A Review of the Course, Main Achievements, and Trend Prospects of Research on Ideological Position Building

I. Research Course and Trends

一、研究历程与态势

Theoretical research always resonates with economic and social development. After reform and opening up, with the growth of foreign trade and the expansion of external exchanges, China actively explored a scientific development path and social governance model suited to its national conditions. The 17th National Congress of the CPC proposed diplomatic concepts such as "peaceful development," "harmonious coexistence," and "mutual benefit and win-win cooperation," continuously declaring to the world China's commitment to the path of peaceful development. Against this backdrop, academic attention to "ideological position building" was relatively low, and research output was correspondingly sparse. During this stage, the academic community mainly focused on the role of positions, ideological position building and the primary stage of socialism, and ideological position building and leadership, with some scholars also incorporating universities and the internet into studies of ideological position building.

理论研究总是与经济社会发展同频共振。改革开放以后，随着对外贸易的增长和对外交往的扩大，中国积极探索符合自身国情的科学发展道路和社会治理模式。党的十七大提出“和平发展”“和谐共处”“互利共赢”等外交理念，不断向世界宣示着中国走和平发展道路的主张。在这一背景下，学界关于“意识形态阵地建设”的关注度相对较低，研究成果也相对较少。这一阶段学界主要关注的是阵地的作用、意识形态阵地建设与社会主义初级阶段、意识形态阵地建设与领导权等问题，也有学者将高校、网络等纳入意识形态阵地建设进行研究。

Marked by General Secretary Xi Jinping's proposal of the "holistic view of national security" in 2014, academic attention to the issue of ideological position building increased significantly, with a notable rise in output, particularly as university ideological positions became a research hotspot. On January 19, 2015, the General Office of the CPC Central Committee and the General Office of the State Council issued the "Opinions on Further Strengthening and Improving Propaganda and Ideological Work in Universities under the New Situation." In July of the same year, Northeast Normal University hosted a thematic forum on "Strengthening the Building of Ideological Positions in Universities." During this period, academic research on university ideological position building helped ensure ideological security and stability within universities, effectively mitigating ideological risks and challenges.

以2014年习近平总书记提出“总体国家安全观”为标志，学界对意识形态阵地建设的问题更加关注，成果明显增多，特别是高校意识形态阵地成为研究热点。2015年1月19日，中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅印发《关于进一步加强和改进新形势下高校宣传思想工作的意见》。同年7月，东北师范大学举办“加强高校意识形态阵地建设”主题论坛。这一时期，学界通过研究高校意识形态阵地建设，助力高校内部思想安全和稳定，有效化解意识形态风险和挑战。

The report of the 19th National Congress of the CPC explicitly called for "strengthening position building and management," leading to an explosive growth in related research output, with the number of publications peaking in 2019. In addition to a continued focus on university ideological position building, research during this stage exhibited diversity and divergence, as scholars explored the topic from multiple dimensions, producing more comprehensive and enriched results.

党的十九大报告明确提出“加强阵地建设和管理”的要求，相关研究成果因此呈井喷式增长，2019年发文量达到峰值。这一阶段的研究成果除持续聚焦高校意识形态阵地建设外，呈现多样性、发散性特点，学者们从多个维度展开研究，成果更加立体和丰富。

The third historical resolution of the CPC in 2021 stated that "since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the situation in China's ideological domain has undergone a global and fundamental transformation." [1]1 Xi Jinping’s speech at the National Conference on Propaganda and Ideological Work, August 19, 2013. Faced with internal and external ideological risks and challenges, we have unequivocally adhered to the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics, providing a strong ideological guarantee and powerful spiritual force for opening up new prospects for the cause of the Party and the state on the new journey. During this period, the academic research focus was on university and online ideological positions, with overall output declining somewhat.

2021年党的第三个历史决议指出，“党的十八大以来，我国意识形态领域形势发生全局性、根本性转变”。面对内外部意识形态风险挑战，我们旗帜鲜明地坚持走中国特色社会主义道路，为新征程开创党和国家事业新局面提供了坚强思想保证和强大精神力量。这一时期，学界的研究重点是高校和网络意识形态阵地，成果总体上有所减少。

A review of over two decades of research on ideological position building reveals that this research is closely linked to factors such as national economic development, social needs, policy guidance, and technological progress. Moreover, academic research is broad, with different periods featuring distinct research hotspots and focal points. Currently, the global ideological environment is characterized by diversity, complexity, and digitalization. Under these circumstances, ideological position building requires greater foresight to better address future challenges.

