On the “Way,” “Learning,” and “Technique” of Ideological-Political Course Teaching

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee has attached great importance to ideological-political courses, and Xi Jinping has delivered a series of important expositions on the construction of ideological-political courses. The most representative among them include: the important speech at the Symposium for Teachers of Ideological and Political Theory Courses in Schools on March 18, 2019; the important speech during an inspection tour at Renmin University of China on April 25, 2022; and the important instruction on the construction of school ideological-political courses in May 2024. In the above expositions there are some extremely important and also quite profound judgments that require repeated study and deep comprehension. In the important speech of “3·18,” Xi Jinping pointed out: “To teach ideological-political courses well, there is not only ‘technique,’ but also ‘learning,’ and even more so ‘way.’”[1]1 “Fostering virtue and nurturing people” (立德树人) is a core educational principle in China, emphasizing moral cultivation as the foundation of talent development.(P25) This exposition is novel and unique, and its connotation is profound. In our preliminary study it is not easy to grasp, and there are not many scholarly interpretations in the academic community, nor is there consensus in understanding. In this regard, it is necessary to rethink and reinterpret it from a theoretical perspective, striving to grasp its ideological connotation and spiritual essence, so as to provide theoretical support for the teaching practice of ideological-political courses.

党的十八大以来，党中央对思政课高度重视，习近平针对思政课建设发表了一系列重要论述。其中最有代表性的有：2019年3月18日在学校思想政治理论课教师座谈会上的重要讲话，2022年4月25日在中国人民大学考察时的重要讲话，2024年5月对于学校思政课建设的重要指示等。在上述论述中都有一些极为重要、同时也有相当深度的论断，需要我们反复学习、深入领会。在“3·18”重要讲话中，习近平指出：“讲好思政课不仅有‘术’，也有‘学’，更有‘道’。”[1](P25)这一论述新颖独到而又内涵深刻，我们在初步学习中颇不易索解，学界的学理阐释不多，认识也不尽一致。对此，有必要从学理层面进行再思考、再解读，力求把握其思想内涵和精神实质，为思政课的教学实践提供理论支撑。

I. The Realm of Ideological-Political Course Teaching and Its Logic of Expression

一、思政课教学的境界及其表述逻辑

Xi Jinping’s exposition on “technique,” “learning,” and “way” contains very rich and profound theoretical implications. First, it puts forward the three basic elements of ideological-political course teaching and reveals the internal relationship among them. Among them, “technique” is skill and technology, “learning” is scholarship and erudition, and “way” is concept and law. “Technique” is the external manifestation of “learning” and “way,” “learning” is the scholarly support for “technique” and the knowledge expression of “way,” and “way” is the soul of “learning” and “technique.” For any complete teaching composition, the three are indispensable. This tripartite division is a critical inheritance and innovative development of the traditional Chinese dichotomy of the “way-technique” view, enabling us to grasp and apply it more clearly and concretely. “Technique,” “learning,” and “way” have their relative independence and qualitative stipulations, but at the same time they are interconnected, and we must grasp them dialectically. Second, it reveals the three levels or three realms of ideological-political course teaching. It can be said that possessing “technique” is the primary realm of ideological-political course teaching, possessing “learning” is a higher realm of ideological-political course teaching, and possessing “way” is the highest realm of ideological-political course teaching. “Technique,” “learning,” and “way” show the step-by-step elevation of the realm of ideological-political course teaching from low to high. Finally, it clarifies the three stages and steps for ideological-political course teachers to elevate their teaching realm. Starting from possessing “technique,” passing through possessing “learning,” and finally reaching the realm of possessing “way.”

习近平关于“术”“学”“道”的论述，有着十分丰富而深刻的理论蕴涵。首先，提出了思政课教学的三大基本要素，并揭示了三者的内在关系。其中，“术”是技能和技术，“学”是学问和学养，“道”是理念和规律。“术”是“学”和“道”的外在体现，“学”是“术”的学问支撑和“道”的知识表达，“道”是“学”与“术”的灵魂所在。对于任何一个完整的教学构成来说，三者是缺一不可的。这种三分法是对中国传统的“道术”观二分法的批判继承和创新发展，能够使我们更加清晰具体地把握和运用。“术”“学”“道”三者有其相对独立性和质的规定性，但同时又是相互贯通的，我们要辩证把握。其次，揭示了思政课教学的三个层次或三种境界。可以说，有“术”是思政课教学的初级境界，有“学”是思政课教学的更高境界，有“道”是思政课教学的最高境界，“术”“学”“道”显示了思政课教学境界从低级到高级的逐级提升。最后，明晰了思政课教师提升教学境界的三个阶段和步骤。从有“术”开始，经过有“学”，最终达到有“道”的境界。

Xi Jinping’s exposition on “technique,” “learning,” and “way” in ideological-political courses has outstanding theoretical innovation value. It not only transcends the traditional “way-technique” binary distinction, realizing the creative transformation and innovative development of the traditional Chinese “way-technique” view, but more importantly, it puts forward and constructs a theory of the realm of ideological-political course teaching. This is a major innovation in the theory of ideological-political course teaching. Like other teaching, ideological-political course teaching has the issue of the level of its realm. Especially since ideological-political courses are the key courses for fostering virtue and nurturing people [n], the level of teachers’ teaching ability and the realm they reach have a crucial impact on the effectiveness of shaping students’ values. It can be said that the issue of the realm of ideological-political course teaching is an important theoretical and practical issue. Xi Jinping’s exposition on “technique,” “learning,” and “way” is a determination of the realm of ideological-political course teaching, essentially constructing a system of teaching realm theory with three levels organically unified, opening up new fields and new spaces for research on ideological-political course teaching. We must conduct theoretical research on the realm of ideological-political course teaching, distinguish the different levels of the realm, grasp the characteristics and requirements of each level, and provide guidance for ideological-political course teachers to elevate their own realm.

