The Deep Logic of Ideological and Political Education Promoting Human Modernization

Xi Jinping pointed out: “The essence of modernization is the modernization of the human person.”[1]1 Xi Jinping, *Xi Jinping: The Governance of China*, Vol. 3, Foreign Languages Press, 2020, p. 594. The original Chinese quotation is from a speech by Xi Jinping. (p. 594) The modernization of the human person is both the ultimate goal of Chinese-path modernization and its driving force. Ideological and political education starts from the “real human individual,” uses multiple methods and carriers as means to conduct ideological education and character shaping of people, and continuously guides, develops, and elevates people. There is a close logical connection between the essential attributes of ideological and political education and the modernization of the human person, which makes it possible for ideological and political education to promote the modernization of the human person. Exploring the logical premise, logical unfolding, and logical purpose of ideological and political education in promoting the modernization of the human person—that is, answering the questions of “how it can promote,” “by what means it promotes,” and “how it promotes”—has important theoretical significance and practical value for achieving substantive progress in the modernization of the human person on the new journey of the New Era and for pushing Chinese-path modernization to a higher level.

习近平指出：“现代化的本质是人的现代化。”[1]（P594）人的现代化既是中国式现代化的终极目标，又是中国式现代化的推动力量。思想政治教育从“现实的人”出发，以多种方法载体为手段对人进行思想教育和品性塑造，不断引导人、发展人、提升人。思想政治教育的本质属性与人的现代化之间存在紧密的逻辑关联，使思想政治教育促进人的现代化具备了可能性。探究思想政治教育促进人的现代化的逻辑前提、逻辑展开、逻辑旨归，即回答“何以促进”“以何促进”“如何促进”的问题，对于新时代新征程促进人的现代化取得实质性进展、推动中国式现代化走向更高水平具有重要的理论意义与实践价值。

I. The Logical Premise of Ideological and Political Education Promoting the Modernization of the Human Person

一、思想政治教育促进人的现代化的逻辑前提

Ideological and political education and the modernization of the human person are deeply coupled, promoting and advancing each other. Their goal orientation is highly aligned, their value implications are intrinsically consistent, and their practical processes are interconnected and linked. This close relationship constitutes the logical premise for ideological and political education to promote the modernization of the human person.

思想政治教育与人的现代化深度耦合、互促互进。二者的目标指向高度契合、价值意蕴内在一致、实践过程贯通联动，这种紧密联系成为思想政治教育促进人的现代化的逻辑前提。

1. Goal orientation is highly aligned. Guided by Marxist thought on the human person, ideological and political education concerns itself with the existence and development of people, attends to their physical and mental characteristics and growth patterns, and, through purposeful and planned education and influence on people, satisfies their reasonable needs, activates their modes of thinking, enriches their spiritual world, and enhances their comprehensive abilities, thereby achieving the goal of the free and comprehensive development of the human person. The modernization of the human person is the transformation of the human person through practical activities upon the human person itself, achieving modernizing changes at multiple levels including knowledge and ability, theory and practice, spirit and matter, and the internal and the external. Marx depicted the basic form of the future communist society as “a social form in which the free and comprehensive development of each individual is the fundamental principle”[2]2 Karl Marx, *Capital*, Vol. 1, in *Marx and Engels Collected Works*, Vol. 44, People’s Publishing House, 2001, p. 267. (p. 267), “enabling every member of society to fully and freely develop and exert all their strengths and abilities.”[3]3 Friedrich Engels, *Principles of Communism*, in *Marx and Engels Collected Works*, Vol. 1, People’s Publishing House, 2009, p. 302. (p. 302) Xi Jinping emphasized: “The ultimate goal of modernization is to realize the free and comprehensive development of the human person.”[4]4 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Dialogue between the CPC and World Political Parties,” March 15, 2023. For people to transform from “traditional people” to “modern people,” it requires not only the comprehensive development of people’s thinking, life, behavior, and other modes toward the goal of modernization, but also that people can achieve their own complete liberation and have sufficient free conditions to develop and elevate themselves. This is the unity of comprehensive development and free development based on practice. Therefore, the modernization of the human person is a form of expression of the free and comprehensive development of the human person at a specific historical stage, while the free and comprehensive development of the human person is the ideal result continuously accumulated through countless instances of “modernization of the human person” and is the highest pursuit of the modernization of the human person. The modernization of the human person ultimately points toward the free and comprehensive development of the human person, which is highly aligned with the ultimate goal of ideological and political education.

1. 目标指向高度契合。思想政治教育以马克思主义人学思想为指导，关注人的存在与发展，关照人的身心特点与成长规律，通过有目的、有计划地对人施以教育和影响，满足人的合理需求、活跃人的思维方式、丰富人的精神世界、提高人的综合能力，从而达到人自由而全面发展的目标。人的现代化是人的实践活动对人自身的现代性改造，是在知识与能力、理论与实践、精神与物质、内在与外在等多个层面实现现代化转变。马克思描绘未来共产主义社会的基本样态是“以每一个个人的全面而自由的发展为基本原则的社会形式”[2]（P267），“使每一个社会成员都能够完全自由地发展和发挥他的全部力量和才能”[3]（P302）。习近平强调：“现代化的最终目标是实现人自由而全面的发展。”[4]人由“传统人”转向“现代人”，既需要人的思维、生活、行为等方式朝着现代化目标全面发展，还需要人能够获得自身的彻底解放，有充分的自由条件发展自我和提升自我，这是建立在实践基础之上的全面发展和自由发展的统一。因而，人的现代化是在一定历史阶段中人自由而全面的发展的表现形式，人自由而全面的发展则是由无数“人的现代化”持续累积的理想结果、是人的现代化的最高追求。人的现代化最终指向人自由而全面的发展，这与思想政治教育的终极目标高度契合。