纵观意识形态阵地建设二十余年的研究历程可以看出，这一研究与国家经济发展、社会需求、政策导向、技术进步等因素密切相关。且学术研究广泛，每个时期都有不同的研究热点和关注重点。当前，全球意识形态环境呈现多元化、复杂化和数字化的特点。在这种情况下，意识形态阵地建设更需前瞻性，以更好地应对未来挑战。

II. Main Topics and Achievements

二、主要论域与成就

Centered on the topic of ideological position building, the academic community's research focus has mainly concentrated on four areas: the necessity of ideological position building, related concepts, hot-spot domains, and response strategies.

围绕意识形态阵地建设这一论题，学界的研究重点主要集中在意识形态阵地建设的必要性、相关概念、热点场域、应对策略等四个论域。

1. Research on the Necessity of Ideological Position Building. First, the historical lessons and experiences of the dissolution of the Soviet Union must serve as a warning. The dissolution of the Soviet Union provides a classic case for the necessity of ideological position building. To win this "war without gunpowder," [2]2 “Wenke xuebao” (文科科学报) refers to academic journals in the humanities and social sciences published by Chinese universities. we must occupy ideological positions with socialist ideology. Today, "Westernizing" and "dividing" socialist China remain the main means and fundamental goals of Western countries' "peaceful evolution" [3]3 “Bottom-line thinking” (底线思维) is a Chinese political concept emphasizing preparedness for worst-case scenarios and risk prevention. against China. To prevent the recurrence of historical tragedy, we must firmly remember the painful lesson of the Soviet Union's peaceful evolution. To this day, the academic community continues to study issues related to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in depth, holding that one reason for the Soviet Union's collapse and the Party's demise was the loss of control over ideological and public opinion positions. This manifested as the Soviet Union voluntarily relinquishing control over tools of public opinion, ceding public opinion positions, and allowing anti-communist and anti-socialist public opinion to dominate Soviet ideology. This profound lesson has resonated widely in academic circles, with scholars emphasizing the importance of controlling ideological and public opinion positions, which directly concerns the rise and fall of the socialist cause. Second, the long-term existence of a contest between two ideologies objectively requires strengthening ideological position building. Scholars argue that there is no neutral zone in ideology. Both history and reality show that if Marxism does not occupy ideological positions, various non-Marxist or even anti-Marxist ideologies will inevitably occupy them; if the proletariat does not occupy ideological positions, the bourgeoisie will inevitably do so. To a certain extent, the contest between socialist ideology and capitalist ideology is a life-and-death, irreconcilable one. If defeated in this contest, the existing social nature would change. Once ideological positions are lost, the socialist cause will suffer major setbacks. Therefore, we must defend socialist ideological positions and wage a resolute struggle against capitalist ideology. Third, ideological position risks are prominent in the New Era, affecting ideological security. The struggle in the ideological domain is, after all, different from war; in war, the enemy and ourselves are easily distinguished, whereas ideological positions present a complex situation with various forms of covert struggle emerging endlessly. For example, in the black zone, [4]4 The 19th National Congress of the CPC was held in October 2017. there are frontal attacks combined with behind-the-scenes infiltration, overall confrontation combined with fragmentary strikes, and open appearances combined with deceptive performances, the harmful consequences of which cannot be ignored. Since the New Era, Western forces have persistently used various forms to carry out ideological infiltration and containment against China. They have launched organized, theoretically grounded, and "large-scale" attacks, attempting to gain advantages on the ideological front. In response to China's rise, the United States has in recent years successively launched a "trade war," a "technology war," and an "information war," repeatedly hyping false issues such as the "Wuhan virus" and "Xinjiang human