习近平关于思政课“术”“学”“道”的论述，具有突出的理论创新价值。不仅超越了传统的“道—术”二元区分，实现了中华传统“道术”观的创造性转化和创新性发展，而且更重要的是，提出并建构了思政课教学境界的理论。这是思政课教学理论的重大创新。思政课教学和其他教学一样，有一个境界高低问题。特别是思政课作为立德树人的关键课程，教师教学水平和所达到的境界高低，对塑造学生的价值观的成效具有至关重要的影响。可以说，思政课教学境界问题是一个重要的理论和实践问题。习近平关于“术”“学”“道”的论述，是对思政课教学境界的确定，实质上是建构了三个层次有机统一的教学境界论体系，打开了关于思政课教学研究的新领域新空间。我们要对思政课教学境界进行理论研究，区分境界的不同层次，把握每个层次的特点和要求，为思政课教师提升自身境界提供指导。

Xi Jinping’s exposition on “technique,” “learning,” and “way” in ideological-political courses has important practical guiding value. On the one hand, it points out the direction for ideological-political course teachers to improve their teaching realm. Ideological-political course teachers must not only master “technique,” but also master “learning,” and even more so master “way.” Possessing “way” is the highest goal and ultimate direction for teachers to elevate their teaching realm. It is very difficult for ideological-political courses to make students genuinely like them and benefit from them for life. In recent years, modern technological means have been widely used in ideological-political courses, and teaching methods have been greatly improved and transformed, but some ideological-political course classrooms have not achieved the expected teaching results. This shows that merely improving teaching methods is insufficient to achieve good teaching results. For this reason, it is necessary to further improve from the aspects of the ideological content, theoretical nature, logicality, scientific nature, and knowledge content of ideological-political courses. When ideological-political courses have both appropriate teaching methods and high academic and profound ideological content, embodying the unity of value and knowledge, students feel they have benefited greatly, and then they will genuinely like them. Only then can ideological-political course teachers truly improve their teaching realm. On the other hand, it provides ideological-political course teachers with the path and ladder to improve their teaching realm. Elevating the teaching realm is a long-term process. After clarifying the direction of effort, a correct practical path is needed. Ideological-political course teachers must start from mastering basic teaching norms and abilities, deeply cultivate the foundation of scholarship, strengthen the academic support for teaching, and continuously improve the teaching realm and art. Elevating the realm of ideological-political course teaching is both a teacher’s duty requirement and a lifelong pursuit. It is necessary to thoroughly understand and master the relevant requirements of “technique,” “learning,” and “way,” enhance the correct understanding of ideological-political courses, and strengthen ideological-political course teachers’ sense of professional identity, honor, and responsibility.

习近平关于思政课“术”“学”“道”的论述，具有重要的实践指导价值。一方面，为思政课教师指明了提高教学境界的方向。思政课教师不仅要掌握“术”，还要掌握“学”，更要掌握“道”，有“道”是教师提升教学境界的最高目标和最终方向。思政课要让学生真心喜爱、终身受益很不容易。近年来，现代化技术手段在思政课上普遍使用，教学方法有了很大的提升和转变，但有些思政课堂并没有达到预期的教学效果，这表明仅仅提升教学方法，不足以达到好的教学效果，为此要从思政课的思想性、理论性、逻辑性、科学性和知识含金量方面进一步提升。当思政课既有适当的教学方法，又具有较高的学术性和深刻的思想性，体现价值性与知识性的统一，学生感觉受益匪浅，才会真心喜爱，思政课教师才能真正提升提高教学境界。另一方面，为思政课教师提供了提高教学境界的路径和阶梯。提升教学境界是个长期的过程，明确了努力方向之后需要有正确的实践路径。思政课教师要从掌握基本教学规范和能力开始，厚植学问根基，增强教学的学术支撑，并不断提升教学境界和艺术。提升思政课教学的境界，既是教师的职责要求，也是教师的终身追求。要透彻了解和掌握“术”“学”“道”的相关要求，提升对思政课的正确认识，增强思政课教师的职业认同感、荣誉感、责任感。

Regarding the realm of ideological-political course teaching, there can be two different logics of expression: one is the logic of “way-learning-technique,” and the other is the logic of “technique-learning-way.” If we grasp it from the perspective of the overall theory of realm, and from the perspective of the overall designation of the logical system, then the former should be adopted. This logic of expression is arranged in a logical order from large to small, from primary to secondary, from essence to phenomenon. This conforms to our traditional culture, national thinking, and mode of expression: for example, we are accustomed to saying big-small, many-few, high-low, and not accustomed to saying small-big, few-many, low-high; we are accustomed to saying year-month-day, and not like the West saying month-day-year. We say the integration of “university-middle school-primary school” education, and would not reverse it to say “primary school-middle school-university” integration. In the expression “to offer ideological-political courses in a progressive and spiraling manner in universities, middle schools, and primary schools”[1]1 “Fostering virtue and nurturing people” (立德树人) is a core educational principle in China, emphasizing moral cultivation as the foundation of talent development.(P6), we all understand that the actual process of spiraling upward refers to the ascending process from primary school to middle school to university, which is the actual process of learning development, but when we express it in language, we use the expression “universities, middle schools, and primary schools spiraling upward,” and do not use the expression “primary schools, middle schools, and universities spiraling upward.” Therefore, the logic of the realm of ideological-political course teaching itself is “way,” “learning,” and “technique.” But from the perspective of the process of realm elevation, another logic of expression must be used, namely “technique,” “learning,” and “way.” Xi Jinping pointed out: “To teach ideological-political courses well, there is not only ‘technique,’ but also ‘learning,’ and even more so ‘way.’”[1]1 “Fostering virtue and nurturing people” (立德树人) is a core educational principle in China, emphasizing moral cultivation as the foundation of talent development.(P25) The “not only,” “but also,” and “even more so” here point to the development process of the elevation of the teaching realm, embodying a logic presented in the elevation of the teaching realm, which is a logic of reality.

关于思政课教学的境界可以有两种不同的表述逻辑：一是“道—学—术”的逻辑，一是“术—学—道”的逻辑。如果从境界论整体来把握，从对逻辑体系的整体称呼来把握，那么应该采用的是前者。这种表述逻辑是按从大到小、从主要到次要、从本质到现象的逻辑顺序排列的。这符合我们传统文化、民族思维和表达方式：比如，我们习惯讲大小、多少、高低，而不习惯说小大、少多、低高；我们习惯讲年月日，而不会像西方那样讲日月年。我们讲“大中小”学一体化，而不会倒过来讲“小中大”学一体化。“在大中小学循序渐进、螺旋上升地开设思政课”[1](P6)这句表述中，我们都明白螺旋上升的实际过程是指从小学到中学、大学的上升过程，这是学习发展的实际进程，但我们用语言表述时，是使用“大中小学螺旋上升”的表述方式，而不使用“小中大学螺旋上升”的表述方式。因此，思政课教学境界本身的逻辑就是“道”“学”“术”。但从境界提升过程来说，则必须用另一种表述逻辑，即“术”“学”“道”。习近平指出：“讲好思政课不仅有‘术’，也有‘学’，更有‘道’。”[1](P25)这里的“不仅有”“也有”“更有”，指出了教学境界提升的发展进程，体现了教学境界在提升中呈现的一种逻辑，是一种现实的逻辑。

In summary, regarding the order of expression of the realm of ideological-political course teaching, whether to use “way,” “learning,” and “technique,” or to use “technique,” “learning,” and “way,” depends on the different tasks and contexts. When we theoretically express the theory of the realm of ideological-political course teaching, we should use “way,” “learning,” and “technique,” which embodies the overall logic of the teaching realm itself. The title of this article adopts this logic. When we talk about the process of elevating the realm of ideological-political course teaching, we should use “technique,” “learning,” and “way,” which embodies the realistic logic of realm elevation. The unfolding logic of this article follows this logic. It can be said that there is a conscious shift in the logic of expression from the title to the main text.

