The Expansion of the Content of Ideological and Political Education in the New Era and the Construction of an Autonomous Knowledge System

Marx’s thought on technology provides a fundamental guide for scientifically understanding the essential attributes and socio-historical effects of artificial intelligence, and for correctly handling the relationship between artificial intelligence and ideological and political education. As a key driving force and strategic technology of the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, artificial intelligence profoundly affects the threefold socio-historical relationships between humans and nature, humans and humans, and humans and themselves, and has gradually evolved into a unity of “technical means,” “infrastructure,” and “civilization marker.” For ideological and political education, artificial intelligence, as an endogenous force, embeds itself in and influences the foundational basis, basic contradictions, and practical forms of ideological and political education. Promoting the deep integration of artificial intelligence and ideological and political education is an inherent requirement and rational choice that follows the laws of technological change and avoids the paradox of technological tools and the risk of technological domination. This integration deeply contains the symbiotic relationship and interactive logic of “technology–ideological and political education,” which is concretely manifested in two interconnected and mutually reinforcing processes and mechanisms: “the ideological and political education-ization of artificial intelligence” and “the artificial intelligence-ization of ideological and political education.”

马克思工艺学思想为科学认识人工智能的本质属性和社会历史效应，正确处理人工智能与思想政治教育关系提供了根本遵循。人工智能作为新一轮科技革命和产业变革的重要驱动力和战略性技术，深刻影响人和自然、人和人、人和自身三重社会历史关系，并逐步演化为“技术手段”“基础设施”“文明标识”的统一体。对思想政治教育来说，人工智能作为一种内生性力量嵌入并影响思想政治教育的发生基础、基本矛盾和实践形态。推动人工智能与思想政治教育深度融合，是遵循工艺学变革规律，摆脱技术工具悖论与技术宰制之虞的内在要求和理性选择。这种融合深层蕴含着“技术—思政”的共生关系和互动逻辑，集中表现为“人工智能思政化”与“思政人工智能化”两个相互连接、相辅相成的过程和机制。

In the 40 years since the establishment of the discipline of ideological and political education in China, the principles of ideological and political education and their knowledge system, which have foundational significance for the basic theory of this discipline, have matured through development. The construction and research of the core part of the principle system of ideological and political education—the content of ideological and political education—have also made considerable progress. The academic community has conducted research on many aspects such as content structure, levels, elements, and specific connotations. Development is a basic characteristic of the era-quality of the Communist Party of China’s ideological and political education, and upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground is the basic principle for the development of ideological and political education in the New Era. So, how should the content of ideological and political education innovate and develop in the New Era? What are its basis and knowledge support? What expansions have occurred in the content of ideological and political education in the New Era? What theoretical foundations do these expansions provide for the construction of the discipline’s autonomous knowledge system? This article attempts to explore the above issues.

我国思想政治教育学科成立40年来，对本学科基础理论具有奠基意义的思想政治教育学原理及其知识体系在发展中日臻成熟，思想政治教育学原理体系中的内核部分——思想政治教育内容的建设和研究亦有长足的进步，学界在内容结构、层次、要素和具体内涵等多方面进行了研究。发展性是中国共产党思想政治教育时代品质的基本特性，守正创新是新时代思想政治教育发展的基本原则。那么，思想政治教育内容在新时代该如何创新发展，其依据和知识支撑又是什么，新时代思想政治教育内容有哪些拓展，这些拓展对学科自主知识体系的建构提供了哪些理论基础，本文尝试对上述问题进行探讨。

I. The Basis for the Innovative Development of the Content System of Ideological and Political Education in the New Era

一、新时代思想政治教育内容体系创新发展的依据

When discussing the innovative development of the content system of ideological and political education, the first issue to address is the source and basis of development: what fundamental factors drive the innovation of the content system? On what basis can we discuss development? Marx pointed out: “All social life is essentially practical.” [1]1 The second centenary goal refers to the goal of building China into a great modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious, and beautiful by the middle of the 21st century, following the achievement of the first centenary goal (building a moderately prosperous society in all respects by 2021).(P135) Practice is the driving force and social foundation for the development of ideological and political education. Responding to the new demands of practical development is the endogenous impetus for the theoretical development of ideological and political education in the New Era. Ideological and political education is a highly practical discipline; it can never be divorced from practice and developed in isolation. The development of the theoretical system of ideological and political education cannot be a “self-circulating” movement confined to the existing theoretical system. On the one hand, it has a practical orientation toward the great era. It should consider the issues of “why to develop, what to develop, and how to develop” in the theory and practice of ideological and political education within the great practice of the new journey toward the second centenary goal. This means that the fundamental goals, principles, connotations, and implementation of content innovation in ideological and political education should all develop with the development of practice, closely integrating with the questions and needs raised by practice and making responses. For example, in the works on the principles of ideological and political education published in the 1980s and 1990s, “legal education” was clearly listed as one of the contents of ideological and political education. However, after the 15th National Congress of the CPC proposed the governance strategy of law-based governance, the task of building a socialist rule-of-law country was gradually placed on the national development agenda. Therefore, since the 21st century, the term “legal education” has generally been updated to “rule-of-law education.” It can be seen that the innovative development of the content of ideological and political education originates from social life practice, and its starting point is to adapt to and reflect the new requirements for people’s ideological, political, and moral qualities arising from the development of social practice. On the other hand, new practice needs to be guided by innovative theory. The latest theoretical achievement of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times that guides the great practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the present era—Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era—is the theoretical guide for the innovative development of ideological and political education. When discussing the innovative development of the content of ideological and political education in the New Era, we must deeply comprehend its theoretical essence and, based on this, advance research on content innovation in ideological and political education, fully reflecting the new concepts, new judgments, and new requirements of the New Era.

讨论思想政治教育内容体系创新发展，首先要面对的是发展源头和依据的问题：是什么根本性的因素促使内容体系创新？依据什么谈发展？马克思指出：“全部社会生活在本质上是实践的。”[1](P135)实践是思想政治教育发展的动力之源和社会基础，回应实践发展的新要求是新时代思想政治教育学理论发展的内生动力。思想政治教育是实践性很强的学科，绝不可能脱离实践闭门造车，思想政治教育学理论体系的发展也不可能是囿于既有理论体系的“自循环”运动。一方面，它具有大时代的实践面向，应当在第二个百年奋斗目标新征程的伟大实践中去思考思想政治教育的理论与实践“为何发展、发展什么和如何发展”的问题。这就意味着，思想政治教育内容创新的根本目标、原则、内涵和实施等都应随实践的发展而发展，与实践提出的问题和需要紧密结合，作出回应。例如，在20世纪八九十年代出版的思想政治教育学原理著述中明确“法制教育”是思想政治教育的内容之一。而在党的十五大提出依法治国的治国方略后，社会主义法治国家建设任务逐渐提上国家发展的议事日程，所以，21世纪以来“法制教育”的提法普遍更新为“法治教育”。可见，思想政治教育内容创新发展源于社会生活实践，其出发点是为适应和体现社会实践发展对人的思想政治和道德素养提出的新要求。另一方面，新的实践需要以创新理论为指导，指导当前中国特色社会主义伟大实践的马克思主义中国化时代化最新理论成果——习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想是思想政治教育创新发展的理论指南，我们讨论新时代思想政治教育内容的创新发展，必须深刻领悟其理论精髓，并以此为依据推进思想政治教育学内容创新的研究，充分体现新时代的新理念、新论断和新要求。

This article focuses on the study of content innovation in ideological and political education in the New Era, with an emphasis on sorting out and analyzing what developments and changes have occurred in the content system of ideological and political education in the New Era. Here, this part of the content is defined as “the expansion of the content of ideological and political education.” The current expansion of the content system of ideological and political education must adhere to the principle of upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground. It should not only uphold the basic framework and reasonable elements of the original content system within the theoretical system of ideological and political education but also pay more attention to fully manifesting the new concepts, new requirements, and new connotations generated in the New Era through the combination of theory and practice. Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era has a systematic and all-round guiding significance for the theoretical guidance of contemporary Chinese social development. Since the New Era, theoretical research on ideological and political education and the practice of ideological and political education have achieved innovation and improvement in many aspects under the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. The purpose of our research is to keep up with this development process in a timely manner, systematically sort out the development context of the discipline’s ideological theory, summarize the main achievements of practical innovation and development, integrate theory with practice, and, based on the essence and core of the Party’s innovative theory, combined with existing problems in practical work and future development prospects, propose aspects that need to be further strengthened and improved in the construction and implementation of expanded content in ideological and political education.