1.关于意识形态阵地建设必要性的研究。第一，苏联解体的历史经验教训需要引以为戒。苏联解体为我们提供了意识形态阵地建设必要性的经典案例。为了赢得这场“没有硝烟的战争”，我们必须用社会主义思想占领意识形态阵地。现如今，对社会主义中国进行“西化”“分化”仍然是西方国家对中国进行“和平演变”的主要手段和根本目的。为了防范历史悲剧的再次重演，我们必须牢记苏联和平演变的惨痛教训。时至今日，学界依然在深入研究苏联解体的相关问题，认为苏联亡党亡国的原因之一，在于苏联意识形态舆论阵地失控。表现为苏联主动放弃了对舆论工具的控制，拱手让出了舆论阵地，使反共反社会主义的舆论主宰了苏联的意识形态。这一深刻教训引起学界广泛共鸣，学者们纷纷强调掌握思想舆论阵地的重要性，这直接关系到社会主义事业的兴衰存亡。第二，两种意识形态较量的长期存在，客观上要求加强意识形态阵地建设。学者们认为，意识形态没有中空地带。历史和现实均表明，意识形态阵地，马克思主义不去占领，各种非马克思主义甚至反马克思主义就必然去占领；无产阶级不占领意识形态阵地，资产阶级就必然会去占领。一定程度上来说，社会主义意识形态与资本主义意识形态的较量是生死的、不可调和的。在这种较量中，如果失败，就会改变现有的社会性质。一旦意识形态领域阵地丢失，社会主义事业就将受到重大挫折。因此，我们必须捍卫社会主义意识形态阵地，与资本主义意识形态作坚决的斗争。第三，新时代意识形态阵地风险突出，影响意识形态安全。意识形态领域的争夺毕竟不同于战争，战争中的敌我双方很容易分辨，而意识形态阵地则呈现出一种复杂的态势，各种隐蔽斗争形式层出不穷。例如，在黑色地带呈现正面进攻与背后渗透、整体对抗与碎片袭击、本色出阵与欺骗表演等等，其恶果不可忽视。新时代以来，西方势力用各种形式持续对我国进行意识形态渗透遏制。他们不断发起有组织、有学理、“有规模”的攻击，企图在思想战线上谋取利益。为应对中国崛起，美国近年来先后发动“贸易战”“科技战”“舆论战”，反复炒作“武汉病毒”“新疆人权”等虚假议题，严重影响意识形态安全。因此，必须加强阵地建设，作为大变局下防范化解意识形态风险的重要支撑。

2. Research on concepts related to ideological position construction. In the study of concepts related to ideological position construction, the academic community has mainly focused on “position,” “position consciousness,” “ideological position,” and “ideological position construction.” First, regarding the concept of position. The academic community has mainly discussed the forms of existence and nature of positions. In terms of forms of existence, a position is both a real space and a virtual space. Real space is geographical space. However, with the expansion of the ideological field and scientific progress, positions have gradually undergone a change from “real” to “virtual” and from “hard” to “soft,” becoming a spatial field for carrying out ideological work. This spatial field involves the “parallelism” and “interweaving” of real space and virtual space. In terms of nature, a position is a carrier form within the realm of thought and culture. Through this carrier form, people can more easily come into contact with, understand, and accept a certain ideological system. Research finds that scholars emphasize practical activities as the core element in constructing a position; only through concrete practical activities can a position become an entity with substantive meaning; otherwise, the position is an empty shell. Second, regarding the meaning of position consciousness. In 2013, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out at the National Conference on Propaganda and Ideological Work that “our comrades must strengthen their position consciousness. If we do not occupy the propaganda and ideological positions, others will occupy them.” [1]1 Xi Jinping’s speech at the National Conference on Propaganda and Ideological Work, August 19, 2013. Since then, “position consciousness” has become a hot topic in research. The academic community has mainly interpreted it from two aspects: epistemology and initiative. First, from an epistemological perspective, position consciousness is a concentrated expression of the height and depth of understanding, manifested as a profound awareness of the extreme importance and practical urgency of occupying and defending ideological positions, and even more so as a strategic perspective on our ideological work. Second, from an initiative perspective, position consciousness is embodied as a sense of responsibility. For example, for editors, position consciousness is a basic understanding and conscious attitude toward the socialist position role of humanities and social sciences journals. [2]2 “Wenke xuebao” (文科科学报) refers to academic journals in the humanities and social sciences published by Chinese universities. In addition, some scholars, through an analysis that the ownership of positions determines the ownership of leadership, argue that “position consciousness” is essentially the consciousness of firmly grasping the leadership of ideological work. Third, regarding the connotation of ideological position. This is mainly understood from two aspects: function and scope. Some scholars believe that, from a functional perspective, an ideological position is the basic starting point and pathway for ideological construction, as well as an important bastion and venue for ideological work and the dissemination of the mainstream ideology. From a scope perspective, an ideological position is a specific, concrete place or domain where ideology exists. This reflects scholars’ understanding and grasp of the laws of ideological work in practice, which helps to delineate the scope of ideological positions, but to a certain extent neglects the complexity and diversity of ideology, making it unable to meet the new challenges and new demands facing ideological work under the new situation. Fourth, regarding the conceptual connotation of ideological position construction. From existing results, the academic community’s research mainly focuses on two aspects: the theory of emphasis and the theory of purpose. From the perspective of the theory of emphasis, so-called position construction means doing a good job of propaganda and public opinion work and doing a good job of positions in the realm of thought and culture. This reflects a scientific working method based on dialectical materialism, that is, handling key issues in a targeted manner. From the perspective of the theory of purpose, in socialist China, strengthening ideological position construction means expanding the influence of Marxism, consolidating the dominant position of Marxism in the ideological field, and occupying ideological positions with Marxism. Overall, the academic community has not provided a clear definition of the concept of ideological position construction.