总之，关于思政课教学境界的表述顺序，究竟用“道”“学”“术”，还是用“术”“学”“道”，要看不同的任务和语境。当我们从理论上表述思政课教学境界论时，应该用“道”“学”“术”，它体现了教学境界本身的整体逻辑，本文的标题就采用这种逻辑。当我们说提升思政课教学境界的过程时，应该用“术”“学”“道”，它体现了境界提升的现实逻辑。本文的展开思路就是遵循这种逻辑。可以说，从标题到正文有一种自觉的表述逻辑的转换。

II. Possessing “Technique”: Mastering the Methods and Skills of Ideological-Political Course Teaching

二、有“术”：掌握思政课教学的方法技能

Technique (术) means skill and method. In Xi Jinping’s speech, “technique” refers to the methodological skills of ideological-political course teaching; “having technique” means that ideological-political course teachers must master the methods and skills of teaching. Like any main subject or specialized course, the ideological-political course has its own teaching norms and technical skills. Proficiently mastering and effectively applying these norms and technical skills is a direct manifestation of the teacher’s teaching ability and the minimum requirement for teaching the course well. The view that the ideological-political course has only political requirements and no skill threshold, or that it can be taught casually and well, is completely mistaken. In fact, even setting aside teaching the course well, merely delivering the course at the most minimal level requires corresponding teaching skills. To teach the course well, it is even more necessary to proficiently master and effectively apply teaching methods and techniques, and to follow some basic requirements of “having technique.”

术，含义是技艺、方法。习近平讲话中的“术”，指思政课教学的方法技能，有“术”指思政课教师要掌握教学的方法技能。思政课像任何一门主课或专业课一样，具有自身的教学规范和技术技巧，熟练掌握和有效运用这些规范和技术技巧，是思政课教师教学能力的直接体现，也是讲好思政课最起码的要求。那种认为思政课只有政治要求而无技能门槛的看法，那种认为随随便便就可以讲好思政课的看法，是完全错误的。其实，先不说把课讲好，即使是最低限度地把课讲下来，也需要掌握相应教学技能。而要把课讲得好一点，那就更必须熟练掌握和运用好教学方法和教学技巧，遵循“有‘术’”的一些基本要求。

First, one must understand and abide by teaching procedures and norms, and internalize them as one’s own ability through long-term adherence. Teaching procedures and norms include national education laws and regulations, the teaching systems of educational management institutions, the teaching requirements of schools, and established teaching conventions. These written regulations or unwritten conventions clearly indicate what teachers may and may not do, and are mandatory requirements. In addition to complying with general normative requirements, ideological-political course teachers must also comply with some special normative requirements. For example, documents issued by the Ministry of Education, such as the “Basic Requirements for Teaching Ideological and Political Theory Courses in Higher Education Institutions in the New Era,” the “Regulations on the Construction of the Teaching Staff for Ideological and Political Theory Courses in Higher Education Institutions in the New Era,” the “Standards for the Construction of Ideological and Political Theory Courses in Higher Education Institutions (2021 Edition),” and the “Standards for the Construction of Marxist Colleges in Ordinary Higher Education Institutions (2023 Edition),” [2]2 The “Six Musts and Persistences” (六个必须坚持) refers to six principles Xi Jinping identified as essential for grasping the worldview and methodology of his Thought: upholding people-centeredness, self-confidence and self-reliance, integrity and innovation, problem-orientation, a systemic perspective, and embracing the world. make detailed provisions and requirements for higher education institutions, Marxist colleges, and ideological-political course teachers. Ideological-political course teachers must abide by teaching norms and, in the process of long-term practice, internalize the requirements of teaching norms into their own behavioral standards.

首先，要弄清并遵守教学的规程和规范，并在长期遵行的过程中把其内化为自己的能力。教学规程和规范包括国家的教育法律法规、教育管理机构的教学制度、学校的教学要求，以及约定成俗的教学惯例等。这些成文的规定或不成文的约定明确地指出了教师可以做和不可以做的内容，是硬性要求。思政课教师除了要遵守一般性的规范要求外，还需要遵守一些特殊的规范性要求。比如，教育部下发的《新时代高校思想政治理论课教学工作基本要求》《新时代高等学校思想政治理论课教师队伍建设规定》《高等学校思想政治理论课建设标准（2021年本）》《普通高等学校马克思主义学院建设标准（2023年版）》等文件，对高校、马克思主义学院和思政课教师都做了详细的规定和要求。思政课教师必须遵守教学规范，并在长期践行教学规范的过程中，将教学规范的要求内化为自己的行为标准。

Second, one must diligently study and practice teaching skills to achieve proficiency through practice. Ideological-political course teaching is a teaching task that shapes students’ values; it is inherently difficult, and mastering teaching skills is all the more necessary. Teaching the ideological-political course well requires investing great energy in lesson preparation. Teaching design, courseware production, teaching characteristics, methods, and techniques all need meticulous refinement and repeated polishing, and the organization of teaching language requires careful study and diligent practice. Since the advent of the New Era, the construction of the teaching staff for ideological-political courses in higher education institutions has been continuously strengthened. A large number of young doctors with high academic degrees and strong research capabilities have become the main force for ideological-political courses in higher education institutions, effectively improving the quality of the teaching staff. However, because doctoral students’ energy during their studies is mainly focused on cultivating research capabilities, their training in teaching skills for standing at the podium is relatively lacking. After taking up their posts, young ideological-political course teachers must put effort into practicing teaching skills to improve their teaching ability and level. The teaching skill competitions for ideological-political course teachers now held in various places are very meaningful. In fact, basic teaching skills are not complicated; as long as one works hard on the fundamentals, diligently practices, and accumulates over time, significant progress can be made and skills can be applied proficiently.

