The Second Crossing of the "Caudine Forks"

After the October Revolution, the Soviet Union established the world's first socialist state, turning socialism from the ideal of classical Marxist writers into reality. Subsequently, through the joint efforts of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Soviet people, Soviet socialist construction achieved remarkable and extraordinary results. On October 2, 1949, the Soviet government established diplomatic relations with New China; on February 14, 1950, the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance was signed. With Soviet assistance, China restarted the process of industrialization and modernization that had been interrupted in modern times by the invasion of Western powers. Soviet aid was of great significance in changing the backward industrial outlook of the early days of New China. However, the "peaceful evolution"[1]1 The “two most radical breaks” refers to the Communist Manifesto’s formulation: the radical break with traditional property relations and the radical break with traditional ideas. of socialist countries by the West, the abandonment by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union of its leading position in the ideological sphere, and many other reasons led to the tragedy of the drastic changes in Eastern Europe, the collapse of the CPSU, and the dissolution of the Soviet Union—a tragedy that evokes the sentiment "my native land, too much to bear, in the bright moonlight."[2]2 “New thinking of reform” (改革新思维) refers to Gorbachev’s reform ideology in the late 1980s that moved toward democratic socialism and away from scientific socialism. This article takes the Soviet Union as a mirror, from the perspective of the "incomplete" crossing of the "Caudine Forks"[3]3 “Peaceful evolution” (和平演变) is a term used by the CPC to describe the strategy of capitalist countries to subvert socialist states through non-military means. by socialist countries, to analyze the requirement put forward in the communiqué of the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC[4]4 The “Cultural Revolution” (1966–1976) was a mass political movement launched by Mao Zedong to purge capitalist elements, but it led to widespread chaos, persecution of intellectuals, and destruction of cultural heritage. to "raise the whole Party's level of Marxism and capacity for modernization construction"[1]1 The “two most radical breaks” refers to the Communist Manifesto’s formulation: the radical break with traditional property relations and the radical break with traditional ideas.13, thereby pointing out the direction and path for completely crossing the "Caudine Forks" and comprehensively building a great modern socialist country.

十月革命后，苏联建立了世界上第一个社会主义国家，社会主义从马克思主义经典作家的理想变为现实，随后，在苏联共产党和苏联人民的共同努力下，苏联社会主义建设取得了举世瞩目的非凡成绩。1949年10月2日，苏联政府与新中国建交，1950年2月14日，《中苏友好同盟互助条约》签订，在苏联的帮助下，我国重启近代因西方列强入侵中断的工业化、现代化进程。苏联的帮助对改变新中国成立初期工业落后面貌具有重大意义。然而，西方对社会主义国家的“和平演变”，苏联共产党放弃了党在意识形态阵地的领导地位等诸多原因，导致了东欧剧变、苏共垮台、苏联集体那种“故国不堪回首月明中”的悲剧。本文以苏为鉴，从社会主义国家对“卡夫丁峡谷”的跨越的“不完全”为视角，分析党的二十届三中全会公报提出的“提高全党马克思主义水平和现代化建设能力”[1]13这一要求，为完全跨越“卡夫丁峡谷”，全面建成社会主义现代化强国指明方向和道路。

I. The Incomplete Crossing of the "Caudine Forks"

一、“卡夫丁峡谷”的不完全跨越

In 1881, the Russian Vera Zasulich[5]5 Lin Biao (1907–1971) was a Chinese Communist military leader, designated Mao’s successor, who died in a plane crash after an alleged coup attempt. wrote to Marx, raising the question of whether it was possible to bypass the capitalist social formation on the basis of the Russian rural commune—that is, whether Russia could "avoid the Caudine Forks of the capitalist system and apply all the positive achievements created by the capitalist system to the commune"[2]2 “New thinking of reform” (改革新思维) refers to Gorbachev’s reform ideology in the late 1980s that moved toward democratic socialism and away from scientific socialism.575. In response, "the views of Marx and Engels in their later years did not negate the possibility of crossing, but the prerequisite was to have a model and assistance from advanced countries."[3]3 “Peaceful evolution” (和平演变) is a term used by the CPC to describe the strategy of capitalist countries to subvert socialist states through non-military means.

1881年，俄国人查苏利奇给马克思写信，提出能否基于俄国农村公社来跨越资本主义社会形态的问题，也就是说，俄国是否“可以不通过资本主义制度的卡夫丁峡谷，而把资本主义制度所创造的一切积极的成果用到公社中来”[2]575。对此，“马克思和恩格斯晚年的观点并不否定跨越的可能，但前提是要有样板和来自先进国家的帮助”[3]。

However, such a model was slow to appear. On the contrary, the development of capitalism in Russia grew increasingly strong, agricultural production methods became increasingly capitalist, the Russian rural commune suffered severe damage, and crossing the "Caudine Forks" became a pseudo-problem on the verge of disappearing. It was at this point that the First World War broke out.

然而，这样的样板迟迟没有出现。相反，俄国资本主义的发展日益增强，农业生产方式也日益资本主义化，俄国农村公社日益遭受严重破坏，跨越“卡夫丁峡谷”成为将要消失的伪问题。这时，第一次世界大战爆发了。

This war, which first erupted among the imperialist countries of Europe, used the working class of the advanced European countries as cannon fodder, greatly weakening the strength of the European proletariat. But at the same time, the war also weakened the strength of the European bourgeoisie and the European feudal forces. This made the strength of the Russian proletariat, led by Lenin, relatively the largest proletarian force in Europe, and even within Tsarist Russia it became a considerable force. Lenin firmly seized this once-in-a-lifetime historical opportunity, emancipated the mind, broke free from the rigid thinking of some leaders of the Second International, especially Karl Kautsky,[6]6 The “Gang of Four” was a radical political faction led by Jiang Qing (Mao’s wife), which was arrested in 1976 and blamed for the excesses of the Cultural Revolution. launched the October Revolution, and first crossed the "Caudine Forks." That is, he first completed the socialist revolution, bypassed the capitalist stage, and then triggered revolutions in the advanced capitalist countries of Europe, in order to await assistance from advanced countries. Of course, this assistance was no longer assistance for socialist revolution, but assistance for socialist construction—applying "all the positive achievements created by the capitalist system" to all aspects of Russia, not just the rural commune.

这场率先爆发在欧洲帝国主义国家之间的大战，欧洲发达国家的工人阶级作为战争的炮灰，极大地削弱了欧洲无产阶级的力量，但战争同时也使欧洲资产阶级和欧洲封建势力的力量遭到削弱。这就使得列宁所领导的俄国无产阶级的力量成为欧洲相对较大的无产阶级力量，甚至在沙皇俄国内部也成为一股较大的势力。列宁紧紧抓住了这个千载难逢的历史机遇，解放思想，摆脱第二国际一些领导人尤其是考茨基的僵化思想的束缚，发起十月革命，先跨越“卡夫丁峡谷”。也就是率先完成社会主义革命，跨过资本主义阶段，再引发欧洲发达资本主义国家的革命，以便等来先进国家的帮助。当然，这个帮助就不再是社会主义革命的帮助，而是社会主义建设的帮助了，是“资本主义制度所创造的一切积极的成果”用到俄国的方方面面，而不仅仅是农村公社。

However, after the October Revolution, for various reasons, Lenin did not see socialist revolutions occur in the advanced capitalist countries of Europe, and to this day they have not occurred. Thus, he did not obtain assistance from advanced countries. The economy of Soviet Russia was extremely difficult, industrial production was hard to restore, the backward situation was not improved, and the "Caudine Forks" were not completely crossed. In this regard, Lenin pointed out: "After the proletariat has carried out its first socialist revolution, after it has overthrown the bourgeoisie in one country, the proletariat of that country remains weaker than the bourgeoisie for a long time, not only because the bourgeoisie has extensive international connections, but also because in the country where the bourgeoisie has been overthrown, small commodity producers spontaneously and constantly regenerate capitalism and the bourgeoisie."[4]4 The “Cultural Revolution” (1966–1976) was a mass political movement launched by Mao Zedong to purge capitalist elements, but it led to widespread chaos, persecution of intellectuals, and destruction of cultural heritage. This is essentially an admission that the Russian October Revolution only completed a partial crossing of the "Caudine Forks."

