The Spiritual Strength for Realizing the Great Rejuvenation of the Chinese Nation: Structure, Roots, and Dynamic Mechanism

I. Raising the Question

一、问题的提出

The Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC emphasized that “the period of the 14th Five-Year Plan is a critical period for consolidating the foundation and making comprehensive efforts to basically realize socialist modernization.” [1]1 The 14th Five-Year Plan period runs from 2021 to 2025. The Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee (not the 20th, as stated in the original text; this appears to be a typo) was held in October 2019 and focused on upholding and improving the socialist system with Chinese characteristics. The 20th Central Committee’s Fourth Plenary Session has not yet occurred as of the knowledge cutoff; the reference likely intends the 19th Central Committee’s Fourth Plenary Session. For a country to achieve modernization and for a nation to realize great rejuvenation, it requires not only a strong material foundation but also powerful spiritual strength as support. Based on the central task of comprehensively advancing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-path modernization, the report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC explicitly proposed “enhancing the spiritual strength for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation,” profoundly highlighting the important role of spiritual strength in comprehensively advancing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-path modernization.

党的二十届四中全会强调，“‘十五五’时期是基本实现社会主义现代化夯实基础、全面发力的关键时期”。一个国家要实现现代化，一个民族要实现伟大复兴，不仅要有强大的物质基础，更需要强大的精神力量做支撑。立足以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴这一中心任务，党的二十大报告明确提出“增强实现中华民族伟大复兴的精神力量”,深刻凸显了精神力量在以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴中的重要作用。

Academic research on the spiritual strength for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation mainly focuses on four aspects: first, defining the essential connotation, holding that spiritual strength is “the subjective and dynamic reflection of the subject on practical activities and social existence,” embodying people’s spiritual confidence, spiritual consciousness, and spiritual freedom, while the spiritual strength for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation includes the nation’s self-affirmation and overall spiritual state involved in national rejuvenation; second, exploring the logic of generation, which scholars mostly address from theoretical and practical levels, emphasizing on the one hand theoretical guidance, pointing out that “Marxism is the theoretical weapon for enhancing the people’s spiritual strength,” and on the other hand practical struggle, holding that the Party’s century-long struggle has injected powerful spiritual strength into the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation; third, analyzing specific sources, where scholars proceed from ideals, beliefs, and concrete spirits, believing that “the communist ideal is a powerful spiritual strength for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation,” while fully affirming the role of the spiritual lineage of Chinese Communists such as the “Red Boat Spirit”; [2]2 The “Red Boat Spirit” refers to the spirit of the First National Congress of the CPC, which concluded on a boat on South Lake in Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province, in 1921. It is often summarized as the pioneering spirit, the spirit of hard struggle, and the spirit of serving the people. fourth, proposing practical paths, where scholars proceed from theoretical arming, cultural development, and spiritual promotion, holding that spiritual strength originates from theoretical innovation capacity, and that it is necessary to “enhance the spiritual strength for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation by building a strong cultural country,” and to enhance the spiritual strength for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through the inheritance and promotion of spiritual traditions.

学界关于实现中华民族伟大复兴精神力量的研究成果主要集中于四个方面：一是界定本质内涵，认为精神力量是“主体对实践活动和社会存在的主观能动反映”,体现了人的精神自信、精神自觉和精神自由，而实现中华民族伟大复兴的精神力量是民族复兴所包括的民族自我肯认和整个精神状态；二是探讨生成逻辑，对此学界多从理论和实践层面展开，一方面强调理论指导，指出“马克思主义是增强人民精神力量的理论武器”,另一方面强调实践奋斗，认为党的百年奋斗为中华民族伟大复兴注入了强大的精神力量；三是分析具体来源，学界从理想信念和具体精神出发，认为“共产主义理想是实现中华民族伟大复兴的强大精神力量”,同时充分肯定了“红船精神”等中国共产党人精神谱系的作用；四是提出实践路径，学界从理论武装、文化发展和精神弘扬等出发，认为精神力量肇始于理论创新力，要“以建设文化强国着眼增强实现中华民族伟大复兴的精神力量”,要在精神传统的继承与发扬中增强实现中华民族伟大复兴的精神力量。

Overall, current academic research on the spiritual strength for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation is relatively weak, mainly focusing on discussions of essential connotation, logic of generation, and paths of promotion. Existing studies have not systematically analyzed issues such as the structure, roots, and dynamic mechanism of the spiritual strength for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Clarifying the internal structure, formative roots, and dynamic mechanism of the spiritual strength for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation is a prerequisite for studying and interpreting the spiritual strength for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, helping to better grasp the essential connotation and formation mechanism of the spiritual strength for national rejuvenation, thereby providing more proactive spiritual strength for comprehensively advancing the construction of a socialist modernized country.

总的来看，当前学界关于实现中华民族伟大复兴的精神力量的研究相对比较薄弱，主要侧重于本质内涵、生成逻辑、弘扬路径的探讨，既有研究未对实现中华民族伟大复兴精神力量的结构、根源与动力机制等问题进行系统分析。厘清实现中华民族伟大复兴精神力量的内在结构、形成根源与动力机制，是研究阐释实现中华民族伟大复兴精神力量的前提所在，有助于更好地把握中华民族伟大复兴精神力量的本质内涵和形成机理，从而为全面推进社会主义现代化国家建设提供更为主动的精神力量。

II. The Internal Structure of the Spiritual Strength for Realizing the Great Rejuvenation of the Chinese Nation

二、实现中华民族伟大复兴精神力量的内在结构

Enhancing the spiritual strength for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation is a complex systemic project, requiring not only the coordinated efforts of multiple subjects but also meeting the diverse needs of different subjects, and demanding the effective operation of various elements within the system to realize its different functions. Therefore, analyzing the internal structure of this complex system of spiritual strength for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation requires proceeding from three dimensions: subject, dynamic, and function, to scientifically grasp the internal structure of the spiritual strength for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

增强实现中华民族伟大复兴的精神力量是一项复杂的系统工程，既需要多元主体的协同努力，又要满足不同主体的多样需求，还要求系统内部各要素的有效运行，以实现系统的不同功能。为此，解析实现中华民族伟大复兴精神力量这一复杂系统的内在结构，需要从主体、动力和功能等三个维度展开，科学把握实现中华民族伟大复兴精神力量的内在结构。

(1) The Subject Dimension of the Spiritual Strength for Realizing the Great Rejuvenation of the Chinese Nation

(一)实现中华民族伟大复兴精神力量的主体之维

Humans possess dual attributes of nature and spirit; while producing the material world in which they live, they also produce their own spiritual world. The subject of the spiritual strength for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation is, in the final analysis, real people. This spiritual strength is generally manifested at three levels: the individual, the group, and the nation. At the individual level, this spiritual strength originates from the individual strength of the Chinese people. Marx pointed out that “history is nothing but the activity of man pursuing his own aims,” [3]3 This is a paraphrase of Marx’s view from *The Holy Family* (1845), where he writes that “history does nothing, it ‘possesses no immense wealth,’ it ‘wages no battles.’ It is man, real, living man who does all that... history is nothing but the activity of man pursuing his aims.” and the subject of human social history is the individual engaged in real social production activities, thereby indicating the subject position of the Chinese people in advancing the great cause of national rejuvenation. At the group level, this spiritual strength is essentially the strength of the masses of the people. Humans are the subject of social history, but individuals cannot create history. Marx opposed the heroic view of history that one-sidedly exaggerates the role of individuals, revealing the basic viewpoint that the masses of the people create history. Therefore, only by condensing the individual strength of the Chinese people into group strength can a powerful spiritual synergy for realizing national rejuvenation be formed. At the national level, this spiritual strength is the strength of the Chinese national community. China is a unified multi-ethnic country, and it is necessary to “take safeguarding national unity and ethnic solidarity as the highest interest of all ethnic groups.” [4]4 This phrasing is drawn from a speech by Xi Jinping at the Central Conference on Ethnic Work in 2014. Marx’s view on nationality advocates the great unity of nations, pointing out that “in the different national struggles of the proletarians, the communists emphasize and uphold the common interests of the entire proletariat, irrespective of nationality.” [5]5 This is a paraphrase of a passage from the *Communist Manifesto* (1848) by Marx and Engels. Only through the unity of nations within a multi-ethnic country and the international unity of nations between different countries can a powerful force against the bourgeoisie be formed. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “Chinese civilization has outstanding unity... which determines that a strong and unified country is the destiny of all ethnic groups.” [6]6 This is a quotation from Xi Jinping’s speech at a symposium on cultural heritage in 2023, where he discussed the outstanding characteristics of Chinese civilization. Therefore, only by forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation and building a shared spiritual home for all ethnic groups can the spiritual strength for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation be formed.

