Scientific Guidance for Advancing Theoretical Innovation

Looking back on the CPC’s more than one hundred years of struggle, the Party has been able to shoulder the tasks of the era, respond to the challenges of the era, and create miracles of the era in each historical period, fundamentally because it has adhered to and applied Marxist scientific theory, and because it has continuously advanced theoretical innovation on the basis of practice. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping, based on the overall situation of the development of the Party and

回顾中国共产党的百余年奋斗史，我们党能够在各个历史时期担当时代重任、应对时代挑战、创造时代奇迹，根本上离不开对马克思主义科学理论的坚持和运用，离不开在实践基础上持续推进理论创新。党的十八大以来，习近平总书记立足党和国家事业发展全局，回答了理论创新的一系列重大问题，明确了理论创新的“魂脉”与“根脉”、母体与源泉、主体与价值、体系与学理，使我们党对理论创新的规律性认识上升到新的高度。习近平总书记对理论创新的重要论述，明确了理论创新的基本原则和重大意义，阐明了党的理论创新的科学方法，为进一步推进马克思主义中国化时代化提供了科学指引。

I. Upholding the “Soul” and “Root” of Theoretical Innovation

一、坚守理论创新的“魂脉”与“根脉”

General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out that we must “always uphold the soul and root of theoretical innovation.” We must never discard the soul of Marxism, nor must we discard the root of fine traditional Chinese culture. The elucidation of the “soul” and “root” in theoretical innovation constitutes the fundamental guidance for correctly advancing theoretical innovation.

习近平总书记指出，必须“始终坚守理论创新的魂和根”。我们决不能抛弃马克思主义这个魂脉，决不能抛弃中华优秀传统文化这个根脉。对理论创新中“魂脉”与“根脉”的阐释，是我们正确推进理论创新的根本遵循。

Marxism and fine traditional Chinese culture are the “soul” and “root” of theoretical innovation, together forming the foundation and prerequisite for theoretical innovation. From the perspective of the “soul” of theoretical innovation, Marxism analyzes the inherent contradictions of capitalist operation, reveals the general laws of human social development, provides the proletariat with a powerful ideological weapon for understanding and transforming the world, and opens a revolutionary path for the freedom and liberation of the broad masses. In the over one hundred years of struggle by the Communist Party of China, the basic tenets of Marxism, in the process of integrating with China’s specific realities, have burst forth with a truth force that transcends time and grows stronger with age. The scientific nature, people-centered nature, practical nature, and openness it embodies are the soul of the Party’s theoretical innovation. From the perspective of the “root” of theoretical innovation, the Chinese nation has a civilization history of over five thousand years. Fine traditional Chinese culture is long-standing, profound, and extensive, containing rich ideological wisdom. Its outstanding continuity, innovativeness, unity, inclusiveness, and peacefulness provide abundant ideological material for theoretical innovation. Without China’s five-thousand-year civilization, it would be impossible to highlight the Chinese characteristics of theoretical innovation; without drawing on fine traditional Chinese culture, there would be no solid foundation for theoretical innovation. Only by taking root in the rich theoretical resources of Marxism and fine traditional Chinese culture, and continuously drawing on ideological wisdom, can the Party’s theory achieve sustained innovation and development.

马克思主义和中华优秀传统文化是理论创新的“魂脉”与“根脉”，二者共同构成理论创新的基础和前提。从理论创新的“魂脉”看，马克思主义剖析了资本主义运行的内在矛盾，揭示了人类社会发展的一般规律，为无产阶级认识和改造世界提供强大思想武器，也为广大人民的自由和解放开辟革命道路。在中国共产党百余年的奋斗历程中，马克思主义基本原理在同中国具体实际相结合的过程中迸发出穿越时空、历久弥坚的真理力量，其蕴含的科学性、人民性、实践性和开放性是党的理论创新的灵魂。从理论创新的“根脉”看，中华民族具有五千多年的文明史，中华优秀传统文化源远流长、博大精深，蕴含丰富的思想智慧，其突出的连续性、创新性、统一性、包容性、和平性，为理论创新提供了丰盈的思想素材。没有中华五千年文明，就无法凸显理论创新的中国特色，不吸取中华优秀传统文化，就没有坚实的理论创新根基。只有扎根于马克思主义和中华优秀传统文化的丰富理论资源，不断汲取思想智慧，才能实现党的理论的持续性创新与发展。

