The Focal Points for Constructing a Knowledge System for Online Ideological and Political Education

The discipline of ideological and political education is a product of China’s reform and opening up. Since its establishment in 1984, it has developed continuously with the times. In 1994, China gained full access to the international internet, ushering in the era of the internet and informatization, and online ideological and political education emerged as the times required. Along with the development of the internet, online ideological and political education has produced a large number of research results, gathered a stable research team, and cultivated a great many specialized professionals, presenting a trend of vigorous growth. At the same time, however, in the face of the rapid iteration of online information technology, the complexity and volatility of information in cyberspace, and the severe situation of ideological struggle online, online ideological and political education still has problems to a certain extent, such as incomplete adaptation to the new situation, insufficient systematicity, and the need to further improve its effectiveness. The Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively to Advance Chinese Path Modernization, deliberated and adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC [1], points out the need to “form a mechanism for the differentiated and targeted implementation of online ideological and moral education.” To implement this new requirement, it is necessary to vigorously promote the reform and innovation of online ideological and political education and to make accelerating the construction of an independent knowledge system for online ideological and political education a key task.

思想政治教育学科是中国改革开放的时代产物，自1984年创立以来，随着时代发展而不断发展。1994年中国全功能接入国际互联网，开启了互联网和信息化时代，网络思想政治教育应运而生。伴随互联网发展，网络思想政治教育产出了大批研究成果，汇聚了稳定的研究队伍，培养了大量的专业人才，呈现出蓬勃发展之势。但与此同时，面对网络信息技术的快速迭代、网络空间信息的复杂多变、网络意识形态斗争的严峻形势，网络思想政治教育在一定范围内还存在不完全适应新形势、不够完整系统、实效性有待进一步提高等问题。党的二十届三中全会审议通过的《中共中央关于进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化的决定》指出，要“形成网上思想道德教育分众化、精准化实施机制”。落实这一新要求，必须大力推进网络思想政治教育改革创新，并将加快构建网络思想政治教育自主知识体系作为重点工作。

First, base it on China’s actual conditions, highlighting the autonomy of knowledge in online ideological and political education. Basing oneself on one’s own country’s actual conditions is the prerequisite for constructing an independent knowledge system. Only by basing the construction of the knowledge system for online ideological and political education on China’s actual conditions can its autonomy be fully demonstrated. This can be grasped from both theoretical and practical dimensions.

其一，立足中国实际，彰显网络思想政治教育知识的自主性。立足本国实际是构建自主知识体系的前提，网络思想政治教育知识体系的构建只有立足中国实际才能充分彰显其自主性。这可从理论和实践两个维度进行把握。

On the one hand, consolidate the independent theoretical foundation. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC [2], General Secretary Xi Jinping has accurately grasped the trends and circumstances of the information age, closely integrated with China’s internet development and governance practices, and put forward a series of original new concepts, new ideas, and new strategies, providing fundamental guidance and theoretical support for the construction of an independent knowledge system for online ideological and political education. To construct an independent knowledge system for online ideological and political education, we should consciously take Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era as the guide, deeply study and expound on General Secretary Xi Jinping’s relevant important discourses on online

一方面，夯实自主理论基础。党的十八大以来，习近平总书记准确把握信息时代的时与势，紧密结合我国互联网发展治理实践，提出了一系列原创性的新理念新思想新战略，为网络思想政治教育自主知识体系构建提供了根本遵循和理论支撑。构建网络思想政治教育自主知识体系，应自觉以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为指导，深入研究阐释习近平总书记关于网络思想政治教育的相关重要论述，将知识体系建筑在坚实的自主理论基础之上。

On the other hand, deeply cultivate Chinese online practice. Practice is the foundational point from which a knowledge system originates, and the construction of an independent knowledge system of online ideological and political education must take root in Chinese online practice. Although China connected to the international internet relatively late, its achievements have attracted worldwide attention. At present, China ranks first globally in the scale of internet users, the number of national top-level domain name registrations, online retail sales, and the penetration rate of mobile payment. This vast and vibrant digital society is the practical fertile soil for constructing an independent knowledge system of online ideological and political education. Only on the basis of systematically reviewing the great journey, great transformation, and great achievements of China’s internet development can a knowledge system be formed that is grounded in China’s reality, possesses a Chinese style, and highlights a Chinese manner, endowing the knowledge of online ideological and political education with a “Chinese flavor,” imbuing it with “Chinese sentiment,” and embedding it with “Chinese wisdom.”