其次，要勤学苦练教学技能，达到熟能生巧。思政课教学是塑造学生价值观的教学工作，本来就有难度，更应该熟练地掌握教学技能。讲好思政课需要投入极大的精力备课，教学设计、课件制作、教学特色、方法和技巧都要精雕细琢、反复打磨，教学语言的组织需要精心研究和勤学苦练。进入新时代以来，高校思政课教师队伍建设不断加强，大批学历高、科研能力强的青年博士成为高校思政课的主力军，有力地提高了思政课教师队伍素质。但是，由于博士生在校期间精力主要放在科研素质的培养上，站讲台的教学技能锻炼比较欠缺。青年思政课教师在入职之后，要下功夫练习教学技能，提高自己的教学能力和水平。现在，各地举办的思政课教师教学技能竞赛，就是很有意义的。其实，教学的基本技能并不复杂，只要在基本功上下功夫，勤学苦练、日积月累，就能有明显进步，并熟练运用。

Third, one must be good at learning from and consulting teachers with good teaching results, and earnestly observe others’ exemplary classes. Improving teaching skills cannot rely solely on one’s own diligent practice; one must also be good at consulting teachers with good teaching results. These two aspects are indispensable for improving teaching ability. Young teachers, in particular, should humbly learn from and consult teachers with good teaching results, drawing on their successful experience. In recent years, teaching competitions and teaching demonstrations held in various places, as well as exemplary courses, theoretical lecture halls, cross-provincial collective lesson preparation, and online collective lesson preparation open classes, have provided ideological-political course teachers with good opportunities for observation and learning.

再次，要善于向教学效果好的老师学习请教，认真观摩别人的精品课堂。提升教学技能不能仅靠自己勤学苦练，还要善于向教学效果好的教师请教，这两方面对提升教学能力缺一不可。尤其是青年教师，要虚心向教学效果好的老师学习请教，汲取成功经验。近年来，各地举办的教学竞赛和教学展示，精品课程、理论大讲堂、跨省集体备课、网上集体备课公开课等，给思政课教师提供了很好的观摩学习机会。

Finally, one must continuously accumulate experience in long-term practice, refine one’s methods, and gradually master the art of teaching. “Teaching method is an artistic method.” [3]3 “March 18” refers to Xi Jinping’s speech at a symposium on ideological-political courses in schools on March 18, 2019, a key policy document for this field. (P172) Whether it is lesson preparation or teaching, giving examples or asking questions and leading discussions, there are corresponding requirements and techniques. Among these, many skills and techniques are relatively easy to grasp and take effect. Ideological-political course teachers should pay attention to summarizing experience, mastering techniques, and refining methods in teaching, to enhance the vividness, imagery, appeal, and infectiousness of the ideological-political course, and to improve the art of teaching. Ideological-political course teachers must master the beauty of language, using vivid and vivid language to enhance the artistry of the ideological-political course. Although these are basic teaching skills and techniques, truly comprehensively mastering and proficiently applying the “technique” of ideological-political course teaching also requires careful understanding and long-term accumulation in teaching practice. In recent years, teaching methods have been continuously reformed and innovated, with fruitful research results. On the basis of basic classroom teaching methods such as the lecture method and heuristic teaching method, some new teaching methods have continuously emerged, such as thematic teaching, interactive teaching, case-based teaching, situational experiential teaching, problem-chain teaching, and the use of modern information technology means to build smart classrooms. These teaching concepts and specific teaching methods have enhanced the affinity and appeal of the ideological-political course.

最后，要在长期实践中不断积累经验，完善做法，逐步掌握讲课的艺术。“教学方法是一种艺术的方法。”[2](P172)不论是备课还是授课，不论是举例还是提问以及主持讨论等，都有相应要求和技巧，其中有许多技能和技巧比较容易上手，也比较容易起效，思政课教师要注意在教学中总结经验、掌握技巧、完善做法，提高思政课的生动性、形象性、吸引力和感染力，提高讲课的艺术。思政课教师要掌握语言之美，用生动形象的语言增强思政课的艺术性。虽然这些是基本的教学技能技巧，但真正全面掌握并熟练运用好思政课教学之“术”，也需要在教学实践中细心领会和长期积累。近年来，教学方法不断改革创新，相关研究成果丰硕。在讲授法、启发式教学法等课堂基本教学方法的基础上，一些新的教学方法不断涌现，比如，专题式教学、互动式教学、案例式教学、情景体验式教学、问题链教学以及运用现代信息技术手段建设智慧课堂等，这些教学理念和具体教学方法提升了思政课的亲和力、感染力。

III. Having “Learning”: Deepening the Scholarly Foundation of Ideological-Political Course Teaching

三、有“学”：厚植思政课教学的学问根底

Learning (学) has multiple meanings, including study, imitation, scholarship, discipline, and school. In Xi Jinping’s speech, “learning” refers to scholarship, that

学，有学习、模仿、学问、学科、学校等多种含义。习近平讲话中的“学”指的是学问，即思政课教学的学问根底。有“学”指思政课教师要掌握马克思主义理论，能深刻把握教学内容，有从事学术研究的能力。也就是说，上好思政课，主要不是靠口才和技巧，而是靠学问，靠真才实学。有“学”是思政课教学境界的中间层次，比“术”的境界要高，是上好思政课的坚实基础。思政课教学涉及马克思主义哲学、政治经济学、科学社会主义、国内外形势和党的路线方针政策等，需要的知识量很大、涉及的面很广，对教师的学问根底要求很高。“术”在思政课教学中固然是重要而有效的，但光有“术”还不够，还要有“学”，也就是要有知识和学问。我们常讲的“学术”，实际上包含着“学”与“术”两个相互依存的方面。前者是内容和基础，后者是形式和表现。“术”并不是孤立存在和发挥作用的，它必须有“学”作为学理支撑。要讲好思政课的道理，就要有渊博的学识，让自己成为一个有真学问、真有学问的思政课教师。

First, one must diligently study and systematically master the broad and profound Marxist theory, continuously raising one’s own theoretical level. The content taught in ideological-political courses is the basic theory of Marxism and the Party’s innovative theory. Marxism is a whole, possessing an “extremely thorough and rigorous” [3]3 “March 18” refers to Xi Jinping’s speech at a symposium on ideological-political courses in schools on March 18, 2019, a key policy document for this field.(P7) scientific system. The classical works of Marxism contain and centrally embody the basic principles of Marxism; they are the origin and foundation of Marxist theory. Reading the classical works of Marxism is the necessary path to mastering scientific theory. Xi Jinping pointed out: “The classical Marxist writers had broad horizons and rich knowledge, and the Marxist theoretical system and knowledge system are broad and profound… Without great effort and hard work, it is difficult to grasp the true essence and achieve mastery.” [4]4 The “Eight Unities” (八个相统一) are eight pairs of dialectical principles for teaching ideological-political courses, such as unifying political and academic rationality, and unifying theory and practice.(P11) No matter which course they teach, ideological-political course teachers must study and master Marxism as a whole, and earnestly delve into the classical works of Marxism. “One must make reading Marxist classics and comprehending Marxist principles a habit of life and a spiritual pursuit,” [5](P26) systematically master Marxist theory, deeply understand the spiritual essence and ideological marrow of Marxism, and grasp the positions, viewpoints, and methods of Marxism. The theoretical achievements of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times are the practical results of the Communist Party of China using Marxism to solve the problems of China’s revolution, construction, and reform; they embody the truth, scientific nature, and developmental character of Marxism. Only by systematically mastering the theoretical achievements of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times can ideological-political course teachers clearly explain the process by which adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times pursues truth, reveals truth, and practices truth.