本文着重于新时代思想政治教育内容创新的研究，侧重梳理和分析新时代思想政治教育内容体系有哪些发展和变化，在此且把这部分的内容定义为“思想政治教育内容的拓展”。当前思想政治教育内容体系的拓展必须坚持守正创新的原则，既要坚持思想政治教育学理论体系中原有内容体系的基本框架与合理要素，更要注重充分彰显新时代在理论与实践的结合中产生的新理念、新要求、新内涵。习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想对于当代中国社会发展的理论指导意义是系统的、全方位的。新时代以来，思想政治教育学理论研究和思想政治教育实践在习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的指引下已在许多方面取得了创新和提升。我们研究的目的就在于要及时跟进这一发展过程，系统梳理学科思想理论发展脉络，总结实践创新发展的主要成就，理论联系实践，依据党的创新理论的要义和精髓，结合实际工作中存在的问题和未来的发展前景，提出在思想政治教育拓展性内容的建设和实施中要进一步加强和提升的方面。

II. The Expansion of the Content of Ideological and Political Education in the New Era

二、新时代思想政治教育内容的拓展

Since the New Era, with the continuous advancement of the practical process of socialism with Chinese characteristics, Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era has, from the strategic height of governance, raised the fundamental educational question of “what kind of people to cultivate, how to cultivate them, and for whom to cultivate them,” emphasizing the strategic positioning and era-task of ideological and political education, and pointing out the direction for the expansion of the content of ideological and political education in the New Era. Through sorting and typological analysis, this article divides the expansion of the content of ideological and political education in the New Era into six explanatory dimensions in general: ideals and beliefs, core values, Chinese spirit, cultural thought, ecological concepts, and the all-round development of people. It then sorts out the specific content of the expansion of ideological and political education in the New Era, from which ten main concepts are summarized: worldview, ideals and beliefs and outlook on life, political outlook, outlook on the state, outlook on the nation, outlook on reform and innovation, moral outlook, cultural outlook, ecological outlook, and outlook on mental health. The reason for using the category of “outlook” to summarize here stems from an understanding of the functional attributes of ideological and political education. Ideological and political education is a process that, based on the needs of the existence and development of society and individuals, guides the educated to possess certain ideological, political, and moral qualities and action capabilities through interactive communication between educators and the educated, and promotes the realization of values. Its fundamental starting point and ultimate goal lie in changing people’s ideological concepts and behavioral patterns. The effectiveness of ideological and political education is first manifested in the internalization of specific ideological and moral concepts and the change and improvement of individuals’ inherent concepts, and then externalized into action. In essence, the conceptual form is the basic form that characterizes the content of ideological and political education and the results of its implementation. Looking back at the academic history of the principles of ideological and political education, the use of the category of “outlook” to summarize the content of ideological and political education began at the initial stage of constructing the principle system of ideological and political education. The earliest initiative organized by the State Education Commission, the *Principles of Ideological and Political Education* edited by Professor Lu Qingren, used outlooks to summarize and construct the content system of ideological and political education, proposing that the main content of ideological and political education includes education on worldview, political outlook, outlook on life, moral outlook, and legal outlook. Obviously, expressing the content of ideological and political education in the form of outlooks is relatively clear and highlights the attributes of the discipline.

新时代以来，随着中国特色社会主义实践进程的不断推进，习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想从治国理政的战略高度提出“培养什么人、怎样培养人、为谁培养人”的教育根本问题，强调思想政治教育的战略定位和时代任务，为新时代思想政治教育内容的拓展指明了方向。经过梳理和类型学分析，本文将新时代思想政治教育内容的拓展从总体上分为六个阐释维度：理想信念，核心价值观，中国精神，文化思想，生态理念，人的全面发展。进而梳理出新时代思想政治教育拓展的具体内容，从中归纳了十种主要观念：世界观，理想信念与人生观，政治观，国家观，民族观，改革创新观，道德观，文化观，生态观，心理健康观。这里之所以使用“观念”的范畴来归纳，是出于对思想政治教育功能属性的认知。思想政治教育是根据社会和人的存在发展需要，通过教育者与受教育者的互动交往，引导受教育者具备一定的思想政治道德素质和行动力，并促进价值实现的过程。其根本出发点和落脚点都在于改变人的思想观念和行为方式，思想政治教育的成效首先表现为特定思想道德观念的内化与个体固有观念的改变和提升，而后外化为行动。质言之，观念形态是表征思想政治教育内容及其实施成果的基本形态。回溯思想政治教育学原理的学术发展史，采用“观念”的范畴来概括思想政治教育的内容始于构建思想政治教育学原理体系之初。国家教委最早组织发起、陆庆壬教授领衔主编的《思想政治教育学原理》，即以观念来归纳和建构思想政治教育内容体系，提出思想政治教育的主要内容包括世界观、政治观、人生观、道德观和法制观等方面的教育。显然，以观念形态来表述思想政治教育的内容比较清晰明了，彰显学科属性。

In recent years, with the development of the theory and practice of ideological and political education, the extension of the content of ideological and political education has continuously expanded. In terms of content blocks, in addition to traditional ideological education, political education, and moral education, it has also extended to cultural education and psychological education, among other aspects. Thus, the content of ideological and political education, commonly known and accepted by people, generally includes five major blocks: ideological education, political education, moral education, cultural education, and psychological education. This article classifies the ten concepts included in the six elaboration dimensions of the expansion of ideological and political education content in the New Era into these five major educational content blocks according to their connotative attributes. This facilitates the organic integration of the expanded content of ideological and political education in the New Era into the content system of ideological and political education, ensuring that the structure of the expanded content of ideological and political education in the New Era remains consistent with the original content system structure of ideological and political education.

近年来，随着思想政治教育理论与实践的发展，思想政治教育内容的外延不断扩大，按内容板块划分，除传统的思想教育、政治教育和道德教育外，还扩展至文化教育和心理教育等方面。由此，普遍被人们所熟知和接受的思想政治教育的内容总体包括思想教育、政治教育、道德教育、文化教育和心理教育等五大板块。本文将新时代思想政治教育内容拓展的六个阐述维度包括的十种观念，按其内涵属性分别归入这五大教育内容板块之中，以利于新时代思想政治教育拓展的内容有机融入思想政治教育的内容体系之中，使新时代思想政治教育拓展性内容的架构保持与原有思想政治教育内容体系结构的一致性。