但是，十月革命后，由于种种原因，列宁没有等到欧洲发达资本主义国家发生社会主义革命，而且至今也没有等到，从而没有能够得到来自先进国家的帮助，苏维埃俄国的经济十分困难，工业生产难以恢复，落后状况未能改善，“卡夫丁峡谷”未能完全跨越。对此，列宁指出：“在无产阶级进行了第一次社会主义革命之后，在一国内推翻了资产阶级之后，这个国家的无产阶级在很长时期内，依然要比资产阶级弱，这不只是因为资产阶级有很广泛的国际联系，还因为在这个推翻了资产阶级的国家里，小商品生产者自发地、经常地使资本主义和资产阶级复活和再生。”[4]这其实就是承认，俄国十月革命只完成了“卡夫丁峡谷”的部分跨越。

With the establishment of the Soviet Union, the world socialist movement became increasingly active, and contradictions among the imperialist powers were re-intensified. The Second World War broke out. German imperialism, having achieved only temporary victories in its war with British and French imperialism, suddenly attacked the Soviet Union, inflicting heavy losses. However, under the leadership of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, the Soviet people ultimately won the war and helped the socialist countries of Eastern Europe and Korea cross the "Caudine Forks," establishing a socialist camp to confront the capitalist camp led by the United States. China, under relatively favorable external conditions, independently achieved the crossing of the "Caudine Forks," established socialist New China, and with Soviet assistance defeated the US-led UN forces on the Korean battlefield. The world socialist movement flourished, and the Soviet Union even developed into a superpower, seemingly having completely crossed the "Caudine Forks."

随着苏联的建立，世界社会主义运动日益活跃，帝国主义之间的矛盾重新激化。第二次世界大战爆发。德帝国主义在与英法帝国主义战争中仅仅取得阶段性胜利，就突然袭击苏联，使苏联遭受重创。但是，苏联人民在苏联共产党的领导下，最终赢得了战争，并帮助东欧社会主义国家和朝鲜跨越了“卡夫丁峡谷”，建立社会主义阵营，以对峙美国为首的资本主义阵营。中国也在外部环境较为有利的情况下，独立自主地实现了“卡夫丁峡谷”的跨越，建立了社会主义的新中国，并在苏联的帮助下在朝鲜战场上打败了以美国为首的联合国军。世界社会主义运动蒸蒸日上，苏联甚至发展成为超级大国，似乎彻底跨过了“卡夫丁峡谷”。

However, with the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and its experience of "peaceful evolution," the Soviet Union and some Eastern European socialist countries that had already crossed the "Caudine Forks" later fell back into them due to multiple internal and external difficulties. This shows that people had thought too simply about the problem of crossing the "Caudine Forks," without considering the possibility of falling back into them. The crossing of the "Caudine Forks" by the Soviet Union and some Eastern European countries at that time was incomplete, or rather only a first crossing was achieved, and there remained the hidden danger of falling back into the "Caudine Forks." The Soviet Union, as a superpower capable of contending with the entire West, was overly confident and arrogant, did not pay attention to raising the whole Party's level of Marxism and capacity for modernization construction, and did not, like China, always maintain a sense of crisis. Instead, it wantonly violated the principles of internationalism, so that it was successfully subjected to peaceful evolution by the United States and other Western countries, eventually falling back into the "Caudine Forks."

但是，随着苏联入侵阿富汗和遭遇“和平演变”，已经跨过“卡夫丁峡谷”的苏联和东欧一些社会主义国家后来又因内外交困多重原因，重新跌入“卡夫丁峡谷”。这表明，人们对跨越“卡夫丁峡谷”的问题想简单了，没有考虑到可能重新跌入“卡夫丁峡谷”的问题。当年苏联和东欧一些国家对“卡夫丁峡谷”的跨越是不彻底的，或者说只进行了第一重的跨越，还存在重新跌入“卡夫丁峡谷”的隐患。而苏联作为能够与整个西方抗衡的超级大国，过于自信自大，不注重提高全党马克思主义水平和现代化建设能力，也不像中国那样始终具有危机意识，而是肆意违背国际主义原则，以致被美国等西方国家和平演变成功，最终跌回“卡夫丁峡谷”。

After reform and opening up, China unswervingly encouraged, supported, and guided the development of non-public foreign and domestic capital, going further than Lenin's New Economic Policy[7]7 The “theory that studying is useless” (读书无用论) was an anti-intellectual slogan propagated during the Cultural Revolution, especially by radicals. of the time. Although it adhered to the basic socialist economic system and did not fall into the "Caudine Forks," this also shows that it has not yet completely crossed the "Caudine Forks," and there remains the risk of taking the evil road of changing the banner and falling into the "Caudine Forks." Our Party has always emphasized taking neither the old closed and rigid road nor the evil road of changing the banner; only by upholding the correct principles can the direction of reform and development be ensured. But how can we completely avoid the evil road and not fall into the "Caudine Forks"? After summing up the lessons of the Soviet Union's collapse and the destruction of its Party, what should we do? This requires thoroughly studying the problem of crossing the "Caudine Forks."

改革开放后，中国毫不动摇鼓励、支持、引导非公有制的境外资本和境内资本发展，比当年列宁的新经济政策走得更远。虽然坚持了社会主义基本经济制度，却没有跌入“卡夫丁峡谷”，但同样表明还没有完全跨越“卡夫丁峡谷”，仍然存在走改旗易帜的邪路，跌入“卡夫丁峡谷”的风险。我们党一直强调既不走封闭僵化的老路，也不走改旗易帜的邪路，只有守正才能保证改革、发展的方向。但是，怎样才能彻底避开邪路，不跌入“卡夫丁峡谷”？在总结苏联亡党亡国的教训之后，我们又应当怎么做？这还需要彻底研究透“卡夫丁峡谷”的跨越问题才行。

Lenin and Stalin were the first to turn socialist society from books into reality, pioneering the first crossing of the "Caudine Forks." Today, we who are in the New Era of socialism with Chinese characteristics can not only create a new form of human civilization, but also blaze a bright path unprecedented in history for humanity to "completely" cross the "Caudine Forks" and take the lead in achieving the second crossing of the "Caudine Forks," making a Chinese contribution to the development of human society no less than the October Revolution, which took the lead in achieving the first crossing of the "Caudine Forks."

列宁和斯大林首次将社会主义社会从书本变成现实，率先实践了“卡夫丁峡谷”的第一次跨越。今天，处于新时代中国特色社会主义的我们，不仅能够创造人类文明新形态，为人类“彻底”跨越“卡夫丁峡谷”，率先实现“卡夫丁峡谷”的第二重跨越，蹚出一条前无古人的光明大道，为人类社会的发展做出不亚于率先实现“卡夫丁峡谷”第一重跨越的十月革命的中国贡献。

II. The Completion of the First Crossing of the "Caudine Forks"

二、“卡夫丁峡谷”第一重跨越的完成

Regarding the question of the Russian October Revolution's crossing of the "Caudine Forks," especially after the drastic changes in Eastern Europe, there has been much debate and discussion in academic circles, with many different views emerging. This study questions the following.

关于俄国十月革命对“卡夫丁峡谷”的跨越问题，尤其东欧剧变以后，学界多有争鸣与探讨，出现诸多不同的观点，本研究质疑如下。

First, there is a theoretical view in academic circles that "without the victory of the Western proletarian revolution, Russia could by no means cross this 'Caudine Forks,'" and it is further concluded that "the idea of Marx and Engels about Russia crossing the capitalist 'Caudine Forks' was not realized." At the same time, it is argued that "countries that want to cross the capitalist Caudine Forks must be pre-capitalist countries. ... In pre-capitalist countries that have neither a proletariat nor a bourgeoisie, socialist revolution will not occur."[5]5 Lin Biao (1907–1971) was a Chinese Communist military leader, designated Mao’s successor, who died in a plane crash after an alleged coup attempt. We believe this theoretical view does not conform to Marx's original intention. Because, if this were the case, Marx and Engels would not have needed to use the two letters—"Letter to the Editorial Board of Otechestvennye Zapiski" and "Drafts of the Letter to Vera Zasulich"—to discuss with the Russians the "illusory" problem of crossing the "Caudine Forks." After all, they had already noticed that Russia had a proletariat and a bourgeoisie. But since they discussed this problem very seriously, it shows that the conclusion drawn by this theory is problematic and requires academic discussion.

其一，学界有这样一种理论观点，“没有西方无产阶级革命的胜利，俄国是无论如何也不能跨越这个‘卡夫丁峡谷’的”，进而得出结论，“马克思和恩格斯关于俄国跨越资本主义‘卡夫丁峡谷’的设想没有得以实现”。同时又认为，“要跨越资本主义卡夫丁峡谷的国家，必定是前资本主义国家。……在既没有无产阶级，也没有资产阶级的前资本主义国家里，社会主义革命是不会发生的”[5]。我们认为这一理论观点不符合马克思原意。因为，这样一来，马克思和恩格斯没必要用《给〈祖国纪事〉杂志编辑部的信》和《给维·伊·查苏利奇的复信（初稿）》两封书信跟俄国人讨论跨越“卡夫丁峡谷”这个“子虚乌有”的问题。毕竟他们当时都早已注意到俄国已经有了无产阶级和资产阶级。但是，既然他们十分认真地讨论了这个问题，那就说明此理论得出的结论出了问题，有待学术商榷。

On the one hand, even without the victory of the Western proletarian revolution, the October Revolution occurred and was victorious, and Soviet Russia and later the Soviet Union crossed the "Caudine Forks"—this is a historical fact. The conditions for crossing the "Caudine Forks" proposed by Marx and Engels could actually be adapted. The First World War weakened the power of international capital; although the proletariat in Britain and France was weak, it also prevented their own countries from directly sending troops to suppress Soviet Russia, which can also be considered assistance from advanced countries. And the Paris Commune,[8]8 “Suspending classes to make revolution” (停课闹革命) was a Cultural Revolution policy that closed schools for revolutionary activities. although not a successful model, was still a model—a model of armed uprising. The Bolsheviks led by Lenin acted precisely according to or by reference to this model. Moreover, crossing the "Caudine Forks" does not mean merely overthrowing the Tsarist autocratic government; otherwise, the bourgeois February Revolution[9]9 Handing in blank examination papers refers to Zhang Tiesheng, a student who turned in a blank college entrance exam in 1973 and was praised as a “hero against the current” by radicals. that overthrew the Tsarist autocracy before the October Revolution would have already crossed the "Caudine Forks." Nor was saving the Commune the goal of crossing the "Caudine Forks"; it was more like a step backward in history. The later Soviet collective farms were also different from the traditional rural commune. In fact, what Marx and Engels discussed with the Russians was whether it was possible to transform the commune, or rather to sublate it, so that the commune could use all the positive achievements created by the capitalist system without the capitalist system.