The Marxist “soul” and the fine traditional Chinese culture “root” interpenetrate each other in the process of theoretical innovation. On the one hand, Marxism must be used to activate the vital and excellent factors within fine traditional Chinese culture, endowing them with new contemporary connotations, and injecting the great spirit and rich wisdom of the Chinese nation into Marxism at a deeper level. On the other hand, for Chinese Marxists, only by taking root in fine traditional Chinese culture, fully understanding and utilizing the Chinese people’s modes of thinking, life customs, and linguistic expressions, can they achieve theoretical and practical innovation in Marxism through the collision and integration of Marxism and fine traditional Chinese culture. Integrating the basic tenets of Marxism with fine traditional Chinese culture is an important and promising path for promoting the development of Marxism. As for the development of fine traditional Chinese culture itself, the reason it can achieve integration with Marxism lies in the points of affinity between the two. Fine traditional Chinese culture continuously activates its own vitality through theoretical resonance with Marxism. The integration of the basic tenets of Marxism with fine traditional Chinese culture makes Marxism Chinese and fine traditional Chinese culture modern. Integration is both the method and the result of theoretical innovation.

马克思主义“魂脉”与中华优秀传统文化“根脉”在理论创新过程中相互贯通。一方面 ，需要用马克思主义激活中华优秀传统文化中富有生命力的优秀因子并赋予新的时代内涵，将中华民族的伟大精神和丰富智慧更深层次地注入马克思主义。另一方面，对于中国的马克思主义者而言，唯有植根于中华优秀传统文化，充分了解和运用中国人民的思维方式、生活习俗和语言方式，才能在马克思主义与中华优秀传统文化碰撞融合中实现马克思主义的理论创新和实践创新。把马克思主义基本原理同中华优秀传统文化相结合，是推动马克思主义发展的一条重要且前景光明的理论创新方式。就中华优秀传统文化自身的发展而言，其之所以能够与马克思主义实现结合，根源在于二者具有契合之处。中华优秀传统文化在与马克思主义的理论共鸣中不断激活自身的生命活力。马克思主义基本原理与中华优秀传统文化的结合，让马克思主义成为中国的、中华优秀传统文化成为现代的，结合既是理论创新的方法，也是理论创新的结果。

The Marxist “soul” shapes the socialist civilization form of contemporary China, while the fine traditional Chinese culture “root” forges the over-five-thousand-year civilizational genes of contemporary China and the Chinese nation. Theoretical innovation aims to better uphold the socialist civilizational tradition and the Chinese national civilizational tradition, and, in the consciousness of this dual civilizational tradition, to create a modern civilization of the Chinese nation that conforms to the laws of human civilizational development. In cultural construction, upholding fundamental principles prevents losing oneself and losing direction, while innovation enables grasping the era and leading the era. Upholding fundamental principles means upholding the fundamental system of Marxism’s guiding position in the ideological domain, upholding the fundamental requirement of the “Two Integrations,” [1]1 The Two Integrations (两个结合) refers to the integration of the basic tenets of Marxism with China’s specific realities and with the best of fine traditional Chinese culture. and upholding the Party’s cultural leadership and the Chinese nation’s cultural subjectivity. Innovation means creating new ideas, new discourses, new mechanisms, and new forms. Only by firmly grasping the Marxist “soul” and the fine traditional Chinese culture “root” can we uphold fundamental principles and break new ground. The confirmation of the “soul” and “root” ensures that “upholding fundamental principles” in the process of theoretical innovation not only has methodological guiding significance and concrete content orientation but also clarifies the era’s tasks for theoretical innovation through a problem-oriented approach to reality, opening up new horizons in adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times, and leading the development of the modern civilization of the Chinese nation and the construction of a new form of human civilization.

