Promoting the Implementation and Effectiveness of Practical Teaching in University Ideological and Political Courses

Ideological and political courses are the key courses for carrying out the fundamental task of fostering virtue and nurturing people [1]1 "Fostering virtue and nurturing people" (立德树人) is a fundamental task of education in China, emphasizing moral cultivation as the foundation of talent development., bearing the important mission and responsibility of forging souls and educating people, providing value orientation and spiritual guidance for cultivating socialist builders and successors. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping has attached great importance to the construction of ideological and political courses, issuing important instructions on the construction of school ideological and political courses, providing fundamental guidance for the construction of school ideological and political courses in the New Era. The Ministry of Education has clearly stipulated in the standards for the construction of ideological and political courses that dedicated credits should be allocated from the existing credits of ideological and political courses to carry out practical teaching of ideological and political courses. In recent years, universities have made many beneficial explorations in the practical teaching of ideological and political courses. Especially after the General Office of the CPC Central Committee and the General Office of the State Council issued the "Several Opinions on Deepening the Reform and Innovation of School Ideological and Political Theory Courses in the New Era" (hereinafter referred to as the "Opinions") in 2019, universities have further intensified their efforts to promote practical teaching of ideological and political courses. To implement the "Opinions," the Ministry of Education and ten other departments issued the "Work Plan for Comprehensively Promoting the Construction of 'Grand Ideological and Political Courses'" (hereinafter referred to as the "Plan"). Through surveys of some universities, it has been found that many universities have explored diverse and rich models of practical teaching for ideological and political courses, forming some typical experiences.

思政课是落实立德树人根本任务的关键课程，承担着铸魂育人的重要使命与责任，为培养社会主义建设者和接班人提供价值导向和精神引领。党的十八大以来，习近平总书记非常重视思政课建设，对学校思政课建设作出重要指示，为新时代学校思政课建设提供了根本遵循。教育部在思政课建设标准中明确规定，从思政课现有学分中划出专门的学分，开展思政课实践教学。近年来，高校在思政课实践教学中做了许多有益探索，特别是2019年中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅印发《关于深化新时代学校思想政治理论课改革创新的若干意见》（以下简称《意见》）后，各高校更是加大了思政课实践教学的推进力度。为贯彻落实《意见》，教育部等十部门印发《全面推进“大思政课”建设的工作方案》（以下简称《方案》），通过对部分高校的调查，不少高校探索出丰富多样的思政课实践教学模式，形成了一些典型经验。

Diverse Models of Practical Teaching in University Ideological and Political Courses

高校思政课实践教学模式多样

Practical teaching in university ideological and political courses is an important link and effective extension of ideological and political course teaching, and also an effective way to enhance the practical effectiveness of university ideological and political course teaching. Surveys have found that universities, based on their respective actual situations and combined with the teaching objectives and requirements of ideological and political courses, have adopted various forms of practical teaching for ideological and political courses, exploring and forming distinctive teaching models.

高校思政课实践教学是思政课教学的重要环节和有效延伸，也是提升高校思政课教学实效性的有效途径。调查发现，高校根据各自实际情况，结合思政课教学目标要求，采取了形式多样的思政课实践教学，探索形成了各具特色的教学模式。

First, the model of offering a separate course. Under this model, practical teaching of ideological and political courses is offered as an independent course. The School of Marxism integrates the content of various ideological and political courses and is responsible for developing a comprehensive practical course, adopting the approach of "separate establishment, independent operation, independent assessment," and incorporating it into the unified management of the university's talent cultivation plan. This model facilitates the university's overall coordination of educational and teaching resources for ideological and political courses, unified management of ideological and political course teaching, and unified course design and implementation.

一是单独开设课程模式。该模式下的思政课实践教学独立开设课程，由马克思主义学院综合各门思政课程内容，负责开发出一门综合实践课程，采取“单独设立、独立运行、独立考核”的方式，纳入学校人才培养方案统一管理。该模式便于学校统筹思政课教育教学资源，统一管理思政课教学，统一进行课程设计与实施。

Second, the model of decentralized practical teaching. Under this model, practical teaching of ideological and political courses is distributed within the teaching of each ideological and political course, serving as a practical link for classroom theoretical teaching. In this course, practical teaching implementation is promoted in conjunction with theoretical teaching. This model facilitates teachers in combining theoretical teaching with practical teaching, conducting learning evaluations by integrating theoretical and practical teaching, and enhancing the experiential sense of classroom learning content as well as the effectiveness and targeted nature of teaching.