一方面，没有西方无产阶级革命的胜利，十月革命也发生并胜利了，苏维埃俄国和后面的苏联跨越“卡夫丁峡谷”是历史事实。马克思和恩格斯所提出的跨越“卡夫丁峡谷”的条件其实是可以变通的。第一次世界大战削弱了国际资本的力量，英法的无产阶级虽然力量微弱，但也阻止了本国直接出兵镇压苏维埃俄国，这同样可以算是来自先进国家的帮助。而巴黎公社虽然不是一个成功的样板，但也是一个样板，一个武装起义的样板。列宁领导的布尔什维克正是按照或者说参照这个样板去做的。而且跨越“卡夫丁峡谷”并不等于只是推翻沙皇专制政府，否则十月革命前推翻沙皇专制政府的资产阶级二月革命就跨越“卡夫丁峡谷”了。挽救公社也不是跨越“卡夫丁峡谷”的目标，它反倒更像是开历史倒车的行为。苏联后来的集体农庄也不同于传统的农村公社。事实上，马克思和恩格斯与俄国人讨论的是能否改造公社或者说是扬弃公社，以便使公社能够在不要资本主义制度的前提下利用资本主义制度所创造的一切积极的成果。

On the other hand, since Marx and Engels discussed the problem of crossing the capitalist "Caudine Forks" on the basis of the rural commune in countries where such communes existed, such a country could completely develop capitalism outside the rural commune, in its cities, and have a proletariat and bourgeoisie, and even develop a certain degree of agricultural capitalism in the countryside, as long as the rural commune had not been wholly or largely destroyed. In fact, in Marx's view, the Russian rural commune "exists simultaneously with capitalist production."[2]2 “New thinking of reform” (改革新思维) refers to Gorbachev’s reform ideology in the late 1980s that moved toward democratic socialism and away from scientific socialism.571 Marx never advocated that any pre-capitalist society, such as a slave society, could directly cross the capitalist "Caudine Forks." Clearly, the author of this theory fell into a metaphysical misunderstanding regarding the internal economic structure of the country.

另一方面，既然马克思和恩格斯讨论的是存在农村公社的国家在农村公社的基础上跨越资本主义“卡夫丁峡谷”的问题，那么这样的国家完全可以在农村公社之外，在其城市中发展资本主义并存在无产阶级和资产阶级，甚至在农村中也可以发展一定程度的农业资本主义，只要农村公社没有全部或大半部分被破坏。事实上，在马克思那里，俄国农村公社“和资本主义生产是同时存在的东西”[2]571。马克思从来没有主张可以从任何一种前资本主义社会如奴隶社会直接跨越资本主义“卡夫丁峡谷”，很显然，此理论的作者在国家内部经济结构的划分上陷入了形而上学的误解。

From a dialectical perspective, the crossing of the "Caudine Forks" discussed by Marx does not refer to some backward countries with no capitalist elements at all being able to enter socialism directly without going through the capitalist stage, but rather to countries like Russia, which were relatively backward in the stage of capitalist development, entering socialism simultaneously or nearly simultaneously with the advanced capitalist countries, with the help of the proletariat of those advanced countries. The historical process merely built on this idea, allowing countries relatively backward in capitalist development to take the lead in crossing the "Caudine Forks" and entering socialism.

从辩证法的角度来看，马克思所讨论的跨越“卡夫丁峡谷”并不是指一些完全没有任何资本主义成分的发展落后的国家，可以不经过资本主义阶段直接进入社会主义，而是指像俄国这样在资本主义发展阶段相对落后的国家，在发达资本主义国家无产阶级的帮助下，与发达资本主义国家同时或前后脚地进入社会主义。而历史进程只是在这个思想的基础上，让资本主义发展阶段相对落后的国家率先跨越“卡夫丁峡谷”，进入了社会主义。

Second, there is a theoretical view in academic circles that "the rural commune did not play any special role in the 'rebirth' of Russian society; Russia (including the Soviet Union) did not 'cross the Caudine Forks of the capitalist system,' and certainly did not successfully achieve this 'crossing' due to the role of the rural commune."[6]6 The “Gang of Four” was a radical political faction led by Jiang Qing (Mao’s wife), which was arrested in 1976 and blamed for the excesses of the Cultural Revolution. Others argue that "the October Revolution established Soviet power, and under the protection of Soviet power, it terminated the capitalist development path of Russia, and carried out socialist transformation through collectivization and cooperation of the rural communes and other economic components inherited from old Tsarist Russia—this is the path of crossing the Caudine Forks of the capitalist system."[7]7 The “theory that studying is useless” (读书无用论) was an anti-intellectual slogan propagated during the Cultural Revolution, especially by radicals.

其二，学界有这样一种理论观点，“农村公社对于俄国社会的‘新生’没有发生什么特别的作用，俄国（包括苏联）没有‘跨越资本主义制度的卡夫丁峡谷’，更没有因为农村公社的作用而成功地实现这种‘跨越’”[6]。也有人认为，“十月革命建立苏维埃政权，并且在苏维埃政权的保护下终止了俄国资本主义发展道路，对旧的沙皇俄国遗留下来的农村公社和其他经济成分进行集体化和合作化的社会主义改造，就是跨越资本主义制度的卡夫丁峡谷的道路”[7]。

We agree that the socialist transformation through collectivization and cooperation of the rural communes and other economic components inherited from old Tsarist Russia after the October Revolution was a crossing of the "Caudine Forks." But it should be pointed out that Russia's crossing of the "Caudine Forks" required the rural commune to play a role, and at the same time did not require it to play a role. Therefore, one cannot deny that Russia (including the Soviet Union) "crossed the Caudine Forks of the capitalist system" simply because the Russian rural commune did not play much of a role in the October Revolution. This is because Marx himself did not propose starting from the rural commune to overthrow the capitalist system or the Tsarist autocracy; we cannot read from Marx's letters something that Marx never mentioned. This is also a requirement Engels made of readers of Marx's works. Moreover, Marx did not propose that crossing the "Caudine Forks" was limited to the Russian rural commune. In fact, as long as the non-capitalist economic components of Russia did not undergo a transformation into capitalism but directly turned to socialism, it could be considered a crossing of the "Caudine Forks." Therefore, only highly developed capitalist countries where all economic components have been fully capitalized do not have the problem of crossing the "Caudine Forks"—they only have the problem of traversing the "Caudine Forks"—while other countries will more or less have the problem of crossing the "Caudine Forks." The early participants in the Russian proletarian revolution noticed the similarity of the public ownership elements of the Russian rural commune to the socialist system and their difference from the capitalist system, and thus thought of the problem of crossing the "Caudine Forks"—this itself was the positive role the rural commune played in the "rebirth" of Russian society. Moreover, it was precisely because of the traditional ideas of the rural commune that Lenin's proposal for the nationalization of land could be more easily accepted by the Russian peasants, thereby accelerating the crossing of the "Caudine Forks."

我们认同，十月革命后苏联对沙皇俄国遗留下来的农村公社和其他经济成分进行集体化和合作化的社会主义改造是跨越“卡夫丁峡谷”。但要指出的是，俄国跨越“卡夫丁峡谷”既需要农村公社发生作用，又不需要农村公社发挥作用。所以，不能因为俄国农村公社在十月革命中没有起什么作用，就否定俄国（包括苏联）“跨越资本主义制度的卡夫丁峡谷”。这是因为，马克思本人也没有提出从农村公社出发去推翻资本主义制度或沙皇专制制度，我们不能从马克思的信中读出马克思根本没有提到过的东西。这也是恩格斯对马克思著作的读者提出的要求。而且马克思也没有提出跨越“卡夫丁峡谷”仅限于俄国农村公社。事实上，只要俄国的非资本主义经济成分不经历向资本主义的转化就直接转向社会主义，就可以算是跨越“卡夫丁峡谷”。所以，只有国内经济成分全部资本主义化的高度发达的资本主义国家才不存在跨越“卡夫丁峡谷”的问题，而只有穿越“卡夫丁峡谷”的问题，其他国家都会或多或少存在跨越“卡夫丁峡谷”的问题。俄国无产阶级革命的早期参与者注意到俄国农村公社的公有制成分与资本主义制度不同以及与社会主义制度相似，进而想到跨越“卡夫丁峡谷”的问题，这本身就是农村公社对于俄国社会的“新生”所起到的积极作用。而且正是因为农村公社的传统理念，使得列宁关于土地国有化的主张能够比较容易地为俄国农民所接受，从而也加速了“卡夫丁峡谷”的跨越。

In fact, not only did the Soviet Union complete the first crossing of the "Caudine Forks," but New China, through the New Democratic Revolution, accelerated the completion of the bourgeois democratic revolution, and with Soviet economic aid, through socialist transformation, also completed the first crossing of the "Caudine Forks." This is because the first crossing of the "Caudine Forks" aims to eliminate the capitalist system.