马克思主义“魂脉”形塑了当代中国的社会主义文明形态，中华优秀传统文化“根脉”熔铸了当代中国和中华民族五千多年的文明基因。理论创新是为了更好地坚守社会主义文明传统与中华民族文明传统，在对双重文明传统的自觉中创造符合人类文明发展规律的中华民族现代文明。对文化建设来说，守正才能不迷失自我、不迷失方向，创新才能把握时代、引领时代。守正，守的是马克思主义在意识形态领域指导地位的根本制度，守的是“两个结合”的根本要求，守的是中国共产党的文化领导权和中华民族的文化主体性。创新，创的是新思路、新话语、新机制、新形式。只有牢牢把握马克思主义这个“魂脉”和中华优秀传统文化这个“根脉”，才能守正创新。“魂脉”与“根脉”的确认使得理论创新过程中的“守正”不仅具有方法论的引领意义和实在的内容指向，而且在现实的问题导向中明确了理论创新的时代任务，开辟马克思主义中国化时代化新境界，引领中华民族现代文明的发展与人类文明新形态的构建。

II. The Era is the Mother of Thought; Practice is the Source of Theory

二、时代是思想之母，实践是理论之源

General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out, “The era is the mother of thought; practice is the source of theory.” All epoch-making theories are products that meet the needs of the era. Theories used to observe the era, grasp the era, and lead the era must reflect the voice of the era, must not detach themselves from the practice of the era, and must continuously summarize practical experience, condensing it into the ideological essence of the era.

习近平总书记指出，“时代是思想之母，实践是理论之源”。一切划时代的理论，都是满足时代需要的产物。用以观察时代、把握时代、引领时代的理论，必须反映时代的声音，绝不能脱离所在时代的实践，必须不断总结实践经验，将其凝结成时代的思想精华。

The era is the mother of thought. Theoretical innovation must be based on observing and grasping the era, thereby achieving leadership of the era; theoretical innovation detached from the era will ultimately lose its inner vitality. Positioning the historical coordinates of today’s world and China is the theoretical prerequisite for reflecting on the current era. From the grand perspective of world historical development, General Secretary Xi Jinping points out that today’s world is undergoing changes unseen in a century. From the perspective of world history, changes unseen in a century are both a manifestation of the historical inevitability of human society transitioning from capitalist society to socialist and communist society, and a stacking of contingent factors in the games among nations at the current stage. From the strategic overall situation of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, contemporary China is undergoing the most extensive and profound social transformation in its history. Against the backdrop of global changes, China continues to advance the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, gradually transforming from a passive recipient of world history into an active creator of it. The great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation is currently at a critical juncture; while advancing triumphantly, it also faces numerous challenges. Various fields, including reform, development, and stability; domestic affairs, foreign affairs, and national defense; and Party governance, state governance, and military governance, all confront a series of new major issues.

时代是思想之母。理论创新必须基于对时代的观察和把握，以此实现对时代的引领，脱离时代的理论创新终将丧失内在生命力。对当今世界与中国的历史坐标进行定位是对当今时代展开反思的理论前提，习近平总书记从世界历史发展的宏大视野出发，指出当今世界处于百年未有之大变局。从世界历史的进程来看，百年未有之大变局既是人类社会从资本主义社会向社会主义、共产主义社会过渡的历史必然性呈现，也是现阶段世界各国博弈的偶发性因素堆叠。从中华民族伟大复兴的战略全局来看，当代中国正在经历着有史以来最为广泛而深刻的社会变革。在世界变局的背景下，中国持续推进中华民族伟大复兴，逐渐从世界历史的被动接受者转变为世界历史的主动创造者。中华民族伟大复兴在今天正处于紧要关头，高歌猛进的同时也面临着诸多挑战，改革发展稳定、内政外交国防、治党治国治军等各个领域都面临着一系列新的重大课题。

Practice is the source of theory. Continuously advancing the Party’s theoretical innovation on the basis of practice is ultimately embodied in responding to practical questions and guiding practical development; it must adhere to discovering truth and developing truth in practice. Contemporary China, through the practice of building a community with a shared future for mankind, is solidly advancing the construction of a new international political and economic order; through the practice of Chinese-path modernization, it is continuously promoting comprehensive and deep-seated social transformation. Rooted in the changes unseen in a century in the world, the proposal and practice of the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind is the answer submitted by the Communist Party of China to the question of where world civilization is headed. The concept of a community with a shared future for mankind has received broad support from the international community, possesses a profound practical foundation, and contains a transcendence of the unjust and unreasonable international political and economic order dominated by capitalism. At the same time, the practice of a community with a shared future for mankind also faces many challenges, including but not limited to the tense relationship between humanity and nature commonly faced worldwide, regional conflicts arising from great-power political games, global economic competition and periodic economic crises, and value conflicts among groups. Theoretical workers need to answer the many questions encountered in the practice of a community with a shared future for mankind, and continuously guide its development. The practice of Chinese-path modernization has already demonstrated strong advantages and vigorous vitality; the scientific theoretical system of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, formed on the basis of practice, is increasingly broad and profound.