二是分散实践教学模式。该模式下的思政课实践教学，分布在各门思政课教学中，作为课堂理论教学的实践环节，在该课程中结合理论教学推进实践教学实施。该模式便于教师将理论教学和实践教学结合起来，结合理论教学和实践教学进行学习评价，增强课堂学习内容的体验感和教学的实效性、针对性。

Third, the model of joint development. The School of Marxism collaborates with other schools or departments to jointly research and develop, comprehensively coordinate and integrate practical teaching resources, explore the compatibility of ideological and political elements in professional courses with social practice, and jointly carry out practical teaching of ideological and political courses. This model helps integrate teaching resources between different schools or departments, embed practical teaching of ideological and political courses into professional internships and social practices, and promote the alignment of curriculum-based ideological and political education with practical teaching of ideological and political courses.

三是联合开发模式。由马克思主义学院与其他学院或部门联合研讨开发，统筹整合实践教学资源，挖掘专业课程思政元素和社会实践的融通性，共同开展思政课实践教学。该模式有助于整合不同学院或部门之间的教学资源，将思政课实践教学融入专业实习、社会实践中，推进课程思政与思政课实践教学同向同行。

Fourth, the model of establishing educational bases. This model establishes practical teaching bases for ideological and political courses both on and off campus, moving the ideological and political classroom to school history museums, patriotic education bases, scientific and technological innovation bases, social service bases, etc., creating a "walking ideological and political course" through students' personal experiences. This model helps fully tap into all available educational and teaching resources, assisting students in deeply comprehending the truth charm and practical power of the Party's innovative theories through on-site teaching, continuously expanding students' cognitive horizons and thinking space, and providing students with richer practical teaching resources.

四是建立教育基地模式。该模式在校内外建立思政课实践教学基地，将思政课堂搬到校史馆、爱国主义教育基地、科技创新基地、社会服务基地等，以学生亲身体验的方式，打造“行走的思政课”。该模式有助于充分挖掘一切可利用的教育教学资源，在现场教学中帮助学生深刻体悟党的创新理论的真理魅力和实践伟力，不断拓展学生的认知视野和思维空间，为学生提供更为丰富的实践教学资源。

Each of the above models of practical teaching for ideological and political courses has its own characteristics and advantages, but also has some shortcomings that need to be further optimized and improved in the process of practical promotion.

以上各类思政课实践教学模式，各有特色和优势，也存在着一些短板，需要在实践推进中进一步优化和完善。

The Practical Teaching System for University Ideological and Political Courses Urgently Needs Improvement

高校思政课实践教学体系亟需完善

Since the New Era, through multi-faceted efforts, practical teaching in university ideological and political courses has achieved significant results, with continuously enhanced standardization, deepened teaching content, and enriched teaching resources. However, through field surveys and considering the requirements for promoting the construction of "Grand Ideological and Political Courses," it is found that practical teaching in university ideological and political courses has some common problems to varying degrees. Therefore, strengthening and improving the practical teaching system for university ideological and political courses is not only important but also necessary.

新时代以来，经过多方努力，高校思政课实践教学取得了显著的成效，规范性不断增强、教学内容不断深化、教学资源不断丰富。但通过实地调查，结合推进“大思政课”建设的要求来看，高校思政课实践教学不同程度地存在一些共性问题。因此，加强和完善高校思政课实践教学体系，不仅重要而且必要。

First, further clarify the target positioning of practical teaching in university ideological and political courses. Currently, the teaching objectives and content of university ideological and political courses have clear standard requirements. However, some universities lack clear teaching design when implementing practical teaching. There is a lack of unified understanding of how to carry out practical teaching of ideological and political courses, especially regarding what practical teaching content to provide and how to guide students to correctly understand the conditions of the people, the Party, the country, and the world [2]2 "Conditions of the people, the Party, the country, and the world" (民情、党情、国情、世情) is a standard four-character phrase used in Chinese political discourse to refer to the comprehensive understanding of social realities.. The absence of unified target requirements affects the practical effectiveness of ideological and political course teaching.