事实上，不仅苏联完成了“卡夫丁峡谷”的第一重跨越，新中国通过新民主主义革命，加速了资产阶级民主革命的完成，并在苏联的经济援助下，通过社会主义改造，也完成了“卡夫丁峡谷”的第一重跨越。这是因为，“卡夫丁峡谷”的第一重跨越旨在于消灭资本主义制度。

III. The Insufficiency of the First Crossing of the "Caudine Forks"

三、“卡夫丁峡谷”第一重跨越的不足

Due to special historical circumstances, Russia crossed the "Caudine Forks" under conditions that did not fully meet those indicated by Marx and Engels, which meant that the first crossing of the "Caudine Forks" in Russia had serious deficiencies.

由于特殊的历史状况，俄国是在不完全具备马克思和恩格斯所指出的条件下跨越“卡夫丁峡谷”的，这就使得俄国“卡夫丁峡谷”的第一重跨越存在严重的不足之处。

Marx and Engels pointed out in the *Communist Manifesto*: "The communist revolution is the most radical rupture with traditional property relations; no wonder that its development involves the most radical rupture with traditional ideas."[8]8 “Suspending classes to make revolution” (停课闹革命) was a Cultural Revolution policy that closed schools for revolutionary activities. However, the implementation of these two ruptures, especially the second, is very difficult. After the October Revolution, Lenin, based on the basic principles of Marxism, attempted to immediately realize the "two ruptures."[10]10 “Reactionary academic authorities” (反动学术权威) was a label used during the Cultural Revolution to denigrate senior intellectuals. But such "two ruptures" could not directly give Russia all the positive achievements created by the capitalist system, could not directly raise the level of Russia's productive forces, and could not directly solve the shortage of production and living materials in Russia.

马克思和恩格斯在《共产党宣言》中指出，“共产主义革命就是同传统的所有制关系实行最彻底的决裂；毫不奇怪，它在自己的发展进程中要同传统的观念实行最彻底的决裂”[8]。但是，这两个决裂尤其是第二个决裂的实行，是非常困难的。十月革命后，列宁根据马克思主义基本原理曾试图立即实现“两个决裂”。但是，这样的“两个决裂”并不能使俄国直接拥有资本主义制度所创造的一切积极的成果，不能直接带来俄国生产力水平的提高，不能直接解决俄国生产生活物资的缺乏。

Here, the most important thing was that the cultural quality of the Party cadres and the masses in Soviet Russia was not high, making it impossible to effectively operate the socialist mode of production. Under these circumstances, Lenin had to adopt the New Economic Policy, implementing a retreat—that is, half a step back into the "Caudine Forks." In order to ultimately cross the "Caudine Forks," Lenin proposed: "While directing work, one must learn from those who have knowledge (experts) and those who have experience in organizing large enterprises (capitalists)."[9]9 Handing in blank examination papers refers to Zhang Tiesheng, a student who turned in a blank college entrance exam in 1973 and was praised as a “hero against the current” by radicals. He also emphasized: "From the perspective of the urgent need to learn economic work, any slack is a great crime. We must march toward this science, toward this difficult, harsh, and sometimes even ruthless science, otherwise there is no way out."[10]10 “Reactionary academic authorities” (反动学术权威) was a label used during the Cultural Revolution to denigrate senior intellectuals.204 Soviet Russia should pay more attention to knowledge and intellectuals. In a telegram to the chairman of the Petrograd branch of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission,[11]11 “Stinking ninth category” (臭老九) was an insulting term for intellectuals during the Cultural Revolution, ranked as the ninth class of enemies after landlords, rich peasants, etc. Lenin questioned why the amnesty law was not applied to a capable technical and organizational talent, and proposed: "If he is a scholar or writer, if there is serious evidence of a crime, can special treatment be given (for example, house arrest, a laboratory, etc.)?"[10]10 “Reactionary academic authorities” (反动学术权威) was a label used during the Cultural Revolution to denigrate senior intellectuals.372-373 From this it can be seen that to use or make good use of "all the positive achievements created by the capitalist system," the advanced elements of the proletariat—that is, Communist Party members—must study, especially learn from those with knowledge and experience, and turn "all the positive achievements created by the capitalist system," especially the achievements in knowledge, into their own achievements. Otherwise, these achievements will always remain achievements of the capitalist system, always unable to break away from the capitalist system, so that to adopt these achievements one cannot but restore the capitalist system, and one cannot but fall into the "Caudine Forks." As the New Economic Policy achieved certain results and with Lenin's death, the new Soviet leadership believed that the retreat toward the "Caudine Forks" could be stopped. They thus terminated the New Economic Policy, implemented a planned economy system marked by five-year plans, and began the process of the second crossing of the "Caudine Forks." It was this Soviet model or Stalinist model,[12]12 “Respect knowledge, respect talent” (尊重知识、尊重人才) was a slogan proposed by Deng Xiaoping in the late 1970s to rehabilitate intellectuals. later criticized by many, that enabled the Soviet Union to grow into a superpower, but it failed to prevent the Soviet Union from collapsing and its Party from being destroyed, falling back into the "Caudine Forks."

在这里，最主要的是，苏维埃俄国的党员干部和群众的文化素质不高，无法使社会主义生产方式有效地运转起来。在这种情况下，列宁不得不采取新经济政策，实行退却，也就是说，半只脚退回“卡夫丁峡谷”。为了最终跨越“卡夫丁峡谷”，列宁提出，“要一面指导工作，一面向那些有知识的人（专家）和有组织大企业经验的人（资本家）学习”[9]。他还强调，“从必须赶快学会做经济工作这个角度来看，任何懈怠都是极大的犯罪。必须向这门科学进军，向这门艰难、严峻、有时甚至是残酷无情的科学进军，否则就没有出路”[10]204。苏维埃俄国对知识和知识分子要更重视一些。列宁在一份抄送全俄肃反委员会彼得格勒分会主席的电报中质疑对一个能干的技术人才和组织人才为什么不适用特赦法，并提出：“如果他是个学者、作家，倘有严重罪证，可否给予特殊照顾（例如软禁，实验室等等）？”[10]372-373由此可见，要使用或用好“资本主义制度所创造的一切积极的成果”，无产阶级中的先进分子即共产党员就必须进行学习，尤其是向有知识和经验的人学习，把“资本主义制度所创造的一切积极的成果”尤其是知识方面的成果变成自己的成果才行。否则，这些成果就始终是资本主义制度的成果，就始终不能脱离资本主义制度，以至于要采取这些成果就不能不恢复资本主义制度，就不得不陷入“卡夫丁峡谷”。随着新经济政策取得一定成效，以及列宁的逝世，新的苏联领导集体认为向“卡夫丁峡谷”的退却可以停止了，于是中止了新经济政策，实行以五年计划为标志的计划经济体制，开启了“卡夫丁峡谷”第二重跨越的进程。正是这一被后人诟病的苏联模式或斯大林模式，使苏联成长为超级大国，但却未能阻止苏联亡党亡国，跌回“卡夫丁峡谷”。

Investigating the reasons, we cannot simply blame the betrayal of the Soviet leaders. After all, Marx and Engels had long pointed out: "The emancipation of the working class must be the act of the working class itself."[2]2 “New thinking of reform” (改革新思维) refers to Gorbachev’s reform ideology in the late 1980s that moved toward democratic socialism and away from scientific socialism.484 Moreover, Lenin also pointed out: "Those with excellent spiritual qualities are a minority, but it is the broad masses who decide the outcome of history. If these few do not meet the approval of the masses, the masses will sometimes treat them without much courtesy."[11]11 “Stinking ninth category” (臭老九) was an insulting term for intellectuals during the Cultural Revolution, ranked as the ninth class of enemies after landlords, rich peasants, etc. Clearly, the broad masses of Party members and the people in the Soviet Union at that time had not yet treated the Soviet leaders "without much courtesy"; otherwise, it would not have been the CPSU that was dissolved, but those who dissolved the CPSU would have been expelled from the Party, just as Khrushchev was ousted from power.[13]13 “Science and technology are the primary productive forces” (科学技术是第一生产力) is a key formulation by Deng Xiaoping emphasizing the role of technology in economic development.