2. Value implications are intrinsically consistent. Ideological and political education is a special educational activity that transmits ideological concepts, political viewpoints, moral norms, etc., that conform to the interests and will of the ruling class to members of society, enabling them to form a sense of identification with and belonging to the ruling class. As an important method of governing the Party and the state, ideological and political education is the key to the Communist Party of China leading the people to continuously achieve victories in revolution, construction, and reform, and it has always served the great cause of socialist modernization. At the present stage, ideological and political education takes consolidating the guiding position of Marxism in the ideological domain and consolidating the common ideological foundation for the united struggle of the entire Party and people of all ethnic groups as its fundamental tasks, takes cultivating new generations capable of undertaking the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation as its focal point, vigorously promotes the Party’s innovative theories “flying into the homes of ordinary people,”[n] and provides powerful ideological momentum for Chinese-path modernization. People are the main force in modernization; the depth and breadth of modernization depend on the degree of modernization of the human person. Only when every individual composing the country becomes a modern person can national modernization advance steadily. Chinese-path modernization consistently follows the “human-centered logic,” always adheres to development for the people, development relying on the people, and development achievements shared by the people, and has achieved historic accomplishments by upholding the fundamental position of putting the people first. In the process of participating in Chinese-path modernization, each person continuously masters advanced ideological and political concepts and internalizes the mainstream value system, enabling their own ideological and political qualities, value concepts, modes of thinking, etc., to achieve modernized development adapted to Chinese-path modernization, thereby promoting the modernization of the overall cause through the “high-level modernization of the human person.” “The modernization of the human person is not only the goal of modernization but also an important means to promote modernization.”[5]5 Source not specified in the original text; likely a reference to a Chinese scholarly work. The modernization of the human person needs to be generated and developed in the field of serving Chinese-path modernization, which is intrinsically consistent with the value implications of ideological and political education.

2. 价值意蕴内在一致。思想政治教育是一项将符合统治阶级利益和意志的思想观念、政治观点、道德规范等传递给社会成员，使其对统治阶级形成认同感和归属感的特殊教育活动。作为治党治国的重要方式，思想政治教育是中国共产党带领人民不断取得革命、建设、改革胜利的关键，始终服务于社会主义现代化建设的伟大事业。现阶段，思想政治教育以巩固马克思主义在意识形态领域的指导地位、巩固全党全国人民团结奋斗的共同思想基础为根本任务，以培育担当民族复兴大任的时代新人为着力点，大力推动党的创新理论“飞入寻常百姓家”，为中国式现代化提供强大的思想动力。人是现代化建设的主体力量，现代化实现的深度与广度取决于人的现代化程度。只有组成国家的每一个人都成为现代人，国家现代化才会稳步推进。中国式现代化始终遵循“人本逻辑”，始终坚持发展为了人民、发展依靠人民、发展成果由人民共享，在坚持人民至上的根本立场中取得了历史性成就。每个人在参与中国式现代化的过程中不断掌握先进的思想政治观念、内化主流价值体系，使自身的思想政治素质、价值理念、思维方式等获得与中国式现代化发展相适应的现代化发展，进而以“人的高阶现代化”推动整体事业的现代化发展。“人的现代化不仅是现代化的目标，也是推动现代化的重要手段”[5]。人的现代化需在服务于中国式现代化的场域中生成和发展，这与思想政治教育的价值意蕴内在一致。

3. Practical processes are interconnected and linked. Ideological and political education and the modernization of the human person are interconnected and linked in their practical processes. On the one hand, ideological and political education promotes the continuous development of the modernization of the human person. Ideological and political education is the fine tradition and political advantage of the Communist Party of China, answering the question of “what kind of people to cultivate, how to cultivate them, and for whom to cultivate them.” Its theory is “a scientific theory oriented toward people, awakening people, mobilizing people, educating people, and developing people; it is a theory of human modernization with Chinese characteristics.”[6]6 Source not specified in the original text; likely a reference to a Chinese scholarly work. [n] “Flying into the homes of ordinary people” (飞入寻常百姓家) is a classical allusion originally from a Tang Dynasty poem by Liu Yuxi, describing swallows returning to ordinary homes. Here it is used metaphorically to mean making the Party’s innovative theories accessible and understandable to the general public. (p. 47) The mission, tasks, and special status of ideological and political education determine its important role in promoting the process of human modernization; it is a basic pathway for realizing the modernization of the human person and can promote the continuous development of the modernization of the human person. Specifically, ideological and political education guides people to reach ideological consensus by disseminating mainstream values, ensuring the correct direction of people’s development; it improves people’s ideological and moral qualities and legal literacy through education on outlook on life, morality, and rule of law, elevating people’s spiritual realm; it addresses people’s psychological imbalances by carrying out mental health education, enabling people to fully accept themselves and enjoy the benefits brought by modernization. On the other hand, the modernization of the human person promotes the modern transformation of ideological and political education. The modernization of the human person, characterized by knowledge-based, information-based, and intelligent features, places higher demands on ideological and political education. To promote the modernization of the human person, ideological and political education must realize its own modern transformation. This requires both that ideological and political educators master ideological concepts, knowledge, culture, and professional skills adapted to modern society, providing the subject foundation for the modern transformation of ideological and political education, and that the internal elements of ideological and political education achieve a creative transformation from the traditional to the modern, continuously constructing a modern form adapted to the modernization of the human person.