First, the expansion of content at the level of ideological education. One is worldview education, namely, the worldview and methodology of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. Worldview education occupies an important foundational position in the content system of ideological and political education. Worldview is the ideological foundation for people to understand the world, society, and the self, and it is the philosophical basis for establishing correct ideological concepts. Only by establishing a Marxist worldview can one establish a correct outlook on life and values. The worldview and methodology of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era are the philosophical basis for opening up a new realm of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times. They should be incorporated into the content system of ideological and political education in the New Era, and the focus of education should be accurately grasped, capturing the six basic characteristics that signify its theoretical innovation quality: First, people-centeredness. The Communist Party of China upholds the primacy of the people, takes the people's creative practice as the inexhaustible source of theoretical innovation, grasps the people's aspiration for a better life, and concentrates the people's wisdom to make it a theory that guides the people's practice and is loved, recognized, and possessed by the people. Second, autonomy. Marxism adapted to the Chinese context and the needs of the times is the result of more than a hundred years of the Party leading the people in independent exploration and practice relying on their own strength. Upholding and developing Marxism in the New Era must adhere to self-confidence and self-reliance, strengthen the Four Confidences, and give fuller play to a more proactive historical initiative and creative spirit. Third, innovation. Theoretical innovation must both uphold fundamental principles, unswervingly adhering to the basic tenets of Marxism, the leadership of the Communist Party of China, and socialism with Chinese characteristics, so as not to lose direction; and it must be bold in innovation, keeping pace with the times, following the development of practice, continuously expanding the breadth and depth of understanding, daring to speak and act, and guiding new practice with new theory. Fourth, practicality. In promoting theoretical development, adhere to a problem-oriented approach, focus on new problems in practice, and continuously propose new concepts, new ideas, and new methods to solve problems. Fifth, systematicity. Theoretical innovation adheres to a systematic approach in methodology, improving scientific thinking ability, and providing scientific thinking methods for forward-looking thinking, overall planning, and holistic advancement of the Party and state's undertakings. Sixth, world-mindedness. Adhere to a global vision, practice seeking happiness for the people, rejuvenation for the nation, and common good for the world, actively draw on and absorb all outstanding achievements of human civilization, and strive to use Chinese wisdom to promote the building of a better world. [2]2 This refers to a specific page range in a cited source, likely a collection of Xi Jinping's speeches or a Party document.(P16-18)

第一，思想教育层面的内容拓展。一是世界观教育，即习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的世界观和方法论。世界观教育在思想政治教育内容体系中居于重要的基础性地位。世界观是人认识世界、社会和人自身的思想根基，是树立正确思想观念的哲学基础。只有确立马克思主义世界观，才能树立正确的人生观、价值观。习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的世界观和方法论是开辟马克思主义中国化时代化新境界的哲学基础，应当纳入新时代思想政治教育内容体系之中，并准确把握好教育的重心，抓住表征其理论创新品质的六个基本特性：其一，人民性。中国共产党坚持人民至上，以人民的创造性实践为理论创新的不竭源泉，把握人民对美好生活的向往，集中人民智慧，以使之成为指导人民实践的，为人民所喜爱、认同和拥有的理论。其二，自主性。中国化时代化的马克思主义是百余来年党领导人民独立自主探索、依靠自身的力量实践出来的，新时代坚持和发展马克思主义必须坚持自信自立，坚定“四个自信”，发挥更加积极的历史主动精神和创造精神。其三，创新性。理论创新既要守正，坚持马克思主义基本原理、中国共产党领导、中国特色社会主义不动摇，才能不迷失方向；又要勇于创新，紧跟时代步伐、顺应实践发展、不断拓展认识的广度深度，敢说敢干，以新的理论指导新的实践。其四，实践性。在推进理论发展中坚持问题导向，聚焦实践中的新问题，不断提出解决问题的新理念新思路新方法。其五，系统性。理论创新在方法论上坚持系统观念，提高科学的思维能力，为前瞻性思考、全局性谋划、整体性推进党和国家事业提供科学思想方法。其六，世界性。坚持胸怀天下，践行为人民谋幸福、为民族谋复兴、为世界谋大同，在积极借鉴吸收人类一切优秀文明成果的同时，努力以中国智慧推动建设更加美好的世界。[2](P16-18)

The second is ecological worldview education. The ecological worldview is humanity's general understanding or viewpoint on ecological issues. It is a holistic view of the relationship between humans and nature, derived from philosophical perspectives. Therefore, the focus of ecological worldview education is not primarily on the ethical and moral level, but on establishing a correct ecological worldview, inspiring people to reflect on and question how to correctly view and handle the relationship between humans and nature, and how to effectively solve contemporary global ecological crises and other issues. The 17th National Congress of the CPC explicitly proposed the concept of ecological civilization. As early as 2005, Xi Jinping first proposed the concept that "lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets," and in the New Era further advocated for building a community of life for humans and nature and other concepts. The Party Central Committee has vigorously promoted the construction of ecological civilization, incorporating it into the Five-Sphere Integrated Plan. Based on this, we should incorporate ecological worldview education as an important component of Marxist worldview education into the content system of ideological and political education in the New Era.

二是生态观教育。生态观是人类对生态问题总的认识或观点，它是人们对人与自然关系的整体性看法，是由哲学观衍生出来的，因而生态观教育内容的重点首先不在于伦理道德层面，而在于建立正确的生态世界观，启发人们反思和追问究竟如何正确看待和处理人与自然的关系，如何有效解决当代全球性的生态危机等问题。党的十七大明确提出生态文明的概念。习近平早在2005年首次提出“绿水青山就是金山银山”的理念，在新时代进一步倡导构建人与自然生命共同体等理念。党中央有力推动生态文明建设，把生态文明建设纳入“五位一体”总体布局。基于此，我们应把生态观教育作为马克思主义世界观教育的重要组成部分，列入新时代思想政治教育的内容体系之中。

Second, the expansion of content at the level of political education. One is education on ideals, beliefs, and outlook on life. Establishing firm ideals and beliefs is the core issue in shaping and enriching people's spiritual world. In the history of the CPC's ideological and political education, education on ideals and beliefs has always been the core content of political education. The Chinese Communists, with comrades Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping, Jiang Zemin, and Hu Jintao as their main representatives, have all made important expositions on the significance of education on ideals and beliefs. Since the New Era, Xi Jinping's important discourses on education on ideals and beliefs are rich in content. The academic community should focus on grasping the expansion of content in two aspects: the contemporary significance and the contemporary connotation of education on ideals and beliefs. Xi Jinping emphasizes the contemporary significance of education on ideals and beliefs mainly from four levels: from the level of the development of the Party and state's undertakings, the Party and state's victories in revolution and achievements in construction are inseparable from the power of ideals and beliefs; from the level of the spiritual cultivation of Communists, ideals and beliefs are the political soul and spiritual "calcium" of Communists, and firm ideals and beliefs are always the foundation for Communists to establish themselves and fulfill their mission; from the level of national survival and development, only when the broad masses of the people have ideals and beliefs can the nation have a solid foundation, thereby realizing the Chinese Dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation; from the level of educating people, the ideals and beliefs of youth concern the future of the country, and "what kind of people to cultivate" concerns the country's prospects and hope, the nation's destiny and future. In grasping the connotation of education on ideals and beliefs in the New Era, it is necessary to both adhere to the basic essentials of Marxist political parties regarding education on ideals and beliefs and reflect the new connotations of the times. In May 2019, in his speech at the commemoration of the centenary of the May Fourth Movement, Xi Jinping called on Chinese youth in the New Era to establish lofty ideals, to establish faith in Marxism, belief in socialism with Chinese characteristics, and confidence in the Chinese Dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. In his speech at the National Education Conference held in September 2024, Xi Jinping emphasized the need to continuously strengthen and improve school ideological and political education in the New Era, guiding young students to firmly establish faith in Marxism, belief in socialism with Chinese characteristics, and confidence in the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. [3]3 This refers to a speech by Xi Jinping at the National Education Conference in September 2024. Thus, the contemporary connotation of education on ideals and beliefs in the New Era has been richly and clearly summarized.