人具有自然和精神双重属性，在生产自己所处的物质世界的同时，也生产着自己的精神世界。实现中华民族伟大复兴精神力量的主体归根结底是现实的人，这一精神力量一般从个体、群体和民族三个层次体现出来。在个体层面，这一精神力量源于中国人民的个体力量。马克思指出，“历史不过是追求着自己目的的人的活动而已”,人类社会历史的主体是进行现实社会生产活动的个人，从而表明了中国人民在推进民族复兴伟业中的主体地位。在群体层面，这一精神力量本质上是人民群众的力量。人是社会历史的主体，但个人无法创造历史，马克思反对片面夸大个人作用的英雄史观，揭示出人民群众创造历史的基本观点。为此，只有将中国人民的个体力量凝聚为群体力量，才能形成实现民族复兴的强大精神合力。在民族层面，这一精神力量是中华民族共同体的力量。我国是一个统一的多民族国家，必须“把维护国家统一和民族团结作为各民族最高利益”。马克思民族观主张民族的大联合，指出“在无产者不同的民族的斗争中，共产党人强调和坚持整个无产阶级共同的不分民族的利益”,只有通过多民族国家内部的民族联合及不同国家之间民族的国际联合，才能形成对抗资产阶级的强大力量。习近平总书记指出：“中华文明具有突出的统一性……决定了一个坚强统一的国家是各族人民的命运所系。”为此，只有铸牢中华民族共同体意识，建设各族人民共有的美好精神家园，才能形成实现中华民族伟大复兴的精神力量。

The strength of individuals, groups, and the nation together constitute the spiritual strength for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, jointly acting on the great practice of national rejuvenation. On the one hand, there is a quantitative accumulation relationship among individuals, groups, and the nation, representing different manifestations of the spiritual strength for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation at the micro, meso, and macro levels. Among them, the individual is the most basic unit of the group and the nation; the group and the nation are collections of individuals; the nation is a broader group. Without individuals, a group cannot be formed, and if individuals cannot organize themselves into a group, their strength is unsustainable. On the other hand, there is also a qualitative change relationship among the strength of individuals, groups, and the nation, reflecting the qualitative improvement of the spiritual strength for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, achieving organic unity in the accumulation of strength and high cohesion in the superposition of strength. Drops of water gather to form a stream, and streams converge into a sea. Realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation is the great dream that the Chinese people have ardently pursued since modern times, and it is the common aspiration of all ethnic groups across the country. Only by gathering the trickling streams of individual strength can the majestic spiritual power for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation be condensed.

个人、群体和民族的力量，共同构成实现中华民族伟大复兴的精神力量，共同作用于民族复兴的伟大实践。一方面，个体、群体和民族之间呈现出量的积累关系，是实现中华民族伟大复兴精神力量在微观、中观和宏观层面的不同表征。其中，个体是群体和民族的最基本单位，群体和民族是个体的集合，民族则是范围更广的群体，没有个体就无法形成群体，而个体若不能将自身组织起来形成群体，则力量也难以为继。另一方面，个体、群体和民族的力量之间又呈现出质的变化关系，体现了实现中华民族伟大复兴精神力量的质量提升，在力量的累积中达成有机统一，在力量的叠加中实现高度凝聚。聚水成流、汇川成海，实现中华民族伟大复兴是近代以来中国人民孜孜以求的伟大梦想，是全国各族人民的共同期盼，只有汇集个人力量的涓涓细流，才能凝聚起实现中华民族伟大复兴的磅礴精神伟力。

(2) The Dynamic Dimension of the Spiritual Strength for Realizing the Great Rejuvenation of the Chinese Nation

(二)实现中华民族伟大复兴精神力量的动力之维

Need is the essential determination of human beings. Marx pointed out: “Their needs are their nature.” [7]7 Karl Marx, “Comments on James Mill, Éléments d’économie politique,” in Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Collected Works, vol. 3 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975), p. 217. The material, psychological, and spiritual needs of the masses of the people stimulate the powerful spiritual force for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. First, the spiritual force for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation originates from the material needs of the masses of the people. Matter determines consciousness; only through the satisfaction of material needs to sustain the continuation of the body can spirit be carried and thus have space to function. Marx pointed out: “Men must be in a position to live in order to be able to ‘make history’.” [8]8 Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, “The German Ideology,” in Collected Works, vol. 5 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1976), p. 41. For this reason, the primary prerequisite of human history is to satisfy one’s own material needs for life. Second, the spiritual force for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation originates from the psychological needs of the masses of the people. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory shows that, in addition to the most basic physiological needs, people also have strong psychological needs such as safety, emotion, and respect. Realizing national rejuvenation is not only a material need but also a psychological need. The Chinese people yearn, through national rejuvenation, to make the Chinese nation stand proudly among the nations of the world, continuously strengthening the ambition, backbone, and confidence of being Chinese, thereby stimulating the powerful spiritual force for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Third, the spiritual force for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation originates from the spiritual needs of the masses of the people. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out, “The greatest difference between human society and the animal kingdom is that humans have spiritual needs.” [9]9 Xi Jinping, speech at a meeting marking the centenary of the Communist Youth League of China, May 10, 2022. Spiritual needs, together with material needs, constitute the two basic levels of human needs, stimulating the inexhaustible vitality of individuals in carrying out spiritual and material production. The spiritual force for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation profoundly embodies the powerful creativity of the Chinese people in the subjective spiritual world, based on their own material, psychological, and spiritual needs.

需求是人的本质规定性，马克思指出：“他们的需要即他们的本性。”人民群众的物质、心理与精神需求，激发出实现中华民族伟大复兴的强大精神力量。其一，实现中华民族伟大复兴的精神力量源于人民群众的物质需求。物质决定意识，只有通过物质需求的满足来维持肉体的延续，精神才得以承载，进而有发挥作用的空间。马克思指出：“人们为了能够‘创造历史’,必须能够生活。”为此，人类历史的首要前提就是满足自己的物质生活需求。其二，实现中华民族伟大复兴的精神力量源于人民群众的心理需求。马斯洛的需求层次理论表明，人们除了有最基本的生理需求外，还有安全、情感、尊重等强烈的心理需求。实现民族复兴不仅是物质需求，也是心理需求，中国人民渴望通过民族复兴使中华民族屹立于世界民族之林，不断增强做中国人的志气、骨气、底气，从而激发出实现中华民族伟大复兴的强大精神力量。其三，实现中华民族伟大复兴的精神力量源于人民群众的精神需求。习近平总书记指出，“人类社会与动物界的最大区别就是人是有精神需求的”,精神需求同物质需求构成了人的需求的两个基本层面，激发出个体进行精神生产和物质生产的源源不断的活力。实现中华民族伟大复兴的精神力量深刻体现出中国人民基于自身的物质、心理和精神需求，在主观精神世界中的强大创造力。

Human needs are multi-layered and diverse. The material, psychological, and spiritual needs of the Chinese people are unified in the historical process of realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. On the one hand, human needs have diversity, and these needs run through all stages of the development of human society. In Marx’s view, people live both for survival and for self-realization; people’s mode of production is not only an activity occurring with nature to maintain physical existence but also a social activity occurring in the process of interacting with others for self-realization. Therefore, even in an era of extreme material scarcity, individuals still have multiple psychological and spiritual needs such as safety and social interaction. On the other hand, human needs are constrained by the stage of social development and thus exhibit hierarchy. In primitive society, the predicament of survival caused people’s needs to be concentratedly expressed as dependence on things. With the development of productive forces and the resolution of the problem of food and clothing, people began to pay more attention to psychological and spiritual enjoyment, and individual needs gradually shifted to higher-level psychological and spiritual needs. Furthermore, the same need can present different levels in different historical stages; in higher social forms, individuals’ material, psychological, and spiritual needs clearly have higher requirements. Marx linked individual needs with the development of productive forces and the evolution of human society, meaning that people’s needs are satisfied with the development of productive forces. In this process, society continuously progresses, and individuals continuously break free from external constraints, thereby achieving free and comprehensive development. Overall, the spiritual force for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation is stimulated in the process of people continuously pursuing the satisfaction of material, psychological, and spiritual needs. The continuous satisfaction of these needs is the source of power for the spiritual force of the Chinese people in realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