另一方面，深耕中国网络实践。实践是知识体系源发的基点，网络思想政治教育自主知识体系构建必须扎根中国网络实践。我国虽然接入国际互联网的时间较晚，但成就令世界瞩目。目前，中国网民规模、国家顶级域名注册量、网上零售额、移动支付普及率均列全球第一，这个规模庞大、生机勃勃的数字社会，是网络思想政治教育自主知识体系构建的实践沃土。只有在系统梳理中国网络发展伟大历程、伟大变革、伟大成就的基础上，才能形成立足中国实际、具有中国风格、凸显中国气派的知识体系，让网络思想政治教育知识具有“中国味”、饱含“中国情”、深藏“中国智”。

Second, follow the basic logic and expand the richness of knowledge in online ideological and political education. Online ideological and political education is a product of the combination of the internet and ideological and political education. Compared with traditional ideological and political education, online ideological and political education follows the basic logic of “online information technology — people’s thought and behavior — online ideological and political education.” That is, the development of online information technology promotes the development of the social economy, politics, and culture; the development of the economy, politics, culture, and technology influences changes in people’s thought and behavior; and in response to changes in people’s thought and behavior, online ideological and political education carries out educational practices that guide thought and regulate behavior. This basic logic not only reflects the development process of online ideological and political education but also interprets the relationship between social existence and social consciousness. The construction of an independent knowledge system of online ideological and political education should also consciously follow this basic logic.

其二，遵循基本逻辑，拓展网络思想政治教育知识的丰富度。网络思想政治教育是互联网与思想政治教育相结合的产物。相较于传统思想政治教育，网络思想政治教育遵循“网络信息技术—人的思想行为—网络思想政治教育”的基本逻辑，即网络信息技术发展促进了社会经济、政治、文化的发展，经济、政治、文化、技术的发展影响人们思想行为的变化，针对人们思想行为的变化，网络思想政治教育开展引导思想、规范行为的教育实践。这一基本逻辑，既反映了网络思想政治教育的发展进程，又诠释了社会存在与社会意识的关系，网络思想政治教育自主知识体系的构建也应自觉遵循这一基本逻辑。

Specifically, first, adapt to the situation of the rapid development of information technology, continuously expand cutting-edge knowledge about online information technology, and enable educators to “understand the internet” and “understand technology.” Knowledge in this dimension is highly cutting-edge and dynamically develops rapidly; it is the prerequisite and foundational knowledge within the knowledge system. Second, profoundly reveal the laws by which online information technology acts on society and on people, and expand relevant knowledge about the changes and development of people’s thought and behavior under online conditions. Knowledge in this dimension involves many disciplines such as communication studies, sociology, psychology, and philosophy. What needs to be constructed is a multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary comprehensive knowledge cluster, which serves as an analytical tool and belongs to the composite and analytical knowledge within the knowledge system. Third, in response to new changes and new requirements, deepen systematic research, and innovate and expand the professional knowledge of online ideological and political education. Knowledge in this dimension emphasizes disciplinary nature, highlights specificity, stresses adaptability, embodies innovativeness, and focuses on effectiveness; it is the practical and professional knowledge within the independent knowledge system. To construct an independent knowledge system of online ideological and political education, it is necessary to closely adhere to these three knowledge modules, continuously enrich the knowledge capacity, and enhance the depth of knowledge.

具体而言，第一，适应信息技术迅猛发展的形势，不断拓展关于网络信息技术的前沿知识，让教育者“懂网络”“懂技术”。这一维度的知识前沿性强、动态发展快，是知识体系中的前提类铺垫性知识。第二，深刻揭示网络信息技术作用于社会、作用于人的规律，拓展网络条件下人的思想行为变化发展的相关知识。这一维度的知识涉及传播学、社会学、心理学、哲学等诸多学科，要构建的是多学科交叉性的综合知识群，承担着分析工具的作用，属于知识体系中的复合类分析性知识。第三，针对新变化新要求，深化系统研究，创新拓展网络思想政治教育的专业知识。这一维度的知识注重学科性、突出针对性、强调适应性、体现创新性、着眼有效性，是自主知识体系中的实操类专业性知识。构建网络思想政治教育自主知识体系，要紧扣这三个知识模块，不断丰富知识容量、提升知识厚度。

Third, focus on systematic construction and promote the systematization of knowledge in online ideological and political education. For a long time, fragmentation and decentralization have been prominent problems plaguing the construction of a knowledge system of online ideological and political education. These problems make it difficult for the knowledge of online ideological and political education to form an organic whole, thereby restricting its effectiveness in application to practice. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on systematic construction, integrating prerequisite and foundational knowledge, composite and analytical knowledge, and practical and professional knowledge into corresponding systems, in order to promote the systematization of knowledge in online ideological and political education.