第二，政治教育层面的内容拓展。一是理想信念与人生观教育。树立坚定的理想信念是塑造和丰富人的精神世界的核心问题。在中国共产党思想政治教育史上，理想信念教育始终是政治教育的核心内容。以毛泽东、邓小平、江泽民、胡锦涛同志为主要代表的中国共产党人对理想信念教育的重要意义都作过重要阐述。新时代以来，习近平关于理想信念教育的重要论述内容丰富，学界应重点抓住理想信念教育的时代意义和时代内涵这两个方面的内容拓展。习近平主要从四个层面强调理想信念教育的时代意义：从党和国家事业发展的层面，党和国家取得革命胜利和建设成就都离不开理想信念的力量；从共产党人精神修养的层面，理想信念是共产党人的政治灵魂和精神之“钙”，坚定理想信念始终是共产党人安身立命的根本；从民族生存发展的层面，广大人民群众有理想信念，民族才能根基永固，进而实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦；从育人的层面，青年的理想信念关乎国家未来，“培养什么人”事关国家前途和希望、民族命运和未来。在新时代理想信念教育内涵的把握上，既要坚持马克思主义政党关于理想信念教育的基本要义，又要体现新的时代内涵。2019年5月，习近平在纪念五四运动100周年大会上的讲话中号召新时代中国青年要树立远大理想，要树立对马克思主义的信仰、对中国特色社会主义的信念、对中华民族伟大复兴中国梦的信心。在2024年9月召开的全国教育大会的讲话中，习近平强调要不断加强和改进新时代学校思想政治教育，教育引导青少年学生坚定马克思主义信仰、中国特色社会主义信念、中华民族伟大复兴信心。[3]由此，新时代理想信念教育的时代内涵得到了丰富而明确的概括。

Education on outlook on life should be classified within the content of education on ideals and beliefs. The ultimate point of education on ideals and beliefs lies in the outlook on life. Only when the outlook on life is consistent with ideals and beliefs, and knowledge and action are unified, can ideals and beliefs be truly established. Good youth in the New Era should establish an outlook on life and spiritual qualities of "having ideals, daring to take responsibility, being able to endure hardship, and being willing to struggle," [2]2 This refers to a specific page range in a cited source, likely a collection of Xi Jinping's speeches or a Party document.(P58) uphold the new era labor values of "labor is the most glorious, labor is the most noble, labor is the greatest, labor is the most beautiful," and "labor creates happiness," "establish great aspirations to serve the country and strengthen the nation, be a doer who shoulders responsibility and strives," [3]3 This refers to a speech by Xi Jinping at the National Education Conference in September 2024. and bloom a brilliant youth flower in the fiery practice of comprehensively advancing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-path modernization.

人生观教育应归入理想信念教育的内容之中，理想信念教育的最终落点在于人生观。人生观与理想信念相一致，做到知行统一，理想信念才真正树立起来。新时代好青年要确立“有理想、敢担当、能吃苦、肯奋斗”[2](P58)的人生观和精神品质，秉持“劳动最光荣、劳动最崇高、劳动最伟大、劳动最美丽”，“劳动创造幸福”的新时代劳动价值观，“立报国强国大志向、做挺膺担当奋斗者”， [3]在以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴的火热实践中绽放绚丽的青春之花。

The second is political outlook education. This mainly includes democratic political education. In the New Era, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has steadily advanced the construction of socialist democratic politics and formed a theoretical innovation—developing whole-process people’s democracy. Based on Xi Jinping’s important discourses on democracy, the key content of democratic political education should include the following aspects: First, the stance of historical materialism on democracy. Respecting the principal position of the people and upholding that the people are the masters of the country are the fundamental stance of historical materialism. People’s democracy is the essence and core of socialist democratic politics, and developing whole-process people’s democracy is an essential requirement of socialist modernization. Second, institutional identification with democracy. Adhering to the correct path of political development is a major issue concerning the fundamentals and the overall situation. It is necessary to strengthen confidence in the socialist political system with Chinese characteristics and unswervingly follow the path of socialist political development with Chinese characteristics.[2]2 This refers to a specific page range in a cited source, likely a collection of Xi Jinping's speeches or a Party document.(P261) Third, the practical orientation of developing whole-process people’s democracy. The key to developing democratic politics is to give full play to the characteristics and advantages of China’s socialist democratic politics. “Whole-process people’s democracy” is a new summary of the characteristics and advantages of socialist democracy with Chinese characteristics. It is the broadest, most genuine, and most effective socialist democracy, and it has a deep institutional and practical foundation in China. The priorities for developing whole-process people’s democracy include strengthening the institutional guarantee for the people being the masters of the country, comprehensively developing consultative democracy, actively developing grassroots democracy, and consolidating and developing the broadest possible patriotic united front.

二是政治观教育。主要包括民主政治教育。新时代，以习近平同志为核心的党中央稳步推进社会主义民主政治建设，并形成理论创新成果——发展全过程人民民主。依据习近平关于民主的重要论述，民主政治教育的重点内容应包括以下方面：其一，民主的唯物史观立场。尊重人民的主体地位、坚持人民当家作主是唯物史观的根本立场，人民民主是社会主义民主政治的本质和核心，发展全过程人民民主是社会主义现代化的本质要求。其二，民主的制度认同。坚持正确的政治发展道路是关系根本和全局的重大问题，要坚定中国特色社会主义政治制度自信，坚定不移走中国特色社会主义政治发展道路。[2](P261)其三，发展全过程人民民主的实践指向。发展民主政治的关键是要把我国社会主义民主政治的特点和优势充分发挥出来。“全过程人民民主”是对中国特色社会主义民主的特色和优势的新概括，是最广泛、最真实、最管用的社会主义民主，它在我国有着深厚的制度和实践基础。发展全过程人民民主的重点包括加强人民当家作主制度保障、全面发展协商民主、积极发展基层民主、巩固和发展最广泛的爱国统一战线等。

Political outlook education also includes rule-of-law education. The rule of law is an important component of the socialist democratic political system, and rule-of-law education falls under political outlook education

政治观教育还包括法治教育。法治是社会主义民主政治体系的重要组成部分，法治教育归属于政治观教育。以习近平法治思想为遵循，法治教育的着力点应包括以下方面：其一，依法治国的战略意义。新时代，党中央明确把依法治国列入“四个全面”战略布局，强调依法治国是坚持和发展中国特色社会主义的本质要求和重要保障，是实现国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的必然要求，事关我们党执政兴国和人民幸福安康，事关党和国家长治久安。其二，依法治国的政治原则。发展社会主义民主政治，最根本的是要把坚持党的领导、人民当家作主和依法治国有机统一起来。坚持党的领导是社会主义法治的根本要求，只有在党的领导下依法治国、厉行法治，人民当家作主才能充分实现，国家和社会生活的法治化才能有序推进。其三，依法治国的伦理原则，包括法治的平等性、公正性和道德性等。坚持法律面前人人平等，必须体现在立法、执法、司法、守法等各个方面。公正是法治的生命线，司法公正是维护社会公平的最后一道防线，对社会公正具有重要引领作用。法律与道德有着重要的关联，治理国家、社会必须一手抓法治、一手抓德治，既发挥法律的规范作用，又重视发挥道德的教化作用，实现法律和道德相辅相成、法治与德治相得益彰。其四，增强法治观念。要坚持把全民普法和守法作为依法治国的长期基础性工作，深入开展宣传教育，引导全民自觉守法。