人的需求是多层次和多样的，中国人民的物质、心理和精神需求统一于实现中华民族伟大复兴的历史进程中。一方面，人的需求具有多样性，这些需求贯穿于人类社会发展的各个阶段。在马克思看来，人活着既是为了生存也是为了自我实现，人们的生产方式也不仅是为了维持肉体存在而与自然界发生的活动，同时也是为了自我实现而在与他人的交往过程中发生的社会性活动。因此，即使是在物质条件极为匮乏的时代，个体也会有安全、社交等心理和精神上的多重需要。另一方面，人的需求受社会发展阶段的约束而体现出层次性。在原始社会中，生存的困境使得人们的需求集中表现为对物的依赖。而随着生产力的发展，温饱问题的解决使得人们更加注重心理和精神上的享受，个体的需求逐渐转向更高级的心理需求和精神需求。此外，同样的需求在不同的历史阶段也会呈现出不同的层次，在更高级的社会形态中，个体的物质、心理及精神需求明显具有更高的要求。马克思将个体需求同生产力的发展，以及人类社会的演进联系起来，即人们的需求随着生产力的发展而得以满足，在这个过程中，社会不断进步，个体则不断挣脱外在的条件束缚，进而实现自由而全面的发展。总的来看，实现中华民族伟大复兴的精神力量是在人们不断追求物质、心理和精神需求满足的过程中被激发出来的，这些需求的不断满足是中国人民实现中华民族伟大复兴之精神力量的动力之源。

(III) The Functional Dimension of the Spiritual Force for the Great Rejuvenation of the Chinese Nation

(三)实现中华民族伟大复兴精神力量的功能之维

The spiritual force for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation is a concentrated manifestation of human consciousness and concepts. From the perspective of the function and role of this force, it is mainly embodied in providing a powerful spiritual guiding force, spiritual cohesive force, spiritual creative force, and spiritual combat force for the cause of national rejuvenation. First, the spiritual guiding force is reflected in providing fundamental directional guidance for the cause of national rejuvenation. Individuals cannot create history; one important reason for this is that individual action is spontaneous. The spiritual force for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, however, is a mass force that follows historical laws and grasps the general trend of history, thus being able to guide all Chinese people to consciously devote themselves to the great historical undertaking of realizing national rejuvenation. Second, the spiritual cohesive force is reflected as the spiritual bond for realizing national rejuvenation, capable of uniting the strength of the people of all ethnic groups across the country into a resultant force for national rejuvenation, transforming individual strength into a powerful spiritual kinetic energy for creating history. Third, the spiritual creative force is the practical subject’s capacity for the active transformation of the subjective spiritual world, concentratedly embodied in the theoretical innovation of the Chinese people in the great cause of national rejuvenation, and is also an inexhaustible driving force for a nation’s development. It is precisely through the spiritual creative force that the Communist Party of China, in the historical process of leading the Chinese people to realize national rejuvenation, has integrated the basic principles of Marxism with China’s specific realities and with the excellent traditional Chinese culture, forming a series of innovative theoretical achievements in adapting Marxism to the Chinese context. [10]10 This refers to the “Two Integrations” (两个结合), the principle of integrating the basic tenets of Marxism with China’s specific realities and with the best of traditional Chinese culture, a key formulation in Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. Fourth, the spiritual combat force is reflected as the powerful driving force for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Only when a nation possesses a powerful spiritual force can it advance courageously and be invincible. Over the past hundred-plus years, the Communist Party of China has attached great importance to cultivating the spiritual combat force, insisting on supplementing the spiritual calcium of Communist Party members, constructing a spiritual genealogy with the great founding spirit of the Party as its source, [11]11 The “great founding spirit of the Party” (伟大建党精神) refers to the spirit of the Communist Party of China at its founding in 1921, officially defined as including the principles of “upholding truth,坚守理想,践行初心,担当使命,不怕牺牲,英勇斗争,对党忠诚,不负人民.” The “spiritual genealogy” (精神谱系) is a term for the evolving set of revolutionary spirits developed by the CPC throughout its history. and continuously promoting historic achievements and historic transformations in the cause of the Party and the state.

实现中华民族伟大复兴的精神力量是人的意识和观念的集中展现，从这种力量的功能和作用来看，主要体现在为民族复兴事业提供了强大的精神引领力、精神凝聚力、精神创造力和精神战斗力。其一，精神引领力体现在为民族复兴事业提供根本的方向指引。个人无法创造历史，其中的一个重要原因在于个体行动具有自发性，而实现中华民族伟大复兴的精神力量是遵循历史规律、把握历史大势的群众力量，所以能够引领全体中国人民自觉投入到实现民族复兴的历史伟业中。其二，精神凝聚力体现为实现民族复兴的精神纽带，能够把全国各族人民群众的力量凝聚为实现民族复兴的合力，把个人的力量转化为创造历史的强大精神动能。其三，精神创造力是实践主体对主观精神世界的能动改造能力，集中体现为中国人民在民族复兴伟业中的理论创新，也是一个民族发展的不竭动力。正是通过精神创造力，中国共产党在领导中国人民实现民族复兴的历史进程中，将马克思主义基本原理同中国具体实际相结合，同中华优秀传统文化相结合，形成了一系列马克思主义中国化的创新理论成果。其四，精神战斗力体现为实现中华民族伟大复兴的强大推动力量，一个民族只有具备了强大的精神力量才能勇往直前、无往不胜。百余年来，中国共产党高度重视精神战斗力的培育，坚持补足共产党员的精神之钙，构筑起以伟大建党精神为源头的精神谱系，不断推动党和国家事业取得历史性成就，发生历史性变革。

The spiritual guiding force, spiritual cohesive force, spiritual creative force, and spiritual combat force are both distinct from each other and closely linked, profoundly reflecting the powerful effect of the spiritual force for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation on the practice of national rejuvenation. On the one hand, these “four forces” must be understood on the basis of practice. The dialectical relationship between consciousness and matter provides us with the fundamental yardstick for grasping the “four forces.” Marx refuted idealism, which understands spirit as a supernatural, super-real existence detached from substance, emphasizing that “consciousness is, therefore, from the very beginning a social product, and remains so as long as men exist at all.” [12]12 Marx and Engels, “The German Ideology,” in Collected Works, vol. 5, p. 44. At the same time, Marx affirmed the role of spirit on matter, holding that “theory also becomes a material force as soon as it has gripped the masses.” [13]13 Karl Marx, “Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Law. Introduction,” in Collected Works, vol. 3 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975), p. 182. Therefore, the spiritual guiding force, spiritual cohesive force, spiritual creative force, and spiritual combat force are subjective in content but objective in essence, profoundly embodying the dialectical relationship of matter generating spirit and spirit transforming into matter. On the other hand, from the perspective of the internal relationship among the “four forces,” a spiritual force can only form a powerful spiritual combat force if it possesses spiritual guiding force, spiritual cohesive force, and spiritual creative force; a spiritual force can better play its guiding role only if it demonstrates its own spiritual cohesive force, spiritual creative force, and spiritual combat force; a spiritual force can only play a cohesive role if it possesses spiritual guiding force, spiritual creative force, and spiritual combat force; a spiritual force can only continuously achieve self-breakthrough and self-transcendence if it possesses spiritual creative force, thereby eternally maintaining its spiritual guiding force, spiritual cohesive force, and spiritual combat force. The spiritual guiding force, spiritual cohesive force, spiritual creative force, and spiritual combat force complement each other, becoming the shared spiritual force for realizing national rejuvenation, driving the practice of the great cause of national rejuvenation towards continuous new victories.