究其原因，我们不能仅仅责怪苏联领导人的背叛，毕竟马克思和恩格斯早就指出，“工人阶级的解放应当是工人阶级自己的事情”[2]484。而且，列宁也曾指出，“具有优秀精神品质的是少数人，而决定历史结局的却是广大群众，如果这些少数人不中群众的意，群众有时就会对他们不太客气”[11]。显然，当年苏联广大党员群众对苏联领导人还没有做到“不太客气”，否则就不会是苏共被解散，而是解散苏共者被排除在苏共之外，就像赫鲁晓夫被赶下台一样。

We also cannot attribute the reason for the Soviet Union’s fall back into the “Caudine Forks” to the backwardness of its productive forces or its lack of advanced knowledge; otherwise we cannot explain how the Soviet Union was able to confront the entire West, nor can we explain how we once imported a large amount of knowledge and technology from the Soviet Union. We can only attribute the reason to the low level of Marxism throughout the entire CPSU, which meant they were unable to fully achieve the “two most radical breaks” [1]1 The “two most radical breaks” refers to the Communist Manifesto’s formulation: the radical break with traditional property relations and the radical break with traditional ideas., especially failing to carry out the most thorough break with traditional feudal and capitalist ideas, and thus under the inducement of CPSU leader Gorbachev’s “new thinking of reform” [2]2 “New thinking of reform” (改革新思维) refers to Gorbachev’s reform ideology in the late 1980s that moved toward democratic socialism and away from scientific socialism. they abandoned the principles of scientific socialism and turned to bourgeois democratic socialism, ultimately allowing “peaceful evolution” [3]3 “Peaceful evolution” (和平演变) is a term used by the CPC to describe the strategy of capitalist countries to subvert socialist states through non-military means. to occur. After Gorbachev came to power, Comrade Deng Xiaoping pointed out in an external speech: “Socialism, whatever it actually looks like, has not been fully figured out by the Soviet Union even after many years.” [12]12 “Respect knowledge, respect talent” (尊重知识、尊重人才) was a slogan proposed by Deng Xiaoping in the late 1970s to rehabilitate intellectuals. This implies that even before the Soviet Union was “peacefully evolved,” it was not considered to have completely crossed the “Caudine Forks”; otherwise there would not have been confusion about what socialism in the Soviet Union was or should be like.

我们也不能把苏联跌回“卡夫丁峡谷”的原因归结为苏联的生产力落后，没有掌握先进的知识，否则我们就解释不了苏联为何能够与整个西方相对抗，也解释不了我们曾经从苏联引进了大量的知识技术。我们只能把原因归结为苏共全党的马克思主义水平不高，以至于他们未能完全做到“两个决裂”，尤其是没有与传统的封建观念和资本主义观念实行最彻底的决裂，从而在苏共领导人戈尔巴乔夫的“改革新思维”的诱导下放弃了科学社会主义原则而转向资产阶级的民主社会主义，最终听任“和平演变”的发生。在戈尔巴乔夫上台之后，邓小平同志在一次对外讲话中指出：“社会主义究竟是个什么样子，苏联搞了很多年，也并没有完全搞清楚。”[12]这意味着，早在苏联被“和平演变”之前，就不被人认为彻底跨越了“卡夫丁峡谷”，否则就不会搞不清楚社会主义在苏联是一个或应当是一个什么样子。

Comparing the situation in Russia, we see that although New China achieved great successes in eliminating illiteracy, after 1957 our Party made mistakes on the issue of intellectuals, and successive political movements almost always targeted intellectuals as objects of struggle. During the “Cultural Revolution” [4]4 The “Cultural Revolution” (1966–1976) was a mass political movement launched by Mao Zedong to purge capitalist elements, but it led to widespread chaos, persecution of intellectuals, and destruction of cultural heritage., Lin Biao [5]5 Lin Biao (1907–1971) was a Chinese Communist military leader, designated Mao’s successor, who died in a plane crash after an alleged coup attempt. and the “Gang of Four” [6]6 The “Gang of Four” was a radical political faction led by Jiang Qing (Mao’s wife), which was arrested in 1976 and blamed for the excesses of the Cultural Revolution. went to extremes, advocating the “theory that studying is useless” [7]7 The “theory that studying is useless” (读书无用论) was an anti-intellectual slogan propagated during the Cultural Revolution, especially by radicals. and even carrying out “suspending classes to make revolution” [8]8 “Suspending classes to make revolution” (停课闹革命) was a Cultural Revolution policy that closed schools for revolutionary activities., claiming that those who handed in blank examination papers were heroes who dared to go against the current [9]9 Handing in blank examination papers refers to Zhang Tiesheng, a student who turned in a blank college entrance exam in 1973 and was praised as a “hero against the current” by radicals.; they slandered intellectuals as “reactionary academic authorities” [10]10 “Reactionary academic authorities” (反动学术权威) was a label used during the Cultural Revolution to denigrate senior intellectuals. and “stinking ninth category” [11]11 “Stinking ninth category” (臭老九) was an insulting term for intellectuals during the Cultural Revolution, ranked as the ninth class of enemies after landlords, rich peasants, etc.. Under these circumstances, Deng Xiaoping deeply felt the need to quickly eliminate the poison and influence of the ultra-Left line and to liberate the broad masses of intellectuals and scientific and technical personnel ideologically, politically, and theoretically; otherwise socialist modernization could not be launched. Subsequently, Deng Xiaoping successively put forward three theoretical propositions: “respect knowledge, respect talent” [12]12 “Respect knowledge, respect talent” (尊重知识、尊重人才) was a slogan proposed by Deng Xiaoping in the late 1970s to rehabilitate intellectuals., “intellectuals are part of the working class,” and “science and technology are the primary productive forces” [13]13 “Science and technology are the primary productive forces” (科学技术是第一生产力) is a key formulation by Deng Xiaoping emphasizing the role of technology in economic development.. After reform and opening up, with economic construction as the center, combined with disgust at the “politics can override everything” that Lin Biao had promoted during the “Cultural Revolution,” and with the spread of social utilitarianism and pragmatism, coupled with the vindication of “interest” and “wealth,” the entire society was permeated by a worldly and utilitarian atmosphere. Phenomena such as “those who make missiles are not as good as those who sell tea eggs” [14]14 “Those who make missiles are not as good as those who sell tea eggs” (造导弹的不如卖茶叶蛋的) was a popular saying in the 1980s reflecting the income disparity between low-skilled private vendors and highly educated professionals. and “PhD graduates work for bosses who did not finish primary school” [15]15 “PhD graduates work for bosses who did not finish primary school” (博士毕业生给小学没有毕业的老板打工) is another saying from the 1980s–1990s reflecting the devaluation of education in a period of rapid marketization. once again brought the “theory that studying is useless” to the fore. Deng Xiaoping, who was adept at using the historical comparison method, reviewed the history since the founding of New China from the perspective of summing up work lessons, put forward the importance of building cultural-ethical progress [16]16 “Building cultural-ethical progress” (精神文明建设) is a key concept in Deng Xiaoping’s theory, referring to the development of ideological, moral, and cultural aspects of society., and pointed out that building cultural-ethical progress is conducive to improving the quality of the people. Cultural-ethical progress includes not only the intellectual and technical aspects but also the political ideology, moral outlook, social customs, and the people’s worldview, beliefs, ideals, and consciousness. Therefore, respecting knowledge and talent and strengthening the building of cultural-ethical progress to raise the quality of the people are important means for completely crossing the “Caudine Forks.”

对比俄国的情况，我们看到，新中国虽然在扫盲方面取得了很大的成绩，但是1957年之后，我们党在知识分子问题上犯了错误，历次政治运动，几乎都把知识分子作为斗争对象。“文化大革命”期间，林彪、“四人帮”更是走向极端，鼓吹“读书无用论”甚至搞“停课闹革命”，把考试交白卷说成是敢于反潮流的英雄；把知识分子污蔑为“反动学术权威”“臭老九”。在此情况下，邓小平深深地感到，需要尽快清除极“左”路线的遗毒和影响，从思想上、政治上、理论上解放广大知识分子和科技人才，社会主义现代化就难以启动。随后，邓小平先后提出了“尊重知识、尊重人才”“知识分子是工人阶级的一部分”“科学技术是第一生产力”三个理论命题[13]。改革开放后，以经济建设为中心，对“文化大革命”中林彪搞的“政治可以冲击一切”的厌恶，加之社会功利主义思潮和实用主义哲学泛滥，对“利益”和“富裕”的正名，使整个社会弥漫着世俗和功利的空气，“造导弹的不如卖茶叶蛋的”“博士毕业生给小学没有毕业的老板打工”等现象再一次让“读书无用论”甚嚣尘上。善于用历史比较法的邓小平，从总结工作教训的角度谈新中国成立以来的历史，提出精神文明建设的重要意义，并指出精神文明建设有利于促进人的素质的提高。精神文明不仅包括智力、技术方面，还包括社会的政治思想、道德面貌、社会风尚、人民的世界观、信念、理想、觉悟等方面。因此，尊重知识、尊重人才，加强精神文明建设提高国民素质是完全跨过“卡夫丁峡谷”的重要手段。

