An Analysis of the Conceptual Connotations, Interrelations, and Holistic Nature of Party Spirit, Party Conduct, and Party Discipline

Strong Party spirit, fine Party conduct, and strict Party discipline are distinctive features and significant advantages that distinguish the Communist Party of China from other political parties, and they are also important instruments for the century-old major party to overcome difficulties and forever maintain its original aspiration. As important concepts in Marxist Party-building theory, Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline have a profound internal connection, being both interdependent and mutually influential. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out in his speech at the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the CPC: “Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline form an organic whole, with Party spirit as the foundation, Party conduct as the manifestation, and Party discipline as the guarantee.” [1]1 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Communist Party of China” (January 18, 2022), in *Xi Jinping on Comprehensively and Strictly Governing the Party*, Excerpts, Beijing: Central Party Literature Press, 2024, p. 72. This important exposition profoundly reveals the mutual interaction and inherent unity among Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline, charting the course for strengthening Party building in the New Era and providing fundamental guidance for forging a more powerful Marxist ruling party.

坚强的党性、优良的党风、严明的党纪是中国共产党区别于其他政党的鲜明特征和显著优势，也是百年大党攻坚克难、永葆初心的重要法宝。作为马克思主义党建理论的重要概念，党性党风党纪三者之间具有深刻的内在联系，既相互依存又相互影响。习近平总书记在党的十九届中央纪委六次全会上的讲话中指出:“党性、党风、党纪是有机整体，党性是根本，党风是表现，党纪是保障。”这一重要论述深刻揭示了党性党风党纪三者之间的相互作用、内在统一的关系，为新时代加强党的建设指明了方向，为锻造更加强大的马克思主义执政党提供了根本遵循。

Since the 1980s, academia has conducted some research on the interrelations among Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline. Entering the New Era, especially since the 20th National Congress of the CPC, academic research on the relationships among the three has seen a surge, mainly focusing on their holistic nature and how to “grasp them together.” [2]2 The 20th National Congress of the CPC was held in October 2022. Reviewing existing academic research, on the one hand, scholars have elaborated on the relationships among the three based on an analysis of their concepts. Some scholars have explored the relationship between Party spirit and Party conduct, arguing that Party spirit determines Party conduct, and Party conduct embodies Party spirit. Some scholars have explored the relationship between Party spirit and Party discipline, holding that “the Party spirit of the Communist Party of China is the soul of intra-Party regulations and systems.” [3]3 Intra-Party regulations are the rules and systems formulated by the CPC to regulate the conduct of its organizations and members. Other scholars have comprehensively discussed the interrelations among Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline. On the other hand, from the perspective of comprehensive and strict governance of the Party, in studying the important proposition of “persisting in grasping Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline together,” academia has treated the three as an integrated whole for research, achieving certain results in studying the generative logic, internal logic, value implications, and practical approaches of this organic whole of Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline. Existing research has important reference value for scientifically grasping and deeply understanding the interrelations and holistic nature of Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline, but there remains room for further deepening. Specifically, existing research either focuses on exploring the relationship between two of the concepts or studies the interrelations among the three, but has not yet systematically examined their evolutionary trajectory over the CPC’s century-long history. Furthermore, the systematic and theoretical explanation of the “trinity” holistic relationship among the three needs further enhancement. Based on this, this article, on the basis of analyzing the conceptual connotations of Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline and examining the CPC’s historical process of understanding the relationships among them, guided by General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important expositions on Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline, provides a theoretical explanation of their interrelations and strives to grasp them from a holistic perspective. This helps deepen our understanding of the interrelations among Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline, enhance the theoretical and practical consciousness of persisting in grasping Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline together on the new journey of the New Era, and advance the in-depth implementation of the study and education work on the spirit of the Eight-Point Regulations. [4]4 The Eight-Point Regulations are a set of rules on austerity and work style issued by the CPC Central Committee in December 2012.

从20世纪80年代起，学界对党性党风党纪的相互关系进行了一定研究。进入新时代尤其是党的二十大以来，学界对三者关系的研究出现了热潮，主要聚焦于三者的整体性以及如何“一起抓”。回溯学界既有研究，一方面，学界在探讨党性党风党纪概念的基础上阐述三者之间的关系。有学者探讨了党性与党风的关系，认为党性决定党风，党风体现党性。有学者探讨了党性与党纪的关系，认为“中国共产党党性是党内法规制度的灵魂”。也有学者全面探讨了党性党风党纪三者的相互关系。另一方面，学界从全面从严治党角度，在研究“坚持党性党风党纪一起抓”这个重要命题中，将三者视为联动的整体进行研究，在党性党风党纪这一有机整体的生成理路、内在逻辑、价值意蕴与实践进路的研究上取得一定成果。已有研究对于科学把握、深刻理解党性党风党纪相互关系及其整体性有着重要的参考价值，但仍存在进一步深化的空间。具体而言，已有研究或聚焦于探讨某两个概念之间的关系，或研究三者相互关系，但尚未系统考察其在中国共产党百余年历程中的演进脉络。除此之外，对三者“三位一体”整体性关系的系统化、学理化阐释有待进一步提升。基于此，本文在辨析党性党风党纪的概念内涵、考察中国共产党对党性党风党纪关系的认识历程基础上，以习近平总书记关于党性党风党纪的重要论述为指导，对党性党风党纪的相互关系进行学理性阐释，并力求从整体性角度加以把握。这有助于我们深化对党性党风党纪相互关系的认识，增强新时代新征程上坚持党性党风党纪一起抓的理论自觉与行动自觉，推进深入贯彻中央八项规定精神学习教育工作。

I. Conceptual Analysis of Party Spirit, Party Conduct, and Party Discipline

一、党性党风党纪的概念辨析

Concepts are the foundation of academic research. To further clarify the relationships among Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline, it is necessary, from historical and theoretical perspectives and in conjunction with existing academic research, to conduct a theoretical analysis of the conceptual connotations of Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline.

概念是进行学术研究的基石。为进一步厘清党性党风党纪三者之间的关系，有必要从历史与理论的视角出发，结合当前学界已有研究，对党性、党风和党纪的概念内涵进行学理性辨析。

(A) The Conceptual Connotation of Party Spirit

(一)党性的概念内涵

Party spirit is an important criterion for measuring whether a Party member is qualified and an important basis for the CPC to maintain its advanced nature and purity. To understand the term “Party spirit,” it is necessary to examine its origin and development process. Marx and Engels understood Party spirit from philosophical and class standpoints. Lenin extended the concept of Party spirit to the field of “political parties,” understanding it in terms of class nature and organizational discipline, pointing out: “Party spirit is the result and political expression of highly developed class antagonism,” [5]5 V. I. Lenin, “The Socialist Party and Non-Party Revolutionism” (November-December 1905), in *Collected Works of Lenin*, Vol. 12, Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 1987, p. 123. and considered the Mensheviks’ behavior of splitting the organization as “a genuine struggle of circle habits against Party spirit.” [6]6 V. I. Lenin, “The Struggle for the Proletariat and the Servility of the Bourgeoisie” (June 1906), in *Collected Works of Lenin*, Vol. 13, Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 1987, p. 53. The CPC’s understanding of the concept of Party spirit has deepened with the development of the Party’s theory and practice, mainly reflected in the following aspects: First, it holds that Party spirit is the highest and most concentrated expression of class nature. In June 1941, Liu Shaoqi pointed out in his article “The Class Nature of Man”: “The Party spirit of a Communist Party member is the highest and most concentrated expression of the class nature of the proletariat.” [7]7 Liu Shaoqi, “The Class Nature of Man” (June 1941), in *Selected Works of Liu Shaoqi*, Vol. 1, Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 1981, p. 225. Party spirit originates from the class nature of the proletariat but is also higher than general class nature; it is the highest and most concentrated expression of this class nature. Second, it understands Party spirit from the perspective of ideological method. When criticizing the subjectivist style of work that considers itself infallible as a manifestation of impure Party spirit, Mao Zedong also pointed out: “Seeking truth from facts and the close integration of theory and practice are the minimum attitude of a Party member with strong Party spirit.” [8]8 Mao Zedong, “Reform Our Study” (May 1941), in *Selected Works of Mao Zedong*, Vol. 3, Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 1991, p. 800. Seeking truth from facts is the fundamental requirement for Communists to understand and transform the world and is the foundation of the proletarian worldview. Adhering to seeking truth from facts is the greatest Party spirit, requiring Party members to speak the truth and honest words, and to integrate the basic principles of Marxism with China’s specific realities. Third, it holds that Party spirit possesses organizational discipline. Liu Shaoqi pointed out that the Party spirit of a Communist Party member “is manifested in his highest organizational discipline and sense of discipline.” [9]9 Liu Shaoqi, “On the Cultivation of Communist Party Members” (July 1939), in *Selected Works of Liu Shaoqi*, Vol. 1, Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 1981, p. 135. Party spirit requires Party members to obey the Party organization and to be loyal to the Party. Fourth, it holds that Party spirit and people’s nature are consistent and unified. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “Party spirit and people’s nature have always been consistent and unified.” [10]10 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the National Conference on Propaganda and Ideological Work” (August 19, 2013), in *Xi Jinping on the Overall Situation of the Party’s Propaganda and Ideological Work*, Beijing: Central Party Literature Press, 2019, p. 23. It can be said that Party spirit and people’s nature are inseparable, and people’s nature is the most important value orientation of Party spirit.