3. 实践过程贯通联动。思想政治教育与人的现代化在实践过程中相互贯通、彼此联动。一方面，思想政治教育推动人的现代化不断发展。思想政治教育是中国共产党的优良传统和政治优势，回答了“培养什么人、怎样培养人、为谁培养人”的问题，其理论是“面向人、唤醒人、动员人、教育人、发展人的科学理论，是有中国特色的人的现代化理论”[6]（P47）。思想政治教育的使命任务及特殊地位决定了其在促进人的现代化进程中具有重要作用，是实现人的现代化的基本途径，能推动人的现代化不断发展。具体而言，思想政治教育通过传播主流价值引导人们达成思想共识，保证人的正确发展方向；通过人生观、道德观、法治观等教育提高人的思想道德素质和法治素养，提升人的精神境界；通过开展心理健康教育，解决人的心理失衡问题，使人充分接纳自己和享受现代化所带来的福祉。另一方面，人的现代化推动思想政治教育的现代转型。人的现代化以知识化、信息化、智能化为基本特征，对思想政治教育提出了更高要求。思想政治教育要在促进人的现代化的基础上实现自身的现代转型，这既需要思想政治教育者掌握与现代社会相适应的思想观念、知识文化及专业技能，为思想政治教育的现代转型提供主体基础，又需要思想政治教育内部各要素实现由传统到现代的创造性转化，不断建构与人的现代化相适应的现代形态。

II. The Logical Unfolding of Ideological and Political Education Promoting the Modernization of the Human Person

二、思想政治教育促进人的现代化的逻辑展开

Ideological and political education has the basic functions of guiding direction, shaping spirit, cultivating new people, and coordinating relationships. Therefore, in the process of promoting the modernization of the human person, ideological and political education can unfold according to the logic of guiding people’s development direction, constructing people’s spiritual world, cultivating people’s modern character, and promoting people’s civilized interaction.

思想政治教育具有引领方向、形塑精神、培育新人、协调关系的基本功能。因此，在促进人的现代化进程中，思想政治教育能够按照引领人的发展方向、构筑人的精神世界、涵养人的现代品格、推动人的文明交往的逻辑展开。

1. Guiding the direction of individual development. Promoting the modernization of the individual is a systemic project that is complex, arduous, and long-term in nature. Only by advancing steadily in the correct direction can it be ensured that the individual’s thought and action do not go astray or deviate from course, and that correct choices conforming to modernizing development are made. For the direction of individual development to be correct, guidance from scientific theory and mainstream values is needed, and this cannot be separated from the guiding function of ideological and political education. On the one hand, scientific theory guides the individual’s correct political direction. Mao Zedong pointed out, “Without a correct political viewpoint, it is like having no soul” [7]7 The “four histories” (四史) refer to the history of the Communist Party of China, the history of the People’s Republic of China, the history of reform and opening up, and the history of socialist development. (p. 226), revealing the significance of a correct political direction for individual development. As an “ideological state apparatus,” ideological and political education, through Marxist theoretical education, education on the histories of the Party, the People’s Republic, reform and opening up, and socialist development [n7], and education on national conditions, vigorously propagates socialist ideology, guiding people to identify highly with Marxism at the political, ideological, and emotional levels, thereby ensuring that the modernization of the individual develops in the correct political direction. On the other hand, mainstream values guide the individual’s correct value orientation. Mainstream values, as the concentrated expression of the will of the state, are the values and behavioral norms recognized and accepted by the majority of society, and they play a navigational and directional role for the individual’s thought and behavior. Ideological and political education, by broadly promoting the core socialist values, helps people resolve various value confusions and spiritual perplexities in the process of modernization, thereby distinguishing right from wrong, knowing honor from disgrace, discerning good from evil, establishing correct value concepts, and making correct value judgments and choices.

1. 引领人的发展方向。促进人的现代化是一项兼具复杂性、艰巨性、长期性于一体的系统工程，只有沿着正确方向稳步前进，才能确保人的思想和行为不错位、不偏航，作出符合现代化发展的正确选择。人的发展方向要正确，就需要科学理论和主流价值的引导，这离不开思想政治教育引领功能的发挥。一方面，以科学理论引领人的正确政治方向。毛泽东指出，“没有正确的政治观点，就等于没有灵魂”[7]（P226），揭示了正确的政治方向对个人发展的重要意义。思想政治教育作为“意识形态的国家机器”，通过马克思主义理论教育、“四史”教育、国情教育等方式大力宣传社会主义意识形态，引导人们在政治、思想、情感层面高度认同马克思主义，保证人的现代化朝着正确的政治方向发展。另一方面，以主流价值引领人的正确价值取向。主流价值观作为国家意志的集中呈现，是社会大多数人所认可和接受的价值观念及行为准则，对人的思想行为具有导航定向作用。思想政治教育通过广泛弘扬社会主义核心价值观，帮助人们解决现代化进程中的各种价值迷茫和精神困惑，从而分清是非、知晓荣辱、明辨善恶，树立正确的价值观念，作出正确的价值判断和价值选择。