实践是理论之源。在实践基础上不断推进党的理论创新，归根到底体现于对实践问题的回答和对实践发展的引领，必须坚持在实践中发现真理、发展真理。当代中国以人类命运共同体的实践，扎实推进国际政治经济新秩序的构建；以中国式现代化的实践，持续推进全方位、深层次的社会变革。立足世界百年未有之大变局，人类命运共同体理念的提出与实践，是中国共产党提交的关于世界文明向何处去的答案。人类命运共同体理念受到国际社会的广泛支持，具有深厚的实践基础，蕴含着对资本主义主导下的不公正不合理的国际政治经济秩序的超越。同时，人类命运共同体的实践也面临诸多挑战，包括但不限于世界普遍面临的人与自然的紧张关系、大国政治博弈产生的区域冲突、全球范围的经济竞争与周期性经济危机、群体间的价值观冲突等。理论工作者需要回答人类命运共同体在实践过程中遇到的诸多问题，不断引领人类命运共同体的发展。中国式现代化的实践已经展现出了强劲优势与蓬勃生命力，在实践基础上形成的习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想科学理论体系日益博大精深。

Taking the era as the matrix of theoretical innovation helps theoretical workers to position the coordinates of contemporary world civilization and Chinese civilization from a historical perspective, to analyze the many dilemmas facing human development on the basis of in-depth research into the characteristics of the contemporary world and China, and to better answer the questions of the era and the world. Taking practice as the source of theoretical innovation helps to scientifically summarize the valuable experience accumulated in the process of human society and China’s development, to analyze various problems encountered in practice in a manner of seeking truth from facts, to help solve practical difficulties while guiding the development of practice, and to push Chinese-path modernization to a higher level.

将时代作为理论创新的母体，有利于理论工作者以历史的眼光定位当代世界文明中华文明的坐标，在深入研究当代世界与中国特征的基础上，解析人类发展面临的诸多困境，更好回答时代之问、世界之问。将实践作为理论创新的源泉，有利于科学地总结人类社会和中国发展过程中积累的宝贵经验，实事求是地分析实践过程中遇到的各类问题，有利于在破解实践困境的同时引领实践的发展，推动中国式现代化迈向更高水平。

III. The Subject and Value of Theoretical Innovation

三、理论创新的主体与价值

General Secretary Xi Jinping points out that the achievements in adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times all originate from the wisdom, exploration, and creation of the people. The Party’s theoretical innovation is also aimed at solving what is needed for development, what is urgent for reform, what is hoped for at the grassroots, and what the people’s hearts desire. The people are the subject of theoretical innovation, and satisfying the people’s aspiration for a better life is the value attribution of theoretical innovation.

习近平总书记指出，马克思主义中国化时代化成果，无不源自于人民的智慧、人民的探索、人民的创造。党的理论创新也是为了解决好发展所需、改革所急、基层所盼、民心所向。人民是理论创新的主体，满足人民对美好生活的向往是理论创新的价值归属。

The people’s creative practice is the inexhaustible source of Marxist theoretical innovation. We need to focus on summarizing fresh experience from the people’s creative practice, elevating experience into rational understanding, and refining new theoretical achievements. The people are the creators of society’s material and spiritual wealth. The Party’s innovative theory is the crystallization of the practical experience and collective wisdom of the Party and the people. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out that the masses are at the forefront of practice, are the most sensitive to changes in practice, feel them most deeply, and are also the most intelligent; as long as one goes among the masses, many problems that defy solution after much thought can suddenly become clear and find answers. The people’s subject position in theoretical innovation determines that we must extensively listen to the voices of the masses, consciously seek advice from the people and ask about their needs, obtain inspiration for theoretical and practical innovation from the people’s genuine insights, and elevate the people’s perceptual knowledge into rational knowledge in the process of careful research and in-depth analysis. The people’s subject position in theoretical innovation is reflected both in the people playing an important driving force in the process of theoretical innovation and in the Communist Party of China regarding the people as the service object of theoretical innovation. Theoretical innovation is not for realizing the interests of a minority but for realizing the fundamental interests of the vast majority of the people.