党性是衡量党员是否合格的重要标准，是中国共产党保持先进性和纯洁性的重要依据。理解党性一词，需要对其起源和发展历程进行考察。马克思恩格斯从哲学和阶级立场上理解党性。列宁把党性的概念拓展到“政党”领域，从阶级性和组织性上理解党性，指出:“党性是高度发展的阶级对立的结果和政治表现”,认为孟什维克分裂组织的行为“是小组习气同党性的真正斗争”。中国共产党对党性概念的认识随着党的理论与实践发展而不断深化，主要体现在以下方面:一是认为党性是阶级性最高而集中的体现。1941年6月，刘少奇在《人的阶级性》一文中指出:“共产党员的党性，就是无产者阶级性最高而集中的表现”。党性源于无产阶级的阶级性，同时又高于一般的阶级性，是这种阶级性最高而集中的表现。二是从思想方法角度理解党性。毛泽东在批评那种自以为是的主观主义作风是党性不纯的表现时，同时指出:“实事求是，理论与实际密切联系，则是一个党性坚强的党员的起码态度”。实事求是是共产党人认识与改造世界的根本要求，是无产阶级世界观的基础。坚持实事求是是最大党性，要求党员讲真话、讲实话，把马克思主义基本原理同中国具体实际相结合。三是认为党性具有组织纪律性。刘少奇指出，共产党员的党性“表现在他有最高的组织性与纪律性上”。党性要求党员要服从党组织，坚持对党忠诚。四是认为党性和人民性具有一致性、统一性。习近平总书记指出:“党性和人民性从来都是一致的、统一的”。可以说，党性与人民性是密不可分的，人民性是党性最重要的价值取向。

Current academic discussions on the concept of Party spirit mainly focus on the following three aspects: First, the relationship between Party spirit and the nature of the Party. Some scholars believe that “the Party spirit of a political party is the nature of that political party.” [11]11 Li Junru, “On the Party Spirit of the Communist Party of China,” *Journal of the Party School of the Central Committee of the CPC*, 2007, No. 3. Other scholars argue that Party spirit and the nature of the Party are both connected and different, and the relationship between the two should not be confused: “The nature of the Party and Party spirit are the relationship between the general and the individual, the whole and the part, the source and the flow.” [12]12 Liu Binghui, “On the Relationship between the Nature of the Party and Party Spirit,” *Journal of the Party School of the Central Committee of the CPC*, 2008, No. 3. Second, there are different dimensions and levels of understanding and using the concept of Party spirit. The “Dictionary of Organizational Work of the Communist Party of China,” revised and published by the Organization Department of the CPC Central Committee in 2009, states that Party spirit is “the inherent essential attribute of a political party,” and “the Party spirit of a proletarian political party is the highest and most concentrated expression of the class nature of the proletariat.” [13]13 Organization Department of the CPC Central Committee, ed., *Dictionary of Organizational Work of the Communist Party of China*, Beijing: Party Building Readings Press, 2009, p. 76. This understands Party spirit from the level of the political party organization. Some scholars also believe that “Party spirit has both the Party spirit at the organizational level and the Party spirit at the individual Party member level,” [14]14 Chen Shaojian, “On the Dual Attributes of Party Spirit,” *Journal of the Party School of the Central Committee of the CPC*, 2005, No. 4. meaning it possesses both organizational and individual attributes. Third, understanding Party spirit from its characteristics. Academia mainly explains the characteristics of Party spirit in terms of class nature, advanced nature, people’s nature, purity, timeliness, and discipline. Additionally, some scholars, based on a systems theory perspective, believe that Party spirit is a system and depict its characteristics from three levels: “the fundamental attribute of the Party,” “the basic attributes of the Party,” and “the specific attributes of the Party.” [15]15 Wang Xiyuan, “A Systems Theory Perspective on the Structure of Party Spirit,” *Journal of the Party School of the Central Committee of the CPC*, 2010, No. 2.

当前学界对党性概念的探讨主要集中在以下三个方面:一是关于党性与党的性质的关系。有学者认为“政党的党性就是一个政党的性质”。也有学者认为党性和党的性质既有联系又有区别，不能混淆二者关系，“党的性质和党性是一般和个别、整体和个体、源和流的关系”。二是对党性概念有着不同维度与层面的理解与使用。中共中央组织部在2009年修订出版的《中国共产党组织工作辞典》中指出，党性即“政党所固有的本质属性”，“无产阶级政党的党性，是无产阶级阶级性最高、最集中的表现”。这是从政党组织层面理解党性。也有学者认为，“党性既有组织整体层面的党性，又有党员个体层面的党性”,即兼具组织和个体两重属性。三是从特性上理解党性。学界主要从阶级性、先进性、人民性、纯洁性、时代性、纪律性等方面阐释党性的特性。除此之外，有学者基于系统论视角，认为党性是一个系统，并从“党的根本属性”“党的基本属性”“党的具体属性”三个层次来描绘党性的特性。

Fundamentally, Party spirit is the concentrated expression of the class attributes represented by a political party and is a matter of standpoint. From the party level, the Party spirit of the CPC is a comprehensive manifestation of the advanced nature and purity of the proletariat and the people’s nature in political, ideological, organizational, and other aspects. It takes safeguarding the fundamental interests of the proletariat and the vast majority of the people as its value orientation and distinctly embodies the CPC’s class attributes, ideals and beliefs, and political pursuits. Party spirit is not abstract but concrete; it must be presented through the thoughts and actions of individual Party members and be perceived by the masses. Therefore, at the individual Party member level, Party spirit is also the embodiment of the Party’s class stance, political goals, political line, and Party discipline in the consciousness, stance, conduct, and cultivation of Communist Party members, and is the cornerstone for Communist Party members to establish themselves, pursue their careers, articulate their views, and cultivate their virtue.

从根本上看，党性是一个政党所代表的阶级属性的集中表现，是立场问题。从政党层面看，中国共产党的党性是无产阶级的先进性和纯洁性与人民性在政治、思想、组织等层面的综合体现，以维护无产阶级和最广大人民根本利益为价值导向，鲜明体现中国共产党的阶级属性、理想信念、政治追求。党性不是抽象的而是具体的，必须通过党员个体的思想与行动呈现出来，为人民群众所感知。因此，在党员个体层面上，党性又是党的阶级立场、政治目标、政治路线以及党的纪律在共产党员意识、立场、作风、修养诸方面的体现，是共产党员立身、立业、立言、立德的基石。

(B) The Conceptual Connotation of Party Conduct

(二)党风的概念内涵

Party conduct, namely the Party’s style of work, embodies the Party’s image and prestige. Mao Zedong put forward the concept of “Party conduct” in his article “Rectify the Party’s Style of Work.” He pointed out: “What is meant by some incorrectness in Party conduct means the malady of sectarianism,” and also noted that “the style of study and the style of writing are also the Party’s style of work, both are Party conduct.” [16]16 Mao Zedong, “Rectify the Party’s Style of Work” (1942), a speech calling for a campaign to correct subjectivism, sectarianism, and stereotyped Party writing within the CPC. Mao Zedong’s understanding of Party conduct had both a narrow and a broad sense. In the narrow sense, Party conduct refers to the Party’s organizational style. In the broad sense, Mao Zedong expanded Party conduct to include multiple aspects such as the style of study and the style of writing. Deng Xiaoping linked Party conduct with Party leadership, believing that Party conduct concerns Party leadership, and pointed out: “Whether the Communist Party is qualified for leadership depends on our Party’s ideology and style of work,” and “to uphold Party leadership, we must improve Party leadership and improve the Party’s style of work.” Jiang Zemin stated: “The Party’s style of work is the Party’s image.” Hu Jintao pointed out: “The Party’s fine style of work is an important guarantee for the Party to remain invincible.” General Secretary Xi Jinping reiterated the importance of Party conduct, emphasizing that it “concerns the support or opposition of the people, concerns the life or death of the Party.”

党风即党的作风，体现着党的形象和威望。毛泽东在《整顿党的作风》一文中提出了“党风”概念。他指出:“所谓党风有些不正，就是说有宗派主义的毛病”，并同时指出“学风和文风也都是党的作风，都是党风”。毛泽东对党风的理解有狭义和广义之分。狭义上，党风是指党的组织作风。广义上，毛泽东将党风拓展到包括学风和文风等多个方面。邓小平将党风与党的领导联系起来，认为党风关系党的领导，指出:“共产党的领导够不够格，决定于我们党的思想和作风”,“要坚持党的领导，必须改善党的领导，改进党的作风”。江泽民提出:“党的作风是党的形象”。胡锦涛指出:“党的优良作风是党始终立于不败之地的重要保证。”习近平总书记重申党风的重要性，强调党风“关系人心向背，关系党的生死存亡”。

Academic research on the conceptual connotation of Party conduct generally has the following three viewpoints: First, the “content theory.” Starting from the specific content and forms of Party conduct, it enumerates the concrete manifestations of Party conduct in politics, ideology, organization, work, and life, holding that Party conduct is the style of the Party and its members, “including the Party’s ideological style, political style, work style, leadership style, lifestyle style, as well as meeting style, writing style, and other content.” Second, the “essence theory.” It holds that what plays a decisive role behind Party conduct is the nature, purpose, stance, and value orientation of the Communist Party of China, and that “the Party’s style of work embodies the Party’s spiritual character; it carries rich content in its external manifestations,” being the fine style forged by the Party’s original aspiration and founding mission, ideological principles, organizational purpose, and Party spirit requirements. Third, the “image theory.” Starting from the strong intuitiveness of Party conduct, it holds that Party conduct is closely related to the Party’s image and affects the masses’ perception and judgment of the Party.