2. Constructing the individual’s spiritual world. The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC pointed out: “Material abundance and spiritual enrichment are the fundamental requirements of socialist modernization” [8]8 Loushan Pass and Lazikou Pass are two strategically important mountain passes on the Long March of the Red Army, often used metaphorically in Party discourse to refer to formidable obstacles or critical challenges. (p. 28). Spiritual enrichment is both an important characteristic of social modernization and a core element of the modernization of the individual. The modernization of the individual inevitably accompanies the continuous satisfaction of spiritual and cultural needs and the increasing level of cultural-ethical progress. Ideological and political education can shape and transform people spiritually; by nourishing spiritual temperament, elevating spiritual realm, and enriching spiritual life, it provides people with a sense of spiritual belonging and security, thereby constructing a powerful spiritual world. In terms of nourishing spiritual temperament, ideological and political education, through psychological counseling and humanistic care, provides spiritual guidance and existential concern for people, guiding them to view the changes brought by modernization with a rational, calm, positive, and upward attitude, and to display a spiritual temperament of self-confidence, self-reliance, vigorous endeavor, and courageous advancement in the process of modernization. In terms of elevating spiritual realm, ideological and political education focuses on the value and meaning of life; through education on ideals and beliefs, collectivist education, and socialist education, it guides people to correctly understand and handle the relationships between ideals and reality, the individual and the collective, dedication and taking, prompting people to contemplate the meaning and value of life and to seek the purpose and spiritual belonging (归宿) of life, thereby constructing a full spiritual world. In terms of enriching spiritual life, ideological and political education, by leveraging the advantage of using culture to educate people, disseminates cultural resources such as fine traditional Chinese culture, revolutionary culture, and advanced socialist culture, and carries out mass cultural activities such as speech contests and literary and artistic performances, cultivating people’s temperament, moistening their hearts, and enlightening their minds, providing value guidance and cultural shaping power for people’s spiritual life, so that their spiritual world becomes enriched and fulfilled.

2. 构筑人的精神世界。党的二十大报告指出：“物质富足、精神富有是社会主义现代化的根本要求。”[8]（P28）精神富有既是社会现代化的重要表征，也是人的现代化的核心内容。人的现代化必然伴随精神文化需求的不断满足与精神文明程度的日益提升。思想政治教育可从精神上形塑人、改造人，通过滋养精神气质、提升精神境界、丰富精神生活，给人以精神上的归属感和安全感，从而构筑强大的精神世界。在滋养精神气质方面，思想政治教育通过心理疏导和人文关怀，对人进行精神的牵引和生存的关照，引导人用理性平和、积极向上的心态看待现代化所带来的改变，在现代化进程中展现出自信自强、踔厉奋发、勇毅前行的精神气质。在提升精神境界方面，思想政治教育关注人生价值、人生意义，通过理想信念教育、集体主义教育、社会主义教育等，引导人正确认识和处理理想与现实、个人与集体、奉献与索取的关系，促使人思考人生的意义和价值、寻找人生的目的和归宿，从而构建充盈的精神世界。在丰富精神生活方面，思想政治教育通过发挥以文化人的优势，传播中华优秀传统文化、革命文化、社会主义先进文化等文化资源，开展演讲比赛、文艺晚会等群众性文化活动，陶冶人的性情、浸润人的心灵、启迪人的心智，为人的精神生活提供价值引领力和文化塑造力，使人的精神世界得以充实丰盈。

3. Cultivating the individual’s modern character. Modern character is an indispensable endogenous resource for the modernization of the individual. Cultivating modern character means shaping the individual’s ideological character according to the value standards of modern civilization; in essence, it is a necessary stage for people to improve their abilities and qualities and to reach modernization. Ideological and political education has a nurturing function; it can cultivate the individual’s sound personality and noble qualities, helping people to better understand and perfect themselves in the process of growing into capable individuals. First, it cultivates the character of daring to endure hardship and facing difficulties head-on. Realizing the modernization of the individual will not be a smooth path; it requires people to have the courage to overcome difficulties and the boldness to face challenges. Ideological and political education uses the method of role-model education and grassroots training, guiding people, in an atmosphere of respecting, learning from, and striving to become role models, to not fear hardship, to dare to endure hardship, and to be willing to endure hardship; in the training of taking root at the grassroots, serving the masses, and dedicating oneself, to dare to try, dare to break new ground, and dare to be the first, cultivating a resolute character capable of handling all the “Loushan Passes” and “Lazikou Passes” [n8] in the process of modernization. Second, it cultivates the character of striving with determination and pioneering with enterprise. The modernization of the individual must be realized through struggle. Ideological and political education, through peer encouragement education, innovation and entrepreneurship education, and international comparative education, shapes people’s striving posture, enabling them, through extensive exposure to the world and undergoing trials, to accurately identify changes, respond scientifically to changes, and actively seek changes, and through international comparison and opening up new horizons, to win the initiative, win advantages, and win the future. Third, it cultivates the character of bravely shouldering heavy responsibilities and daring to act and achieve. The modernization of the individual is generated and develops within the field of social modernization, and social modernization is inseparable from the responsibility and action of each individual. Ideological and political education, using patriotic education, responsibility education, and education on the original aspiration and founding mission, guides people to cultivate deep patriotic feelings, establish a sense of responsibility, dare to act and achieve, and be both good at acting and achieving; to grasp the meaning of life in understanding the broad background of Chinese-path modernization, and to realize life’s ideals in the great cause of the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, achieving the resonance of personal dreams with the national dream and the concurrent progress of individual modernization with social modernization.

3. 涵养人的现代品格。现代品格是人的现代化不可或缺的内生资源。涵养现代品格就是以合乎现代文明的价值尺度对人的思想品格进行塑造，实质上是人提高能力素质、通往现代化的必经阶段。思想政治教育具有培育功能，可以涵养人的健全人格和高尚品质，帮助人在成长成才过程中更好地认识自我、完善自我。一是涵养敢于吃苦、迎难而上的品格。实现人的现代化不会一马平川，需要人具有攻坚克难的勇气和直面挑战的魄力。思想政治教育运用榜样教育法、基层锻炼法，引导人在崇尚榜样、学习榜样、争当榜样的氛围中不怕苦、敢吃苦、愿吃苦，在扎根基层、服务群众、奉献自我的锻炼中敢试敢闯、敢为人先，养成从容应对现代化进程中一切“娄山关”和“腊子口”的刚毅品格。二是涵养砥砺奋进、开拓进取的品格。人的现代化要依靠奋斗实现。思想政治教育通过同辈激励教育、创新创业教育、国际比较教育，塑造人的奋斗姿态，在广见世面、经受历练中准确识变、科学应变、主动求变，在国际对比、开拓新局中赢得主动、赢得优势、赢得未来。三是涵养勇担重任、敢作敢为的品格。人的现代化在社会现代化的场域中生成和发展，社会现代化离不开每个人的担当和作为。思想政治教育运用爱国主义教育、责任担当教育、初心使命教育，引导人厚植爱国情怀、树立责任意识、敢作敢为又善作善成，在了解中国式现代化的广阔背景中把握人生意义，在民族复兴的伟大事业中成就人生理想，实现个人梦与国家梦的同频共振、个人现代化与社会现代化的同向同行。