Education on equality and justice is also an important component of political outlook education. Equality and justice are important elements of the core socialist values, and beyond being embodied in the domain of law-based governance, they should also be reflected in the economic domain and the domain of spiritual life. First, the economic base determines the superstructure; economic equality and justice are the prerequisite and foundation for equality in other domains. Second, the transformation of the principal contradiction in society has made the people's aspiration for a better life richer and more comprehensive in content; with the continuous improvement of material living standards, needs in various aspects such as spiritual life are gradually becoming prominent. Xi Jinping points out that the common prosperity we speak of is the prosperity of both the material and spiritual lives of the people. [4]4 The 20th National Congress of the CPC was held in October 2022. It set the guiding principles for the Party and the country for the following five years.(P501) Therefore, equality and justice should also be realized in the domain of spiritual life. Education on equality and justice in the New Era should be carried out from both the theoretical and practical levels. At the theoretical level, accurately grasp the essence of equality and justice in the New Era. Common prosperity is the essential requirement of socialism and an important feature of Chinese-path modernization. It is necessary to adhere to the people-centered development philosophy, grasp the most immediate interest issues that the people care about most, continuously safeguard and improve people's livelihoods, promote social fairness and justice, let the fruits of development benefit all the people more and more fairly, and steadily advance toward the goal of achieving common prosperity for all the people. At the same time, one should correctly understand the characteristics of the primary stage of socialism; common prosperity "is not the prosperity of a minority, nor is it uniform egalitarianism," [4]4 The 20th National Congress of the CPC was held in October 2022. It set the guiding principles for the Party and the country for the following five years.(P501) and it is necessary to "promote common prosperity through high-quality development, correctly handling the relationship between efficiency and fairness." [4]4 The 20th National Congress of the CPC was held in October 2022. It set the guiding principles for the Party and the country for the following five years.(P503) At the practical level, comprehend the process and practical significance of China's advancement of equality and fairness and justice. Promoting social fairness and justice is a continuous practical process. "We cannot wait until modernization is achieved to solve the problem of common prosperity; instead, we must always take meeting the people's new expectations for a better life as the starting point and goal of development, and continuously and gradually solve this problem in the process of achieving modernization." [4]4 The 20th National Congress of the CPC was held in October 2022. It set the guiding principles for the Party and the country for the following five years.(P140) The successful practice of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core leading the people to win the battle

平等与公正教育也是政治观教育的重要内容。平等与公正是社会主义核心价值观的重要内容，除了体现在法治领域，还应体现在经济领域和精神生活领域。首先，经济基础决定上层建筑，经济上的平等与公正是其他领域平等的前提和基础。其次，社会主要矛盾的转化使人民对美好生活的向往内涵更丰富更全面，随着物质生活水平的不断提高，精神生活等各方面的需要逐渐凸显。习近平指出，我们所说的共同富裕是人民群众物质生活和精神生活都富裕。[4](P501)因而平等与公正也应在精神生活领域实现。新时代平等与公正教育，应着力从理论和实践两个层面展开。在理论层面，准确把握新时代平等与公正的要义。共同富裕是社会主义的本质要求，是中国式现代化的重要特征。要坚持以人民为中心的发展思想，抓住人民最关心最直接的利益问题，不断保障和改善民生，促进社会公平正义，让发展成果更多更公平惠及全体人民，朝着实现全体人民共同富裕的目标不断迈进。同时，应正确认识社会主义初级阶段的特征，共同富裕“不是少数人的富裕，也不是整齐划一的平均主义”，[4](P501)要“在高质量发展中促进共同富裕，正确处理效率和公平的关系”。[4](P503)在实践层面，领悟中国推进平等和公平正义实现的历程及现实意义。促进社会公平正义是一个持续不断的实践过程。“我们不能等实现了现代化再来解决共同富裕问题，而是要始终把满足人民对美好生活的新期待作为发展的出发点和落脚点，在实现现代化过程中不断地、逐步地解决好这个问题。”[4](P140)以习近平同志为核心的党中央领导人民打赢脱贫攻坚战的成功实践表明，中国共产党有决心有能力带领全体中国人民走中国特色社会主义道路，全面实现社会主义现代化，为人民创造美好生活，更大程度地实现平等与公正。

The third is education on the view of the state. The view of the state refers to social members’ rational cognition of the attributes and significance of the state’s existence, as well as their emotions and attitudes toward the state. In the New Era, establishing a correct view of the state has as its core essence the promotion of the national spirit centered on patriotism. Accordingly, the key content of education on the view of the state in the New Era should include: first, the important significance of the patriotic spirit for the survival and development of the nation and the state. Patriotism is the core of the Chinese national spirit and the spiritual bond that unites the Chinese nation in struggle and unremitting self-improvement. Second, the Chinese nation possesses a profound historical and cultural tradition of patriotism. History fully demonstrates that patriotism has flowed in the blood of the Chinese nation since ancient times; it cannot be removed, broken, or extinguished, and it is a powerful spiritual driving force for safeguarding national independence and national dignity. Third, the essence of patriotism lies in upholding the high degree of unity between love for the country, love for the Party, and love for socialism. Chinese youth in the New Era must listen to the Party, follow the Party, and continuously dedicate themselves to the motherland and the people. Fourth, loving the motherland is the foundation of conduct and the basis of talent for Chinese youth in the New Era. Youth in the New Era must love their great motherland, shoulder the responsibilities of the times, bravely forge ahead through hard work, cultivate solid skills, and temper their moral character.

三是国家观教育。国家观是指社会成员对国家存在的属性和意义的理性认知以及对国家的情感和态度。新时代树立正确的国家观，核心要义是弘扬以爱国主义为核心的民族精神。据此，新时代国家观教育的重点内容应包括：其一，爱国主义精神对于国家民族生存与发展的重要意义。爱国主义是中华民族精神的核心，是中华民族团结奋斗、自强不息的精神纽带。其二，中华民族具有深厚的爱国主义历史文化传统。历史充分表明，爱国主义自古以来就流淌在中华民族血脉之中，去不掉、打不破、灭不了，是维护民族独立和民族尊严的强大精神动力。其三，爱国主义的本质是坚持爱国与爱党、爱社会主义高度统一。新时代中国青年要听党话、跟党走，不断奉献祖国、奉献人民。其四，热爱祖国是新时代中国青年的立身之本、成才之基。新时代青年要热爱伟大祖国，担当时代责任，勇于砥砺奋斗，练就过硬本领，锤炼品德修为。

Fourth, education on the view of nationality. The view of nationality refers to the overall view and attitude toward the existence and development of one’s own ethnic group. In the New Era, the core essence of establishing a correct view of nationality is to forge a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation. Specifically, the key content that education on the view of nationality in the New Era should include is as follows: First, the sense of community for the Chinese nation has deep historical and cultural foundations. The vast territory of the motherland was jointly developed by all ethnic groups, the unified multi-ethnic state was jointly founded by all ethnic groups, the long history was jointly written by all ethnic groups, the splendid Chinese culture was jointly created by all ethnic groups, and the great spirit was jointly cultivated by all ethnic groups. Second, forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation is the foundation for promoting great unity among all ethnic groups. It is necessary to guide people of all ethnic groups to firmly establish the concept of a community sharing weal and woe, honor and disgrace, life and death, and destiny. It is necessary to tell the story of the community of the Chinese nation well, to clearly explain that the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the socialist system are the reliable guarantees for the common development and progress of all ethnic groups in our country, to clearly explain that the Chinese nation is a community of shared destiny with a strong sense of identity and cohesion, and to clearly explain the obvious superiority of the correct path with Chinese characteristics for solving ethnic problems. Third, emphasis should be placed on cultivating and forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation among young people. Adolescence is a critical period for the formation of the view of nationality. “All ethnic groups should cultivate in their children the awareness of being a member of the Chinese nation.”[2]2 This refers to a specific page range in a cited source, likely a collection of Xi Jinping's speeches or a Party document.(P286) It is necessary to strengthen the ideological and political education of young people, carry out propaganda and education in schools at all levels and of all types, strengthen the construction of teaching materials and teaching resources, enrich the content of relevant courses, and carry out diverse forms of educational activities to promote the deep embedding of the sense of community for the Chinese nation in students’ minds.