学界对党风概念内涵的研究大致有以下三种观点:一是“内容说”。从党风的具体内容与形式出发，对党风在政治上、思想上、组织上、工作上和生活上的具体表现进行列举，认为党风就是党和党员的作风，“包含党的思想作风、政治作风、工作作风、领导作风、生活作风以及会风、文风等内容”。二是“本质说”。认为党风背后起决定性作用的是中国共产党的性质、宗旨、立场、价值取向等，“党的作风体现我们党的精神品格，它以外在的表现形式承载着丰富的内容”，是党的初心使命、思想原则、组织宗旨、党性要求锻造出的优良作风。三是“形象说”。从党风具有强烈的直观性出发，认为党风与党的形象密切相关，影响着广大群众对党的认知与判断。

Based on existing academic research, this article analyzes the concept of Party conduct from dimensions such as its essential attributes, main characteristics, and value implications. Party conduct is the external manifestation of the Party’s nature. Parties of different natures have different missions and purposes, represent the interests of different classes and strata, and their members also have different mental outlooks and behaviors, shaping different Party conduct. The Communist Party of China is the vanguard of the Chinese working class, and at the same time the vanguard of the Chinese people and the Chinese nation. It has always adhered to the guidance of Marxism, possesses firm ideals and convictions, takes the interests of the broadest masses of the people as its own interests, and regards serving the people wholeheartedly as its fundamental purpose. It is a party with fine Party conduct. Party conduct has notable characteristics: First, it has collectivity, existing both as the individual will and behavior of Party members and as the style and image of the Party organization and the entire Party. Second, it has stability. The formation of Party conduct is a process, gradually formed through long-term cultivation and tempering; once formed, it will exist relatively stably. Third, it has infectivity. Within the Party, the overall atmosphere will subtly influence every member. Outside the Party, fine Party conduct can drive government conduct, social conduct, and popular conduct to improve. In terms of value, the Party’s style of work concerns the support or opposition of the people and concerns the success or failure of the Party’s and the state’s cause.

基于学界的已有研究，本文从党风的本质属性、主要特点及价值意蕴等维度辨析党风概念。党风是党的性质的外在表现，不同性质的政党有着不同的使命宗旨，代表着不同的阶级、阶层利益，其成员也有着不同的精神面貌与行为举止，形塑着不同的党风。中国共产党是中国工人阶级的先锋队，同时是中国人民和中华民族的先锋队，始终坚持以马克思主义为指导，具有坚定的理想信念，党以最广大人民群众的利益为自己的利益诉求，将全心全意为人民服务作为自己的根本宗旨，是具有优良党风的政党。党风具有显著特点:一是具有群体性，既作为党员的个人意志、行为而存在，又表现为党组织和整个党的风貌和形象。二是具有稳定性，党风的形成是一个过程，是经过长期培养和历练逐步形成的，一旦形成便会相对稳定地存在。三是具有感染性。在党内，整体风气会潜移默化地影响每一个成员。在党外，优良的党风能带动政风社风民风向上向好。从价值上看，党的作风关系人心向背，关系党和国家事业的兴衰成败。

In summary, Party conduct is the external manifestation of the Party’s essential issues such as its nature and purpose, and is the stable attitude and behavior displayed by Party organizations at all levels, leading cadres, and Party members in thought, politics, work, and life. Party conduct is an important basis for the people to perceive the Party’s image and form political feelings toward the Party. Therefore, the Party-mass relationship is the core proposition and fundamental purpose of conduct building.

总之，党风是党的性质、宗旨等本质问题的外在表现，是党的各级组织、领导干部以及党员在思想、政治、工作、生活中表现出的稳定的态度和行为。党风是人民群众认知党的形象、形成对党的政治情感的重要依据，因此党群关系是作风建设的核心命题和基本目的所在。

(III) The Conceptual Connotation of Party Discipline

(三)党纪的概念内涵

Party discipline, the abbreviation for the Party’s discipline, is an important constituent element of a political party organization. Marx pointed out: “We must now absolutely maintain Party discipline, otherwise nothing will be accomplished.” Strict Party discipline is a distinctive feature of Marxist political parties and an important weapon for maintaining the cohesion and combat effectiveness of the proletarian ranks. As a Marxist political party, the Communist Party of China has, since its birth, always attached great importance to the role of Party discipline and vigorously grasped the building of Party discipline. Regarding the conceptual connotation of Party discipline, academic research mainly focuses on the following three aspects: First, defining the connotation of Party discipline from the expression of institutionalized texts such as the Party Constitution, holding that Party discipline is a mandatory code of conduct that must be followed by Party organizations at all levels and all Party members. Second, exploring its connotation from broad and narrow perspectives, holding that due to differences in the context of concept application and the emphasis on Party discipline practice, the concept of “Party discipline” actually has a distinction between broad and narrow senses. Third, understanding the conceptual connotation of Party discipline more deeply through a horizontal comparison of intra-Party regulations, Party discipline, and Party rules.

党纪是党的纪律的简称，是政党组织的重要构成要素。马克思指出:“我们现在必须绝对保持党的纪律，否则将一事无成。”严明的党纪是马克思主义政党的鲜明特点，是保持无产阶级队伍凝聚力、战斗力的重要武器。中国共产党作为马克思主义政党，自诞生以来，始终高度重视党纪的作用，狠抓党的纪律建设。关于党纪的概念内涵，学界的研究主要集中在以下三个方面:一是从党章等制度化文本表述来定义党的纪律的内涵，认为党的纪律是各级党组织和全体党员必须遵循的具有强制性的行为准则。二是从广义和狭义的角度探究其内涵，认为由于对概念运用的语境和所强调的党纪实践侧重不同，“党的纪律”概念实际上存在着广义和狭义的区分。三是从党内法规、党的纪律、党的规矩的横向比较中，更深入地理解党的纪律的概念内涵。

The author believes that the analysis of the conceptual connotation of Party discipline should be based on institutionalized expressions regarding Party discipline, such as the Constitution of the Communist Party of China and the Regulations of the Communist Party of China on Disciplinary Sanctions, and should be given a systematic and theoretical definition from aspects such as essential attributes, normative content, and important functions. From the essence of Party discipline, Party discipline has distinct class character and political nature, embodying the overall will and fundamental interests of the Chinese working class and its party, the Chinese people, and the Chinese nation. This determines that Party members and cadres who violate the fundamental interests of the proletariat and the broadest masses of the people will be subject to punishment by Party discipline. From the subject of establishing discipline, Party discipline is a code of conduct formulated by the Party; its subject of establishing discipline must be the Party, and “the Party’s work of establishing discipline must be carried out in accordance with the Party Constitution and regulations on a democratic and scientific basis.” From the object, Party discipline mainly regulates the thoughts and behavior of Party members and Party organizations at all levels. From the content, Party discipline mainly includes obligatory and prohibitive norms. Obligatory norms stipulate the Party member obligations that must be fulfilled, while prohibitive norms stipulate that Party members cannot engage in certain behaviors, thereby setting up non-negotiable forbidden zones, bottom lines, and red lines. From the function, Party discipline has an important normative function for the activities of Party organizations and Party members, conducive to maintaining the Party’s centralized unified leadership and the Party’s unity and solidarity, and forever preserving the Party’s advanced nature and purity.

笔者认为，对党纪的概念内涵进行分析，应以《中国共产党章程》《中国共产党纪律处分条例》等关于党的纪律的制度化表述为依据，从本质属性、规范内容、重要作用等方面给予系统性、学理化的定义。从党纪本质看，党的纪律具有鲜明的阶级性与政治性，体现了中国工人阶级及其政党、中国人民和中华民族的整体意志和根本利益，这决定了党员、干部如果违背无产阶级和最广大人民根本利益就要受到党的纪律的惩处。从立纪主体看，党的纪律是由党制定的行为规则，其立纪主体必然是党，“党的立纪工作必须在民主科学基础上依章依规进行”。从对象上看，党的纪律主要规范党员和各级党组织的思想和行为。从内容上看，党纪主要包括义务性和禁止性规范，其中义务性规范规定党员必须履行的党员义务，而禁止性规范则规定了党员不能发生某种行为，从而设置了不可逾越的禁区、底线与红线。从作用上看，党的纪律对于党的组织和党员活动具有重要的规范功能，有利于维护党的集中统一领导和党的团结统一，永葆党的先进性和纯洁性。

Combining the above analysis, we can define the concept of Party discipline as follows: Party discipline is a normative system formulated by the Communist Party of China in the long-term practice of revolution, construction, and reform, embodying the Party’s will, based on the Party’s nature, purpose, and program, with the main purpose of maintaining the Party’s centralized unified leadership and the Party’s unity and solidarity, and forever preserving the Party’s advanced nature and purity, with obligatory and prohibitive norms as its main content, guaranteed in implementation through the ideological consciousness of Party members and organizational binding force, and regulating the words and deeds of all Party organizations and Party members and cadres. In a broad sense, all codes of conduct that belong to maintaining the Party’s unity and solidarity and accomplishing the Party’s tasks are Party discipline. According to the relevant provisions of the Regulations of the Communist Party of China on Disciplinary Sanctions, Party discipline includes political discipline, organizational discipline, integrity discipline, mass discipline, work discipline, and life discipline. In a narrow sense, Party discipline mainly includes relevant binding rules and regulations within the Party, namely the intra-Party regulations and systems that Party members and Party organizations at all levels must abide by, and whose implementation is guaranteed through means such as the application of Party disciplinary sanctions.