4. Promoting civilized interaction among individuals. As social beings, interaction is a basic need for people. Interaction reflects an individual’s ideological cultivation and behavioral refinement, and its degree of civilization is positively correlated with the degree of the individual’s modernization. Ideological and political education has a coordinating function; it can promote civilized interaction among individuals at the levels of resolving contradictions, regulating order, and building consensus. From the perspective of resolving contradictions, interactions among people in modern society are becoming increasingly close, and various conflicts and potential risks correspondingly increase. Ideological and political education, through methods such as reasoning education and consultative dialogue, helps people correctly analyze the roots of contradictions and rationally handle interest divergences, guiding people to express their interest demands in legitimate and lawful ways, replacing confrontation with dialogue, replacing conflict with civilization, and moving towards modernization through civilized interaction. From the perspective of regulating order, modern interaction activities are no longer limited to familiar circles such as blood ties and geographical ties, but have gradually expanded to “companion-style” socializing based on shared interests, occupations, academic fields, and so on. The expansion of the scope of interpersonal interaction requires ideological and political education to play the function of coordinating interpersonal relationships and maintaining social stability. It is necessary to guide people, through moral education and law-based governance education, to constantly reflect on whether their behavior conforms to moral and legal norms, to increase civilized behavior in social interaction, to be people who understand propriety and abide by the law, and to do things that are proper and lawful. This is conducive to ensuring the healthy and orderly operation of social order and establishing interpersonal relationships that are compatible with modern civilization. From the perspective of building consensus, realizing civilized interaction requires both interacting parties to reach a civilized consensus, with spiritual qualities such as solidarity, inclusiveness, and sharing as internal support. Ideological and political education, by propagating theories such as the common values of all humanity, a community with a shared future for mankind, and the new form of human civilization, guides people to understand the significance of civilized interaction and civilized coexistence, prompting people to reach consensus in thought, values, interests, and other aspects, to engage in civilized interaction in a good atmosphere of harmonious coexistence and the appreciation of diverse cultures, and to work together to construct a “union of free individuals.”

4. 推动人的文明交往。人作为社会存在物，交往是人的基本需要。交往能反映人的思想素养和行为修养，其文明程度与人的现代化程度呈正相关。思想政治教育具有协调功能，可以从化解矛盾、规范秩序、凝聚共识等层面推动人的文明交往。从化解矛盾看，现代社会中人与人之间的交往越来越密切，各种矛盾冲突和潜在风险也相应增多。思想政治教育借助说理教育、协商对话等方式，帮助人正确分析矛盾根源、理性处理利益分歧，引导人用正当合法的方式表达利益诉求，用对话取代对抗、用文明取代冲突，在文明交往中走向现代化。从规范秩序来看，现代交往活动已不局限于血缘、地缘等熟人圈子，逐渐拓展到趣缘、业缘、学缘等“搭子式”社交。人际交往范围的扩大要求思想政治教育发挥协调人际关系、维护社会稳定的功能，要通过开展道德教育、法治教育，引导人时刻反思行为举止是否符合道德规范和法律规范，在社会交往中增加文明行为，做明礼守法之人，行合礼合法之事。这有利于保证社会秩序健康有序地运行，建立起与现代文明相适应的人际关系。从凝聚共识来看，实现文明交往需要交往双方达成文明共识，以团结、包容、共享等精神特质作为内在支撑。思想政治教育通过宣介全人类共同价值、人类命运共同体、人类文明新形态等理论，引导人理解文明交往、文明共存的重要意义，促使人在思想、价值、利益等多方面达成共识，在和谐相处、美美与共的良好氛围中开展文明交往，齐心建构“自由人联合体”。

III. The Logical Purport of Ideological and Political Education in Promoting the Modernization of the Individual

三、思想政治教育促进人的现代化的逻辑旨归

The modernization of the individual mainly includes the overall progress and leap in thought and concepts, lifestyle, abilities and qualities, and social relations. Ideological and political education, through paths such as strengthening theoretical armament, fostering civilized customs, exploring inner potential, and coordinating multiple forces, makes every effort to elevate people’s thought, cultivate people’s character, forge people’s abilities, and guide people’s behavior, thereby boosting the modernizing development of the individual. This is the logical purport of ideological and political education in promoting the modernization of the individual.