The CPC has always attached importance to advanced productive forces as the decisive force in the development of human society and has always represented the development demands of advanced productive forces. As early as October 1957, at the Third Plenary Session of the Eighth Central Committee [17]17 The Third Plenary Session of the Eighth Central Committee was held in 1957; it shifted the Party’s focus from economic construction to class struggle., when discussing the dialectical relationship of unity of opposites between politics and professional work, Mao Zedong put forward the importance of learning scientific knowledge and training cadres who are “both red and expert” [18]18 “Both red and expert” (又红又专) is a Mao-era slogan for cadres and intellectuals who are both politically loyal (red) and professionally competent (expert).: “Our comrades, whether in industry, agriculture, commerce, or culture and education, must learn some technology and professional work. … Cadres in all our trades and professions must master technology and professional work, become experts in their own fields, and be both red and expert.” [14]14 “Those who make missiles are not as good as those who sell tea eggs” (造导弹的不如卖茶叶蛋的) was a popular saying in the 1980s reflecting the income disparity between low-skilled private vendors and highly educated professionals. Since the 18th National Congress, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has, in the face of a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial revolution, proposed the development of new quality productive forces. The new generation of artificial intelligence, as a driving force for the overall leap forward of productive forces, has a major transformative role in high-quality development, industrial optimization and upgrading, leapfrog scientific and technological development, reshaping of the labor market, and reconstruction of modern lifestyles. Therefore, how to enable Party cadres to grasp both the material and knowledge forms of advanced new quality productive forces, how to enable them to master the operation of material forms such as machinery and equipment and platforms, and how to enable them to master the knowledge forms of new quality productive forces such as AI algorithms, so that they become “both red and expert” “insiders” of new knowledge and new technology and other new quality productive forces—these are pressing questions. As early as Yan’an [19]19 Yan’an was the revolutionary base of the CPC from 1936 to 1948, where Mao Zedong developed many of his key ideas., Mao Zedong pointed out: “Natural science is a weapon for humanity to win freedom.” [15]15 “PhD graduates work for bosses who did not finish primary school” (博士毕业生给小学没有毕业的老板打工) is another saying from the 1980s–1990s reflecting the devaluation of education in a period of rapid marketization. Our Party represents the development demands of China’s advanced productive forces, and Party members need to master this weapon of natural science and master the new forms of new quality productive forces; otherwise we will still be at the stage of the first crossing of the “Caudine Forks” such as during the period of Russia’s New Economic Policy, and it will be too early to speak of having crossed the “Caudine Forks.” Even if we thereby achieve China’s modernization, it would not count as socialist Chinese-path modernization.

中国共产党历来重视将先进生产力作为人类社会发展的决定性力量，始终代表先进生产力的发展要求。早在1957年10月中共八届三中全会上，毛泽东在论政治与业务之间对立统一的辩证关系时就提出重视学习科学知识，培养又红又专的干部，“我们的同志，无论搞工业的，搞农业的，搞商业的，搞文教的，都要学一点技术和业务。……我们各行各业的干部都要精通技术和业务，使自己成为内行，又红又专”[14]。党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央面对新一轮科技革命、产业革命提出发展新质生产力。新一代人工智能作为推动生产力整体跃进的驱动力量对高质量发展、产业优化升级、科技跨越式发展、劳动力市场重塑以及现代生活方式的重构都有重大变革作用。因此，如何让党员干部把先进的新质生产力的物质形态和知识形态都掌握在自己手里，如何让党员干部精通先进的新质生产力的物质形态如机器设备和平台的运作，如何让党员干部掌握新质生产力的知识形态如人工智能的算法，成为新知识新技术等新质生产力的“又红又专”的“内行”。早在延安的时候毛泽东就指出：“自然科学是人类争取自由的一种武器。”[15]我们党代表中国先进生产力的发展要求，党员需要掌握自然科学这种武器，掌握新质生产力的新形态，否则我们就还只是处在俄国新经济政策时期那种“卡夫丁峡谷”第一重跨越时的状态，那就还谈不上跨过“卡夫丁峡谷”，即便我们因此实现了中国的现代化，那也算不上是社会主义的中国式现代化。

To sum up, in crossing the “Caudine Forks,” China received help from the Soviet model, established a relatively complete industrial system, and achieved the first crossing of the “Caudine Forks.” However, in addition to being constrained by the oppression of the old society and the low cultural quality of the broad masses of CPC members and the people, our Party’s insufficient attention to raising the Party’s level of Marxism also hindered our better crossing of the “Caudine Forks” to some degree. This caused us to fail to fully implement the correct line of the Party formulated at the Eighth National Congress [20]20 The Eighth National Congress of the CPC (1956) correctly set the task of developing productive forces and modernizing the country, but its line was later abandoned., and socialist economic construction encountered setbacks. Comrade Mao Zedong once pointed out in an instruction: “For many years our Party has not read Marx and Lenin, has not highlighted Marx and Lenin, and has let some swindlers deceive it for many years, causing many people not even to know what is materialism and what is idealism, creating a big joke at Lushan [21]21 The “big joke at Lushan” refers to the 1959 Lushan Conference where Mao criticized Peng Dehuai for his blunt criticism of the Great Leap Forward, leading to a purge of “rightist opportunists.”. This lesson is very serious. In these few years we should particularly pay attention to propagating Marx and Lenin.” [16]16 “Building cultural-ethical progress” (精神文明建设) is a key concept in Deng Xiaoping’s theory, referring to the development of ideological, moral, and cultural aspects of society. Deng Xiaoping repeatedly stated that when Mao Zedong was alive, he wanted to do many things but the conditions were not available. For example, we wanted to open up to the outside world, but the imperialists blockaded and isolated us, making it impossible for us to open up. Consequently, under conditions where the Party’s level of Marxism was not high, after going through the “Cultural Revolution,” we implemented reform and opening up in order to once again “use for China all the positive achievements created by the capitalist system.”

综上所述，中国在“卡夫丁峡谷”跨越方面，得到了苏联这个样板的帮助，建立起了较为完善的工业体系，实现了“卡夫丁峡谷”的第一重跨越。但是，除了受制于旧社会的压迫，中国共产党广大党员和人民群众的文化素质不高外，我们党对提高全党马克思主义水平重视不够某种程度也妨碍了我们更好地跨越“卡夫丁峡谷”。这就使得我们未能全面贯彻落实中共八大正确制定的党的路线，社会主义经济建设遭遇挫折。毛泽东同志曾在一个批语中指出：“我党多年来不读马、列，不突出马、列，竟让一些骗子骗了多年，使很多人甚至不知道什么是唯物论，什么是唯心论，在庐山闹出大笑话。这个教训非常严重，这几年应当特别注意宣传马、列。”[16]邓小平多次讲过，毛泽东在世的时候，想做很多事情，但条件不具备。譬如，我们想对外开放，但帝国主义封锁我们、孤立我们，使我们无法对外开放。于是，在全党马克思主义水平不高的情况下，我们在遭遇“文化大革命”之后，实行改革开放，以期能够重新“把资本主义制度所创造的一切积极的成果用到”中国来。

Today, the phenomenon of “not reading Marx and Lenin, not highlighting Marx and Lenin” still cannot be ignored, so much so that General Secretary Xi Jinping had to reiterate “read the original works, study the original texts, and comprehend the principles” [22]22 “Read the original works, study the original texts, and comprehend the principles” is a call by Xi Jinping for Party members to directly study Marxist classics and Party documents.. From this it can be seen that the proposal in the communiqué of the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee [23]23 The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee was held in July 2024 and focused on further deepening reform and advancing Chinese-path modernization. to “raise the Party’s level of Marxism and capacity for modernization” is a new breakthrough in our Party’s ideological Party building, and it has seized the root of realizing Chinese-path modernization.

今天“不读马列，不突出马列”的现象仍然不容忽视，以至于习近平总书记不得不再次强调“读原著、学原文、悟原理”[17]。由此可见，党的二十届三中全会公报提出“提高全党马克思主义水平和现代化建设能力”，是我们党在思想建党方面的新突破，抓住了实现中国式现代化的根本。

IV. New Problems That Need to Be Solved in the Second Crossing of the “Caudine Forks”

四、 “卡夫丁峡谷”的第二重跨越需要解决的新问题

The era is the mother of thought; practice is the source of theory. Using Chinese-path modernization to comprehensively promote the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and to create a new form of human civilization is the central task of the CPC in the New Era and new journey, and it is also the common dream of the Chinese people since modern times. Chinese-path modernization becomes a “model” that transcends Western modernization precisely because it can, without passing through the Caudine Forks of the capitalist system, use all the positive achievements created by the capitalist system in every aspect of socialism. The author attempts to explore from the following three aspects the new problems that need to be solved in the second crossing of the “Caudine Forks.”

