理论武器。早在新民主主义革命时期，毛泽东就关注到“两种民族主义”的危害，就民族问题进行了深刻的理论阐述。对此，《毛选》中有着深刻反映。毛泽东在相关文章中批判了旧政权的民族压迫政策，明确指出：“对于国内各少数民族，蒋介石的方针就是实施大汉族主义，摧残镇压，无所不至。”与此相对，毛泽东旗帜鲜明地提出了中国共产党解决民族问题的基本原则与路径。一方面，必须坚决反对大汉族主义，“对外求中华民族的彻底解放，对内求国内各民族之间的平等”，主张“必须帮助各少数民族的广大人民群众”，“争取他们在政治上、经济上、文化上的解放和发展”，同时“他们的言语、文字、风俗、习惯和宗教信仰，应被尊重”。另一方面，必须坚决反对地方民族主义，强调“中国是一个由多数民族结合而成的拥有广大人口的国家”。这些重要论述，从正反两方面为各族干部群众辨别和抵制关于民族问题的错误认识提供了思想遵循，指明了实现民族平等、团结、互助的正确方向。在全国政协一届三次会议上，就有朝鲜族委员指出，学习《毛选》是克服狭隘的民族主义思想、搞好民族地区工作的唯一的办法，正是这一理论内化过程的鲜明体现。

In practice, in conjunction with the Party Central Committee’s inspection of ethnic work, cadres and the masses of all ethnicities began to consciously apply the standpoints, viewpoints, and methods in Mao Zedong’s works to examine and correct possible deviations in ethnic relations in actual work. For example, the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region organized cadres to systematically study *The Chinese Revolution and the Chinese Communist Party*, *On New Democracy*, and Mao Zedong’s expositions on ethnic policy, and in practice consciously criticized the erroneous ideas of narrow Han chauvinism and local ethnic nationalism, thereby promoting the transformation of Mongol-Han ethnic relations in a direction of greater equality, unity, and mutual assistance. It can be seen that the *SWMZ* not only effectively helped cadres and the masses of all ethnicities clear away cognitive obstacles for constructing a socialist new type of ethnic relations at the ideological level, but also provided methodological support for implementing the Party’s ethnic policy at the practical level. As Ulanhu, then Vice Premier of the State Council and Director of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, said, Mao Zedong Thought “not only solved the common problems of all ethnic groups, but also solved the particular problems of minority nationalities.” [20]20 Ulanhu (乌兰夫, 1906–1988) was a senior CPC leader of Mongol ethnicity, who served as Vice Premier and head of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, playing a key role in implementing the Party’s ethnic policies in the early PRC. Through theoretical language and basic principles of universal significance, the *SWMZ* helped cadres and the masses of all ethnicities deeply understand the historical logic and practical orientation of the Party’s ethnic theory and ethnic policy, prompting learners to think about problems and carry out practice from the standpoint of the overall interests of the state and the Chinese nation, thereby laying a more solid ideological and action foundation for consolidating the unified multi-ethnic state.

在实践中，结合党中央对民族工作开展的检查，各族干部群众开始有意识地运用毛泽东著作中的立场、观点与方法，检视和纠正实际工作中可能存在的民族关系偏差。如内蒙古自治区组织干部系统学习《中国革命和中国共产党》《新民主主义论》及毛泽东关于民族政策的论述，在实践中自觉批判狭隘的大汉族主义与地方民族主义错误，进而推动蒙汉民族关系向更加平等、团结、互助的方向转变。可见，《毛选》不仅切实在思想层面帮助各族干部群众为构建社会主义新型民族关系扫除了认知障碍，也在实践层面为落实党的民族政策提供了方法论支持。正如时任国务院副总理兼国家民族事务委员会主任乌兰夫所说，毛泽东思想“不仅解决了各民族共同的问题，也解决了各少数民族的特殊性的问题”。《毛选》通过具有普遍性意义的理论语言和基本原理，帮助各族干部群众深入理解党的民族理论与民族政策的历史逻辑和现实指向，促使学习者站在国家整体利益与中华民族立场上思考问题、开展实践，为巩固统一多民族国家奠定了更为坚实的思想与行动基础。

As a classic work carrying the theory of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context, the *SWMZ* has always shone with the radiance of truth. The publication, distribution, and dissemination of the *SWMZ* in border ethnic regions, using the Party’s theory as an ideological and cultural carrier, continuously infiltrated the hearts and minds of the masses in border ethnic regions, constantly gathered and enhanced the cohesion of the Chinese nation, and injected powerful spiritual strength for the people of all ethnicities to jointly carry out the socialist revolution and advance socialist construction. The course of the publication and dissemination of the *SWMZ* in ethnic regions shows that the Party’s theory is both a concrete cultural achievement and an ideological banner guiding practice. The dissemination and application of theory have multiple significances in epistemology and methodology for prospering and developing Chinese culture and building the common spiritual home of the Chinese nation. We should inherit and carry forward the beneficial practices in the process of publishing, distributing, and disseminating the *SWMZ*, innovatively explore paths and methods to enhance the cohesion of the Chinese nation, better forge a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation, and advance the construction of the Chinese national community.

作为承载马克思主义中国化理论的经典著作，《毛选》始终闪耀着真理光芒。《毛选》在边疆民族地区的出版发行和传播，以党的理论为思想文化载体，不断浸润边疆民族地区群众心灵，持续汇聚增强中华民族凝聚力，为各族人民共同开展社会主义革命、推进社会主义建设注入了强大精神力量。《毛选》在民族地区出版传播的历程表明，党的理论既是具体的文化成果，也是指导实践的思想旗帜。理论的传播与运用，对于繁荣发展中华文化、构筑中华民族共有精神家园，具有认识论和方法论的多重意义。我们应继承和发扬在《毛选》出版发行和传播过程中的有益做法，创新探索增强中华民族凝聚力的路径方法，更好铸牢中华民族共同体意识，推进中华民族共同体建设。

Author Biographies: Di Hongxu, Associate Professor, School of Marxism, Minzu University of China; Wang Xinyi, Master’s Student, School of Marxism, Minzu University of China.

作者简介：狄鸿旭，中央民族大学马克思主义学院副教授;王心怡，中央民族大学马克思主义学院硕士生。