人的现代化主要包含思想观念、生活方式、能力素质、社会关系的整体进步与跃升。思想政治教育通过强化理论武装、营造文明风尚、发掘内在潜能、协同多方力量等路径，全力提升人的思想、涵养人的品性、锻造人的能力、引导人的行为，助推人的现代化发展，这是思想政治教育促进人的现代化的逻辑旨归。

1. Strengthening theoretical armament to promote the modernization of people’s ideas and concepts. Ideas and concepts involve aspects such as ideology, values, modes of thinking, and psychological states, and they play a constraining and guiding role in people’s lifestyles, capabilities, and social relations. The modernization of ideas and concepts is the construction of ideas and concepts that correspond to the requirements of social modernization, manifested as the transformation of ideas and concepts from traditional to modern, from backward to advanced. The modernization of ideas and concepts is the soul of human modernization; only by achieving the modernization of ideas and concepts can we promote comprehensive social progress and the all-round development of people, truly realizing human modernization. “Ideas and concepts are the most common form of the content of ideological and political education.”[9]9 Original note reference in the source text. Ideological and political education must enhance its capacity for theoretical propaganda, continuously promoting the modernization of people’s ideas and concepts by strengthening theoretical armament. First, highlight the scientific nature of theoretical armament. Ideological and political education should uphold the concept of “content is king,” actively propagating and elucidating such truth-content as the basic theories of Marxism, the lofty ideal of communism, the common ideal of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and the core socialist values, helping people master correct standpoints, viewpoints, and modes of thinking, establish a correct worldview, outlook on life, and value system, and build a solid ideological defense line for human modernization. Second, attend to the contemporaneity of theoretical armament. “With every step forward in theoretical innovation, theoretical armament must follow one step forward.”[10]10 Original note reference in the source text. (P300) Ideological and political education must keep pace with the times, enhancing its explanatory power regarding the achievements of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times, with particular emphasis on using Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era to forge souls and educate people. By thoroughly, clearly, and vividly explaining the principles within it, it drives the Party’s innovative theories to go deeper, into the heart, and into practice, using new thoughts and new concepts to respond to questions of the world, the people, and the era, such as “where is humanity heading,” helping people liberate themselves from outdated ideas and concepts and achieve the modernization of ideas and concepts. Third, highlight the practical nature of theoretical armament. “Once theory grips the masses, it also becomes a material force.”[11]11 Original note reference in the source text. (P9) Ideological and political education must not only focus on grand narratives but also attend to the micro-level of individual ideas, emotions, and practical needs, conducting theoretical armament in ways that people “can understand, easily accept, and resonate with,” using detailed concrete cases and modernization achievements to make theoretical content approachable, perceptible, tangible, and touchable, further deepening people’s understanding and cognition of theory, guiding people to comprehend major theoretical and practical issues in the modernization process with ideas and concepts that meet the requirements of modern development, moving from internalization in the mind to externalization in action.

1. 强化理论武装，促进人的思想观念现代化。思想观念涉及思想意识、价值观念、思维方式、心理状态等方面，对人的生活方式、能力素质、社会关系具有制约引导作用。思想观念现代化是建构与社会现代化发展要求相适应的思想观念，表现为思想观念由传统到现代、由落后到先进的转型。思想观念现代化是人的现代化的灵魂，只有实现思想观念现代化，才能推动社会全面进步和人的全面发展，真正实现人的现代化。“思想观念是思想政治教育内容最常见的形态。”[9]思想政治教育要增强理论宣传能力，通过强化理论武装不断促进人的思想观念现代化。首先，突出理论武装的科学性。思想政治教育要秉持“内容为王”的理念，积极宣传和阐释马克思主义基本理论、共产主义远大理想和中国特色社会主义共同理想、社会主义核心价值观等真理性内容，帮助人掌握正确的立场观点和思维方式，树立正确的世界观、人生观、价值观，为人的现代化筑牢坚固的思想防线。其次，关照理论武装的时代性。“理论创新每前进一步，理论武装就要跟进一步”[10]（P300）。思想政治教育要坚持与时俱进，增强对马克思主义中国化时代化成果的解释力，尤其注重用习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想铸魂育人，通过讲深、讲透、讲活其中的道理，推动党的创新理论往深里走、往心里走、往实里走，用新思想、新观念回应“人类向何处去”等世界之问、人民之问、时代之问，帮助人们从陈旧的思想观念中解放出来，实现思想观念现代化。再次，凸显理论武装的实践性。“理论一经掌握群众，也会变成物质力量。”[11]（P9）思想政治教育不仅要注重宏大叙事，还要关注个体的思想观念、情绪感受、现实需求等微观层面，用人“听得懂、易接受、有共鸣”的方式开展理论武装，用详实具体的实际案例和现代化成就使理论内容可亲可感、可碰可触，进一步深化人对理论的理解和认知，引导人用符合现代化发展要求的思想观念理解和看待现代化进程中的重大理论问题与实践问题，由内化于心走向外化于行。

2. Cultivating civilized customs to promote the modernization of people’s lifestyles. Lifestyle is the sum total of people’s modes of life activity, mainly composed of material lifestyle and spiritual lifestyle. The modernization of lifestyle is the process by which people’s material and spiritual life moves from poverty to abundance, from ignorance to civilization, and is an important yardstick for measuring the degree of social civilization and the degree of human modernization. Good social customs are an important foundation for promoting the modernization of lifestyle. Ideological and political education must vigorously advocate civilized, scientific, and healthy life concepts, strengthen modern civilization education, and promote the modernization of people’s lifestyles by cultivating civilized customs. First, advocate green development to promote the modernization of material life. Ideological and political education must accurately and comprehensively disseminate and elucidate the concept of green development, advocating that people pursue modern civilized ways in clothing, food, housing, and transportation, consciously practice simple, moderate, green, and low-carbon civilized consumption concepts, integrate green lifestyles into life attitudes and habits, and promote the transformation of people’s material lifestyles toward ecologicalization. Second, build a spiritual home to promote the modernization of spiritual life. Guided by Xi Jinping’s cultural thought, ideological and political education must strive to continue the Chinese cultural lineage, build the modern civilization of the Chinese nation, and use rich cultural resources to cultivate people’s souls; it must vigorously promote the construction of social ethics, professional ethics, family virtues, and personal morality, enhance people’s ideological and moral cultivation and civilized quality, and cultivate good social customs that are upward and good, seeking truth and beauty; it must deepen mass activities for cultural-ethical progress, carry out rich and varied cultural activities, provide a large number of spiritual and cultural products full of mainstream value orientation and modern development ethos, nourish the Chinese heart and modern spirit, and promote the improvement of the quality of people’s spiritual life. Third, promote the coordinated development of material life and spiritual life. Matter and spirit are unified in the process of human modernization, and neither is dispensable. Ideological and political education must clearly elucidate the relationship between material life and spiritual life, focus on regulating the problem of unbalanced and inadequate development between matter and spirit, guide people to continuously expand material wealth to provide solid support for modernization, and at the same time continuously enrich the spiritual world to provide spiritual impetus for modernization, enabling people to gradually break free from “dependence on things” in the process of realizing the need for a better life, and truly become “free and all-round people.”