首先，要努力学习、系统掌握博大精深的马克思主义理论，不断提高自己的理论水平。思政课讲授的内容是马克思主义基本理论和党的创新理论。马克思主义是一个整体，具有“极其彻底而严整”[3](P7)的科学体系。马克思主义经典著作蕴含和集中体现着马克思主义基本原理，是马克思主义理论的本源和基础。阅读马克思主义经典著作是掌握科学理论的必经之途。习近平指出：“马克思主义经典作家眼界广阔、知识丰富，马克思主义理论体系和知识体系博大精深……不下大气力、不下苦功夫是难以掌握真谛、融会贯通的。”[4](P11)思政课教师无论讲授哪一门课程，都要把马克思主义作为一个整体去学习和掌握，认真钻研马克思主义经典著作。“要把读马克思主义经典、悟马克思主义原理当作一种生活习惯、当作一种精神追求”，[5](P26)系统地掌握马克思主义理论，深刻理解马克思主义的精神实质和思想精髓，掌握马克思主义的立场、观点和方法。马克思主义中国化时代化理论成果是中国共产党运用马克思主义解决中国革命、建设、改革问题的实践成果，体现了马克思主义的真理性、科学性和发展性。思政课教师只有系统掌握马克思主义中国化时代化理论成果，才能讲清楚马克思主义中国化时代化追求真理、揭示真理、笃行真理的过程。

Second, one must absorb knowledge from the philosophical and social sciences from multiple aspects, expanding one’s scope of knowledge. Ideological-political course teachers’ grasp of teaching content cannot be limited to textbooks or supplementary teaching materials; it must be comprehensive and systematic. “Marxism was produced on the basis of critically absorbing all of humanity’s knowledge and is continuously enriched and developed with the development of the times, practice, and science; it is the most advanced ideological and theoretical system of humanity to date.” [6](P253) To master such a broad and profound ideological system, one needs to extensively draw on knowledge from the philosophical and social sciences as well as the natural sciences, and be able to understand, digest, and absorb it. It should be noted that when studying knowledge from various philosophical and social sciences, one must consciously uphold the guiding position of Marxism, apply Marxist scientific methods of thinking, and master the “great tool of cognition.” [3]3 “March 18” refers to Xi Jinping’s speech at a symposium on ideological-political courses in schools on March 18, 2019, a key policy document for this field.(P68) When absorbing and drawing on Western social sciences, one cannot fail to digest them or copy and transplant them mechanically. When studying and researching history, one cannot only emphasize historical details and historical plots; one must use the method of historical materialism to observe and analyze events. When studying the excellent traditional Chinese culture, one must both strengthen cultural confidence and draw on traditional wisdom, and also carry out the work of creative transformation and innovative development, enabling Chinese culture to transcend time and space, possess eternal charm, and manifest contemporary value.

其次，要从多方面吸取哲学社会科学知识，扩大自己的知识面。思政课教师对教学内容的掌握不能仅限于教材或教辅用书，而必须有全面系统的掌握。“马克思主义是在批判吸收人类全部知识的基础上产生并且随着时代、实践和科学的发展而不断丰富发展的，是人类迄今为止最先进的思想理论体系。”[6](P253)要想掌握这样博大精深的思想体系，就需要广泛涉猎哲学社会科学以及自然科学的知识，并能理解、消化、吸收。需要注意的是，在学习各门哲学社会科学知识时，要自觉坚持马克思主义的指导地位，运用马克思主义的科学思维方法，掌握“伟大的认识工具”。[3](P68)在吸收借鉴西方社会科学时，不能食洋不化、照抄照搬。在学习研究历史时，不能只强调历史细节、历史情节，要用历史唯物主义的方法观察分析事件。在学习中华优秀传统文化时，既要坚定文化自信、汲取传统智慧，又要进行创造性转化和创新性发展的工作，使中华文化跨越时空，富有永恒魅力、展现当代价值。

Third, one must establish a research consciousness, using academic research to support the improvement of teaching quality. For ideological-political course teachers in higher education, it is necessary to have relatively deep academic research on the content they teach. Teaching ideological-political courses well is reflected, on the one hand, in appropriate teaching methods and techniques, and, more importantly, in the ability to explain profound content in simple terms. “Profound” means conducting in-depth research on the teaching content, making one’s own thinking more thorough; “simple” means explaining profound theories in a way that is easy to understand, making them readily acceptable to students. Profundity is the foundation; without profundity, there is no simplicity. Profundity is a manifestation of research strength; simplicity is a manifestation of teaching ability. If teachers themselves lack research depth, personal experience, and understanding, if they themselves are full of doubts and have not figured things out, it will be difficult for them to clearly explain things when facing students’ confusion; what they say will not be confident, firm, or infectious, let alone easy to understand. Moreover, ideological-political course teachers give lectures to students across the entire university, with a heavy teaching workload. If they do not pay attention to establishing a research consciousness and strengthening academic research, they will degenerate into a “machine” that repeats lessons. In a context where scientific research and academic work are generally valued, ideological-political courses will be looked down upon by other disciplines due to a lack of academic content, and ideological-political course teachers will also lack vitality and vigor in their work, losing their sense of professional identity and honor. Therefore, teachers should strengthen academic research and deepen theoretical interpretation. It must be understood that the deeper the research on theoretical viewpoints, the clearer the theoretical interpretation, the clearer the understanding of the real world, and the better one can face and resolve students’ ideological confusions, enabling students to deeply identify with the content taught. At the same time, achievements in scientific research help enhance teachers’ sense of professional honor, giving them the identity of a researcher. The ability to conduct scientific research can help teachers open up broader horizons, change the way they observe and think about problems, find breakthroughs on more issues, and thus become experts on many issues, thereby better promoting teaching.