结合上述分析，我们可以对党纪概念作出如下界定:党的纪律是中国共产党在长期的革命、建设、改革实践中，体现党的意志，基于党的性质、宗旨、纲领，以维护党的集中统一领导和党的团结统一，永葆党的先进性和纯洁性为主要目的，以义务性规范和禁止性规范为主要内容，通过党员思想自觉和组织约束力保证实施，规范党的所有组织和党员、干部言行的规范体系。从广义上看，凡属于维护党的团结统一、完成党的任务的行为规范都属于党的纪律。根据《中国共产党纪律处分条例》的相关规定，党的纪律包括政治纪律、组织纪律、廉洁纪律、群众纪律、工作纪律、生活纪律。从狭义上看，党的纪律主要包括党内具有约束性的相关规章制度，即党员和各级党组织必须遵守的、通过运用党纪处分等手段保障实施的党内法规制度。

II. The Evolution of Understanding and Theoretical Elucidation of the Interrelationship among Party Spirit, Party Conduct, and Party Discipline

二、党性党风党纪相互关系的认识演进与学理阐释

With the continuous advancement of Party building, the Communist Party of China’s understanding of the interrelationship among Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline has undergone a process of continuous deepening and gradual systematization, gradually recognizing that there is a profound internal connection among Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline: Party spirit is the internal basis of Party conduct and Party discipline, Party conduct is the external manifestation of Party spirit and Party discipline, and Party discipline is an important guarantee for Party spirit and Party conduct.

随着党的建设的不断推进，中国共产党对党性党风党纪相互关系的认识经历了一个不断深入、逐步系统化的过程，逐步认识到党性党风党纪之间有着深刻的内在联系，党性是党风党纪的内在根据，党风是党性党纪的外在表现，党纪是党性党风的重要保障。

(I) The Historical Evolution of the Communist Party of China’s Understanding of the Relationship among Party Spirit, Party Conduct, and Party Discipline

(一)中国共产党对党性党风党纪关系认识的历史演进

Persistently and unremittingly grasping Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline runs through the more than one hundred years of history of the Communist Party of China’s self-building. In this process, the Communist Party of China has continuously deepened its understanding of the internal connection among Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline, enriching and developing the Marxist-Leninist view of Party spirit, view of Party conduct, and view of Party discipline.

坚持不懈抓党性党风党纪贯穿中国共产党自身建设的百余年历史。在这一过程中，中国共产党不断加深对党性党风党纪内在联系的认识，丰富发展了马克思列宁主义的党性观、党风观、党纪观。

As early as the period of the Agrarian Revolutionary War, the Communist Party of China clarified the relationship between Party discipline and Party conduct. In April 1928, Mao Zedong proposed the “Three Main Rules of Discipline and Six Points for Attention” for the Red Army, strengthening the conduct building of the Party and the people’s army by forging strict discipline, and drawing the Party and the masses closer together. During the Yan’an period, in order to resolve the ideological line issues left over from the Party’s history and to purge the problems of incorrect Party conduct, incorrect study conduct, and incorrect literary conduct existing within the Party, the entire Party carried out a rectification movement to strengthen the Party’s conduct building. At the same time, Party spirit became an extremely prominent topic in Party building. Party leaders made preliminary elaborations on the relationship among Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline. Mao Zedong pointed out: “The subjective style of work characterized by carelessness and self-righteousness is the first manifestation of impure Party spirit.” [17]17 "Ox nose" (牛鼻子) is a Chinese idiom meaning the key or crucial point that controls the whole situation. Ren Bishi pointed out: “Establishing close ties with the masses… is also a major indicator for measuring Party spirit.” [18]18 Xi Jinping, "Speech at the National Conference on Party Conduct and Integrity and the Anti-Corruption Campaign," January 13, 2017. This in fact clarified the relationship between Party conduct and Party spirit, namely, that Party conduct is a reflection of Party spirit. Chen Yun emphasized the need to “use discipline to guarantee the unity of the Party’s will and action,” [19]19 Mao Zedong, "Struggle to Build a Great, Glorious, and Correct Party," 1951. which indicated the important guarantee role of discipline in enhancing the Party spirit of Party members. After the founding of New China, the Party strengthened Party spirit education, conduct building, and discipline building through a series of Party consolidation and rectification campaigns. In summary, the Chinese Communists, with Comrade Mao Zedong as their chief representative, in advancing the great project of Party building, provided preliminary elaborations on the relationship among Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline, offering important guidance for Party spirit education, Party spirit cultivation, Party spirit tempering, conduct building, and discipline building.

早在土地革命战争时期，中国共产党就明晰了党纪与党风的关系。1928年4月，毛泽东提出红军的“三大纪律、六项注意”，通过铸就严明纪律加强党和人民军队的作风建设，密切党和人民群众联系。延安时期，为了解决党的历史上遗留的思想路线问题，肃清党内存在着的党风不正、学风不正和文风不正的问题，全党开展整风运动，加强党的作风建设。与此同时，党性成为党的建设的一个极为突出的课题。党的领导人对党性党风党纪关系进行了初步的阐述。毛泽东指出:“粗枝大叶、自以为是的主观主义作风，就是党性不纯的第一个表现”。任弼时指出:“与群众建立密切的联系……也是测量党性的一个主要标志”。这实际上就明确了党风与党性的关系，即党风是对党性的反映。陈云强调要“用纪律保障党的意志和行动的统一”,这指明了纪律对提高党员党性的重要保障作用。新中国成立以后，党通过一系列整党、整风来加强党性教育、作风建设与纪律建设。总之，以毛泽东同志为主要代表的中国共产党人在推进党的建设伟大工程中，对党性党风党纪的关系予以初步阐述，为党性教育、党性修养、党性锻炼和作风建设以及纪律建设提供了重要指导。

After reform and opening up, facing the opportunities and challenges brought to Party building by reform and opening up and the development of the socialist market economy, the Communist Party of China further understood and elaborated on the intrinsic connections and interactions among Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline from a holistic perspective. In September 1985, Deng Xiaoping pointed out that rectifying Party conduct is the key to rectifying social conduct, and that in the process of Party consolidation, it is necessary to “unify thinking, rectify conduct, strengthen discipline, and purify the organization; none of these four can be omitted,” [20]20 Xi Jinping, "Speech at the National Conference on Party Building," July 1, 2016. thereby placing Party spirit education, conduct building, discipline building, and organizational building on a par for consideration. Chen Yun pointed out: “While grasping ideological and political work, we must strictly enforce Party discipline and government discipline, only then can Party conduct be fundamentally improved.” [21]21 Xi Jinping, "Speech at the National Conference on Party Conduct and Integrity and the Anti-Corruption Campaign," January 13, 2017. This highlighted the decisive role of Party spirit education and discipline building in rectifying Party conduct. After the Fourth Plenary Session of the 13th Central Committee of the Party, the Chinese Communists, with Comrade Jiang Zemin as their chief representative, deeply carried out Party spirit and Party conduct education with the main content of “stress study, stress politics, and stress healthy tendencies,” [22]22 A common formulation in CPC documents on Party building. focusing on solving problems in Party spirit and Party conduct, strengthening the Party spirit cultivation and tempering of Party members, enhancing Party consciousness, and improving the Party’s conduct. In the work of building a clean government and fighting corruption, the Party paid more attention to strengthening education on Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline. After the 16th National Congress of the Party, Hu Jintao elaborated on the relationship among Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline at the Third Plenary Session of the 17th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection. He pointed out: “The conduct problem of leading cadres is, in the final analysis, a Party spirit problem,” “Party spirit is the internal basis of conduct, conduct is the external manifestation of Party spirit; conduct and Party spirit influence and interact with each other,” “Strict discipline and strong Party spirit are inseparable; a person with strong Party spirit must be one who models compliance with discipline,” and strengthening Party spirit cultivation and strictly observing Party discipline “is also a prerequisite for promoting fine conduct and ensuring the implementation of the Party’s line, principles, and policies.” [23]23 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the National Conference on Party Building Work of the Central Party and State Organs” (November 1, 2019), Qiushi, no. 21 (2019). In summary, during the new period of reform and opening up and socialist modernization, the Party’s understanding of the mutual relationships among Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline continuously deepened, and in intra-Party centralized education, it began to emphasize the synergistic role and overall function of Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline.