精神引领力、精神凝聚力、精神创造力和精神战斗力既相互区别，又紧密联系，深刻体现出实现中华民族伟大复兴精神力量对民族复兴实践的强大作用。一方面，必须把“四力”置于实践的基础上进行理解，意识与物质的辩证关系为我们提供了把握“四力”的基本尺度。马克思批驳唯心主义，把精神理解为一种脱离实体的超自然、超现实的存在，强调“意识一开始就是社会的产物，而且只要人们存在着，它就仍然是这种产物”;同时，马克思又肯定了精神对物质的作用，认为“理论一经掌握群众，也会变成物质力量”。因此，精神引领力、精神凝聚力、精神创造力和精神战斗力在内容上是主观的，但在本质上是客观的，深刻体现了物质生精神、精神变物质的辩证关系。另一方面，从“四力”的内在关系看，一种精神力量只有具备精神引领力、精神凝聚力和精神创造力，才能形成强大的精神战斗力；一种精神力量只有彰显出自身的精神凝聚力、精神创造力和精神战斗力，才能够更好地发挥引领作用；一种精神力量只有具备了精神引领力、精神创造力和精神战斗力，才能发挥凝心聚力作用；一种精神力量只有具备了精神创造力，才能不断实现对自我的突破和超越，从而永葆精神引领力、精神凝聚力和精神战斗力。精神引领力、精神凝聚力、精神创造力和精神战斗力相辅相成，成为了实现民族复兴的共有精神力量，推动民族复兴伟业的实践不断走向新胜利。

III. The Formation Roots of the Spiritual Force for the Great Rejuvenation of the Chinese Nation

三、实现中华民族伟大复兴精神力量的形成根源

The spiritual force for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation is the active subjective reflection of the practical subject on social existence. The formation of this force has profound material roots, ideological roots, institutional roots, and cultural roots. Therefore, analyzing the formation roots of the spiritual force for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation needs to be carried out from the four levels of material, ideology, institution, and culture, scientifically grasping the generation mechanism of the spiritual force for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

实现中华民族伟大复兴的精神力量是实践主体对社会存在的主观能动反映，这一力量的形成具有深厚的物质根源、思想根源、制度根源和文化根源。为此，解析实现中华民族伟大复兴精神力量的形成根源需要从物质、思想、制度和文化四个层面展开，科学把握实现中华民族伟大复兴精神力量的产生机理。

(I) The Material Roots of the Spiritual Force for the Great Rejuvenation of the Chinese Nation

(一)实现中华民族伟大复兴精神力量的物质根源

Social being determines social consciousness, the economic base determines the superstructure, and the level of socioeconomic development fundamentally determines the presence or absence and the strength of the spiritual strength for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Only with a solid material foundation can a powerful spiritual combat effectiveness be formed. Marx pointed out: “Mankind always sets itself only such tasks as it can solve … the task itself arises only when the material conditions for its solution are already present or are at least in the process of formation.” [14]14 Karl Marx, “A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy,” Preface (1859). The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC explicitly raised the epochal issue of “enhancing the spiritual strength for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation,” precisely on the basis of the solid material foundation for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation laid by the CPC leading the Chinese people through a century of struggle. Since reform and opening up, the CPC has led the people to create a miracle of rapid economic development, with the national economic strength rising substantially, achieving the great accomplishment from moderate prosperity in general to building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, realizing the great turn from lagging behind the times, catching up with the times, to gradually leading the times, ushering in the great leap from standing up, growing rich, to becoming strong, continuously improving the people’s living standards, continuously enhancing comprehensive national power, creating the new path of Chinese-path modernization, creating a new form of human civilization, and a series of other great achievements. The solid material foundation and the powerful economic base have created the prerequisite conditions and provided the fundamental guarantee for consolidating the spiritual strength for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, enabling the Chinese people to be “closer to, more confident in, and more capable of achieving the goal of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation than at any time in history.”

社会存在决定社会意识，经济基础决定上层建筑，社会经济发展水平从根本上决定着实现中华民族伟大复兴精神力量的有无与强弱问题，只有具备坚实的物质基础，才能够形成强大的精神战斗力。马克思指出：“人类始终只提出自己能够解决的任务……任务本身，只有在解决它的物质条件已经存在或者至少是在生成过程中的时候，才会产生。”党的二十大报告明确提出要“增强实现中华民族伟大复兴的精神力量”这一时代课题，正是基于中国共产党领导中国人民百年奋斗所奠定的实现中华民族伟大复兴的坚实物质基础。改革开放以来，中国共产党领导人民创造出经济快速发展的奇迹，国家经济实力大幅跃升，取得了从总体小康到全面建成小康社会的伟大成就，实现了从落后时代、赶上时代到逐渐引领时代的伟大转折，迎来了从站起来、富起来到强起来的伟大飞跃，人民生活水平不断提高，综合国力不断提升，创造了中国式现代化新道路，创造了人类文明新形态等一系列伟大成就。坚实的物质基础和强大的经济基础为凝聚实现中华民族伟大复兴的精神力量创造了前提条件，提供了根本保障，使中国人民“比历史上任何时期都更接近、更有信心和能力实现中华民族伟大复兴的目标”。

Social consciousness reacts upon social being, the superstructure reacts upon the economic base, and the dialectical movement of matter and spirit always manifests a developmental trend of “material foundation—spiritual strength—a more solid material foundation—a more powerful spiritual strength.” On the one hand, creating more abundant material wealth is an inherent requirement of realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. In Marx and Engels’ depiction of the future communist society, the most important characteristic is the full abundance of material wealth. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “To realize the Chinese Dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, material wealth must be greatly enriched, and spiritual wealth must also be greatly enriched.” On the other hand, a solid material foundation is the fundamental guarantee of a powerful spiritual strength. To enhance the spiritual strength for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, it is necessary to continuously form a more solid material foundation in practice. With the realization of the first centenary goal, the Party’s leadership has become more powerful and effective, the Chinese people have become more united, the sense of community for the Chinese nation has been continuously consolidated, and the spiritual strength for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation has burst forth in competition. For this reason, the 20th National Congress of the CPC issued the great call to “unite and strive to build a modern socialist country in all respects and comprehensively advance the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation,” meaning that we will further consolidate the material foundation and stimulate an even more powerful spiritual strength.

社会意识反作用于社会存在，上层建筑反作用于经济基础，物质与精神的辩证运动总是呈现出“物质基础—精神力量—更加坚实的物质基础—更加强大的精神力量”的发展趋势。一方面，创造更加丰富的物质财富是实现中华民族伟大复兴的应有之义。在马克思和恩格斯对未来共产主义社会的描绘中，最重要的特征就是物质财富的充分涌流。习近平总书记指出：“实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦，物质财富要极大丰富，精神财富也要极大丰富。”另一方面，坚实的物质基础是强大精神力量的根本保障，要增强实现中华民族伟大复兴的精神力量，就必须在实践中不断形成更加坚实的物质基础。伴随着第一个百年奋斗目标的实现，党的领导更加坚强有力，中国人民更加团结一致，中华民族共同体意识得以不断铸牢，实现中华民族伟大复兴的精神力量竞相迸发，为此，党的二十大发出“为全面建设社会主义现代化国家、全面推进中华民族伟大复兴而团结奋斗”的伟大号召，意味着我们将进一步夯实物质基础，激发更为强大的精神力量。

(II) The Ideological Roots of the Spiritual Strength for the Great Rejuvenation of the Chinese Nation

(二)实现中华民族伟大复兴精神力量的思想根源

Spiritual strength is the concentrated manifestation of people’s ideas and concepts. The Party’s scientific theory, as the crystallization of the wisdom and experience of the Party leading the people in practice, is an important ideological root of the spiritual strength for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and possesses a powerful spiritual guiding force. Over more than a century, the CPC has continuously advanced adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times, forming a series of innovative theoretical achievements in thought, and the Party’s treasure trove of scientific theory has been continuously enriched. On the one hand, through the Party’s innovative theory, people’s ideological understanding is unified, which profoundly influences the correct direction of the spiritual strength for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. “Without revolutionary theory, there can be no revolutionary movement.” [15]15 V. I. Lenin, “What Is to Be Done?” (1902). On the other hand, since its founding, the CPC has always upheld the original aspiration and founding mission of seeking happiness for the people and rejuvenation for the nation, centering on the historical theme of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, using the Party’s innovative theory to guide the correct direction of the people’s actions and consolidate the people’s spiritual strength for national rejuvenation. On yet another hand, the Party’s innovative theory is a thorough theory proven by practice and conforming to China’s national conditions, and therefore can correctly guide the great practice of realizing national rejuvenation. In Marx’s view, for theory to be transformed into material force, it must first be grasped by the masses, and theory, if it is reasonable, can convince people. [16]16 Karl Marx, “A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right,” Introduction (1843–1844). In the process of exploring the path of China’s revolution and construction, we also experienced errors at the level of ideological theory. Erroneous ideological theories, because they could not correctly guide practice, were ultimately discarded by the masses. The Party’s innovative theory, on the other hand, has continuously developed in the struggle against various erroneous ideas, guided the great practices of China’s revolution, construction, and reform, achieved a series of remarkable accomplishments, and ultimately won the resolute support and high recognition of the broad masses, thereby becoming the ideological foundation for the broad masses to consciously consolidate the spiritual strength for national rejuvenation.