2. 营造文明风尚，促进人的生活方式现代化。生活方式是人的生命活动方式的总和，主要由物质生活方式和精神生活方式构成。生活方式现代化是人的物质生活和精神生活由贫乏走向富有、由愚昧走向文明的过程，是衡量社会文明程度和人的现代化程度的重要标尺。良好的社会风尚是促成生活方式现代化的重要基础。思想政治教育要大力倡导文明、科学、健康的生活理念，加强现代文明教育，通过营造文明风尚促进人的生活方式现代化。首先，倡导绿色发展，促进物质生活现代化。思想政治教育要准确全面地传播阐释绿色发展理念，倡导人们在衣食住行等方面追求现代文明方式，自觉践行简约适度、绿色低碳的文明消费理念，将绿色生活方式融入生活态度和生活习惯，促进人的物质生活方式向生态化转变。其次，筑牢精神家园，促进精神生活现代化。思想政治教育要以习近平文化思想为指导，着力赓续中华文脉，建设中华民族现代文明，用丰富的文化资源陶冶人的心灵；要大力推进社会公德、职业道德、家庭美德、个人品德建设，提高人的思想道德修养和文明素养，营造向上向善、求真求美的良好社会风尚；要深化群众性精神文明创建活动，开展丰富多彩的文化活动，提供大量充满主流价值导向和现代发展气息的精神文化产品，滋养中华心、现代气，促进人的精神生活质量提升。再次，推动物质生活与精神生活的协调发展。物质与精神统一于人的现代化进程，二者缺一不可。思想政治教育要阐释清楚物质生活与精神生活的关系，注重调节物质与精神发展不平衡不充分的问题，引导人既要不断扩大物质财富为现代化提供坚实支撑，又要不断丰富精神世界为现代化提供精神动力，使人在实现美好生活的需要中逐渐摆脱“物的依赖性”，真正成为“自由全面的人”。

3. Tapping intrinsic potential to promote the modernization of people’s capabilities and qualities. Capabilities and qualities include elements such as thought, politics, morality, knowledge, and practice; lacking any one of these, people’s development is one-sided. The modernization of capabilities and qualities is a process of continuously stimulating people’s potential, the enrichment of intrinsic qualities and the improvement of external abilities, and the full manifestation of people’s essential strength. “Only by fully developing people’s qualities and capabilities on a world scale can our material civilization be transformed and its enormous potential be effectively utilized.”[12]12 Original note reference in the source text. (P8) The degree of human modernization depends on the degree of development of people’s capabilities and qualities. Ideological and political education is an important channel for developing people’s subjectivity; it can deeply tap and release people’s intrinsic potential through multiple means, achieving people’s all-round development in matter and spirit, knowledge and ability, mental and physical strength, and so on. First, take tapping people’s thinking potential as the core. Ideological and political education must focus on enhancing people’s thinking ability, guiding people to deeply comprehend the Marxist worldview and methodology, adhere to and skillfully apply the standpoints, viewpoints, and methods running through them, use connected, developmental, and comprehensive thinking to analyze and solve problems, and grasp the essential laws of the development of things with scientific dialectics. Second, take tapping people’s intellectual potential as the key point. With the advent of the digital-intelligent era, the role of knowledge and science and technology is increasingly prominent, and people’s scientific and cultural quality and innovation and creation ability have become important factors affecting the modernization process. Ideological and political education must actively respond to the strategy of invigorating China through science and education, the strategy of strengthening the nation through talent, and the innovation-driven development strategy, increase the intensity of independent cultivation of top-notch innovative talents, cultivate people’s autonomous learning ability, enhance people’s scientific and cultural quality and innovation and creation ability, to meet the requirements of modernization development. Third, take tapping people’s labor potential as the starting point. All happiness originates from labor and creation. Ideological and political education must vigorously promote the spirit of labor, create a good atmosphere in the whole society of advocating labor, loving labor, working hard, and working honestly, enabling people to change backward consciousness and practice methods in labor practice, learn new knowledge, master new skills, and grow new abilities, continuously develop their subjective capabilities, and make themselves adapt to the practical requirements of modernization.