改革开放后，面对因改革开放和发展社会主义市场经济给党的建设带来的机遇与挑战，中国共产党进一步从三者的整体性角度去认识和阐述党性党风党纪的内在关联与相互作用。1985年9月，邓小平指出，端正党风是端正社会风气的关键，在整党过程中要“统一思想，整顿作风，加强纪律，纯洁组织，四者缺一不可”,从而把党性教育、作风建设、纪律建设与组织建设并列起来加以考量。陈云指出:“在抓思想政治工作的同时，严肃党纪、政纪，党风才能根本好转。”这就突出了党性教育和纪律建设对端正党风的决定性作用。党的十三届四中全会后，以江泽民同志为主要代表的中国共产党人深入开展以“讲学习、讲政治、讲正气”为主要内容的党性党风教育，着力解决党性党风方面存在的问题，加强党员的党性修养和锻炼，增强党的观念，改善党的作风。在开展党风廉政建设和反腐败工作中，党更加注重加强党性党风党纪教育。党的十六大以后，胡锦涛在十七届中央纪委三次全会上对党性党风党纪的关系进行了阐述。他指出:“领导干部作风问题，说到底是党性问题”，“党性是作风的内在根据，作风是党性的外在表现，作风和党性相互影响、相互作用”,“纪律严明和党性坚强密不可分，党性坚强的人必定是模范遵守纪律的人”,加强党性修养、严守党的纪律“也是弘扬优良作风、保证党的路线方针政策贯彻执行的前提条件”。总之，改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期，党对党性党风党纪相互关系的认识不断深化，并且在党内集中教育中开始注重强调党性党风党纪的协同作用与整体功能。

Since socialism with Chinese characteristics entered the New Era, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has focused on applying a systematic concept to govern the Party, persistently rectifying conduct and enforcing discipline, achieving remarkable results. The Communist Party of China has continuously deepened its regular and systematic understanding of the relationship among Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline, clearly regarding Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline as a whole, emphasizing simultaneous efforts, concerted efforts, and integrated advancement. From an epistemological perspective, General Secretary Xi Jinping clearly pointed out: “Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline are an organic whole; Party spirit is the foundation, Party conduct is the manifestation, and Party discipline is the guarantee,” [24]24 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Sixth Plenary Session of the 18th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection” (January 12, 2016), in Excerpts from Xi Jinping’s Discourses on Comprehensively and Strictly Governing the Party (Beijing: Central Party Literature Press, 2016), p. 77. and emphasized the holistic nature of Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline, that the three must be “looked at together” and “grasped together,” organically combining strengthening Party spirit, rectifying Party conduct, and strictly enforcing Party discipline. From a methodological perspective, General Secretary Xi Jinping proposed at the 20th National Congress of the CPC to “pers

中国特色社会主义进入新时代以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央注重运用系统观念管党治党，持之以恒正风肃纪，成效卓著。中国共产党不断深化对党性党风党纪关系的规律性、系统性认识，明确将党性党风党纪视为一个整体，注重同时发力、同向发力、一体推进。从认识论的角度看，习近平总书记明确指出:“党性、党风、党纪是有机整体，党性是根本，党风是表现，党纪是保障”,并强调了党性党风党纪的整体性，三者必须“一起看”“一起抓”，把强党性、正党风、严党纪有机结合起来。从方法论的角度看，习近平总书记在党的二十大报告中提出“坚持党性党风党纪一起抓”,并对坚持以严的基调强化正风肃纪作出部署。这是对党的十八大以来管党治党的经验总结，是注重运用系统思维推进党的自我革命的生动呈现，为打好一体推进铸魂、正风、肃纪的“组合拳”指明了方向。

(2) A Scholarly Explanation of the Interrelationship among Party Spirit, Party Conduct, and Party Discipline

(二)党性党风党纪相互关系的学理性阐释

Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline do not exist in isolation; there is a profound internal connection among them. Among these, Party spirit is the internal basis of Party conduct and Party discipline, Party conduct is the external manifestation of Party spirit and Party discipline, and Party discipline provides an important guarantee for Party spirit and Party conduct.

党性党风党纪三者并非孤立存在，彼此之间有着深刻的内在联系。其中，党性是党风党纪的内在根据，党风是党性党纪的外在表现，党纪为党性党风提供重要保障。

First, Party spirit is the internal basis of Party conduct and Party discipline, and is the "ox nose" [17]17 "Ox nose" (牛鼻子) is a Chinese idiom meaning the key or crucial point that controls the whole situation. of the three. Party spirit is fundamental and key; it is the concentrated embodiment of the essential attributes of Party conduct and Party discipline, providing the driving force and leverage for rectifying Party conduct and strictly enforcing Party discipline. First, Party spirit determines the fundamental nature of Party conduct and Party discipline. Party spirit manifests the Party essence and Party character of the CPC, represents the Party's fundamental stance and value orientation, and embodies the Party's advanced nature, purity, and affinity with the people. "In matters of work style, what plays a decisive role is Party spirit." [18]18 Xi Jinping, "Speech at the National Conference on Party Conduct and Integrity and the Anti-Corruption Campaign," January 13, 2017. Party conduct is the embodiment of Party spirit elements such as the Party's purpose, nature, goals, and morality in Party organizations and their members. The strength or weakness of Party spirit is crucial to the words and actions of Party members. Whatever Party spirit one has, one will have corresponding Party conduct; therefore, Party conduct is determined by Party spirit. Party discipline is the norm for the CPC to govern and manage the Party, representing the Party's unified will, with the aim of maintaining Party unity and solidarity. Party spirit, as the political value upheld and pursued by the CPC, manifests the Party's unified will, "enabling the entire Party to unite as one person," [19]19 Mao Zedong, "Struggle to Build a Great, Glorious, and Correct Party," 1951. prominently expressed in the Party's unity, centralization, and the subordination of the entire Party to the Central Committee. It can be said that Party spirit is the concentrated expression of the Party's unified will. Whatever Party spirit one has requires the formulation of corresponding Party discipline; Party spirit determines the fundamental nature of Party discipline, and the relationship between them is that of essence and form. Second, Party spirit is the fundamental driving force for rectifying Party conduct and strictly enforcing Party discipline. Whether focusing on Party conduct or Party discipline, their essence is a self-revolution of removing diseases and healing wounds, and scraping poison off the bone to cure the poison. A strong Party spirit is the fulcrum and power source for carrying out self-revolution, because "Party spirit, in the final analysis, is a matter of stance." [20]20 Xi Jinping, "Speech at the National Conference on Party Building," July 1, 2016. CPC members with a strong Party spirit stand on the stance of the Party and the people, serving the people wholeheartedly. It can be said that the reason the CPC has such revolutionary drive stems from its rock-solid Party spirit will, enabling it to persistently grasp Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline, and to have the courage to carry out self-revolution with a blade turned inward. A strong Party spirit is the source of courage and the foundation of confidence for the CPC to carry out self-revolution, and is the fundamental driving force for rectifying Party conduct and strictly enforcing Party discipline. Third, Party spirit is the fundamental leverage for rectifying Party conduct and strictly enforcing Party discipline. Party spirit is the foundation for Party members to cultivate virtue and cultivate themselves; an unsteady Party spirit can lead to a corrupt work style. "On the basis of solving work style problems, solve Party spirit problems. This is an important focus for improving work style." [21]21 Xi Jinping, "Speech at the National Conference on Party Conduct and Integrity and the Anti-Corruption Campaign," January 13, 2017. Therefore, grasping Party spirit is a key link in the construction of the Party's work style. This is because Party spirit is the source of Party conduct problems; only by finding the root cause of work style problems and tempering Party spirit can the problem of improper Party conduct be fundamentally curbed, enabling the Party to always maintain vigorous vitality. Party spirit plays an important role in advancing the construction of Party discipline. "The implementation of every intra-Party regulation after its introduction emphasizes taking the enhancement of Party spirit and the rectification of Party conduct as the starting point." [22]22 A common formulation in CPC documents on Party building. Party spirit provides directional guidance for the formulation of intra-Party regulations, and the requirements of Party spirit should be integrated into the formulation of intra-Party regulations. Furthermore, in the process of enforcing Party discipline, only with good Party spirit can Party organizations strictly implement and uphold Party discipline, and can Party members more consciously abide by Party discipline.