2.关于意识形态阵地建设相关概念的研究。在意识形态阵地建设的相关概念研究中，学界主要聚焦于“阵地”“阵地意识”“意识形态阵地”“意识形态阵地建设”等。第一，关于阵地的概念。学界主要讨论了阵地的存在形式和性质。从存在形式来看，阵地是现实空间也是虚拟空间。现实空间即地理空间。而随着意识形态场域的扩展和科学进步，阵地逐步实现了由“实”向“虚”、由“硬”向“软”的变化，成为开展意识形态工作的空间场域。这里的空间场域就涉及现实空间和虚拟空间的“平行”与“交织”。从性质来看，阵地是思想文化领域的载体形式。通过这种载体形式，人们能够更容易接触、理解和接受某种思想体系。研究发现，学者们强调实践活动作为构建阵地的核心要素，只有通过具体实践活动，阵地才能成为具有实质意义的存在，否则阵地便是空壳。第二，关于阵地意识的意涵。2013年习近平总书记在全国宣传思想工作会议上指出“我们的同志一定要增强阵地意识。宣传思想阵地，我们不去占领，人家就会去占领”。此后，“阵地意识”成为研究热词，学界主要从认识论和能动性两方面来解读。一是从认识论来说，阵地意识是认识高度与深度的集中体现，表现为对占领和坚守意识形态阵地极端重要性和现实紧迫性的深刻认识，更体现为以战略眼光看待我们的意识形态工作。二是从能动性来说，阵地意识体现为责任意识。例如，对于编辑来说，阵地意识是对文科学报的社会主义阵地作用的基本认识和自觉态度。此外，有学者通过对于阵地归属决定领导权归属的分析，认为“阵地意识”实质就是牢牢把握意识形态工作领导权的意识。第三，关于意识形态阵地的内涵。主要从功能、范围两方面来理解。有学者认为，从功能来看，意识形态阵地是意识形态建设的基本抓手和途径，也是意识形态工作和主流意识形态传播的重要堡垒和场所。从范围来看，意识形态阵地是意识形态存在的一定、具体的场所、领域。这反映了学者们在实践中对意识形态工作规律的认识和把握，有助于确定意识形态阵地的范围，但一定程度上忽略了意识形态的复杂性与多样性，无法满足新形势下意识形态工作面临的新挑战和新要求。第四，关于意识形态阵地建设的概念内涵。从已有成果来看，学界的研究主要集中在重点论、目的论两方面。从重点论角度看，所谓阵地建设，就是要把宣传舆论工作抓好，把思想文化领域的阵地抓好。这体现了以唯物辩证法为基础的科学工作方法，即有针对性地处理关键问题。从目的论角度看，在社会主义中国，加强意识形态阵地建设，就是要扩大马克思主义的影响，巩固马克思主义在意识形态领域的主导地位，用马克思主义占领意识形态阵地。总体而言，学界对意识形态阵地建设的概念并没有明确定义。