人民的创造性实践是马克思主义理论创新的不竭源泉。我们需要注重从人民的创造性实践中总结新鲜经验，将经验上升为理性认识，提炼出新的理论成果。人民是社会物质财富和精神财富的创造者。党的创新理论是党和人民实践经验和集体智慧的结晶。习近平总书记指出，人民群众身处实践最前沿，对实践变化感知最敏感、感受最深切，也最聪慧，只要走到人民群众中去，很多百思不得其解的问题就能豁然开朗、找到答案。人民在理论创新中的主体地位决定了我们必须广泛倾听人民群众的声音，自觉问计于民、问需于民，从人民群众的真知灼见中获取理论创新和实践创新灵感，在认真研究和深入分析的过程中将人民群众的感性认识上升为理性认识。人民群众在理论创新中的主体地位，既体现在人民在理论创新的过程中发挥重要的推动力量，也表现在中国共产党将人民视为理论创新的服务对象。理论创新不是为了实现少数人的利益，而是为了实现最广大人民群众的根本利益。

The people’s aspiration for a better life is the value attribution of our Party’s theoretical innovation. Theoretical innovation must adhere to speaking for the people and representing the people, advancing the process of human liberation while satisfying the people’s aspiration for a better life, and promoting the true free and comprehensive development of human beings. Theoretical innovation inherently contains value judgments and value choices. Our Party’s theoretical innovation is aimed at safeguarding and realizing the fundamental interests of the vast majority of the people, at satisfying the people’s aspiration for a better life, at liberating and developing the productive forces, eliminating exploitation and polarization, and ultimately achieving common prosperity. Taking the satisfaction of the people’s aspiration for a better life as the value core of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times not only highlights the contemporary Chinese Communist Party’s people-centered development thought but also depicts the bright prospect of modern Chinese civilization.

人民对美好生活的向往是我们党进行理论创新的价值归属。理论创新要坚持为人民立言、为人民代言，在满足人民对美好生活的向往中推进人类解放的进程，促使人真正实现自由而全面的发展。理论创新天然包含着价值判断与价值选择。我们党的理论创新是为了维护并实现最广大人民群众的根本利益，是为了满足人民对美好生活的向往，是为了解放和发展生产力、消除剥削与两极分化，最终实现共同富裕。将满足人民群众对美好生活的向往作为推进马克思主义中国化时代化的价值内核，既凸显了当代中国共产党人以人民为中心的发展思想，也描绘了中华民族现代文明的光明景象。

IV. The Systematization and Theorization of Theoretical Innovation

四、理论创新的体系化与学理化

General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasizes that promoting the systematization and theorization of theory is an inherent requirement and important pathway for theoretical innovation. The reason Marxism has a far-reaching influence lies in its revelation of the truth of human social development through profound theoretical reasoning and its demonstration of the scientific nature of its theory through a complete system. System and theory are two extremely important dimensions in rational understanding; system emphasizes the connections and order among different aspects of understanding, while theory emphasizes the structure and logic among different levels of understanding. The former reflects the dialectical relationship between system and elements, and the latter reflects the dialectical relationship between phenomenon and essence.

习近平总书记强调，推进理论的体系化学理化，是理论创新的内在要求和重要途径。马克思主义之所以影响深远，在于其以深刻的学理揭示人类社会发展的真理性，以完备的体系论证其理论的科学性。体系与学理是理性认识中两个极为重要的维度，体系强调的是不同认识方面之间的联系与秩序，学理强调的是不同认识层次之间的结构与逻辑，前者反映的是系统与要素的辩证关系，后者反映的是现象与本质的辩证关系。