第一，党性是党风党纪的内在根据，是三者的“牛鼻子”。党性是根本，是关键，是党风党纪本质属性的集中体现，为端正党风、严明党纪提供了动力与抓手。其一，党性决定党风党纪的根本性质。党性彰显了中国共产党的政党本质和政党品格，代表党的根本立场和价值取向，体现了党的先进性、纯洁性与人民性。“在作风问题上，起决定作用的是党性”。党风则是党的宗旨、性质、目标、道德等党性要素在党组织及其党员身上的体现，党性的坚强与否对党员的言行举止至关重要，有什么样的党性就有什么样的党风，因此党风是由党性决定的。党纪是中国共产党管党治党的规范，代表的是党的统一意志，其目的是维护党的团结与统一。党性作为中国共产党坚持和追求的政治价值，彰显的是党的统一意志，“使全党能够团结得像一个人一样”,突出表现在党的统一性、集中性和全党服从中央。可以说，党性是党的统一意志的集中表现。有什么样的党性就要求制定什么样的党纪，党性决定党纪的根本性质，它们是本质和形式之间的关系。其二，党性是正党风、严党纪的根本动力。无论抓党风还是党纪，其本质上是祛病疗伤、刮骨疗毒的自我革命。坚强的党性是开展自我革命的支撑点、动力源，这是因为“党性说到底就是立场问题”。党性坚强的中国共产党人站在党和人民的立场上，全心全意为人民服务。可以说，中国共产党之所以有这样的革命动力，源于其具有坚如磐石的党性意志，能够坚持不懈地抓党性党风党纪，勇于刀刃向内地进行自我革命。坚强的党性是中国共产党开展自我革命的勇气之源与底气所在，是端正党风、严肃党纪的根本动力。其三，党性是正党风、严党纪的根本抓手。党性是党员立德修身的根本，党性不坚定会导致风气败坏。“在解决作风问题的基础上解决好党性问题。这是改进作风的一个重要着眼点。”因此，抓党性是党的作风建设的关键一环。这是因为党性是党风问题的源泉，只有找到作风问题的根源，锤炼党性，才能从根本上遏制党风不正的问题，使党始终保持旺盛的生机活力。党性在推进党的纪律建设过程中具有重要的作用，“每部党内法规出台后的落实都强调以增党性正党风为抓手”。党性为党内法规的制定提供方向引领，要将党性的要求融入党内法规的制定中。此外，在党纪执行过程中，只有拥有良好的党性，党组织才能严格执行和维护党纪，党员才能够更加自觉地遵守党纪。

Second, Party conduct is the external manifestation of Party spirit and Party discipline, and serves as the “barometer” of the three. Party conduct reflects a party’s characteristics, political character, and spiritual outlook, and mirrors the Party spirit and disciplinary awareness of the broad masses of Party members and cadres. As the external manifestation of Party spirit and Party discipline, Party conduct is the yardstick and criterion for judging whether Party spirit is strong and Party discipline is strict. Party spirit is internal, residing in the depths of a Party member’s thoughts. The strength or weakness of Party spirit cannot always be directly measured. General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out: “Testing whether a cadre’s ideals and convictions are firm is indeed quite difficult; X-rays, CT scans, and MRI imaging are of no use either.” [23]23 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the National Conference on Party Building Work of the Central Party and State Organs” (November 1, 2019), Qiushi, no. 21 (2019). However, Party spirit can be manifested through conduct, because conduct is the “window” that reveals Party spirit. Through the quality of a Party member’s conduct, one can discern whether he can persist in serving the people and whether he is loyal to the Party. Although Party discipline can be made “visible” through forms such as intra-Party regulations and institutions, the most important criterion for examining whether a party has strict discipline is not whether its various disciplinary and legal texts are meticulous and complete, but whether the party has fine Party conduct and whether Party members and cadres abide by discipline and law. Therefore, Party conduct is also one of the important criteria for judging whether Party discipline is strict. It should be noted that Party conduct has relative independence; it does not merely reflect passively. Different kinds of Party conduct exert different counter-effects on Party spirit and Party discipline. Fine Party conduct can create a good intra-Party political ecosystem, nourish and promote the shaping of strong Party spirit, and facilitate the observance and implementation of Party discipline. Conversely, unhealthy tendencies will erode the foundation of Party spirit, weaken disciplinary authority, and encourage corrupt behavior. Problems in conduct are by no means trivial matters. Once left unchecked, a Party member’s cultivation of Party spirit will be polluted and weakened, the pillar of his ideals and convictions will gradually collapse, and he will ultimately slide into the abyss of violating discipline and law.

第二，党风是党性党纪的外在表现，是三者的“晴雨表”。党风反映政党特质、政治品格和精神面貌，折射出广大党员、干部的党性观念和纪律意识。作为党性党纪的外在表现，党风是评判党性是否坚强与党纪是否严明的标尺和准绳。党性是内在的，居于党员的思想深处。党性强弱不一定能直接加以衡量。习近平总书记指出:“检验一个干部理想信念是否坚定确实比较难，X光、CT、核磁共振成像也没有办法。”但党性可以通过作风体现出来，因为作风是彰显党性的“窗口”，通过党员的作风好坏可以透视出他是否能坚持为人民服务，是否做到对党忠诚。党纪虽然可以通过党内法规、制度等形式让人“可视”，但考察一个政党是否纪律严明，最重要的不是看各种纪法文本是否严密完整，而是看这个政党有无优良党风，看党员干部是否遵纪守法，因此党风又是党纪是否严明的重要评判标准之一。需要注意的是，党风具有相对独立性，它并非只能被动地反映，不同的党风对党性党纪起着不同的反作用。优良的党风能够营造好的党内政治生态，对塑造坚强的党性起到滋养促进的作用，有利于党纪的遵守与执行。反之，不正之风会侵蚀党性根基，削弱纪律权威，助长腐败行为。作风上出问题，绝不是小事，一旦放任不管，党员党性修养会被污染、削弱，其理想信念支柱会逐渐坍塌，最终滑入违纪违法的深渊。

Third, Party discipline provides an important guarantee for Party spirit and Party conduct, serving as the “anchor” of the three. Party discipline is the lifeblood of the Party and has mandatory binding force. It plays an important role in regulating Party members’ words and deeds and tempering Party spirit. Party discipline can provide institutional guarantees for strengthening Party spirit and rectifying Party conduct, mainly reflected in the following two aspects: On the one hand, Party discipline provides the guarantee of institutional constraints for Party spirit and Party conduct. Party discipline has a deterrent and constraining function, clearly defining the bottom lines and red lines that Party members and cadres must not cross. General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out: “To adhere to the principle of Party spirit, the key is to establish rules, stress rules, and abide by rules.” [24]24 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Sixth Plenary Session of the 18th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection” (January 12, 2016), in Excerpts from Xi Jinping’s Discourses on Comprehensively and Strictly Governing the Party (Beijing: Central Party Literature Press, 2016), p. 77. The so-called “rules” refer precisely to Party discipline, which can provide guarantees for Party spirit and Party conduct. Party discipline is a “tightening spell.” For individual Party members, by “insisting that discipline is stricter than law, and discipline precedes law,” it strengthens the entire Party’s, especially Party members and cadres’, awareness of the Party Constitution, Party regulations, and Party discipline. It adopts the “four forms” of supervision and discipline enforcement, [25]25 The “four forms” of supervision and discipline enforcement refer to a graded system of disciplinary measures: (1) “red-faced and sweating” through criticism and self-criticism as a routine form; (2) light disciplinary actions and organizational adjustments as the majority of cases; (3) heavy disciplinary actions and major adjustments as a minority; (4) investigation and prosecution for suspected criminal offenses as a very small minority. making “red-faced and sweating” the norm, continuously transmitting the pressure of rectifying conduct and enforcing discipline, and rectifying conduct with strict discipline. For Party organizations, if Party discipline is strict, the Party organization can better fulfill its functions of education and management; if Party discipline is lax, it will lead to lax conduct and slack management within the Party organization. Therefore, it is necessary to continuously improve relevant intra-Party regulations and institutions, enhance the execution of discipline, and escort Party organizations in carrying out education on Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline. On the other hand, Party discipline provides the guarantee of educational orientation for Party spirit and Party conduct. Party discipline has the function of education and guidance, enabling Party members to transform disciplinary requirements into internal pursuits and cultivate the consciousness of abiding by rules and discipline. A Party member’s Party spirit is not innate but is gradually formed through learning and tempering. In the process of the formation and enhancement of Party spirit, through education on Party discipline, Party members come to understand the Party’s line, principles, and policies, enhance their ideological consciousness to resist political dust and germs, and thereby continuously strengthen and purify Party spirit. The formation of Party conduct is a long process. By leveraging the educational and normative guiding role of Party discipline, the Party enables Party members to clarify “what can be done” and “what cannot be done,” subtly transforming heteronomy into self-discipline, and gradually cultivating fine conduct.