精神力量是人们思想观念的集中展现，党的科学理论作为实践中党领导人民的智慧经验的结晶，是实现中华民族伟大复兴精神力量的重要思想根源，具有强大的精神引领力。百余年来，中国共产党不断推进马克思主义中国化时代化，形成了一系列思想理论创新成果，党的科学理论宝库得以不断丰富。一方面通过党的创新理论统一人们的思想认识，这深刻影响着实现中华民族伟大复兴精神力量的正确方向。“没有革命的理论，就不会有革命的运动。”另一方面，中国共产党自成立起就始终秉持为人民谋幸福、为民族谋复兴的初心使命，围绕实现中华民族伟大复兴这一历史主题，用党的创新理论指引人民群众行动的正确方向，凝聚人民群众实现民族复兴的精神力量。再一方面，党的创新理论是为实践所证明的、符合中国国情的彻底的理论，因而能够正确指导实现民族复兴的伟大实践。在马克思看来，理论要转变为物质力量，必须首先为群众所掌握，而理论如果有道理，就能说服人。在探索中国革命、建设道路的过程中，我们也曾出现过思想理论层面的错误，错误的思想理论因为不能正确指导实践，最终为人民群众所摒弃。党的创新理论则在同各种错误思想的斗争中不断发展，并指导中国革命、建设和改革的伟大实践，取得了一系列举世瞩目的成就，最终获得了广大人民群众的坚决拥护和高度认同，从而成为广大人民群众自觉凝聚民族复兴精神力量的思想基础。

To enhance the spiritual strength for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, it is necessary to adhere to the guidance of Marxist scientific theory and consolidate the ideological foundation of the broad masses. Marxism provides us with a scientific worldview and methodology for understanding and transforming the world. Only by always adhering to the guidance of Marxist scientific theory can we firmly grasp the initiative in the development of the Party and the state’s undertakings and realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. At the same time, no scientific theory can exhaust truth; it can only continuously open up the path to understanding truth in practice. Marxism can correctly reflect the constantly changing objective existence only through continuous innovation and development in practice, thereby leading the cause of national rejuvenation to continuously achieve new victories. In the historical process of comprehensively building a modern socialist country, only by unswervingly upholding the guiding position of Marxism and continuously opening up new frontiers of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times can we always exert the spiritual guiding role of Marxist scientific theory, consolidate the ideological foundation of the broad masses, and consolidate the powerful spiritual strength for realizing national rejuvenation.

增强实现中华民族伟大复兴的精神力量，必须坚持马克思主义科学理论的指导，筑牢广大人民群众的思想根基。马克思主义为我们提供了认识世界、改造世界的科学的世界观和方法论，只有始终坚持马克思主义科学理论的指导，我们才能牢牢掌握党和国家事业发展的主动权，实现中华民族伟大复兴。同时，任何科学理论都无法穷尽真理，只能在实践中不断开辟认识真理的道路。马克思主义只有在实践中不断创新发展，才能正确反映不断变化的客观存在，从而引领民族复兴事业不断取得新胜利。在全面建设社会主义现代化国家的历史进程中，只有毫不动摇地坚持马克思主义的指导地位，不断开辟马克思主义中国化时代化的新境界，才能始终发挥马克思主义科学理论的精神引领作用，夯实广大人民群众的思想根基，凝聚起实现民族复兴的强大精神力量。

(III) The Institutional Roots of the Spiritual Strength for the Great Rejuvenation of the Chinese Nation

(三)实现中华民族伟大复兴精神力量的制度根源

The scientific nature, advanced nature, and superiority of the social system are important influencing factors on whether the spiritual strength for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation can be formed. The socialist system with Chinese characteristics, as an advanced system proven by practice, is an important institutional root of the spiritual strength for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and can exert a powerful spiritual cohesive effect. Looking at the historical development of Chinese civilization, the Chinese people have conducted in-depth explorations of ancient institutional civilizations. Every prosperous dynasty possessed the advantages of a national institutional system. For example, Shang Yang’s reforms established the county system, thereby laying the foundation for a powerful Qin; Dong Zhongshu’s reforms abolished the hundred schools of thought and exclusively revered Confucianism, thereby consolidating the great unification during the reign of Emperor Wu of Han. [17]17 Shang Yang (c. 390–338 BCE) was a statesman of the State of Qin whose Legalist reforms, including the establishment of a centralized county system, helped lay the groundwork for Qin’s eventual unification of China. Dong Zhongshu (c. 179–104 BCE) was a Han dynasty Confucian scholar who advocated making Confucianism the sole state orthodoxy, a policy adopted by Emperor Wu of Han (r. 141–87 BCE) to consolidate imperial unity. Furthermore, the systems of abdication, enfeoffment, prefectures and counties, and provinces in Chinese history regulated management behaviors and social order at various levels, maintained the normal operation of state power, played an important role in maintaining social stability, promoting civilizational education, and advancing economic development, possessed their advanced nature under the conditions of the time, and provided historical experience that can be drawn upon for contemporary governance. Looking at the institutional practices of socialism and capitalism in the contemporary world, Western capitalist countries follow the institutional logic dominated by capital, are unable to escape dependence on things and achieve free individuality, and cannot overcome the contradiction between the private ownership of the means of production and socialized large-scale production. Therefore, when facing sudden social public events, Western countries under the capitalist system do not first devote themselves to solving the problem but instead use it as a tool for political struggle, exposing the serious drawbacks of mutual buck-passing and low efficiency among different political parties brought about by the multiparty system under the Western capitalist system. The socialist system with Chinese characteristics is rooted in the basic principles of scientific socialism and China’s long history of civilization, absorbs the valuable experience of state governance from ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign sources, and demonstrates enormous institutional advantages and governance effectiveness in reaching social consensus, integrating social thought, and consolidating social strength, enabling it to consolidate a powerful spiritual strength for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

社会制度的科学性、先进性、优越性是能否形成实现中华民族伟大复兴精神力量的重要影响因素。中国特色社会主义制度作为被实践所证明的先进制度，是实现中华民族伟大复兴精神力量的重要制度根源，能够发挥出强大的精神凝聚作用。纵观中华文明的历史发展，中国人民对古代制度文明进行了深入探索，凡盛世王朝无不具有国家制度体系的优势，比如，商鞅变法建立县制，从而奠定强秦之基，董仲舒变法罢黜百家、独尊儒术，从而巩固了汉武帝时期的大一统。而中国历史上的禅让制、分封制、郡县制、行省制等则规范了各级管理行为和社会秩序，维系了国家权力的正常运行，在保持社会安定、推动文明教化、促进经济发展的过程中发挥了重要作用，在当时的条件下具有其先进性，为当下的治国理政提供了可资借鉴的历史经验。而从当今世界中的社会主义与资本主义的制度实践来看，西方资本主义国家遵循资本主导的制度逻辑，无法摆脱物的依赖性并实现自由个性，无法克服生产资料的私人占有同社会化大生产之间的矛盾，因而在面对突发的社会公共事件时，资本主义制度下的西方国家第一时间不是致力于问题的解决，而是将其作为政治斗争的工具，暴露出西方资本主义制度下的多党制带来的不同政党相互推卸责任、效率低下的严重弊端。中国特色社会主义制度根植于科学社会主义的基本原则和中华悠久的文明史，吸收了古今中外国家治理的宝贵经验，在达成社会共识、整合社会思想、凝聚社会力量中彰显出巨大的制度优势和治理效能，能够为实现中华民族伟大复兴凝聚起强大的精神力量。

General Secretary Xi Jinping has emphasized that “the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics is the fundamental institutional guarantee for the development and progress of contemporary China.” In terms of institutional philosophy, it consistently upholds the people-centered value stance, which is the logical prerequisite for consolidating the spiritual force for national rejuvenation. For a social system to play a role in uniting the people’s hearts, it must first win broad recognition from all members of society and thereby establish its own legitimacy. The system of socialism with Chinese characteristics always adheres to the people-centered value stance, fully safeguards the fundamental interests of the broad masses of the people, and has won their heartfelt support and widespread recognition in institutional practice. In terms of institutional design, it consistently demonstrates the scientific nature of national governance, which is the key to consolidating the spiritual force for national rejuvenation. As our Party’s understanding of institutional construction deepens, the entire institutional system composed of the fundamental institutions, basic institutions, important institutions, and other specific institutions of socialism with Chinese characteristics has become increasingly complete, covering all aspects of the economy, politics, culture, society, ecology, and the people’s daily lives. The “Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Upholding and Improving the System of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics and Advancing the Modernization of the National Governance System and Governance Capacity” adopted at the Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC systematically and comprehensively summarized the notable advantages of the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, fully reflecting the scientific, advanced, and superior nature of this system. In terms of institutional implementation, it consistently possesses operational feasibility, ensuring that the spiritual force for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation moves from what ought to be to what is. The vitality of an institution lies in its implementation; any system that is difficult to enforce is merely a scrap of paper. The system of socialism with Chinese characteristics conforms to China’s national conditions, adapts to China’s development, can efficiently allocate resources from all sides in practice, fully mobilizes the people’s initiative, demonstrates the notable advantage of socialism in concentrating resources to accomplish major undertakings, and thereby effectively consolidates the spiritual force of all Chinese people for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