一是进一步明确高校思政课实践教学的目标定位。目前高校思政课的教学目标和内容都有明确的标准要求，但一些高校在实施实践教学中，缺乏明确的教学设计，对如何开展思政课实践教学，特别是提供哪些实践教学内容、如何引导学生正确认识民情、党情、国情、世情的认识不统一，缺乏统一的目标要求，影响思政课教学的实效性。

Second, effectively enhance the educational value of practical teaching in university ideological and political courses. In implementing the key link of fostering virtue and nurturing people in ideological and political courses, practical teaching plays an increasingly important role and value. The transition from a purely theoretical classroom to practical teaching requires support from various conditions. However, some universities adopt simplistic and uniform actions in ideological and political practical teaching, with an excess of formalization and insufficient substantive "reasoning." Some universities also replace the practice of all students with individualized student practice, paying insufficient attention to the educational value of practical teaching.

二是切实提升高校思政课实践教学的育人价值。在落实思政课立德树人的关键环节上，实践教学发挥着越来越重要的作用和价值。从纯粹的理论课堂到实践教学的转换，需要方方面面的条件支撑，但一些高校思政实践教学采取简单化、统一化的行动，形式化有余、“讲道理”的实质化不足，也有高校以个别化学生实践代替全体学生实践等问题，对实践教学的育人价值关注不够。

Third, strengthen and standardize the work of practical teaching in university ideological and political courses. Some universities exhibit a certain degree of arbitrariness when arranging ideological and political practical teaching, failing to strictly implement the standard requirements for ideological and political course construction. Problems such as entertainment-oriented and formalized approaches exist in practical teaching. In particular, the integration of practical teaching of ideological and political courses with professional internships and social practices suffers from phenomena like "forced integration" and "surface-level integration," and some even replace ideological and political course practice with professional internships and social practices.

三是加强和规范高校思政课实践教学工作。一些高校在安排思政实践教学时存在一定的随意性，没有严格落实思政课建设标准要求，在实践教学中存在娱乐化、形式化等问题，特别是思政课实践教学与专业实习、社会实践的融合中存在“硬融入”“表面化”等现象，甚至以专业实习、社会实践代替思政课实践。

Solidly Promoting the Implementation and Effectiveness of Practical Teaching in University Ideological and Political Courses

扎实推进高校思政课实践教学落地见效

In his important speech at the symposium with teachers and students of Peking University, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized that what is learned should not remain in books or only in the mind, but should be put into action, achieving the unity of knowledge and action, using knowledge to promote action, and using action to seek knowledge, just as the saying goes: "Knowledge is the beginning of action; action is the completion of knowledge." [3]3 "Knowledge is the beginning of action; action is the completion of knowledge" (知者行之始，行者知之成) is a classical Chinese saying from the Ming dynasty philosopher Wang Yangming, emphasizing the unity of knowledge and action. Facing the problems existing in the practical teaching of university ideological and political courses, it is imperative to further improve the work system of practical teaching in university ideological and political courses. The "Plan" proposes to adhere to opening up ideological and political courses, fully mobilize all social forces and resources, build "grand classrooms," set up "grand platforms," and construct a practical teaching work system, pointing the direction for comprehensively promoting practical teaching in university ideological and political courses in the New Era.

习近平总书记在北京大学师生座谈会上的重要讲话中强调，学到的东西，不能停留在书本上，不能只装在脑袋里，而应该落实到行动上，做到知行合一、以知促行、以行求知，正所谓“知者行之始，行者知之成”。面对高校思政课实践教学中存在的问题，进一步完善高校思政课实践教学工作体系势在必行。《方案》提出，要坚持开门办思政课，充分调动全社会力量和资源，建设“大课堂”、搭建“大平台”，构建实践教学工作体系等，为新时代全面推进高校思政课实践教学指明了方向。

First, construct a work system for practical teaching in university ideological and political courses. Practical teaching of ideological and political courses is a systematic project and a long-term task that requires continuous promotion and sustained strengthening. Under the unified leadership of the university Party committee, with practical teaching of ideological and political courses as the carrier, top-level design should be carried out across the entire university, constructing a practical teaching work system for ideological and political courses with the School of Marxism as the leading force, and the close cooperation of functional departments such as the Academic Affairs Office, the Propaganda Department, the Student Affairs Department, and the Youth League Committee. The planning, design, organization, coordination, and process management of practical teaching of ideological and political courses should be strengthened, and the construction of organizational mechanisms for centralized management, clear responsibility allocation, and task assignment to individuals should be emphasized to ensure the orderly development of ideological and political course teaching.