3. Research on hot-spot fields of ideological position construction. First, research on ideological position construction in universities. From a macro perspective, some scholars, taking “Research on Ideological Position Construction in Universities” as their title, provide practical guidance for ideological position construction in universities from the aspect of improving the ideological and political quality of university teachers. Some scholars analyze three dimensions of guarding the ideological position in universities: strengthening organizational construction, strengthening team construction, and doing a good job of position construction. These studies provide a holistic grasp of ideological position construction in universities. From a micro perspective, scholars have chosen different research angles. Some scholars focus on elaborating the fundamental principles and important policies of ideological position construction in universities; some scholars focus on bottom-line thinking and ideological position construction in universities, proposing that establishing a long-term mechanism for the responsibility of Party organizations in university ideological work is imperative; [3]3 “Bottom-line thinking” (底线思维) is a Chinese political concept emphasizing preparedness for worst-case scenarios and risk prevention. still others have conducted related research from the perspectives of the all-media era and the information age. After the 19th National Congress of the CPC, [4]4 The 19th National Congress of the CPC was held in October 2017. the academic community began to pay attention to empirical research on ideological position construction in universities, with universities such as Nanjing Tech University, the Shenyang Aerospace University Social Science Association, Rizhao Polytechnic, and Dalian Maple Leaf College of Technology becoming research objects. Second, research on online ideological position construction. In 2013, in his speech at the National Conference on Propaganda and Ideological Work, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized that “ideological work is an extremely important task for the Party.” [5]5 Xi Jinping’s speech at the National Conference on Propaganda and Ideological Work, August 19, 2013. Since the New Era, the internet has become the main battlefield of ideological struggle. Some scholars believe that introducing the term “position” into the online ideological field and constructing it is necessary and urgent. To this end, a strategy for constructing online ideological positions during the 14th Five-Year Plan period should be built from the aspects of theoretical guidance, ideological foundation, and thinking transformation. Some scholars propose ideas for constructing online ideological and cultural positions in the New Era from the structural dimension, value dimension, responsibility dimension, and expression dimension. Overall, scholars’ research on online ideological position construction suffers from a lack of “focus,” with relatively few results directly titled “Online Ideological Position Construction.”

3.关于意识形态阵地建设热点场域的研究。第一，关于高校意识形态阵地建设研究。从宏观上看，有学者以《高校意识形态阵地建设研究》为题，从提升高校教师思想政治素质方面对高校意识形态阵地建设提供实践指向。有学者从强化组织建设、加强队伍建设、抓好阵地建设，分析守好高校意识形态阵地的三种维度。这些研究对高校意识形态阵地建设提供了整体性把握。从微观上看，学者们选择了不同的研究角度。有学者着重阐述高校意识形态阵地建设的根本原则和重要方针；有学者关注底线思维与高校意识形态阵地建设，提出建立高校意识形态党组织责任长效机制势在必行；还有学者从全媒体时代和信息时代出发做出相关研究等。党的十九大以后，学界开始关注高校意识形态阵地建设的实证研究，南京工业大学、沈阳航空航天大学社科联、日照职业技术学院、大连枫叶职业技术学院等高校成为研究对象。第二，关于网络意识形态阵地建设研究。2013年，习近平总书记在全国宣传思想工作会议讲话中强调，“意识形态工作是党的一项极端重要的工作”。新时代以来，网络已成为意识形态斗争的主战场。有学者认为“阵地”一词引入网络意识形态领域并予以建设具有必要性和紧迫性，为此，要在理论指引、思想基础、思维转变方面着手构建“十四五”时期网络意识形态阵地建设方略。有学者从结构维度、价值维度、责任维度和表达维度提出新时代网络思想文化阵地建设的思路。总的来看，学者们对于网络意识形态阵地建设的研究存在“聚焦力”不够的情况，直接以“网络意识形态阵地建设”为题的成果较少。