时代是思想之母，实践是理论之源。以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴，以中国式现代化创造人类文明新形态是新时代新征程中国共产党的中心任务，也是近代以来中国人民的共同梦想。中国式现代化成为超越西方现代化的“样板”在于其可以不通过资本主义制度的卡夫丁峡谷，而把资本主义制度所创造的一切积极的成果用到社会主义的方方面面。笔者试从以下三个方面，探讨“卡夫丁峡谷”第二重跨越需要解决的新问题。

(1) Science and Labor Directly Combined

（一）科学与劳动直接结合

There is a view in academic circles that “the socialist society established after the Eastern countries achieved the leap is not a ‘natural birth’ following the high development of capitalism, but a ‘pre-capitalist’ socialism established through social revolution under conditions of relatively backward economic and cultural development. After crossing the ‘Caudine Forks,’ socialist countries still have ‘historically inherited’ problems.” [18]18 “Both red and expert” (又红又专) is a Mao-era slogan for cadres and intellectuals who are both politically loyal (red) and professionally competent (expert).38 Even a socialist society that is a “natural birth” — though it passes through rather than crosses the “Caudine Forks” — will still face the problem of the second crossing of the “Caudine Forks.” It should be understood that the capitalist mode of production “separates science as an independent productive capacity from labor and forces science to serve capital.” [19]19 Yan’an was the revolutionary base of the CPC from 1936 to 1948, where Mao Zedong developed many of his key ideas.418 Once a socialist revolution occurs in a developed country, although it is possible to break with the traditional relations of ownership and directly convert the factories and the machines embodying science and technology into the possession of the proletariat, science and labor are not thereby directly combined. After all, the polarization caused by capitalism limits the improvement of the cultural quality of the proletariat there. In the past, some people proposed, “building is not as good as buying, buying is not as good as renting” [24]24 “Building is not as good as buying, buying is not as good as renting” (造不如买，买不如租) was a slogan from the 1980s that favored technology import over domestic R&D; Xi Jinping has criticized this logic.; the fundamental reason was that they could not build or could not build well. But if we do not build and instead allow capital to control the building process, then we will never achieve the direct combination of science and labor, will never free science from the alienated state of serving capital and being hostile to laborers, and will never cross the “Caudine Forks.” In response, General Secretary Xi Jinping proposed that “this logic of ‘building is not as good as buying, buying is not as good as renting’ must be reversed” [20]20 The Eighth National Congress of the CPC (1956) correctly set the task of developing productive forces and modernizing the country, but its line was later abandoned., pointing out a clear path for crossing the “Caudine Forks.” This process of combining science with labor(ers) is precisely the process of the second crossing of the “Caudine Forks” that both “natural birth” socialist countries and non-“natural birth” socialist countries must undergo. Only when workers fully master modern productive forces, including science and technology, and are able to give full play to these productive forces within their own association, will the crossing of the “Caudine Forks” be completed.

学界有这样一种观点，“东方国家实现跨越后建立的社会主义社会不是资本主义高度发展之后的‘自然分娩’，而是在经济文化发展相对落后的情况下通过社会革命的形式建立起来的‘前资本主义’的社会主义。跨越‘卡夫丁峡谷’后的社会主义国家依然存在‘历史遗留’问题”[18]38。“自然分娩”的社会主义社会虽然不是跨越而是穿越了“卡夫丁峡谷”，但同样会面临“卡夫丁峡谷”第二重跨越的问题。要知道，资本主义生产方式“把科学作为一种独立的生产能力与劳动分离开来，并迫使科学为资本服务”[19]418。发达国家一旦发生社会主义革命，尽管可以通过与传统的所有制关系决裂，把工厂和凝聚科学技术的机器直接转化为无产者所有，但科学与劳动并不因此就直接结合起来，毕竟资本主义所造成的两极分化，限制了那里的无产阶级的文化素质的提高。过去有人提出，“造不如买，买不如租”，其根本原因就在于不会造、造不好。但是，如果我们不去造，听任资本掌控造的环节，那么我们就永远无法实现科学与劳动的直接结合，就永远无法使科学摆脱为资本服务而与劳动者为敌的异化状态，也就永远跨不过“卡夫丁峡谷”。对此，习近平总书记提出，“造不如买，买不如租”的“这个逻辑要倒过来”[20]，就是为跨过“卡夫丁峡谷”指出了一条明路。这个把科学与劳动（者）结合的过程正是“自然分娩”的社会主义国家和非“自然分娩”的社会主义国家都要经历的“卡夫丁峡谷”第二重跨越的过程。劳动者只有全面掌握包括科技在内的现代生产力，并能够在自己的联合体内充分发挥这一生产力，才会完成“卡夫丁峡谷”的跨越。

(2) The People as the Subject of the Second Crossing

（二） 人民群众是第二重跨越的主体

Deng Xiaoping once pointed out: “In order for socialism to gain an advantage over capitalism, it must boldly absorb and draw upon all the achievements of civilization created by human society, and absorb and draw upon the advanced modes of operation and management methods that reflect the laws of modern socialized production from all countries in the world today, including the developed capitalist countries.” [12]12 “Respect knowledge, respect talent” (尊重知识、尊重人才) was a slogan proposed by Deng Xiaoping in the late 1970s to rehabilitate intellectuals.139 But who is to absorb and draw upon, how to absorb and draw upon, and what is the difference between absorbing and drawing upon versus copying mechanically — these are theoretical and practical issues that need to be further advanced. The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC puts forward a people-centered development philosophy, requiring us to “continuously realize development for the people, development relying on the people, and the fruits of development shared by the people.” [21]21 The “big joke at Lushan” refers to the 1959 Lushan Conference where Mao criticized Peng Dehuai for his blunt criticism of the Great Leap Forward, leading to a purge of “rightist opportunists.” This means that the subjects of absorption and drawing upon are the people, or strictly speaking, the masses under the leadership of the Party; absorption and drawing upon must be for the people and rely on the people, and the achievements of human civilization thus absorbed and drawn upon must be shared by the people.

邓小平曾经指出：“社会主义要赢得与资本主义相比较的优势，就必须大胆吸收和借鉴人类社会创造的一切文明成果，吸收和借鉴当今世界各国包括资本主义发达国家的一切反映现代社会化生产规律的先进经营方式、管理方法。”[12]139但是，谁来吸收和借鉴，怎么吸收和借鉴，吸收和借鉴与照搬照抄有何区别，有待深入推进的理论问题和实践问题。党的二十大报告提出，坚持以人民为中心的发展思想，要求“不断实现发展为了人民、发展依靠人民、发展成果由人民共享”[21]。这就意味着吸收和借鉴的主体是人民或者严格地说是党领导的人民群众，吸收和借鉴必须是为了人民和依靠人民的，而吸收和借鉴来的人类社会创造的一切文明成果，要由人民共享。

Here, the most crucial point is development relying on the people. This is because, as long as development relies on the people, development cannot but be for the people; otherwise, the people’s development will fail to obtain the reliance provided by the people. When the CPC led the masses to conquer the country, it was precisely for the people, relying on the people, and the fruits were shared by the people; otherwise, the masses would not have used their little carts to push forward the victory of the Huaihai Campaign [25]25 The Huaihai Campaign (1948–1949) was a decisive battle of the Chinese Civil War in which millions of peasants supported the People’s Liberation Army with supplies and carts..

在这里，最关键的是发展依靠人民。这是因为，只要发展依靠人民，发展就不能不为了人民，否则人民发展将同样得不到人民提供的依靠。当年中国共产党领导人民群众打天下的时候，就是为了人民、依靠人民，并且成果由人民共享的，否则人民群众也不会用小推车推出淮海战役的胜利。

(3) Raising the Level of Marxism of the Entire Party and the Entire Society

（三） 提高全党和全社会马克思主义水平

Marx once pointed out: “A society can neither skip over the natural phases of its development nor abolish them by decree — even if it has discovered the natural law of its own movement … but it can shorten and lessen the birth pangs.” [19]19 Yan’an was the revolutionary base of the CPC from 1936 to 1948, where Mao Zedong developed many of his key ideas.9-10 Obviously, to achieve the second crossing of the “Caudine Forks” and “shorten and lessen the birth pangs,” it is necessary to raise the “level of Marxism and capacity for modernization” of the advanced elements of the proletariat, i.e., the members of the proletarian party. If there is no or insufficient level of Marxism, even if there is a capacity for modernization, it is still possible, as in the Soviet Union, to collapse the Party and the state [26]26 “Collapse the Party and the state” (亡党亡国) is a phrase used by the CPC to warn of the catastrophic consequences of ideological deviation, as in the Soviet Union. and fall back into the “Caudine Forks.” If there is only a level of Marxism but a lack of capacity for modernization, it will also fail to demonstrate the superiority of socialism in terms of productive forces development, be unable to defeat externally aggressive capitalism, and can only survive in the cracks by taking advantage of various favorable international situations, or hope that capitalism abroad is defeated by the proletariat there, ultimately relying on “help from advanced countries.”