第三，党纪为党性党风提供重要保障，是三者的“定盘星”。党纪是党的生命，具有强制性约束力，对于规范党员言行举止、锤炼党性具有重要作用。党纪能够为增强党性、端正党风提供制度保障，主要体现在以下两方面:一方面，党纪为党性党风提供制度约束的保障。党纪有震慑约束功能，明确了党员、干部不能越过的底线和红线。习近平总书记指出:“坚持党性原则，关键是立规矩、讲规矩、守规矩。”所谓“规矩”指的正是党的纪律，它能够为党性党风提供保障。党纪是“紧箍咒”，对党员个体而言，通过“坚持纪严于法、纪在法前”，强化全党特别是党员干部的党章党规党纪意识，采用监督执纪“四种形态”，让“红红脸、出出汗”成为常态，持续传导正风肃纪压力，以严明纪律整饬作风。对党组织而言，党纪严明，党组织才能更好地履行教育管理职能;党纪松弛，会导致党组织作风松散、管理松懈。因此，要不断完善相关党内法规制度，提升纪律的执行力，为党组织开展党性党风党纪教育保驾护航。另一方面，党纪为党性党风提供教育导向的保障。党的纪律具有教育引导的功能，能够使党员把纪律要求转化为内在追求，养成遵规守纪的自觉。党员的党性并非与生俱来，而是逐渐学习、锤炼而成的。在党性形成和增强的过程中，通过党的纪律教育，使党员理解党的路线、方针和政策，增强抵御政治灰尘与细菌的思想自觉，从而不断增强党性、纯洁党性。党风的形成是一个漫长的过程，党通过发挥党纪的教育和规范引导作用，使党员明确“何事能为”“何事不能为”，在潜移默化中将他律转化为自律，逐步养成优良的作风。

Party discipline provides an important guarantee for Party spirit and Party conduct, but Party discipline is also upheld by the strong Party spirit and fine conduct of Party members. If Party spirit is impure and Party conduct is incorrect, Party discipline will be trampled upon and undermined, lose its binding force, and it will be difficult to maintain pure Party spirit and good Party conduct. Thus, it can be seen that while Party discipline provides an important guarantee for Party spirit and Party conduct, Party discipline is also determined by Party spirit and influenced by Party conduct.

党纪为党性党风提供了重要保障，但党纪又靠党员的坚强党性与优良作风来维护。党性不纯，党风不正，党纪就会受到践踏和破坏，就会失去应有的约束力，就难以保持纯洁的党性和良好的党风。由此可见，党纪为党性党风提供重要保障，但同时党纪也由党性决定，并且受到党风的影响。

III. Party Spirit, Party Conduct, and Party Discipline Constitute an Organic Whole

三、党性党风党纪是有机整体

Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline constitute an organic whole. Their integrality is determined by the interaction and interconnection among their internal subsystems. The reason Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline possess integrality is primarily that their governance subjects have synergy, their functional roles have complementarity, their objectives and requirements have alignment, and their construction methods have interconnectedness. Further grasping the internal relations of Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline from the perspective of integrality is conducive to organically integrating and advancing in tandem the three aspects of Party spirit education, conduct construction, and discipline construction, and to persisting in grasping Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline together in the great practice of Party building in the New Era.

党性党风党纪是有机整体，其整体性是由其内部各子系统之间相互作用、相互联系决定的。党性党风党纪之所以具有整体性，主要是因为它们的治理主体具有协同性、功能作用具有相辅性、目标要求具有同向性、建设方法具有贯通性。从整体性上进一步把握党性党风党纪的内在关系，有利于把党性教育、作风建设和纪律建设三者有机融合、一体推进，在新时代党的建设伟大实践中坚持党性党风党纪一起抓。

(A) Party Spirit, Party Conduct, and Party Discipline Have Synergy in Governance Subjects

(一)党性党风党纪具有治理主体的协同性

Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline constitute an organic whole. Their integrality is first reflected in the fact that the governance subjects for strengthening Party spirit, rectifying Party conduct, and strictly enforcing Party discipline are pluralistic and synergistic. The governance subjects for strengthening Party spirit, rectifying Party conduct, and strictly enforcing Party discipline are divided into three levels: First, it is the responsibility of Party organizations. Grasping Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline must all take upholding the Party’s overall leadership as the fundamental guarantee. Hierarchically, Party organizations include the Party’s central organizations, local organizations, and primary-level organizations. By type, they also encompass Party discipline inspection organs, Party work organs, Party leadership groups, etc. [26]26 Party leadership groups (党组, dangzu) are leading Party member groups established in non-Party state organs, people’s organizations, economic and cultural institutions, and other organizations to ensure the implementation of the Party’s line, principles, and policies. Among them, Party committees (Party leadership groups) at all levels and their responsible persons are the key subjects for implementing responsibility. Party committees (Party leadership groups) must always shoulder the main responsibility for strengthening Party spirit, rectifying Party conduct, and strictly enforcing Party discipline. General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out: “For the Party to govern the Party, first the Party committee must govern, and the Party committee secretary must govern. The Party committee secretary must attend to his position, plan his work, and fulfill the responsibility as the first responsible person.” [27]27 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Sixth Plenary Session of the 18th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection” (January 12, 2016), in Excerpts from Xi Jinping’s Discourses on Comprehensively and Strictly Governing the Party (Beijing: Central Party Literature Press, 2016), p. 118. Discipline inspection organs must carry out specialized governance for strengthening Party spirit, rectifying Party conduct, and strictly enforcing Party discipline. Party work departments must carry out relevant functional governance. All departments should work together, managing jointly and governing synergistically. Second, individual Party members need to shoulder political responsibility. Party members are the “cells” of the Party and the “vast majority” within the organization. Only when all Party members implement the relevant requirements for governing the Party strictly and enhance their consciousness in cultivating Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline can comprehensive and strict governance of the Party maintain a good atmosphere and environment. Third, other social subjects are also common subjects in “persisting in grasping Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline together.” Combining intra-Party supervision with forms of supervision such as democratic supervision, mass supervision, and public opinion supervision is conducive to promoting the integral governance of Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline. In summary, the governance subjects for strengthening Party spirit, rectifying Party conduct, and strictly enforcing Party discipline present a situation of multi-subject synergy and overall linkage.

党性党风党纪是有机整体，其整体性首先体现在强党性、正党风、严党纪的治理主体是多元协同的。强党性、正党风、严党纪的治理主体分为三层:一是党组织的职责所在。抓党性党风党纪，都要以坚持党的全面领导为根本保证。从层级而言，党的组织包括党的中央组织、地方组织和基层组织。从类型而言，又涵盖党的纪律检查机关、党的工作机关、党组等。其中，各级党委(党组)和负责人是落实责任的关键主体。党委(党组)要时刻把强党性、正党风、严党纪的主体责任扛在肩上。习近平总书记指出:“党要管党，首先是党委要管、党委书记要管。党委书记要在其位、谋其政，履行好第一责任人职责。”纪律检查机关要开展强党性、正党风、严党纪的专责治理，党的工作部门要开展相关职能治理，各部门齐抓共管，协同治理。二是党员个体需要肩负政治责任。党员是党的“细胞”，是组织内部的“绝大多数”，只有全体党员落实好管党治党的相关要求，增强党性党风党纪修养的自觉性，全面从严治党才能保持良好氛围和环境。三是其他社会主体也是“坚持党性党风党纪一起抓”的共同主体。将党内监督与民主监督、群众监督、舆论监督等监督形式相结合，有利于推进党性党风党纪整体性治理。总之，强党性、正党风、严党纪的治理主体呈现出多主体协同、整体联动的态势。

(B) Party Spirit, Party Conduct, and Party Discipline Have Complementarity in Functional Roles

(二)党性党风党纪具有功能作用的相辅性

Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline are three distinct elements within Party building, each with its own focus, and thus their functions and roles exhibit differentiated characteristics. Party spirit is the “master switch” of thought, emphasizing the role of ideological guidance. Party spirit education is a soul-forging project for Communists, enabling Party members and cadres to firm up their ideals and convictions, bear in mind their original aspiration and founding mission, and strengthen their Party-spirit resolve to resist all kinds of unhealthy tendencies and evil winds. Party conduct is a “barometer”; through Party conduct, problems of Party spirit and Party discipline can be reflected, emphasizing the reflection of the strength or weakness of Party spirit and the strictness or laxity of Party discipline. Party conduct is of extreme importance, concerning the Party’s leadership, the Party’s image, and even the Party’s fate; solving problems of Party conduct requires acting at the right time and correcting them promptly. Party discipline is an institutional guarantee, serving as a deterrent that bares its teeth and provides a punitive safety net for actions that violate Party spirit and Party conduct. Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline are mutually supplementary and complementary in their functions and roles. Party spirit requires Party discipline as a guarantee, making Party spirit education more forceful. At the same time, Party discipline is also an important part of Party spirit education; General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “Make the study and education of the Party Constitution and intra-Party regulations an important part of Party spirit education.” Cultivating good Party conduct is also inseparable from the nourishing function of Party spirit and the guaranteeing function of Party discipline. Party discipline has a punitive function, which is highly effective in combating incorrect Party spirit and improper Party conduct. However, the cost of Party discipline punishment is relatively high; therefore, it is necessary to combine rule-based governance of the Party with virtue-based governance of the Party, focus on Party spirit education and conduct building, start from the source of problems, sweep away the dust from Party members’ thoughts, and do a good job of prevention. It can be seen that Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline form an organic whole, exhibiting characteristics of mutual connection and resonance in their functions and roles; none of the three is dispensable. Only by giving full play to the synergistic effect of advancing them as one can we continuously improve the ability to govern and manage the Party and achieve greater results in Party governance.