3. 发掘内在潜能，促进人的能力素质现代化。能力素质包含思想、政治、道德、知识、实践等各方面要素，缺少其中任何一种，人的发展都是片面的。能力素质现代化是不断激发人的潜能的过程，是内在素质的丰富和外在能力的提高，是人的本质力量的充分体现。“只有在世界范围内充分发展人的素质和能力，我们的物质文明才能得到转化，其巨大的潜力才能有效地被利用。”[12]（P8）人的现代化程度取决于人的能力素质发展程度。思想政治教育是发展人的主体性的重要渠道，可通过多种方式深度发掘和释放人的内在潜能，实现人在物质与精神、知识与能力、脑力与体力等方面的全面发展。首先，以发掘人的思维潜能为核心。思想政治教育要注重提升人的思维能力，引导人深刻领悟马克思主义世界观和方法论，坚持好、运用好贯穿其中的立场观点方法，运用联系的、发展的、全面的思维分析和解决问题，用科学的辩证法把握事物发展的本质规律。其次，以发掘人的智力潜能为重点。随着数智时代的到来，知识、科技的作用日益突出，人的科学文化素质、创新创造能力成为影响现代化进程的重要因素。思想政治教育要积极响应科教兴国战略、人才强国战略、创新驱动发展战略，加大拔尖创新人才的自主培养力度，培育人的自主学习能力，提升人的科学文化素质和创新创造能力，以适应现代化发展的要求。再次，以发掘人的劳动潜能为抓手。一切幸福都源于劳动和创造。思想政治教育要大力弘扬劳动精神，在全社会营造崇尚劳动、热爱劳动、辛勤劳动、诚实劳动的良好氛围，使人在劳动实践中改变落后的意识观念和实践方式，学习新知识、掌握新技能、增长新本领，不断发展自己的主体能力，使自身适应现代化的实践要求。

4. Coordinating multiple forces to promote the modernization of human social relations. “The essence of the human person is not an abstraction inherent in the single individual. In its actuality it is the ensemble of social relations.”[13]13 Karl Marx, “Theses on Feuerbach,” in *Marx and Engels Collected Works*, vol. 5 (Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 2009), p. 56. (p. 56) The modernization of the human person includes the modernization of social relations, that is, the high-level enrichment and development of social relations. “The development of an individual depends on the development of all other individuals with whom he is directly or indirectly in contact.”[14]14 Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, *The German Ideology*, in *Marx and Engels Collected Works*, vol. 3 (Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 2009), p. 515. (p. 515) The modernization of social relations needs to develop through the coordinated advancement of multiple forces. Ideological and political education takes the human person as its object of work, employs multiple means to coordinate multiple subjects — schools, society, individuals, and others — to participate together in the process of the modernization of the human person, and promotes the socialized development of the human person. First, strengthen the leading role of schools. Schools must take fostering virtue and nurturing the person (立德树人) as their fundamental task, actively carry out full-coverage education inside and outside the classroom, on and off campus, online and offline, emphasize the significance of interpersonal interaction for human development, and comprehensively use moral education, rule-of-law education, role-model education, and other pathways to cultivate a civilized concept of exchange characterized by equality, respect, openness, and tolerance, guiding people to fully grasp the way of conducting oneself in the world of “being kind and benevolent to one’s neighbors” and “harmonizing all nations” (亲仁善邻、协和万邦), and to enhance their awareness and capacity for civilized interaction. Second, strengthen the role of social governance. Relevant social departments must give full play to their positive roles in providing public services, enhancing social self-governance, and advancing law-based governance, advocate a concept of social interaction based on mutual love and mutual assistance, and, through promoting respect for the elderly and care for the young, helping the poor and aiding those in distress, and volunteer service, help form harmonious relations among people characterized by “all for one and one for all” (我为人人、人人为我). Third, strengthen the active role of individuals. Respecting the individual, relying on the individual, and mobilizing the individual should become a beneficial attempt by ideological and political education to promote the modernization of the human person. The subjective initiative of the human person should be fully mobilized to bring about changes in people’s thoughts, attitudes, and behavior, to correctly view and resolve the various problems that arise in interpersonal interaction during the modernization process, to promote the development of individual social relations, and, through a favorable situation in which everyone participates and everyone fulfills their responsibility, to promote the high-quality development of the modernization of the human person, so that each person can better live within society.

4. 协同多方力量，促进人的社会关系现代化。“人的本质不是单个人所固有的抽象物，在其现实性上，它是一切社会关系的总和。”[13]（P56）人的现代化包含社会关系的现代化，即社会关系的高度丰富和发展。“一个人的发展取决于和他直接或间接进行交往的其他一切人的发展”[14]（P515）。社会关系现代化需要在多方力量的协同推进中发展。思想政治教育以人为工作对象，运用多种手段协调学校、社会、个人等多个主体共同参与人的现代化进程，推动人的社会化发展。首先，强化学校主导作用。学校要以立德树人为根本任务，积极开展课上课下、校内校外、线上线下等全覆盖的教育，强调人际交往于人的发展的重要意义，并统筹运用道德教育、法治教育、榜样教育等途径培育平等、尊重、开放、包容的文明交流观，引导人们全面领会“亲仁善邻”“协和万邦”的处世之道，增强文明交往的意识和能力。其次，强化社会治理作用。社会相关部门要充分发挥在提供公共服务、增强社会自治、推进法治建设等方面的积极作用，倡导互爱互助的社会交往理念，通过倡导尊老爱幼、扶贫济困、志愿服务等，助力人与人之间形成“我为人人、人人为我”的和谐关系。再次，强化个体主动作用。尊重个人、依赖个人并发动个人应成为思想政治教育促进人的现代化的有益尝试。应充分调动人的主观能动性，促使人的思想、态度、行为发生转变，正确看待和解决现代化进程中人际交往出现的各种问题，推动个体社会关系的发展，以人人参与、人人尽责的良好态势促进人的现代化高质量发展，使每个人都更好地生活于社会之中。

(Author bios: Wu Qiong, professor and doctoral supervisor at the School of Marxism, Beijing Jiaotong University; Lin Dongfang, doctoral candidate at the School of Marxism, Beijing Jiaotong University)

（作者简介：吴琼，北京交通大学马克思主义学院教授、博士生导师；林冬芳，北京交通大学马克思主义学院博士研究生）

Online editor: Tongxin

网络编辑：同心