Marxism’s profound explanatory power and strong transformative capacity for human social development largely stem from its complete systematic argumentation. Marx once said his works were an artistic whole, and Lenin also pointed out that Marxist philosophy is a single block of steel. [2]2 Lenin’s description of Marxism as “a single block of steel” appears in his 1913 article “The Three Sources and Three Component Parts of Marxism.” The three component parts of Marxist philosophy, political economy, and scientific socialism are intrinsically unified, demonstrating a truth force that transcends time and space. Contemporary Chinese Marxism also emphasizes the systematic nature among the various parts of theory. On the basis of practice, General Secretary Xi Jinping grasps the laws of human social development as a whole, not only responding to the practical requirements of constructing a new form of human civilization but also providing solid theoretical growth points for the formation and development of the contemporary Chinese Marxist theoretical system. The systematization of theoretical innovation conforms to the holistic nature of social development, linking all aspects within society together to advance in tandem; it is both a transcendence of the one-sided development of a single aspect in the process of practice and an embodiment of the inherent requirement for the all-round development of a new form of human civilization. As practice deepens, the Party’s theoretical innovation achievements will become increasingly rich, and the systematization of theoretical innovation will become increasingly refined and profound.

马克思主义对人类社会发展的深刻解释力与强劲改造力，很大程度上源于其完备的体系论证。马克思曾说他的著作是一个艺术的整体，列宁也指出马克思主义哲学是一块整钢。马克思主义哲学、政治经济学与科学社会主义三个组成部分内在统一，显示出超越时空的真理力量。当代中国马克思主义同样强调各部分理论之间的系统性。习近平总书记在实践基础上，从总体上把握人类社会的发展规律，不仅回应了人类文明新形态构建的现实要求，而且为当代中国马克思主义理论体系的形成和发展提供了扎实的理论生长点。理论创新的体系化符合社会发展的整体性，是将社会内部的各个方面联结起来齐头并进，既是对实践进程中片面发展某一方面的超越，也体现了人类文明新形态全方位发展的内在要求。随着实践进程的深化，党的理论创新成果会越来越丰富，理论创新的体系化将越来越精细、越来越深刻。

Promoting the theorization of theory is both an important direction and an important characteristic of theoretical innovation. Lacking theoretical support, theoretical innovation can only be a superposition of perceptual experience and specific events; possessing theoretical support, theoretical innovation can move beyond the level of specific and perceptual understanding to the level of necessity and rational understanding, can grasp historical initiative on the basis of mastering the laws of social development, and can promote the in-depth development of practice.

推进理论的学理化，既是理论创新的重要方向，也是理论创新的重要特质。缺乏学理支撑，理论创新只能是感性经验和具体事件叠加；具备学理支撑，理论创新才能走出具体和感性认识层次，走向必然与理性认识层次，才能在把握社会发展规律的基础上掌握历史主动，推动实践的深入发展。

General Secretary Xi Jinping’s systematic assertions on the “soul and root” [3]3 “Soul and root” refers to Xi Jinping’s formulation that the “soul” of theoretical innovation is Marxism, and its “root” is China’s excellent traditional culture, as articulated in the context of the Two Integrations. of theoretical innovation, his scientific understanding of its matrix and source, his comprehensive summary of its subject and value, and his profound elaboration of its systematization and theorization have elevated our Party’s understanding of the laws of theoretical innovation to a new height. Under the guidance of this understanding of the laws of theoretical innovation, continuously advancing comprehensive and in-depth theoretical innovation, deeply grasping the characteristics of the era, effectively solving the problems of the era, and continuously leading the development of the era will surely open up a new realm of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times, and manifest the truth force of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era.

习近平总书记对理论创新“魂脉”与“根脉”的系统性论断、母体与源泉的科学性认识、主体与价值的全局性总结以及体系化学理化深刻阐释，使我们党对理论创新的规律性认识上升到新的高度。在理论创新的规律性认识的指引下，持续推进全面且深入的理论创新，深入把握时代特征、有力破解时代难题、不断引领时代发展，必将开辟马克思主义中国化时代化新境界，彰显习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的真理伟力。

(The author is Dean and Professor of the School of Marxism at Zhejiang University, and Chief Expert of the Research and Communication Center for Marxist Theoretical Innovation at Zhejiang University)

（作者系浙江大学马克思主义学院院长、教授，浙江大学马克思主义理论创新与传播研究中心首席专家）

Online Editor: Zhang Jian

网络编辑：张剑