4. Research on strategies for responding to ideological position construction. First, strengthen position awareness. Only by establishing an awareness of ideological positions can ideological security be guaranteed. The first step is to manage positions. In ideological work, draw a high-voltage line, [6]6 "High-voltage line" (高压线) is a Chinese metaphor for an inviolable boundary or red line, often used in Party discourse to indicate a strict prohibition. guard the line of thought, and strictly control the entry gate. Second, raise the level of attention. For example, in terms of work orientation, attach great importance to networking and position construction, and continuously strengthen the awareness of online ideological positions. Finally, take the initiative. Both clearly criticize erroneous viewpoints and actively propagate socialist ideology, waging a resolute struggle against all decadent ideologies. Second, use Marxism to occupy ideological positions. "Only by holding the banner high can one walk the right path." [7]7 "Only by holding the banner high can one walk the right path" (举好旗才能走好路) is a Chinese political idiom meaning that correct ideological guidance is a prerequisite for correct action. In the early 21st century, scholars successively published articles such as "Persist in Using Marxism to Occupy Ideological Positions," "Use Marxism to Firmly Occupy Ideological and Cultural Positions," and "Use Marxism to Occupy Online Positions, Use the Internet to Showcase the Beauty of Marxism," providing theoretical explanations. To this day, using Marxism to occupy ideological positions is a resonant expression in academia regarding how to construct ideological positions. In addition, academia has also discussed adhering to Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the important thought of the Three Represents, the Scientific Outlook on Development, and Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era—these are the "pillars of stability" [8]8 "Pillars of stability" (定海神针) literally "the needle that stabilizes the sea," is a Chinese idiom from the novel *Journey to the West*, used metaphorically for a stabilizing force or core element. that must be upheld in constructing ideological positions. Third, uphold the Party's leadership over ideological position construction. In constructing ideological positions, positions must be firmly held in the hands of an advanced political party that represents the interests of the people. This is an important viewpoint and important thought of the Marxist classical writers and leaders of proletarian political parties. Positions such as the media, publishing, social science theory, and higher education institutions must fly the Party's flag, issue the Party's voice, establish the Party's image, uphold the Party's authority, and adhere to the Party's stance; non-politicians must never be allowed to dominate position construction. It must be ensured that, under the Party's leadership, anti-Marxist trends and various erroneous ideological viewpoints have nothing to rely on. This is the "ballast stone" [9]9 "Ballast stone" (压舱石) is a Chinese metaphor for a stabilizing factor, originally referring to the heavy stone placed in a ship's hold for stability. for responding to ideological risks. Fourth, combine ideological position construction with law-based governance. The Fourth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee [10]10 The Fourth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee was held in October 2014 and focused on comprehensively advancing law-based governance. proposed comprehensively advancing law-based governance to promote the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity. Against this backdrop, some scholars believe it is necessary to effectively raise the level of using rule-of-law thinking and rule-of-law methods, enabling faculty and students in higher education institutions to form rule-of-law thinking and rule-of-law awareness, thereby achieving the goal of consolidating ideological position construction in higher education institutions. The promulgation of the National Security Law of the People's Republic of China in 2015 provided an institutional basis for strengthening ideological position construction. Therefore, some scholars believe that, in terms of legislative form, a set of "Regulations on Ideological Position Construction and Management" could be formulated and issued, taking the leadership of ideological work as the main thread. This regulation could be either in the nature of intra-Party regulations or expressed through national legislation. Fifth, strengthen ideological position construction through struggle. Scholars believe that if the mainstream socialist ideology is to hold the "red" zone, compress the "black" zone, and transform the "gray" zone, [11]11 "Red," "black," and "gray" zones are categories used in Chinese ideological discourse: "red" refers to areas firmly under the influence of socialist ideology, "black" to areas dominated by hostile or erroneous ideologies, and "gray" to ambiguous or contested areas. it must struggle against various erroneous trends of thought. First, enhance combat effectiveness. This is a multiple manifestation of an individual's theoretical cultivation, professional competence, and art of struggle, and is a key element in strengthening ideological position construction. Second, fight the active battle. Faced with increasingly complex situations and challenges, rather than passively "taking beatings and abuse," it is better to clench one's fist and take the initiative. One must resolutely "break away" from erroneous viewpoints and harmful spiritual and cultural products. In the field of higher education institutions, it is even more necessary to actively "fight the active battle," focusing on building and making good use of ideological education positions in higher education institutions, so that the red positions of mainstream ideology rapidly expand.