习近平总书记强调，“中国特色社会主义制度是当代中国发展进步的根本制度保障”。在制度理念上，始终秉持价值立场的人民性，这是凝聚实现民族复兴精神力量的逻辑前提。一种社会制度要发挥出凝聚民心的作用，首先必须得到全体社会成员的广泛认同，进而确立自身的合法性地位，中国特色社会主义制度始终坚持以人民为中心的价值立场，充分保障广大人民群众的根本利益，在制度实践中赢得了广大人民群众的衷心拥护和广泛认同。在制度设计上，始终彰显国家治理的科学性，这是凝聚实现民族复兴精神力量的关键。随着我们党对制度建设的认识不断深入，中国特色社会主义的根本制度、基本制度、重要制度和其他方面的具体制度构成的整个制度体系越来越完善，覆盖了经济、政治、文化、社会、生态及人民生活的各个方面。党的十九届四中全会通过的《中共中央关于坚持和完善中国特色社会主义制度 推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化若干重大问题的决定》系统全面地总结了中国特色社会主义制度的显著优势，充分体现了这一制度的科学性、先进性和优越性。在制度的落实上，始终具有操作层面的可行性，确保实现中华民族伟大复兴的精神力量从应然走向实然。制度的生命力在于实施，任何一种制度如果难以执行就只是一纸空文。中国特色社会主义制度符合中国国情，适应中国发展，能够在实践中高效配置各方资源，充分调动人民的积极性，彰显出社会主义集中力量办大事的显著优势，进而有效凝聚起全体中国人民实现中华民族伟大复兴的精神力量。

(IV) The Cultural Roots of the Spiritual Force for the Great Rejuvenation of the Chinese Nation

(四)实现中华民族伟大复兴精神力量的文化根源

Culture is the soul of a country and a nation. China’s five-thousand-year civilization, fine traditional Chinese culture, revolutionary culture, and advanced socialist culture provide important spiritual and cultural nourishment for the spiritual force for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, injecting powerful spiritual creativity into national rejuvenation. Fine traditional Chinese culture is the spiritual root of the Chinese nation, nurtured in the history of the development of China’s five-thousand-year civilization, profoundly embodying the ethical and moral concepts and spiritual value pursuits of the Chinese people, and containing rich wisdom for governing the country and managing the world. Revolutionary culture is the unique spiritual symbol of the Chinese nation, formed in the great struggle in which the Communist Party of China led the Chinese people to resist foreign aggression and strive for national independence and liberation. In modern times, in the historical process of achieving national rejuvenation, the Communist Party of China led the Chinese people to nurture valuable revolutionary spirit and cultural traditions, forming the spiritual lineage of Chinese Communists with the great founding spirit of the Party as its source, providing powerful spiritual force for overcoming risks and challenges on the path forward. Advanced socialist culture was formed in the great practice of the Communist Party of China leading the Chinese people to advance the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics. It has distinct characteristics of the times, is a vivid manifestation of the great creative spirit of Chinese Communists and the Chinese people, and inspires the entire Party, the entire military, and the people of all ethnic groups in China to forge ahead courageously. Fine traditional Chinese culture, revolutionary culture, and advanced socialist culture are important sources for strengthening cultural confidence and stimulating the cultural creativity of the people of all ethnic groups in China, and are important cultural foundations for the spiritual force for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

文化是一个国家、一个民族的灵魂。中华五千年文明、中华优秀传统文化、革命文化、社会主义先进文化等为实现中华民族伟大复兴的精神力量提供了重要的精神文化滋养，为民族复兴注入了强大的精神创造力。中华优秀传统文化是中华民族的精神根脉，孕育于中华民族五千年文明的发展史中，深刻体现了中国人民的伦理道德观念和精神价值追求，蕴藏着丰富的治国理政智慧和为人处世之道。革命文化是中华民族的独特精神标识，形成于中国共产党领导中国人民抵御列强侵略、争取国家独立和民族解放的伟大斗争中。近代以来，在实现民族复兴的历史进程中，中国共产党领导中国人民孕育了宝贵的革命精神和文化传统，形成了以伟大建党精神为源头的中国共产党人精神谱系，为我们克服前进道路上的风险挑战提供了强大的精神力量。社会主义先进文化形成于中国共产党领导中国人民推进中国特色社会主义事业的伟大实践中，具有鲜明的时代特色，是中国共产党人和中国人民伟大创造精神的生动体现，激励着全党全国各族人民奋勇向前。中华优秀传统文化、革命文化和社会主义先进文化是坚定文化自信、激发全国各族人民文化创造活力的重要源泉，是实现中华民族伟大复兴精神力量的重要文化根基。

Cultural confidence is the most fundamental, profound, and enduring force in the development of a country and a nation. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the spiritual force for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation in the process of strengthening cultural confidence. It is necessary to promote the creative transformation and innovative development of fine traditional Chinese culture, adhere to the principle of cultural construction that combines the basic tenets of Marxism with China’s specific realities and with fine traditional Chinese culture, adhere to the cultural development direction of “serving the people and serving socialism,” adhere to the cultural development policy of “letting a hundred flowers bloom and a hundred schools of thought contend,” and promote the prosperity and flourishing of fine traditional Chinese culture; it is necessary to inherit and carry forward revolutionary culture. The Party’s century-long history of revolutionary struggle has tempered the great spirit of the Chinese nation and nurtured the revolutionary spirit and fine revolutionary traditions. In the process of inheriting and carrying forward revolutionary culture, it is necessary to strengthen the confidence and courage to dare to struggle, face difficulties head-on, and forge ahead bravely; it is necessary to develop advanced socialist culture, promote and practice the core socialist values, carry forward the national spirit with patriotism at its core and the spirit of the times with reform and innovation at its core, more forcefully advance the cultural construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics for a New Era, adhere to upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground, openness and inclusiveness, and build a socialist cultural power. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “The great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation requires the development and prosperity of Chinese culture.” Only by continuously promoting the development and prosperity of fine traditional Chinese culture, revolutionary culture, and advanced socialist culture, constantly enriching the people’s spiritual world, and constructing the Chinese spirit, Chinese values, and Chinese strength, can we effectively strengthen the spiritual force for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

文化自信是一个国家、一个民族发展中最基本、最深沉、最持久的力量，因此，必须在坚定文化自信中增强实现中华民族伟大复兴的精神力量。要推动中华优秀传统文化的创造性转化和创新性发展，坚持把马克思主义基本原理同中国具体实际、同中华优秀传统文化相结合的文化建设原则，坚持“为人民服务、为社会主义服务”的文化发展方向，坚持“百花齐放、百家争鸣”的文化发展方针，促进中华优秀传统文化的繁荣兴盛；要继承和弘扬革命文化，党的百年革命斗争史淬炼了中华民族的伟大精神，孕育了革命精神和优良革命传统，要在继承和弘扬革命文化的过程中增强敢于斗争、迎难而上、勇毅前行的信心和勇气；要发展社会主义先进文化，弘扬和践行社会主义核心价值观，发扬以爱国主义为核心的民族精神和以改革创新为核心的时代精神，更有力地推进新时代中国特色社会主义的文化建设，坚持守正创新、开放包容，建设社会主义文化强国。习近平总书记指出：“中华民族伟大复兴需要以中华文化发展繁荣为条件。”只有不断推动中华优秀传统文化、革命文化及社会主义先进文化的繁荣发展，不断丰富人民的精神世界，构筑中国精神、中国价值、中国力量，才能切实增强实现中华民族伟大复兴的精神力量。

IV. The Dynamic Mechanism for Strengthening the Spiritual Force for the Great Rejuvenation of the Chinese Nation

四、增强实现中华民族伟大复兴精神力量的动力机制

To stimulate the original spiritual force for national rejuvenation among individual Chinese people, groups, and even the Chinese nation as a whole, to allow the people’s spiritual force to burst forth continuously and inexhaustibly, and to enable the spiritual force for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation to be constantly strengthened, all require correct guidance, effective incentives, and vigorous publicity. It is necessary to construct a dynamic mechanism for strengthening the spiritual force for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and promote the coordinated and efficient operation of different dynamic mechanisms.