一是构建高校思政课实践教学工作体系。思政课实践教学是一项系统工程，也是一项长期任务，需要不断推进持续加强。要在高校党委统一领导下，以思政课实践教学为载体，在全校范围进行顶层设计，构建以马克思主义学院为主导，教务处、宣传部、学工部、团委等职能部门密切配合的思政课实践教学工作体系。加强对思政课实践教学进行规划设计、组织协调、过程管理等，抓好归口管理、责任到位、落实到人的组织机制建设，以保障思政课教学有序开展。

Second, carefully develop an implementation work plan for practical teaching of ideological and political courses. In accordance with the syllabus for practical teaching of ideological and political courses, and combined with the actual situation of the university, an implementation work plan for practical teaching of ideological and political courses should be developed, with careful design of practical teaching content, scientific arrangement of implementation progress, and reasonable planning of implementation paths, so that practical teaching of ideological and political courses has rules to follow. At the same time, considering disciplinary differences and student interests, a practical menu should be formulated for different disciplines and majors from which students can choose, encouraging students to carry out practical teaching in conjunction with their majors, highlighting professional characteristics and curriculum-based ideological and political education, and ensuring the scientific nature and standardization of practical teaching of ideological and political courses.

二是精心研制思政课实践教学实施工作方案。按照思政课实践教学大纲，结合高校实际研制思政课实践教学实施工作方案，精心设计思政课实践教学内容，科学安排实施进度，合理规划实施路径，使思政课实践教学有章可循。同时，要结合专业差异和学生兴趣爱好，制定不同学科、不同专业的可供学生选择的实践菜单，鼓励学生结合所学专业开展实践教学，彰显专业特色和课程思政，确保思政课实践教学的科学性与规范性。

Third, fully develop practical teaching resources for ideological and political courses both inside and outside the school. On the one hand, it is necessary to make full use of the "grand ideological and political courses" practical teaching bases jointly established by the Ministry of Education and relevant departments, building a diversified practical teaching platform for students that integrates patriotic education, red education, and new-era civilized practice. On the other hand, it is necessary to integrate local resources, tap into the ideological and political resources contained in the school's history museum, museum, and various departments and disciplines, so that the practical teaching of ideological and political courses and the practical teaching of other courses move in the same direction and resonate at the same frequency.

三是充分开发校内外思政课实践教学资源。一方面要充分利用好教育部联合相关部门共建的“大思政课”实践教学基地，为学生搭建集爱国主义教育、红色教育、新时代文明实践等为一体的多样化的实践教学平台；另一方面，要整合本地资源，挖掘学校的校史馆、博物馆以及各院系学科蕴含的思政资源，实现思政课实践教学与其他课程实践教学同向同行、同频共振。

Fourth, actively explore the establishment of a supervision and evaluation mechanism for practical teaching in ideological and political courses. Education management departments should incorporate practical teaching of ideological and political courses into the education and teaching supervision system, strengthen the review of implementation plans for practical teaching of ideological and political courses in higher education institutions, and increase supervision over the offering of practical teaching courses in ideological and political courses and the implementation of student practice. School academic affairs management departments should establish a scientific and complete assessment and evaluation system for practical teaching, vigorously support the development of rich and diverse characteristic courses for ideological and political practical teaching, encourage students to exercise and improve their ideological quality in practice, produce personalized, professionalized, and differentiated practical results, and enhance the effectiveness of practical teaching in ideological and political courses.

四是积极探索建立思政课实践教学督导评估机制。教育管理部门要把思政课实践教学纳入教育教学督导体系，加强对高校思政课实践教学实施方案的审查，加大对高校思政课实践教学课程开设情况、学生实践落实情况等方面进行督查。学校教务管理部门要建立科学完善的实践教学考核评价制度，大力支持开发丰富多彩的思政实践教学特色课程，鼓励学生在实践中锻炼和提升思想素质，推出个性化、专业化、分众化的实践成果，提升思政课实践教学的成效。

[This article is a result of the Gansu Provincial Higher Education Institution Provincial-Level Social Practice First-Class Course "Comprehensive Practice of Ideological and Political Theory Courses" construction achievements]

【本文系甘肃省高等学校省级社会实践一流课程《思想政治理论课综合实践》建设成果】

(The author is a professor at the School of Marxism, Lanzhou Jiaotong University)

（作者系兰州交通大学马克思主义学院教授）

Online editor: Huihui

网络编辑：慧慧