4.关于意识形态阵地建设应对策略的研究。第一，增强阵地意识。只有树立意识形态阵地意识，意识形态安全才有保障。首先要管阵地。在意识形态工作中拉起高压线，守住思想防线，把好准入关。其次要提高重视程度。比如，在工作定位上，要高度重视网络化与阵地建设，不断增强网络意识形态阵地意识。最后要主动出击。既要旗帜鲜明的批判错误观点，又要积极宣传社会主义意识形态，与一切腐朽的意识形态做坚决的斗争。第二，用马克思主义占领意识形态阵地。“举好旗”才能“走好路”。21世纪初，学者们相继发表《坚持用马克思主义占领意识形态阵地》《用马克思主义牢牢占领思想文化阵地》《用马克思主义占领网络阵地 用网络彰显马克思主义之美》等文章，在学理上做出阐释。时至今日，用马克思主义占领意识形态阵地是学界对于如何建设意识形态阵地的共鸣表达。此外，学界还围绕坚持毛泽东思想、邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想、科学发展观、习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想展开讨论，这是建设意识形态阵地必须坚持的“定海神针”。第三，坚持党对意识形态阵地建设的领导。进行意识形态阵地建设，要把阵地牢牢掌握在代表人民利益的先进政党手里。这是马克思主义经典作家和无产阶级政党领导人的一个重要观点、重要思想。媒体、出版、社科理论、高校等阵地一定要挂党的旗帜、发党的声音、树党的形象、维护党的权威、坚持党的立场，绝不能由非政治家主导阵地建设。要确保在党的领导下，让反马克思主义思潮和各种错误思想观点无所依托。这是应对意识形态风险的“压舱石”。第四，坚持意识形态阵地建设与法治建设相结合。党的十八届四中全会提出全面推进依法治国，促进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化。在这一背景下，有学者认为要切实提高运用法治思维和法治方式的水平，使高校师生形成法治思维和法治意识，达到巩固高校意识形态阵地建设的目的。2015年《中华人民共和国国家安全法》的出台为强化意识形态阵地建设提供了制度依据。因此有学者认为，可以在立法形式上制定和出台一部以统领意识形态工作为主线的《意识形态阵地建设和管理规定》。这一规定既可以是党内法规性质的，也可以通过国家立法的方式表现出来。第五，在斗争中强化意识形态阵地建设。学者们认为，社会主义主流意识形态要想守住“红色”地带，压缩“黑色”地带，转化“灰色”地带，就必须与各种错误思潮作斗争。一是提高战斗力。这是个人理论素养、业务水平、斗争艺术等的多重体现，是强化意识形态阵地建设的关键要素。二是打好主动仗。面对日益复杂的形势和挑战，与其被动“挨打挨骂”，不如握紧拳头、主动出击。要坚决与错误观点、有害的精神文化产品做“割裂”。在高校场域，更要积极地“打好主动仗”，着力建好用好高校意识形态教育阵地，让主流意识形态红色阵地迅速壮大起来。

III. Brief Commentary and Prospects

三、简要评述与展望

Overall, existing research results help enrich our theoretical understanding of ideological position construction and provide corresponding guidance in practice. However, there is still room for optimization in the comprehensiveness, theoretical grounding, and historical depth of research on ideological position construction.

总体来看，已有研究成果有助于丰富我们对于意识形态阵地建设的理论认识，并在实践方面提供相应指导。但是，在意识形态阵地建设研究的整体性、学理性和历史性方面仍存在优化的空间。

1. Strengthen comprehensive research to enrich the structural elements of ideological position construction. Ideological position construction is a systematic project. Only by understanding and grasping it as a whole, understanding its internal structure and mechanisms of action, and proposing improvement measures for problems, can ideological work be effectively promoted in a more comprehensive, coordinated, and innovative direction. Looking at current research results, there are few that study "ideological position construction" as a whole. To this end, the following research should be conducted: explore the basic characteristics and inherent laws of ideological positions; analyze the current situation and existing problems of ideological position construction; clarify the goals and positioning of ideological position construction; and establish and improve supervision and evaluation mechanisms. Through these studies, we strive to conduct a comprehensive and systematic study of ideological position construction, so as to achieve an overall improvement of ideological position construction from point to surface, from part to whole, making ideological position construction more scientific and effective.