要把中国人民个体、群体乃至中华民族整体的实现民族复兴的原初精神力量激发出来，让人民群众的精神力量源源不断地持续迸发，使实现中华民族伟大复兴的精神力量得以不断增强，都需要正确引导、有效激励和大力宣传，构建起增强实现中华民族伟大复兴精神力量的动力机制，促进不同动力机制的协同高效运行。

(I) The Guiding Dynamic Mechanism for Strengthening the Spiritual Force for the Great Rejuvenation of the Chinese Nation

(一)增强实现中华民族伟大复兴精神力量的引导动力机制

The guiding dynamic mechanism refers to, starting from the generation of the spiritual force for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, guiding the spiritual value pursuits and material interest needs of different subjects into concrete actions for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, thereby stimulating the subjects’ inherent original spiritual force for achieving national rejuvenation.

引导动力机制是指从实现中华民族伟大复兴精神力量的生成出发，把不同主体的精神价值追求和物质利益需求引导到实现中华民族伟大复兴的实际行动上来，进而激发出主体实现中华民族伟大复兴的内在原初精神力量。

Interests and needs reflect the purpose and motivation of individual action. Marx pointed out: “Everything people strive for is related to their interests.” [19]19 Karl Marx, “Debates on the Law on Theft of Wood,” *Rheinische Zeitung*, 1842. For this reason, the drive of interest needs becomes an important mechanism for stimulating the original spiritual force of the Chinese people in realizing national rejuvenation. Only by guiding the broad masses of the people to transform the impetus for satisfying their own interest needs into concrete actions for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation can the powerful spiritual force of the Chinese people in advancing the great cause of national rejuvenation be unleashed. On the one hand, it is necessary to closely align with the people’s needs and clarify how to guide them. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the people’s needs have shifted from the ever-growing material and cultural needs to the ever-growing need for a better life, placing higher demands on both the level of material living conditions and cultural-ethical life. [20]20 The 18th National Congress of the CPC was held in 2012, marking the beginning of the New Era. This enlightens us that we must not only meet the people’s material interest needs, ensuring and improving people’s livelihood through high-quality development and earnestly addressing the people’s urgent, difficult, anxious, and expectant problems, but also satisfy the people’s spiritual value pursuits, solidly advancing common prosperity in spiritual life, and transforming the people’s material interest needs and spiritual value pursuits into the enthusiasm and action force for realizing national rejuvenation. On the other hand, it is necessary to uphold the leading core position of the Communist Party of China in the great cause of national rejuvenation and clarify who is to guide. Since modern times, countless people with lofty ideals have sought remedies to save the nation, and various doctrines and groups have successively stepped onto the historical stage, but none succeeded. Once the Communist Party of China was founded, it established the guiding position of Marxism, and “the Chinese people shifted from passivity to initiative in spirit,” [21]21 Mao Zedong, “On New Democracy” (1940), *Selected Works of Mao Zedong*, Vol. 2. and the original spiritual force for national rejuvenation was continuously unleashed. At the same time, through a century of struggle, the Party fundamentally changed the destiny of the Chinese people. The Communist Party of China is not only the leading force of the Chinese people and the Chinese nation but also an important spiritual pillar; it is not only the internal support for the spiritual force to realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation but also the directional guide for exerting this spiritual force. History fully demonstrates that without the Communist Party of China, there would be no New China, and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation could not be realized. Only by always adhering to the leadership of the Communist Party of China, scientifically grasping the people’s material interests and spiritual and cultural needs, and achieving the resonance of the individual needs of the Chinese people with the overall value pursuit of the Chinese nation, can the inherent original spiritual force of the Chinese people for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation be continuously unleashed.

利益和需求反映了个体行动的目的和动机。马克思指出：“人们奋斗所争取的一切，都同他们的利益有关。”为此，利益需求驱动就成为激发中国人民实现民族复兴原初精神力量的重要机制，只有引导广大人民群众把满足自身利益需求的动力转化为实现中华民族伟大复兴的实际行动，才能激发出中国人民推进民族复兴伟业的强大精神力量。一方面，要紧扣人们的需求所在，明确如何引导。党的十八大以来，人民群众的需求从日益增长的物质文化需要转变为日益增长的对美好生活的需要，对物质生活水平和精神文化生活都提出了更高要求。这启示我们，不仅要满足人民群众的物质利益需求，在高质量发展中保障和改善民生，着力解决好人民群众的急难愁盼问题，同时还要满足人民群众的精神价值追求，扎实推进精神生活共同富裕，将人民群众的物质利益需求和精神价值追求转化为实现民族复兴的积极性和行动力。另一方面，必须坚持中国共产党在民族复兴伟业中的领导核心地位，明确谁来引导。近代以来，无数仁人志士探求救国良方，各种主义、团体不断登上历史舞台，但都没能取得成功。中国共产党一经成立就确立了马克思主义的指导地位，“中国人在精神上就由被动转入主动”,民族复兴的原初精神力量被不断激发出来。同时，党通过百年奋斗从根本上改变了中国人民的前途命运，中国共产党不仅是中国人民和中华民族的领导力量，更是重要精神支柱，不仅是实现中华民族伟大复兴精神力量的内在支撑，更是发挥这种精神力量的方向主导。历史充分表明，没有中国共产党就没有新中国，就无法实现中华民族伟大复兴。只有始终坚持中国共产党的领导，科学把握人民群众的物质利益和精神文化需求，实现中国人民个体需求同中华民族整体价值追求的同频共振，才能不断激发出中国人民实现中华民族伟大复兴的内在原初精神力量。

(II) Strengthening the Incentive Dynamic Mechanism of the Spiritual Force for Realizing the Great Rejuvenation of the Chinese Nation

(二)增强实现中华民族伟大复兴精神力量的激励动力机制

The incentive dynamic mechanism refers to starting from the mobilization of the spiritual force for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, using the ideal and pursuit of realizing the Chinese Dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation to motivate different subjects to voluntarily and consciously devote themselves to the grand practice of realizing national rejuvenation, thereby unleashing the potential deep-level spiritual force of the subjects for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

激励动力机制是指从实现中华民族伟大复兴精神力量的调动出发，用实现中华民族伟大复兴中国梦的理想和追求，激励不同主体主动、自觉地投身于实现民族复兴的宏阔实践中，进而激发出主体实现中华民族伟大复兴的潜在深层精神力量。

Ideals and pursuits are the unremitting aspirations of the practical subject for future development, reflecting the gap between the current state and the target state. Only when an individual possesses lofty ideals and goal pursuits can they better realize their own development; only when a country and a nation possess lofty ideals and goal pursuits can they clarify the direction of progress. Realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation is the greatest dream of the Chinese people and the Chinese nation in modern times. This ideal and pursuit guide the direction of the unremitting struggle of the Chinese people, inspire the Chinese people to consciously devote themselves to the fiery practice of national rejuvenation, and continuously unleash the potential deep-level spiritual force of the Chinese people for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. On the one hand, it is necessary to formulate goals and tasks for different periods in a planned and phased manner based on China’s specific national conditions, using the realization of phased goals to boost morale, invigorate the spirit, and enhance confidence, thereby mobilizing the enthusiasm and creativity of the broad masses of the people. Looking back at history, the Party led the people through bloody struggles during the period of the New Democratic Revolution, creating social conditions for national rejuvenation; through arduous exploration during the socialist revolution and construction, laying the political premise and institutional foundation for national rejuvenation; through unremitting struggle during reform and opening up and socialist modernization, providing a system guarantee full of new vitality and material conditions for rapid development for national rejuvenation. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, “the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, with great historical initiative, tremendous political courage, and a strong sense of responsibility,” [22]22 Quotation from the Report to the 19th National Congress of the CPC (2017). has promoted the vigorous development of the Party and state affairs, advancing courageously toward the grand goal of national rejuvenation. With the realization of each phased goal and task, the confidence and determination of the Chinese people to realize national rejuvenation have become increasingly firm, and the deep-level spiritual force for realizing national rejuvenation has been fully mobilized. On the other hand, it is necessary to inspire the broad masses of the people with the lofty ideal of communism and the common ideal of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Currently, the lofty ideal of communism and the common ideal of socialism with Chinese characteristics are unified in the historical task of realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out that it is necessary to “profoundly understand the dialectical relationship between the lofty ideal of communism and the common ideal of socialism with Chinese characteristics,” [23]23 Xi Jinping, speech at the celebration of the 95th anniversary of the founding of the CPC (2016). neither talking about the lofty ideal in the abstract nor discarding the lofty ideal. Communism embodies the objective laws of historical development and is the unity of scientific truth and objective inevitability. Socialism with Chinese characteristics is the only way to realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Only by inspiring the broad masses of the people with the lofty ideal of communism and the common ideal of socialism with Chinese characteristics can the spiritual pillar and political soul of Chinese Communists be forever preserved, unleashing the potential deep-level spiritual force of the broad masses of the people for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