再次，要树立科研意识，用学术研究支撑教学水平提升。对高校思政课教师来说，要对所讲授的内容有较深的学术研究。讲好思政课一方面体现在适当的教学方式方法上，更重要的一方面体现在对教学内容深入浅出地讲授上。深入就是对教学内容进行深入研究，使自己在思想上更加透彻；浅出就是把深刻的理论讲授得通俗易懂，让学生易于接受。深入是基础，没有深入就没有浅出。深入是科研实力的体现，浅出是教学能力的体现。教师如果自己没有研究上的深入、体会和理解，自己都疑惑重重，没有弄明白，面对学生的困惑也很难能解释清楚，讲出来的东西不会是自信坚定、富有感染力的，更达不到通俗易懂。而且，思政课教师是面向全校的学生讲课，教学工作量大，如果不注意树立科研意识，加强学术研究，就会沦为重复授课的“机器”。在普遍重视科研和学术的情况下，思政课会因缺乏学术含量而被其他学科轻视，思政课教师也会在工作上缺乏生机和活力，失去职业的认同感和荣誉感。因此，教师应该加强学术研究，深化理论阐释。须知，对理论观点的研究越深入，对理论阐释越清楚，对现实世界的理解才越清晰，才能更好地面对和解答学生的思想困惑，使学生深刻认同讲授的内容。同时，科学研究的成就有助于提升教师的职业荣誉感，使教师具有一种研究者身份。科学研究能力可以帮助教师打开更广阔的视野，使观察问题和思考问题的方式发生改变，能在更多的问题上找到突破口，从而在许多问题上成为专家，从而更好地促进教学。

Finally, one must also improve the ability to integrate theory with practice, enhancing the capacity to apply knowledge to reality. The charm of Marxist theory lies not only in its own logical power but also in its enormous guiding role for practice. Integrating theory with practice is the fundamental method for studying Marxist theory and the basic principle for ideological-political course teaching. The theoretical teaching of ideological-political courses must closely connect with social reality, with students’ life reality, and with their ideological reality, guiding students to solve practical problems. First, it must closely connect with social reality. Teachers use Marxist theoretical knowledge to explain social hot spots, difficult points, and focal issues, to interpret the major decisions of the Party and the state, to elucidate vivid examples from real life, and to analyze profound truths from social reality. Second, it must closely connect with students’ life reality. For the theory of ideological-political courses to be accepted by students, it should closely connect with their life reality, using the realities that students experience and perceive in their study and life to inspire their ability to comprehend and their identification with the theory, making teaching closer to students’ daily lives, more aligned with their life needs, and guiding students to use Marxist positions, viewpoints, and methods to think about, analyze, and solve their own problems. Third, it must closely connect with students’ ideological reality. Ideological-political course teachers must understand students’ cognitive abilities and current ideological state. In the teaching process, they should grasp students’ thinking characteristics, use problem-based introductions to understand students’ ideological confusions, use research-oriented teaching to guide students’ active exploration, and use theoretical guidance to solve practical problems.

最后，还要提高理论联系实际的能力，提升将知识运用于现实的能力。马克思主义理论的魅力不仅在于它本身的逻辑力量，更在于它对实践的巨大指导作用。理论联系实际是学习马克思主义理论的根本方法，也是思政课教学的基本遵循。思政课的理论教学要密切联系社会实际、联系学生生活实际和思想实际，指导学生解决实际问题。其一，要密切联系社会实际。教师运用马克思主义理论知识对社会热点、难点、焦点问题做出解释，对党和国家的重大决策做出阐释，对现实生活中的鲜活事例做出诠释，从社会实际中分析出深刻的道理。其二，要密切联系学生生活实际。思政课的理论要能为学生所接受，就应密切联系学生的生活实际，以学生学习、生活中所经历和感知的现实，启发他们的感悟能力和对理论的认同，使教学更贴近学生的日常生活，更契合学生的生活需要，引导学生用马克思主义的立场观点方法去思考、分析和解决自身问题。其三，密切联系学生思想实际。思政课教师要了解学生的认知能力和思想现状，在教学过程中，把握学生的思维特点，以问题导入了解学生的思想困惑，以研究性教学引导学生主动探索，以理论指导解决实际问题。

4. Having the “Way”: Elevating the Ideological Realm of Ideological-Political Course Teaching

四、有“道”：提升思政课教学的思想境界

“Way” (道) originally means the path people walk, and by extension refers to laws, principles, norms, etc. The “Way” mentioned in Xi Jinping’s speeches refers to the essence of ideological-political courses and the laws of education and teaching, while “having the Way” means that ideological-political course teachers must elevate their own ideological realm, grasp the essence of ideological-political courses, and consciously master and apply the laws of ideological-political course education and teaching. The “Way” is the origin of “Learning” and “Technique,” and also the sublimation of “Learning” and “Technique.” “Having the Way” is the highest level of the realm of ideological-political course teaching. Ideological-political courses are not ordinary courses for imparting knowledge; they shoulder the heavy responsibility of shaping students’ correct worldview, outlook on life, and value system. Ideological-political course teachers must not only master and apply the “Technique” and “Learning” of ideological-political course teaching, but must also rise to a higher level, mastering the “Way” of ideological-political course education and teaching, that is, grasping the essence and laws of ideological-political courses, being able to consciously follow the laws and apply them, reaching a state of freedom, and realizing the unity of necessity and freedom. For ideological-political course teachers to “have the Way” means that their level of thinking reaches the highest, their mode of thinking becomes more grand, and they consciously stand at the strategic height of the overall development of the Party and the state’s cause, and at the height of the cause of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, with the stance and broad perspective of a politician, grasping the essence of ideological-political courses, and improving and perfecting their own teaching art and teaching level. Using the “Way” to unify “Learning” and “Technique,” and integrating “Way,” “Learning,” and “Technique” into one—this is to have mastered the “Great Way” of ideological-political course teaching and to have reached the highest realm of ideological-political course teaching.