1.加强整体性研究，丰富意识形态阵地建设的结构要素。意识形态阵地建设是一个系统工程。只有从整体上认识和把握，了解其内部结构和作用机制，针对问题提出改进措施，才能有效推动意识形态工作向更加全面、协调、创新的方向发展。就目前的研究成果来看，将“意识形态阵地建设”当作整体来进行研究的成果较少。为此，应做以下研究：探讨意识形态阵地的基本特征和内在规律；分析意识形态阵地建设的现状和存在问题；明确意识形态阵地建设的目标和定位；建立健全的监督和评估机制等。通过这些研究，力求对意识形态阵地建设进行全方位、系统化的研究，以实现意识形态阵地建设从点到面、从局部到整体的全面提升，使意识形态阵地建设更加科学有效。

2. Strengthen theoretical research to consolidate the theoretical foundation of ideological position construction. Ideological position construction is, in the final analysis, a practical issue that requires scientific theoretical guidance. In existing research, scholars often mention Western theories such as "ideological hegemony," "time," and "space," but the use of Marxism to guide theoretical research on ideological position construction is relatively insufficient. In fact, Marxist theory contains rich ideas on ideological position construction that can provide important theoretical guidance for it. We should use the basic principles of Marxism to reveal issues related to ideological position construction. For example, positions are the existence of "contradictions," a struggle for "time and space" between socialist ideology and capitalist ideology. The "view of contradiction" and "view of time and space" in Marxist theory are both theoretical foundations for ideological position construction and have important guiding significance for it. These theories should become important research content.

2.加强学理性研究，夯实意识形态阵地建设的理论基础。意识形态阵地建设归根到底是一个实践问题，需要科学的理论指导。在已有研究中，学者们常提及西方学者关于“意识形态领导权”“时间”“空间”等理论，但运用马克思主义来指导意识形态阵地建设的理论研究相对不足。事实上，马克思主义理论中蕴含着丰富的意识形态阵地建设思想，能够为意识形态阵地建设提供重要的理论指导，我们应该用马克思主义基本原理揭示意识形态阵地建设的相关问题。比如阵地是“矛盾”的存在，是社会主义意识形态与资本主义意识形态“时空”的争夺，马克思主义理论中的“矛盾观”“时空观”等都是意识形态阵地建设的理论基础，对意识形态阵地建设具有重要指导意义，这些理论应成为重要的研究内容。

3. Strengthen historical research to summarize the historical experience of the CPC's ideological position construction. Currently, a few research results mention the content of ideological propaganda position construction in certain periods of Party history, but there is a lack of comprehensive and systematic review and experience summarization of the CPC's century-long ideological position construction. This leads to problems such as incomplete understanding of the course of ideological position construction and insufficient summarization of experience. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "History is the best textbook and also the best sobering agent." [12]12 This is a direct quotation from Xi Jinping, often used to emphasize the importance of learning from history. Looking to the future, through research on the course of the CPC's ideological position construction, we should summarize its practices, achievements, and experiences, to assist in the high-quality development of ideological construction on the new journey.

3.加强历史性研究，总结中国共产党意识形态阵地建设的历史经验。目前，个别研究成果提及党史上某段时期意识形态宣传阵地建设的内容，但缺少对于中国共产党百年意识形态阵地建设的整体性、系统性梳理与经验总结。这导致对于意识形态阵地建设历程出现认识不全，经验总结不足等问题。习近平总书记指出：“历史是最好的教科书，也是最好的清醒剂。”面向未来，要通过对中国共产党意识形态阵地建设的历程研究，总结其中的做法、成就和经验，助力新征程上意识形态建设的高质量发展。

Source: *School Party Building and Ideological Education*, Issue 21, 2024

文章来源：《学校党建与思想教育》2024年第21期

Online Editor: Jing Mu

网络编辑：静穆