四是民族观教育。民族观是指对本民族存在与发展的总体看法和态度。新时代树立正确的民族观，核心要义是铸牢中华民族共同体意识。具言之，新时代民族观教育应包含的重点内容有：其一，中华民族共同体意识有深厚的历史文化根基。祖国辽阔的疆域是各民族共同开拓的，统一的多民族国家是各民族共同缔造的，悠久的历史是各民族共同书写的，灿烂的中华文化是各民族共同创造的，伟大的精神是各民族共同培育的。其二，铸牢中华民族共同体意识是促进民族大团结之本。要引导各族人民牢固树立休戚与共、荣辱与共、生死与共、命运与共的共同体理念，要讲好中华民族共同体故事，讲清楚中国共产党领导和社会主义制度是我国各民族共同发展进步的可靠保障，讲清楚中华民族是具有强大认同度和凝聚力的命运共同体，讲清楚中国特色解决民族问题的正确道路所具有的明显优越性。其三，重视在青少年中培育和铸牢中华民族共同体意识。青少年时期是民族观形成的关键期，“各民族都要培养孩子们树立中华民族一员的意识”。[2](P286)要加强青少年思想政治教育，在各级各类学校开展宣传教育，加强教材和教学资源建设，充实相关课程内容，开展形式多样的教育活动，推动铸牢中华民族共同体意识深入学生头脑。

Fifth, education on the view of reform and innovation. The view of reform and innovation refers to the overall view and concept regarding the significance, principles, and methods of reform and innovation. In the New Era, the core essence of education on the view of reform and innovation is to promote the spirit of the times with reform and innovation at its core. The key content that should be included is as follows: First, the great significance of reform and opening up. Reform is the key to liberating and developing the productive forces, and reform and opening up is the crucial move that determines the fate of contemporary China. Chinese-path modernization has been continuously advanced through reform and opening up, and it will surely open up broad prospects through reform and opening up. In the New Era, it is necessary to consciously place reform in a more prominent position and further comprehensively deepen reform closely around the advancement of Chinese-path modernization. Second, the driving role of reform and innovation in development. Innovation is the primary driving force for development and the strategic support for building a modernized economic system. Grasping innovation means grasping the “bull’s nose” that affects the overall economic and social development. It is necessary to further comprehensively deepen reform, deeply implement the innovation-driven development strategy, and enhance the overall effectiveness of the national innovation system. Third, the overall goal of further comprehensively deepening reform is to continue to improve and develop the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and to advance the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity.

五是改革创新观教育。改革创新观是指对于改革与创新的意义、原则和方法的总体看法和观念。新时代改革创新观教育，核心要义是弘扬以改革创新为核心的时代精神。应包含的重点内容有：其一，改革开放的重大意义。改革是解放和发展生产力的关键，改革开放是决定当代中国命运的关键一招。中国式现代化是在改革开放中不断推进的，也必将在改革开放中开辟广阔前景。新时代必须自觉把改革摆在更加突出位置，紧紧围绕推进中国式现代化进一步全面深化改革。其二，改革创新对于发展的驱动作用。创新是引领发展的第一动力，是建设现代化经济体系的战略支撑。抓住了创新，就抓住了牵动经济社会发展全局的“牛鼻子”。必须进一步全面深化改革，深入实施创新驱动发展战略，提升国家创新体系整体效能。其三，进一步全面深化改革的总目标是继续完善和发展中国特色社会主义制度，推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化。

Third, the expansion of content at the level of moral education. Education on the view of morality is a key area for the expansion of moral education in the New Era. Its key educational content includes: First, always maintaining the socialist direction of civic moral construction, promoting all the people to adhere to the Marxist view of morality and the socialist view of morality, advocating communist morality, taking serving the people as the core, taking collectivism as the principle, and taking loving the motherland, loving the people, loving labor, loving science, and loving socialism as the basic requirements. Second, taking the core socialist values as the guide, running the value requirements at the national, social, and individual levels through all aspects of moral construction, guiding people to understand great virtues, abide by public virtues, and strictly observe private virtues, and advocating the promotion of fine social ethics, professional ethics, family virtues, and personal character. Third, inheriting the Party’s fine traditions, inheriting and promoting the traditional virtues of the Chinese nation, and consciously carrying out creative transformation and innovative development of fine traditional Chinese culture. Fourth, promoting the combination of moral cognition and moral practice, guiding people to consciously improve their moral rationality, stimulate moral emotions, enhance moral responsibility, cultivate moral ability, temper moral character, and become good citizens of the New Era.

第三，道德教育层面的内容拓展。道德观教育是新时代道德教育拓展的重点领域，其重点教育内容包括：一是始终保持公民道德建设的社会主义方向，促进全体人民坚持马克思主义道德观、社会主义道德观，倡导共产主义道德，以为人民服务为核心，以集体主义为原则，以爱国、爱人民、爱劳动、爱科学、爱社会主义为基本要求。二是以社会主义核心价值观为引领，将国家、社会、个人层面的价值要求贯穿到道德建设各方面，引导人们明大德、守公德、严私德，倡导发扬优良的社会公德、职业道德、家庭美德和个人品德。三是继承党的优良传统，传承和弘扬中华民族传统美德，对中华优秀传统文化自觉进行创造性转化、创新性发展。四是促进道德认知与道德实践的结合，引导人们自觉提高道德理性，激发道德情感，增强道德责任，培育道德能力，锤炼品德修为，做新时代的好公民。

Fourth, the expansion of content at the level of cultural education. Education on the view of culture is a key area of expansion for cultural education in the New Era, and the focus of its educational content should be centered on Xi Jinping’s Thought on Culture. First, accurately grasp the essence of Xi Jinping’s Thought on Culture, and establish and apply a correct view of culture. The National Conference on Propaganda, Ideology, and Cultural Work, held on October 7, 2023, formally proposed and systematically elaborated Xi Jinping’s Thought on Culture, which is a milestone in the history of the Party’s propaganda, ideology, and cultural work. Xi Jinping’s new ideas, new viewpoints, and new judgments on cultural construction in the New Era are extremely rich in content and profoundly argued; they are the theoretical summary of the Party’s practical experience in leading cultural construction in the New Era, guiding people to fully utilize the precious resources of fine traditional Chinese culture in a broader cultural space, and to explore theoretical and institutional innovations oriented toward the future. Second, strengthen education on cultural confidence for the people, especially contemporary youth, and take on new cultural missions. The most fundamental aspect of education on the view of culture in the New Era is to focus on new cultural missions, continue to promote cultural prosperity at a new historical starting point, build a socialist cultural power, strengthen cultural confidence, uphold openness and inclusiveness, and adhere to upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground.

第四，文化教育层面的内容拓展。文化观教育是新时代文化教育拓展的重点领域，其教育重点应着重围绕习近平文化思想展开。一是准确把握习近平文化思想的精髓，确立和运用正确的文化观。2023年10月7日召开的全国宣传思想文化工作会议正式提出并系统阐释了习近平文化思想，在党的宣传思想文化事业发展史上具有里程碑意义，习近平在新时代文化建设方面的新思想新观点新论断，内涵十分丰富、论述极为深刻，是新时代党领导文化建设实践经验的理论总结，引领人们在更广阔的文化空间中充分运用中华优秀传统文化的宝贵资源，探索面向未来的理论和制度创新等。二是加强对人民尤其是当代青年的文化自信教育，担当新的文化使命。新时代文化观教育最根本的是要聚焦新的文化使命，在新的历史起点上继续推动文化繁荣，建设社会主义文化强国，要坚定文化自信，秉持开放包容，坚持守正创新。

Fifth, the expansion of content at the level of psychological education. Education on the view of mental health corresponds to the dimension of comprehensive human development and is a key area of expansion for psychological education in the New Era. The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC proposed to “attach importance to mental health and mental hygiene.” In 2023, the Ministry of Education and sixteen other departments jointly issued the “Special Action Plan for Comprehensively Strengthening and Improving Student Mental Health Work in the New Era (2023–2025),” making clear arrangements for strengthening student mental health education. Xi Jinping has issued a series of important instructions and directives on student mental health work. Accordingly, the focus of mental health education in the New Era is: first, to establish the concept that mental health is an important manifestation of the comprehensive view of human development, and to establish the idea that physical and mental health together constitute truly comprehensive health. Second, to leverage the main channel role of school curriculum education, expand multiple channels of school and social resources, and coordinate the implementation of mental health education.