道，原意是人走的道路，引申为规律、原理、准则等。习近平讲话中所说的“道”指的是思政课的本质和教育教学的规律，而有“道”指思政课教师要提高自己的思想境界，把握思政课的本质，自觉地掌握运用思政课教育教学规律。“道”是“学”和“术”的本源，也是“学”和“术”的升华。“有‘道’”是思政课教学境界的最高层次。思政课不是一般的知识传授课程，而且肩负着塑造学生正确世界观、人生观、价值观的重任。思政课教师不仅要掌握和运用思政课教学的“术”和“学”，而且要再上升一个层次，掌握思政课教育教学的“道”，即掌握思政课的本质和规律，能够自觉地遵循规律、运用规律，达到自由的状态，实现必然和自由的统一。思政课教师有“道”，意味着思维层次达到最高，思维方式更加宏大，以一个政治家的高度站位和宏大视角，自觉地站在党和国家事业发展全局的战略高度，站在实现中华民族伟大复兴的事业高度，把握思政课的本质，提高和完善自己的教学艺术和教学水平。以“道”来统一“学”和“术”，把“道”“学”“术”融为一体，这就是掌握了思政课教学的“大道”，达到思政课教学的最高境界。

First, one must possess political height and strategic thinking, and be able to view the important status and key significance of ideological-political courses from the standpoint of matters concerning the Party and the people’s cause and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. One must deeply understand that ideological-political courses are the key courses for carrying out the fundamental task of fostering virtue and nurturing people [1]1 “Fostering virtue and nurturing people” (立德树人) is a core educational principle in China, emphasizing moral cultivation as the foundation of talent development., and are the main channel for conducting ideological-political education among young people. Ideological-political courses have a distinct political attribute; they are part of social political life and mainstream ideology, and must follow the laws of political operation. The law of political operation means considering issues from the national strategy and from the fundamental interests and harms of society. The curriculum system, textbook compilation, content determination, and review and approval of ideological-political courses are all carried out by the Party and the state, which sets higher requirements than for other disciplines. When teaching ideological-political courses, teachers should not only view issues from the perspective of their professional identity, but should teach from a strategic height and from the perspective of the development of the Party and the state’s cause. In other words, when teaching ideological-political courses, teachers should regard themselves as politicians and as the Party’s and the state’s spokespersons facing students. Only by standing at such a height can one truly grasp the nature and function of ideological-political courses and enhance their teaching effectiveness.

首先，要有政治高度和战略思维，能够从事关党和人民事业、事关民族复兴伟业的站位来看待思政课的重要地位和关键意义。要深刻领悟思政课是落实立德树人根本任务的关键课程，是对青少年进行思想政治教育的主渠道。思政课具有鲜明的政治属性，是社会政治生活和主流意识形态的一部分，要遵循政治运行规律。政治运行规律就是从国家的战略上、从社会的根本利弊出发考虑问题。思政课的课程体系、教材编写、内容确定和审核审定都是由党和国家来进行的，这比其他学科的要求都高。思政课教师在授课时，不能仅从教师的身份角度看问题，而应该从战略高度、从党和国家事业发展的高度讲授思政课。或者说，思政课教师授课时，要把自己看作一个政治家，把自己当作党和国家面向学生的代言人，只有站在这样的高度，才能真正把握思政课的性质和功能，提升思政课的教学效果。

Second, one must be adept at comprehending and mastering the true essence of Marxist theory, and grasp the essential meaning, worldview, and methodology of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. The prerequisite and key to possessing the “Way” is to master the Marxist worldview and methodology. Teachers of ideological-political courses must keep pace with the times, understand and grasp the worldview and methodology of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era and the standpoints, viewpoints, and methods that run through it, and be able to form a regularized understanding to support the practical requirements of education and teaching. Teachers of ideological-political courses should use the “Six Musts and Persistences” [2]2 The “Six Musts and Persistences” (六个必须坚持) refers to six principles Xi Jinping identified as essential for grasping the worldview and methodology of his Thought: upholding people-centeredness, self-confidence and self-reliance, integrity and innovation, problem-orientation, a systemic perspective, and embracing the world. to broaden their minds and horizons, embrace the world, and, from the height of the development prospects of socialism with Chinese characteristics and the question of where the world is heading, understand and explain the Party’s line, principles, and policies, resolve students’ ideological confusions, and enhance students’ cognitive abilities. They must uphold the scientific nature and truth of Marxist theory, and be steadfast Marxist learners, believers, and practitioners in their work and life.

其次，要善于领会和掌握马克思主义理论的真谛，掌握习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的精髓要义和世界观方法论。有“道”的前提和关键，是要掌握马克思主义的世界观和方法论。思政课教师要紧跟时代步伐，理解和把握好习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的世界观和方法论以及贯穿其中的立场观点方法，并能形成规律性的认识，以支撑教育教学的实践要求。思政课教师要用“六个必须坚持”开阔胸襟和视野，胸怀天下，站在中国特色社会主义的发展前景和世界向何处去的高度，理解和阐释党的路线方针政策，解决学生的思想困惑，提升学生的认知能力。坚持马克思主义理论的科学性和真理性，在工作和生活中做坚定的马克思主义学习者、信仰者和实践者。

Third, one must strive to elevate one’s own ideological and spiritual realm, strengthen one’s faith in Marxism, conviction in socialism with Chinese characteristics, and confidence in the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, and become a teacher with profound and broad feelings. Only when teachers first let the Marxist faith take root in their own hearts can it blossom and bear fruit in the hearts of students. The power of example is immense; teaching by example is better than teaching by words. When teachers lecture on Marxist theory, they must first be Marxists themselves. They must not only strive to improve their own level of Marxist theory, but also strengthen their own Marxist faith and elevate their own spiritual realm. Only when teachers themselves become models of studying and practicing Marxism can they effectively guide students to strengthen their faith in Marxism, conviction in socialism with Chinese characteristics, and confidence in the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Teachers of ideological-political courses must have deep feelings, with emotional concern for the country, the nation, and the educational cause that goes beyond personal interests. They must have profound feelings of family and country, caring about the future and great cause of the country and the nation, paying attention to the times and society, drawing nourishment and enriching their thoughts, and educating people according to the standard of cultivating builders and successors for the socialist cause. They must have profound feelings of benevolence, integrating love for the country and the nation with love for students, showing concern for all things in the universe, sympathy for the people of the world, and benevolence towards the students they teach. They must pour their benevolent heart into the students, so that every student can grow up healthily. They must have a feeling for transmitting the Way, with a high sense of mission for fostering virtue and nurturing people, imparting scientific truth to students, helping students establish a correct worldview, outlook on life, and value system, and striking the spiritual world of students with the lightning of thought.