党性党风党纪是党的建设中的三个不同的要素，有着各自的侧重点，因此其功能作用呈现出差异化的特点。党性是思想的“总开关”，侧重于发挥思想引领的作用。党性教育是共产党人的铸魂工程，使党员、干部坚定理想信念，牢记初心使命，增强抵御各种歪风邪气的党性定力。党风是“晴雨表”，透过党风可以反映党性党纪的问题，侧重于对党性强弱、党纪严松的反映。党风具有极端重要意义，关系到党的领导、党的形象乃至党的命运，解决党风问题要做到适时而动、随时纠治。党纪是制度保障，对于违反党性党风的行动起到长牙整治、惩罚兜底的震慑作用。党性党风党纪在功能作用上具有相辅性、互补性。党性需要党纪进行保障，使党性教育更有力度。同时，党纪也是党性教育的重要内容，习近平总书记指出:“把党章和党规党纪学习教育作为党性教育的重要内容”;培育好的党风也离不开党性的滋养功能和党纪的保障功能;党纪具有惩治的功能，对于打击党性不正、党风不端效果显著。但是党纪惩治的成本相对较高，因此要坚持依规治党与以德治党相结合，善抓党性教育与作风建设，从问题的源头出发，扫清党员思想上的灰尘，做好预防工作。由此可见，党性党风党纪是有机整体，在功能作用上呈现出互相衔接、同频共振的特点，三者缺一不可。只有发挥好一体推进的协同效应，才能不断提升管党治党的能力，取得管党治党的更大成效。

(III) Party Spirit, Party Conduct, and Party Discipline Share the Same Direction in Goals and Requirements

(三)党性党风党纪具有目标要求的同向性

Each part of Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline has its own unique goal orientation, but overall, they are all important levers for the Party’s self-revolution in the New Era, sharing a common governance goal that is aligned and unified. Specifically, there are the following three common goals and requirements: First, it is an inevitable requirement for solving the unique challenges facing a large Party. According to the latest intra-Party statistics, as of December 31, 2023, the total number of CPC members was 99.185 million, and the number of primary-level Party organizations reached 5.176 million. [28] As the world’s largest Marxist ruling party, to always win the support of the people and consolidate its long-term ruling position, the CPC must always maintain the sobriety and determination to solve the unique challenges facing a large Party. Solving the “six how to always” problems [29] of the unique challenges facing a large Party depends on whether the Party can govern the Party effectively, manage the Party with strength, and build a thriving and strong Party with efficiency. This requires continuously rectifying conduct and enforcing discipline with a strict tone, and on this basis, adhering to the integrated and coordinated governance of Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline. Second, it is an inevitable requirement for implementing the “two always on the road.” [30] General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “The entire Party must bear in mind that comprehensive and strict governance of the Party is always on the road, and the Party’s self-revolution is always on the road; there must be no slackening, resting, fatigue, or weariness.” Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, although we have solved many prominent problems within the Party, the “four major tests” and “four major dangers” [31] facing the Party will still exist for a long time. This determines that Party building cannot be accomplished overnight, nor can it be done once and for all; instead, it must, based on changes in the world, the country, and the Party, persist in regularly, continuously, repeatedly, and jointly grasping Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline, and continuously and deeply advance comprehensive and strict governance of the Party. Third, it is an inevitable requirement for maintaining the Party’s advanced nature and purity. Strengthening Party spirit cultivation is conducive to maintaining the Party’s ideological purity; strengthening Party conduct cultivation is a requirement for maintaining purity in conduct; and Party discipline cultivation is a requirement for maintaining the Party’s organizational purity and the integrity and honesty of cadres. Whether it is strengthening Party spirit, rectifying Party conduct, or tightening Party discipline, all are aimed at maintaining the Party’s advanced nature and purity, ensuring that the Party does not change its nature, its color, or its flavor, and breaking out of the “historical cycle of rise and fall.” [32]

党性党风党纪中的每个部分都具有自身独特的目标指向，但总体而言，它们都是新时代党的自我革命的重要抓手，有着相契合、相统一的共同治理目标。具体而言，有以下三个共同的目标要求:一是解决大党独有难题的必然要求。最新党内统计数据显示，截至2023年12月31日，中国共产党党员总数为9918.5万名，党的基层组织达517.6万个。中国共产党作为世界上最大的马克思主义执政党，要始终赢得人民拥护、巩固长期执政地位，必须时刻保持解决大党独有难题的清醒和坚定。解决大党独有难题的“六个如何始终”问题，取决于党能否做到管党有方、治党有力、兴党强党有效，这就需要以严的基调不断正风肃纪，在此基础上坚持党性党风党纪一体化协同治理。二是落实“两个永远在路上”的必然要求。习近平总书记指出:“全党必须牢记，全面从严治党永远在路上，党的自我革命永远在路上，决不能有松劲歇脚、疲劳厌战的情绪。”党的十八大以来，我们虽然解决了党内许多突出问题，但党面临的“四大考验”和“四大危险”仍将长期存在。这就决定了党的建设不可能一蹴而就，也不可能一劳永逸，而必须根据世情国情党情的变化，坚持经常抓、持续抓、反复抓、一起抓党性党风党纪，持续深入地推进全面从严治党。三是保持党的先进性和纯洁性的必然要求。加强党性修养有利于保持党的思想纯洁，加强党风修养是保持作风纯洁的要求，而党纪修养是保持党的组织纯洁和干部清正廉洁的要求。不论是强党性、正党风还是严党纪，都是为了保持党的先进性和纯洁性，使党不变质、不变色、不变味，跳出治乱兴衰的“历史周期率”。

(IV) Party Spirit, Party Conduct, and Party Discipline Have Interconnected Methods of Construction

(四)党性党风党纪具有建设方法的贯通性

Strengthening Party spirit, rectifying Party conduct, and tightening Party discipline have interconnected methods of construction, and the methodology running through them is that of dialectical materialism and historical materialism. Specifically: First, the construction of Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline must all adhere to putting the people first. In strengthening Party spirit cultivation, General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “Party spirit and people’s nature

强党性、正党风、严党纪具有建设方法的贯通性，贯穿其中的便是辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义的方法论。具体而言，一是党性党风党纪的建设都必须坚持人民至上。在加强党性修养方面，习近平总书记指出:“党性和人民性从来都是一致的、统一的。”党员干部在开展工作时要坚持正确政治方向与坚持以人民为中心的工作导向。在党的作风建设方面，党员要始终牢记“我们党的最大政治优势是密切联系群众，党执政后的最大危险是脱离群众”,因此必须坚持发扬优良作风。在党的纪律建设方面，强调严明群众纪律，严肃处理损害群众利益行为。二是党性党风党纪的建设过程中都具有极强的问题导向。唯物辩证法告诉我们，发展无止境，问题也是客观存在，旧的问题解决了，又会产生新的问题。人类正是在不断解决问题的过程中进步的。坚持问题导向，是共产党人应有的工作方法、精神境界和政治品质。因此，党性党风党纪建设均要坚持问题导向，一切从实际出发，敢于正视问题、善于发现问题，瞄着问题去，及时解决问题。针对有些党员、干部政治信仰发生动摇的问题，加强党性教育。针对某些地区和部门屡禁不止的“四风”问题，狠抓作风建设。针对党内少数人存在的违纪问题，敢于严格执纪。三是把系统观念贯穿于党性党风党纪的建设过程中，强调党性党风党纪一起抓，注重综合施策，发挥协同作用。

In summary, Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline are fundamental elements of Party building and are of great significance for maintaining the advanced nature and integrity of a Marxist political party. The inherent coupling relationship among Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline determines that they form an organic whole, and they must be “grasped together” to be effective. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC [28], the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has led the entire

总之，党性党风党纪是党的建设的基本要素，对于保持马克思主义政党的先进性和纯洁性具有重要意义。党性党风党纪三者之间存在内在耦合的关系，决定党性党风党纪是一个有机整体，必须“一起抓”才能富有成效。党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央带领全党锲而不舍锤炼党性，持之以恒正风肃纪，全面从严治党成效显著。面对新征程新使命，推进新时代党的建设新的伟大工程，党性党风党纪“三者统筹联动、协同推进上还面临着一些突出难题”。如何使治理主体实现有效协同、如何抓全要素以防止“木桶效应”、如何搭建行之有效的运行机制，是落实“坚持党性党风党纪一起抓”所必须回答的问题。习近平总书记指出，“新时代党的建设是以党的政治建设为统领、党的各项建设同向发力综合发力的系统工程”。新时代新征程，我们要坚持以习近平总书记关于党的建设的重要思想、关于党的自我革命的重要思想为指导，树立系统观念、辩证思维，推进全面从严治党向纵深发展，坚持“十个指头弹钢琴”，使党性党风党纪协同联动，同时同向发力、整体综合发力。一方面要统筹兼顾，把党性党风党纪当作一个有机统一的整体，从组织体系、运行机制、过程结果、制度保障等层面进行全方位整合，一体推进锤炼党性、纯洁党风、严明党纪，实现“整体大于部分之和”的效果;另一方面要突出重点，重点突破党性党风党纪各自领域中存在的突出问题，从思想上培本固元、凝心铸魂，加固中央八项规定精神堤坝，持之以恒地强化党的纪律建设。

(The authors are respectively a professor and doctoral supervisor at the School of Marxism, Wuhan University, director of the Institute of Political Parties, and researcher at the Center for Intra-Party Regulations; and a doctoral student at the School of Marxism, Wuhan University.)

（作者系武汉大学马克思主义学院教授、博士研究生导师，政党研究所所长，党内法规研究中心研究员；武汉大学马克思主义学院博士研究生）

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