第五，心理教育层面的内容拓展。心理健康观教育对应人的全面发展维度，是新时代心理教育的重点拓展内容。党的二十大报告提出要“重视心理健康和精神卫生”。2023年，教育部等十七部门联合印发《全面加强和改进新时代学生心理健康工作专项行动计划（2023—2025年）》，对加强学生心理健康教育工作作了明确部署。习近平对学生心理健康工作作出了一系列重要指示批示，据此，新时代心理健康教育的重点在于：一是确立心理健康观念是人的全面发展观的重要体现，要建立身心健康才是真正全面健康的理念。二是发挥学校课程教育的主渠道作用，拓展学校和社会多渠道资源，协同落实心理健康教育。

III. The Construction of an Autonomous Knowledge System for the Discipline in the Expansion of Ideological and Political Education Content

三、思想政治教育内容拓展中的学科自主知识体系建构

The content expanded in ideological and political education in the New Era is very rich. When this content is integrated into the theoretical system of ideological and political education as a discipline and its educational implementation, it requires knowledge renewal and reconstruction, constructing a disciplinary autonomous knowledge system to provide the necessary theoretical foundation and related disciplinary knowledge support. Matching the expansion of ideological and political education content, the core goal of constructing its autonomous knowledge system is to highlight Chinese characteristics and the requirements of the New Era, manifesting a stronger theoretical consciousness, richer ideological connotations, more powerful disciplinary support, and more advanced educational concepts. Specifically, its structure and elements should mainly include four levels.

新时代思想政治教育拓展的内容十分丰富，这些内容在融入思想政治教育学原理体系及其教育实施中需要进行知识更新与再造，建构学科化的自主知识体系，为其提供必需的理论基础和相关学科知识支持。与思想政治教育内容的拓展相匹配，其自主知识体系建构的核心目标是突出中国特色和新时代要求，彰显更强烈的理论自觉、更丰富的思想内涵、更有力的学科支撑和更先进的教育理念。具言之，其结构与要素应主要包括四个层面。

First, the level of theoretical foundation: the basic principles of Marxism and the theory of Marxism adapted to the Chinese context and the needs of the times. Marxism has provided a powerful ideological weapon for China’s revolution, construction, and reform; its scientific nature and truth have been fully tested in China, and it is the theoretical foundation for us to establish ideals and beliefs. The Communist Party of China has combined the basic principles of Marxism with the concrete realities of China’s revolution, construction, and reform, continuously advancing the adaptation of Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times, leading the Chinese people to victory in revolution and great achievements in socialist construction, and achieving the great achievements of reform and opening up that have attracted worldwide attention. Marxism-Leninism and the theoretical achievements of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times provide the basic “orientation” of the knowledge “coordinate” system for the construction of the discipline of Marxist theory. They are the theoretical foundation for the construction of ideological and political education content in the New Era and should naturally become the theoretical cornerstone of the autonomous knowledge system that needs to be constructed for the expansion and implementation of ideological and political education content in the New Era.

第一，理论基础层面：马克思主义基本原理和中国化时代化的马克思主义理论。马克思主义为中国革命、建设和改革提供了强大思想武器，它的科学性和真理性在中国得到了充分检验，是我们树立理想信念的理论基础。中国共产党把马克思主义基本原理同中国革命、建设和改革的具体实际相结合，不断推进马克思主义中国化时代化，领导中国人民取得革命的胜利和社会主义建设的伟大成就，取得改革开放举世瞩目的伟大成就。马克思列宁主义以及马克思主义中国化时代化的理论成果，为马克思主义理论学科建设提供了知识“坐标”体系的基本“方位”，是新时代思想政治教育内容建设的理论基础，理应成为新时代思想政治教育内容拓展及其实施所需建构的自主知识体系的理论基石。

In the knowledge construction of the expansion of the content of ideological and political education in the New Era and its implementation, the guiding role of Marxist theory should be fully reflected. For example, the theoretical foundation of the ecological outlook is Marxist ecological thought; the ecological thought of Marx and Engels is the direct theoretical source of the modern ecological view of nature. Marx and Engels pointed out that humans create their environment, [1]1 The second centenary goal refers to the goal of building China into a great modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious, and beautiful by the middle of the 21st century, following the achievement of the first centenary goal (building a moderately prosperous society in all respects by 2021).(P172-173) but this creation is not arbitrary; humanity’s transformation of nature must learn to recognize and correctly apply the laws of nature. The more natural consequences of human production behavior, the more humanity recognizes its unity with nature. [5]5 The National Conference on Propaganda, Ideology, and Cultural Work, held in October 2023, formally introduced Xi Jinping Thought on Culture as a guiding framework for cultural work.(P998-999) These classical theories are the theoretical basis for Xi Jinping’s thought on ecological civilization. To establish a contemporary ecological concept, one must first trace back to the classical theories of Marx and Engels to find the theoretical source. Similarly, the theoretical foundation of the socialist view of democracy is Marxist theory. To establish the view of democracy for socialism with Chinese characteristics in the New Era, one must first study and practice Marxist thought on people’s democracy. [6]6 The phrase “bull’s nose” (牛鼻子) is a Chinese idiom meaning the key or crucial point that controls the whole situation.(P430) Engels pointed out that once the working class gains political power, it cannot continue to use the old state machinery for management; it must replace it with “a new, truly democratic state power.” Moreover, measures and methods must be adopted to “prevent the state and state organs from changing from servants of society into masters of society.” [5]5 The National Conference on Propaganda, Ideology, and Cultural Work, held in October 2023, formally introduced Xi Jinping Thought on Culture as a guiding framework for cultural work.(P54-55)

在新时代思想政治教育内容拓展及其实施的知识建构中，应当充分体现马克思主义理论的指导性。例如，生态观的理论基础是马克思主义生态思想，马克思、恩格斯的生态思想是现代生态自然观直接的理论来源。马克思、恩格斯指出，人创造环境，[1](P172-173)但这种创造不是随心所欲的，人类对自然界的改造必须学会认识和正确运用自然规律。人类的生产行为造成的自然后果越多，就越是认识到自身和自然界的一体性。[5](P998-999)这些经典理论是习近平生态文明思想的理论依据。建立当代生态理念，首先要回溯马克思、恩格斯的经典理论，找到理论源头。又如，有关社会主义民主观的理论基础是马克思主义理论。确立新时代中国特色社会主义民主观，首先要学习和实践马克思主义关于人民民主的思想。[6](P430)恩格斯指出，工人阶级一旦取得统治权，就不能继续运用旧的国家机器来进行管理，必须“以新的真正民主的国家政权来代替”。并且，必须采取“防止国家和国家机关由社会公仆变为社会主人”的权力限制措施和办法。[5](P54-55)

Second, the theoretical core level: the latest theoretical achievement of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times—Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era is the direct theoretical basis and ideological guide for the expansion of the content of ideological and political education in the New Era. It is the core part of the autonomous knowledge system that needs to be constructed, occupying the “axis” of the theoretical knowledge “coordinate” system. From the perspective of the philosophy of science Lakatos’s analysis of the structure of theoretical systems, this core theory, together with the Marxist theoretical foundation, constitutes the theoretical “hard core” of the expanded content of ideological and political education in the New Era.