再次，要努力提升自己的思想境界和精神境界，坚定对马克思主义的信仰、对中国特色社会主义的信念、对中华民族伟大复兴的信心，做一个有深广情怀的教师。教师只有让马克思主义信仰先在自己心里扎下根，才能在学生心中开花结果。榜样的力量是巨大的，身教胜于言教。教师讲马克思主义理论，首先要先做一名马克思主义者，既要努力提高自己的马克思主义理论水平，更要坚定自己的马克思主义信仰和提升自己的精神境界。只有教师自己成为学习和实践马克思主义的典范，才能有效引导学生坚定对马克思主义的信仰、对中国特色社会主义的信念和对中华民族伟大复兴的信心。思政课教师情怀要深，要有超出个人利益的，对国家、对民族、对教育事业的情感关切。要有深厚的家国情怀，心系国家和民族的前程和伟大事业，关注时代、关注社会，汲取养分、丰富思想，以培养社会主义事业建设者和接班人的标准来教书育人。要有深厚的仁爱情怀，要把对国家、民族的爱和对学生的爱融为一体，对宇宙万物关切，对天下苍生同情，对授业学生仁爱。把仁爱之心倾注到学生身上，让每一个学生都健康成长。要有传道情怀，以立德树人的高度使命感，把科学真理传授给学生，帮助学生树立正确的世界观、人生观、价值观，用思想的闪电击中学生的心灵世界。

Finally, one must also deeply grasp and consciously follow the laws of ideological-political course education and teaching, and effectively improve teaching effectiveness. Xi Jinping pointed out that “the essence of ideological-political courses is to explain principles,” and it is necessary to “explain principles deeply, thoroughly, and vividly.” [7] Teachers of ideological-political courses can flexibly use various methods to explain principles, but the most important method is to make good use of the logic inherent in the principles themselves. This is both an inevitable requirement for enhancing the academic rationality of ideological-political course teaching and a basic requirement for explaining principles well. Explaining principles requires that theoretical logic and the power of facts work simultaneously. On the one hand, rigorous theoretical reasoning demonstrates strong ideological and logical power; on the other hand, objective facts demonstrate the advanced and scientific power of theory in guiding reality. Explaining principles inherently has an educational attribute. The essence of ideological-political courses is to explain principles, which reflects the teaching laws of ideological-political courses themselves. Following the laws will surely achieve good results. In his important speech on March 18 [3]3 “March 18” refers to Xi Jinping’s speech at a symposium on ideological-political courses in schools on March 18, 2019, a key policy document for this field., Xi Jinping’s exposition on adhering to the “Eight Unities” [4]4 The “Eight Unities” (八个相统一) are eight pairs of dialectical principles for teaching ideological-political courses, such as unifying political and academic rationality, and unifying theory and practice. in ideological-political course teaching centrally embodies the laws of ideological-political course education and teaching. Teachers of ideological-political courses should apply the laws of the “Eight Unities” to specific educational and teaching practices. When teachers grasp the essence of ideological-political courses and follow the laws of ideological-political course education and teaching in their teaching, they achieve the unity of “Way,” “Learning,” and “Art,” reaching a high realm of ideological-political course teaching, and can greatly improve the teaching effectiveness of ideological-political courses.

最后，还要深刻把握和自觉遵循思政课教育教学的规律，切实提高教学实效性。习近平指出“思政课的本质是讲道理”，要“把道理讲深、讲透、讲活”。[7]思政课教师讲道理可以灵活运用各种方式方法，但最重要的方法是运用好道理本身的逻辑，这既是思政课教学增强学理性的必然要求，也是讲好道理的基本要求。讲道理要让理论逻辑和事实威力同时发力，一方面，用严谨的理论推理体现出强大的思想力量和逻辑力量；另一方面，用客观的事实体现出理论指导现实的先进力量与科学力量。讲道理本身内在地具有教育属性，思政课的本质是讲道理，体现了思政课自身的教学规律，遵循规律就一定能够取得好的效果。习近平在“3·18”重要讲话中，对思政课教学坚持“八个相统一”的论述，集中体现了思政课教育教学的规律。思政课教师应该把“八个相统一”的规律运用到具体的教育教学实践中。当思政课教师把握住思政课的本质，在教学中遵循思政课的教育教学规律时，就实现了“道”“学”“术”的统一，达到思政课教学的高境界，就能极大提高思政课的教学实效性。

Notes:

注释：

[1]1 “Fostering virtue and nurturing people” (立德树人) is a core educational principle in China, emphasizing moral cultivation as the foundation of talent development. Xi Jinping, *Ideological-Political Courses Are the Key Courses for Carrying Out the Fundamental Task of Fostering Virtue and Nurturing People* (Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 2020).

[1] 习近平.思政课是落实立德树人根本任务的关键课程[M].北京：人民出版社，2020.

[2]2 The “Six Musts and Persistences” (六个必须坚持) refers to six principles Xi Jinping identified as essential for grasping the worldview and methodology of his Thought: upholding people-centeredness, self-confidence and self-reliance, integrity and innovation, problem-orientation, a systemic perspective, and embracing the world. [USA] John Dewey, *Democracy and Education*, trans. Tao Zhiqiong (Beijing: China Light Industry Press, 2015).

[2] [美]杜威.民主主义与教育[M].陶志琼，译.北京：中国轻工业出版社，2015.

[3]3 “March 18” refers to Xi Jinping’s speech at a symposium on ideological-political courses in schools on March 18, 2019, a key policy document for this field. *Collected Works of Lenin: On Marxism* (Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 2009).

[3] 列宁专题文集.论马克思主义[M].北京：人民出版社，2009.

[4]4 The “Eight Unities” (八个相统一) are eight pairs of dialectical principles for teaching ideological-political courses, such as unifying political and academic rationality, and unifying theory and practice. Xi Jinping, *Speech at the Symposium on Work in Philosophy and Social Sciences* (Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 2016).

[4] 习近平.在哲学社会科学工作座谈会上的讲话[M].北京：人民出版社，2016.

[5] Xi Jinping, *Speech at the Ceremony Commemorating the 200th Anniversary of Marx’s Birth* (Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 2018).

[5] 习近平.在纪念马克思诞辰200周年大会上的讲话[M].北京：人民出版社，2018.

[6] Party Literature Research Office of the CPC Central Committee, *Selected Important Documents since the 17th National Congress*, Vol. 2 (Beijing: Central Party Literature Press, 2011).

[6] 中共中央文献研究室.十七大以来重要文献选编，中[M].北京：中央文献出版社，2011.

[7] “Xi Jinping Emphasizes during Inspection of Renmin University of China: Adhere to Party Leadership, Inherit Red Genes, Root in Chinese Soil, and Forge a New Path to Build World-Class Universities with Chinese Characteristics,” *People’s Daily*, April 26, 2022, p. 1.

[7] 习近平在中国人民大学考察时强调：坚持党的领导传承红色基因扎根中国大地 走出一条建设中国特色世界一流大学新路[N].人民日报，2022-04-26（1）.

Source: *Journal of Ideological and Theoretical Education*, Issue 9, 2024.

文章来源：《思想理论教育导刊》2024年9期

Online Editor: Huihui

网络编辑：慧慧