理想和追求是实践主体对未来发展孜孜不倦的向往，体现了当前状态与目标状态之间的差距。一个人只有拥有了远大理想和目标追求，才能更好地实现自身的发展；一个国家和民族只有拥有了远大理想和目标追求，才能明确前进的方向。实现中华民族伟大复兴是近代以来中国人民和中华民族最伟大的梦想，这一理想和追求指引着中国人民不懈奋斗的前进方向，激励着中国人民自觉投身于民族复兴的火热实践中，源源不断地激发出中国人民实现中华民族伟大复兴的潜在深层精神力量。一方面，要依据我国的具体国情，有计划、分阶段地制定不同时期的目标任务，通过阶段性目标的实现来鼓舞士气、振奋精神、增强信心，进而调动广大人民群众的积极性和创造性。回顾历史，党领导人民通过新民主主义革命时期的浴血奋战，为民族复兴创造了社会条件；通过社会主义革命和建设的艰辛探索，为民族复兴奠定了政治前提和制度基础；通过改革开放和社会主义现代化建设的不懈奋斗，为民族复兴提供了充满新活力的体制保证和快速发展的物质条件。党的十八大以来，“以习近平同志为核心的党中央，以伟大的历史主动精神、巨大的政治勇气、强烈的责任担当”,推动党和国家事业蓬勃发展，朝着民族复兴的宏伟目标奋勇前进。随着一个个阶段性目标任务的实现，中国人民实现民族复兴的信心和决心越发坚定，实现民族复兴的深层精神力量被充分调动起来。另一方面，要用共产主义远大理想和中国特色社会主义共同理想激励广大人民群众。当前，共产主义远大理想和中国特色社会主义共同理想统一于实现中华民族伟大复兴的历史任务中。习近平总书记指出，要“深刻认识共产主义远大理想和中国特色社会主义共同理想的辩证关系”,既不能空谈远大理想，也不能丢掉远大理想。共产主义体现了历史发展的客观规律，是科学真理性与客观必然性的统一，中国特色社会主义是实现中华民族伟大复兴的必由之路，只有用共产主义远大理想和中国特色社会主义共同理想激励广大人民群众，才能永葆中国共产党人的精神支柱和政治灵魂，激发出广大人民群众实现中华民族伟大复兴的潜在深层精神力量。

(III) Strengthening the Propaganda Dynamic Mechanism of the Spiritual Force for Realizing the Great Rejuvenation of the Chinese Nation

(三)增强实现中华民族伟大复兴精神力量的宣传动力机制

The propaganda dynamic mechanism starts from the supply of the spiritual force for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, using the original aspiration and founding mission of seeking happiness for the people and rejuvenation for the nation to educate different subjects, forming a strong public opinion atmosphere of united struggle for national rejuvenation, thereby inspiring subjects to continuously produce the spiritual force for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

宣传动力机制是从实现中华民族伟大复兴精神力量的供给出发，用为人民谋幸福、为民族谋复兴的初心使命教育不同主体，形成为民族复兴而团结奋斗的强大舆论氛围，进而激发主体持续不断地产生实现中华民族伟大复兴的精神力量。

Propaganda has important functions such as motivation, encouragement, and guidance, and classical Marxist theorists attached great importance to propaganda work. Marx and Engels emphasized: "The Communists disdain to conceal their views and aims. They openly declare that their ends can be attained only by the forcible overthrow of all existing social conditions." [24]24 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, *Manifesto of the Communist Party* (1848). The Chinese text quotes a standard translation of the famous closing line; the English rendering here follows the standard English edition. Lenin pointed out: "The workers, however, could not have had Social-Democratic consciousness. This consciousness could only be brought to them from without." [25]25 V. I. Lenin, *What Is to Be Done?* (1902), Chapter 2, Section B. The Chinese text uses the standard Chinese translation of Lenin's argument that socialist consciousness must be introduced to the working class from outside the economic struggle. It is precisely based on its powerful influence on individuals that propaganda has become an important dynamic mechanism for enhancing the spiritual force for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "Doing a good job in the Party's news and public opinion work and creating a favorable public opinion environment are major matters of governance and national stability." [26]26 Xi Jinping, "Speech at the National Conference on Propaganda and Ideological Work" (19 August 2013), in *Xi Jinping: The Governance of China*, vol. 1 (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 2014), p. 153. Through continuous positive-energy propaganda, it is necessary to consolidate the ideological foundation for the united struggle of the entire Party and the people of all ethnic groups across the country, and to stimulate the spiritual force of the Chinese people to realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. On the one hand, it is necessary to effectively enhance the rational understanding of the Party and the government among the broad masses of the people in public opinion propaganda. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, "We must let the people of the whole country know what the Party and the government have done for the people and what they will do." [27]27 Xi Jinping, "Speech at the National Conference on Propaganda and Ideological Work" (19 August 2013), in *Xi Jinping: The Governance of China*, vol. 1 (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 2014), p. 155. Through propaganda, the broad masses of the people should understand the brilliant achievements of the Party and the goals of the Party uniting and leading the Chinese people to unremittingly advance the great cause of the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation; through propaganda, the broad masses of the people should understand where the Communist Party of China is "capable," where socialism with Chinese characteristics is "good," and where Marxism and Marxism adapted to the Chinese context and the needs of the times are "effective," thereby strengthening the people's identification with and confidence in the Communist Party of China, socialism with Chinese characteristics, and Marxism, closely uniting around the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, and uniting and striving to realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. On the other hand, it is necessary to form a powerful public opinion atmosphere of unremitting struggle for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through propaganda. General Secretary Xi Jinping has repeatedly emphasized that propaganda and ideological work must "consolidate and strengthen the mainstream ideology and public opinion." [28]28 Xi Jinping, "Speech at the National Conference on Propaganda and Ideological Work" (19 August 2013), in *Xi Jinping: The Governance of China*, vol. 1 (Beijing: Through propaganda, the broad masses of the people should realize that the Chinese Dream of realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation complements the happiness dream of the Chinese people, planting the seed of realizing national rejuvenation deep in everyone's heart, and using the original aspiration and founding mission of seeking happiness for the people and rejuvenation for the nation to inspire the broad masses of the people to consciously devote themselves to the great practice of national rejuvenation, continuously generating the spiritual force of the Chinese people to realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

宣传具有激励、鼓舞、引导等重要功能，马克思主义经典理论家高度重视宣传工作。马克思和恩格斯强调：“共产党一分钟也不忽略教育工人尽可能明确地意识到资产阶级和无产阶级的敌对的对立。”列宁指出：“工人本来也不可能有社会民主主义的意识。这种意识只能从外面灌输进去。”正是基于对个体的强大影响力，宣传成为了增强实现中华民族伟大复兴精神力量的重要动力机制。习近平总书记指出：“做好党的新闻舆论工作，营造良好舆论环境，是治国理政、定国安邦的大事。”要通过持续不断的正能量宣传，巩固全党全国各族人民共同团结奋斗的思想基础，激发出中国人民实现中华民族伟大复兴的精神力量。一方面，要在舆论宣传中切实增进广大人民群众对党和政府的理性认知。习近平总书记指出，“我们要让全国人民知道党和政府为人民做了什么、还要做什么”,要通过宣传让广大人民群众了解党取得的辉煌成就，了解党团结带领中国人民坚持不懈推进中华民族复兴伟业的奋斗目标；要通过宣传使广大人民群众了解中国共产党“能”在哪里，中国特色社会主义“好”在哪里，马克思主义和中国化时代化的马克思主义“行”在哪里，从而坚定人民群众对中国共产党、对中国特色社会主义及对马克思主义的认同和信心，紧密地团结在以习近平同志为核心的党中央周围，为实现中华民族伟大复兴而团结奋斗。另一方面，要在宣传中形成为实现中华民族伟大复兴不懈奋斗的强大舆论氛围。习近平总书记反复强调，宣传思想工作要“巩固壮大主流思想舆论”。要通过宣传使广大人民群众认识到，实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦同中国人民的幸福梦交相辉映，在每个人的内心深处埋下实现民族复兴的种子，用为人民谋幸福、为民族谋复兴的初心使命，感召广大人民群众自觉投身于民族复兴的伟大实践中，源源不断地激发出中国人民实现中华民族伟大复兴的精神力量。

Author Biographies: Wang Yongyou, Professor and Doctoral Supervisor, School of Marxism, Southwest University; Wei Mingyong, Doctoral Candidate, School of Marxism, Southwest University.

作者简介：王永友，西南大学马克思主义学院教授，博士生导师;魏明勇，西南大学马克思主义学院博士研究生）。