其三，着眼系统建构，推进网络思想政治教育知识的体系化。长期以来，碎片化、分散化是困扰网络思想政治教育知识体系构建的突出问题，这一问题导致网络思想政治教育的知识难以形成有机整体，进而制约其应用于实践的效力。为此，需要着眼系统建构，将前提类铺垫性知识、复合类分析性知识、实操类专业性知识整合融入相应体系中，以推进网络思想政治教育知识的体系化。

Specifically, efforts can be made in constructing a system of principles, a system of methods, and a system of comprehensive evaluation and governance for online ideological and political education. First, construct a system of principles for online ideological and political education. The construction of the principle system should be deeply integrated with people’s online practice. In the online information ecology, it should actively respond to the revolutionary impact of artificial intelligence technology, deeply advance the research and definition of concepts in online ideological and political education, and on this basis, update the conceptual category system, grasp new changes in subject-object interaction, profoundly summarize contradictions and laws, optimize the online education process, and look forward to new trends in intelligent development, forming a principle system that comprehensively reflects technological change, social transformation, and human change, and possesses academic rationality, a sense of the times, specificity, and explanatory power. Second, construct a system of methods for online ideological and political education. Integrate multidisciplinary knowledge and methods, deeply analyze typical cases, actively promote innovation in methods of online ideological and political education, and build a system of methods for online ideological and political education. On the one hand, actively explore and promote the online transformation of classic methods of ideological and political education, achieving their adaptive transformation; on the other hand, boldly innovate and use new methods, such as big data methods based on big data technology, precision push methods based on algorithm technology, and human-machine collaboration methods based on artificial intelligence technology, forming a method system composed of classic methods and emerging methods. Third, construct a system of comprehensive evaluation and governance for online ideological and political education. The comprehensive evaluation and governance system is an important link enabling the independent knowledge system of online ideological and political education to enter into independent evaluation, feedback absorption, self-renewal, and thus achieve spiral ascent. Comprehensive evaluation urgently requires efforts in setting up a comprehensive evaluation indicator system, collecting and analyzing big data on the thought and behavior of education subjects, and building intelligent evaluation platforms; the governance system needs to keep pace with the latest development trends of artificial intelligence technology and its social applications, innovate ethical norms, legal regulations, and self-discipline codes to enrich governance means, while solidly advancing innovation in governance systems and mechanisms, and effectively enhancing the governance effectiveness of online ideological and political education.

具体可从建构网络思想政治教育的原理体系、方法体系以及综合评价和治理体系等方面着力。一是建构网络思想政治教育原理体系。原理体系的建构要深度结合人的网络实践，在网络信息生态中，积极回应人工智能技术的革命性影响，深度推进网络思想政治教育概念研究和界定，并以此为基础，更新概念范畴体系、把握主客互动新变化、深刻总结矛盾和规律、优化网络育人过程、展望智慧化发展新趋势等，形成全面反映技术变迁、社会变革、人的变化，具有学理性、时代感、针对性、阐释力的原理体系。二是建构网络思想政治教育方法体系。融合多学科知识与方法，深度剖析典型案例，积极推进网络思想政治教育方法创新，搭建网络思想政治教育方法体系。一方面积极探索和推动思想政治教育经典方法的网络化，实现其适应性转化；另一方面大胆创新和使用新方法，如基于大数据技术的大数据方法、基于算法技术的精准推送方法、基于人工智能技术的人机协同方法等，形成由经典方法和新兴方法组成的方法体系。三是建构网络思想政治教育综合评价和治理体系。综合评价和治理体系是网络思想政治教育自主知识体系能够进入自主评价、反馈吸收、自我更新进而实现螺旋式上升的重要一环。综合评价亟须在综合评价指标体系的设置、教育对象思想行为大数据收集与分析、智能化评价平台的搭建上发力；治理体系则需要紧跟人工智能技术及其社会应用的最新发展态势，创新伦理规范、法律规约、自律条例以丰富治理手段，同时扎实推进治理体制机制创新，切实提升网络思想政治教育治理效能。

(Authors: Xie Yujin and Li Jun, respectively a researcher at the Beijing Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era Research Center and a professor at the School of Marxism, Beihang University; and Deputy Party Secretary and Vice Dean of the School of Economics and Management, Beijing Forestry University)

（作者：谢玉进 李军，分别系北京市习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想研究中心研究员、北京航空航天大学马克思主义学院教授；北京林业大学经济管理学院党委副书记、副院长）

Online editor: Tongxin

网络编辑：同心