第二，理论核心层面：马克思主义中国化时代化的最新理论成果——习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想。习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想是新时代思想政治教育内容拓展的直接理论依据和思想指南，是其所需建构的自主知识体系的内核部分，居于理论知识“坐标”体系的“轴心”。按科学哲学家拉卡托斯解析理论体系结构的视角，这一核心理论与马克思主义理论基础共同构成新时代思想政治教育拓展内容的理论“硬核”部分。

The theoretical exposition of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era regarding the expanded content of ideological and political education in the New Era should be fully elaborated in the construction of the autonomous system of ideological and political education. Special emphasis should be placed on how Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era opens up a new realm of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times. For example, Xi Jinping’s thought on ecological civilization is an inheritance and innovative development of Marxist ecological thought. His “Two Mountains” theory [7]7 The “Two Mountains” theory refers to Xi Jinping’s formulation that “lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets,” emphasizing the economic value of ecological protection. is a concrete application in the economic sphere of the Marxist materialist view that humanity’s transformation of nature must respect the scientific laws of nature, and it injects new contemporary connotations; his emphasis on building a community of shared life between humans and nature is a modern interpretation and development of Marx’s thought on the relationship between humans and the environment. Similarly, Xi Jinping’s exposition on the major concept of whole-process people’s democracy is a faithful adherence to and innovation of Marxist thought on people’s democracy, reflecting the basic provisions and specific characteristics of establishing a “new, truly democratic state power,” and fully unleashing the advantages of the socialist system that inspires the people to be masters of their own affairs.

习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想关于新时代思想政治教育拓展内容的理论阐述，在思想政治教育自主体系建构中应展开充分的论述，要特别突出习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想如何开辟马克思主义中国化时代化新境界。例如，习近平生态文明思想是对马克思主义生态思想的继承与创新发展，他提出的“两山”理论就是对马克思关于人类对自然界的改造必须尊重自然的科学规律这一唯物主义观点在经济范畴中的具体运用，并注入了新的时代内涵；他强调建立人与自然和谐共生的命运共同体，更是对马克思关于人与环境之间关系思想的现代诠释与发展。又如，习近平关于全过程人民民主重大理念的论述是对马克思主义人民民主思想的守正创新，体现了建立“新的真正民主的国家政权”的基本规定与具体特征，把激发人民当家作主的社会主义制度优势充分发挥出来。

Third, the disciplinary resource level: relevant disciplinary theories from China and abroad. In the process of constructing an autonomous knowledge system, critically absorbing and drawing on relevant disciplinary theoretical resources from China and abroad is also very necessary. Its significance is positioned as a “reference system” for the knowledge “coordinate” system of Marxist theoretical disciplinary research. Its role is mainly in two aspects: first, as an object of theoretical comparison, it serves to directly or indirectly demonstrate (including through counter-evidence) the content of ideological and political education. Second, as a disciplinary ideological resource, it is to be reasonably absorbed and utilized.

第三，学科资源层面：中外相关学科理论。在建构自主知识体系过程中，批判地吸收借鉴中外相关学科理论资源也是十分必要的，其意义定位相当于马克思主义理论学科研究知识“坐标”体系的一个“参照系”。其作用主要在于两个方面，一是作为理论比较的对象，对思想政治教育内容具有直接或间接论证（包括反证）的作用。二是作为学科思想资源，予以合理地吸收借鉴。

For example, Western democratic theory reflects Western scholars’ basic views, theoretical propositions, and realistic evaluations of democracy. Early capitalist democratic theory had its positive significance in history, embodying the historical progressive role of bourgeois democratic concepts such as the promotion of human nature and individual freedom during the rising period of capitalism. However, in the middle and later periods, due to changes in the reality of capitalist society, Western democratic theory gradually split and shifted, moving from early universal recognition and consensus to questioning of the democratic predicament and theoretical critique, and giving rise to new ideological factions such as pluralist democracy and deliberative democracy, attempting to revise and patch up Western democratic theory. The evolution of Western democratic theory itself indicates the bottlenecks and predicaments encountered in the development of Western democracy. This precisely serves as a reference for comparing Chinese and Western democratic theories and realities, further confirming the superiority of China’s socialist democratic theory and practice. On the other hand, although modern Western democratic theory has limitations due to its institutional obstacles, the beneficial ideas and strategies it contains for improving democracy still have certain inspirational and referential value for enriching our democratic thought and methods, and can become favorable resources for optimizing our education on the view of democracy.

例如，西方民主理论体现了西方学者对于民主问题的基本看法、理论主张与现实评价。资本主义早期的民主理论在历史上曾有其积极意义，在资本主义上升时期体现了张扬人性、人的自由权利等资产阶级民主观念的历史进步作用，但中后期由于资本主义社会现实发生变化，西方民主理论逐渐出现分裂和转向，由前期的普遍认同与共识转向对民主困境的质疑与理论批判，并出现多元民主、协商民主等新的思想派系，试图对西方民主理论进行修正和弥合。西方民主理论的演变历程本身就表明西方民主发展遇到的瓶颈与困境，这恰恰是我们进行中西方民主理论与现实比较的一个参照，更加可以印证我国社会主义民主理论与实践的优越性。另一方面，西方现代民主理论尽管因其制度性障碍而存在局限，但其蕴含改善民主的有益思想和策略在丰富我们的民主思想和方法上仍有一定的启发和借鉴价值，可成为我们优化民主观教育的有利资源。

Fourth, the social resource level: social practice resources and excellent traditional Chinese cultural resources. The expansion of the content of ideological and political education in the New Era fundamentally originates from the social development practices of the New Era. The practice of comprehensively advancing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-path modernization will continuously provide practical support for the theoretical development of ideological and political education. The results and successful experiences of practice provide empirical evidence and testing standards for the expanded content of ideological and political education; practical problems discovered and raised in practice will prompt ideological and political education to respond to and solve new situations and issues. Excellent traditional Chinese culture is the cultural gene of social development. The Second Integration is another ideological emancipation, serving both as important content for the expansion of ideological and political education in the New Era and as ideological and cultural resources that can be utilized in the implementation of ideological and political education.

第四，社会资源层面：社会实践资源和中华优秀传统文化资源。新时代思想政治教育内容的拓展从根本上源于新时代的社会发展实践，以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴事业的实践将源源不断地为思想政治教育理论发展提供现实支撑力量，实践的成果及成功经验为思想政治教育拓展的内容提供经验证据和检验标准；实践中发现和提出的实际问题将促进思想政治教育面对新情况新问题进行回应和解决。中华优秀传统文化是社会发展的文化基因，“第二个结合”是又一次思想解放，既是新时代思想政治教育拓展的重要内容，也是思想政治教育实施中可资运用的思想文化资源。

Practical resources and cultural resources play a role in “corroborating” and “promoting coordinated development” for ideological and political education. In the operation of the entire autonomous knowledge system, they will perform unique “balancing” and “maintenance” functions, equivalent to the “protective belt” in the theoretical knowledge system, safeguarding the main theories of the expanded content of ideological and political education from threats and challenges when subjected to external shocks.

实践资源和文化资源，对思想政治教育所起到的“佐证”和“促进协调发展”的作用，在整个自主知识体系运行中将发挥独特的“平衡”与“维护”功能，相当于理论知识体系中的“保护带”，维护思想政治教育拓展内容的主干理论在受到外界的冲击中抵御威胁和挑战。

In summary, the structural knowledge elements at these four levels should work synergistically in the expansion, construction, and implementation of the content of ideological and political education, ensuring that the educational goal and task of forging souls and cultivating people with Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era take root and bear fruit.

总之，这四个层面的结构性知识要素在思想政治教育内容的拓展建设和实施中应协同发挥作用，确保用习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想铸魂育人的教育目标任务落地生根。

(Author’s biography: Dong Yahua, Professor and Doctoral Supervisor, School of Marxism, Fudan University)

（作者简介：董雅华，复旦大学马克思主义学院教授、博士生导师）

Online editor: Tongxin

网络编辑：同心