马克思曾经指出：“一个社会即使探索到了本身运动的自然规律，——最终目的就是揭示现代社会的经济运动规律，——它还是既不能跳过也不能用法令取消自然的发展阶段。但是它能缩短和减轻分娩的痛苦。”[19]9-10显然，要实现“卡夫丁峡谷”的第二重跨越，“缩短和减轻分娩的痛苦”，就必须提高无产阶级先进分子即无产阶级政党成员的“马克思主义水平和现代化建设能力”。没有马克思主义水平或马克思主义水平不足，光有现代化建设能力，仍然有可能像苏联一样亡党亡国，跌回“卡夫丁峡谷”；光有马克思主义水平，而缺乏现代化建设能力，也体现不了社会主义在生产力发展方面的优越性，更无法战胜外部侵略成性的资本主义，只能利用各种有利的国际形势在夹缝中求生存，或指望外部的资本主义被那里的无产阶级所战胜，最终只能靠“来自先进国家的帮助”。

Of course, if a society or the leading collective in that society generally has a high level of Marxism, its modernization capacity will certainly not be too poor, because they will actively and proactively enhance their modernization capacity based on the basic principles of Marxism. The Soviet Union once improved its modernization capacity in this way, causing us to strive very hard to learn from Soviet experts and the Soviet model. Conversely, a society with a high modernization capacity does not necessarily and proactively raise its level of Marxism. This is like the Soviet Union’s later period, when the level of Marxism plummeted, it completely leaned toward democratic socialism, and eventually the Party and the state collapsed. For a socialist country aiming to cross the “Caudine Forks,” the “level of Marxism and capacity for modernization” of the advanced elements of the proletariat or of all Party members must be raised together. This is a new-era sublimation of the policy of “grasping both hands, both hands must be strong” [27]27 “Grasping both hands, both hands must be strong” (两手抓、两手都要硬) is a policy formulation by Deng Xiaoping meaning that material development and cultural-ethical progress must be pursued simultaneously. for material development and cultural-ethical progress.

当然，如果一个社会或在该社会的领导集体中普遍具有了较高的马克思主义水平，其现代化建设能力必然不会太差，因为他们会根据马克思主义基本原理去积极主动地提升现代化建设能力。苏联就曾经这样提高过他们的现代化建设能力，使我们一度非常努力地向苏联专家学习、向苏联模式学习。相反地，一个社会具有了较高的现代化建设能力并不必然会主动提高其马克思主义水平。就像苏联后期马克思主义水平急剧下降，彻底倒向民主社会主义，最终亡党亡国一样。对于旨在跨过“卡夫丁峡谷”的社会主义国家来说，无产阶级先进分子或全体党员的“马克思主义水平和现代化建设能力”必须共同提高，这是对物质文明和精神文明“两手抓、两手都要硬”的新时代升华。

If “absorbing and drawing upon all the achievements of civilization created by human society” only means introducing foreign capital, copying the modern enterprise system model to develop domestic capital, or even introducing management buyouts (MBO) [28]28 MBO (management buyout) refers to a privatization method used in China’s reform era, often criticized for leading to the embezzlement of state assets. that hollow out shareholder capital to cheapen financial capital in order to hollow out state-owned enterprises, then that cannot be considered absorption and drawing upon. If development is built on relying on a very small number of entrepreneurs, requiring the broad masses of Party cadres to serve them specifically rather than be public servants of the people, this will inevitably lead to reforms in some places that are not for the people and the fruits are not shared by the people. This hinders the second crossing of the “Caudine Forks” and increases the risk of falling back into the “Caudine Forks.” Only by further comprehensively deepening reform and expanding opening up in a way that strengthens socialist elements, or rather consolidates socialism, and keeps it far from the “Caudine Forks,” can it be considered absorption and drawing upon. This requires us to correctly identify which of the modes of operation and management methods in today’s developed capitalist countries reflect the laws of modern socialized production and which only serve to maintain capitalist exploitation interests. The basis for identification can only come from Marxism.

如果“吸收和借鉴人类社会创造的一切文明成果”，只是引进境外资本，照搬其现代企业制度模式发展境内资本，甚至引进掏空股东资本以便宜金融资本的管理层收购（MBO）来掏空国有企业，那是谈不上吸收和借鉴的。如果把发展建立在对极少数企业家的依靠上，要求广大党员干部做专为他们服务的，而不是做人民公仆，势必会导致一些地方的改革措施不是为了人民，成果也不由人民共享。这是妨碍“卡夫丁峡谷”的第二重跨越的，并加大了跌入“卡夫丁峡谷”的风险。只有在进一步全面深化改革和扩大开放中使社会主义因素增强或者说强化社会主义，远离“卡夫丁峡谷”，才算得上吸收和借鉴。这就要求我们能够正确识别当今发达资本主义国家的经营方式和管理方法中哪些是反映现代社会化生产规律的，哪些只是单纯维护资本主义剥削利益的，而识别的依据只能来自马克思主义。

“Chinese-path modernization takes real people as the social subject of the crossing. The construction of socialist relations of production is not centered on the multiplication of capital, but on the free and comprehensive development of real people.” [18]18 “Both red and expert” (又红又专) is a Mao-era slogan for cadres and intellectuals who are both politically loyal (red) and professionally competent (expert).40 The real people in China today are precisely the broad masses of Party members and the populace. Given that the number of CPC members has exceeded 99 million, almost one in every eleven adults is a Party member, as long as the level of Marxism and capacity for modernization of the entire Party are raised, it will be very easy to drive up the level of Marxism and capacity for modernization of the entire society. When the social subject of crossing the “Caudine Forks” is composed of such real people, it will certainly be able to complete the second crossing of the “Caudine Forks” and thoroughly cross it.

“中国式现代化将现实的人作为跨越的社会主体。社会主义生产关系的建构不是以资本增殖为核心，而是以现实的人的自由全面发展为核心。”[18]40当前中国的现实的人正是由广大党员和群众组成。鉴于中国共产党的党员人数已经超过9 900万，几乎每11个成年人中就有一个党员，只要提高全党马克思主义水平和现代化建设能力，就能够很轻易地带动全社会的马克思主义水平和现代化建设能力的提高，由这样的现实的人所组成的跨越“卡夫丁峡谷”的社会主体，就必定能够完成“卡夫丁峡谷”的第二重跨越，彻底跨过“卡夫丁峡谷”。

It should be understood that in 1938, Mao Zedong proposed: “From the perspective of those bearing the main leadership responsibility, if our Party has one to two hundred comrades who have systematically, not fragmentarily, and practically, not emptily, learned Marxism-Leninism, it will greatly increase our Party’s fighting strength and accelerate our work of defeating Japanese imperialism.” [22]22 “Read the original works, study the original texts, and comprehend the principles” is a call by Xi Jinping for Party members to directly study Marxist classics and Party documents. Now, if even ten-thousandths of our entire Party have systematically learned Marxism-Leninism and possess the capacity for modernization, that would be nearly 10,000 such comrades. The increase in our Party’s fighting strength and construction strength would be enormous, and it would undoubtedly speed up our work of crossing the “Caudine Forks.”

要知道，1938年时候，毛泽东曾经提出：“在担负主要领导责任的观点上说，如果我们党有一百个至二百个系统地而不是零碎地、实际地而不是空洞地学会了马克思列宁主义的同志，就会大大地提高我们党的战斗力量，并加速我们战胜日本帝国主义的工作。”[22]如今，我们全党只要有万分之一的人做到了系统地学会马克思列宁主义并具有现代化建设能力，那也会有近万名这样的同志，我们党的战斗力量和建设力量的提升必将无比巨大，必将加速我们跨越“卡夫丁峡谷”的工作。

How, then, can we raise the Party’s level of Marxism and capacity for modernization? On the one hand, we must strengthen theoretical study, both delving deeply into the basic principles of Marxism and “doing a good job of arming the Party with the Party’s innovative theories” [1]1 The “two most radical breaks” refers to the Communist Manifesto’s formulation: the radical break with traditional property relations and the radical break with traditional ideas.13, with Party members strengthening their study of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, and striving to popularize and enhance modern scientific knowledge. On the other hand, in the process of practicing whole-process people’s democracy, we must emphasize “two completions” [29]29 “Two completions” (两个完整) refers to the dual aspects of whole-process people’s democracy: complete institutional procedures and complete participation in practice.: having both complete institutional procedures and emphasizing complete participation in practice, with Party members comprehensively training and improving their ability to participate in and discuss state affairs through multiple democratic role practices.

那么，如何提高全党的马克思主义水平和现代化建设能力呢？一方面，要加强理论学习，既深入学习马克思主义基本原理，又“抓好党的创新理论武装”[1]13，党员加强对习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的学习，并努力普及、提高现代科学知识。另一方面，践行全过程人民民主过程中，重视“两个完整”，既有完整的制度程序，又重视完整地参与实践，党员在多重民主角色实践中全面地锻炼和提升参政议政能力。

Lenin once pointed out that training laborers not to live at the expense of capitalists is equivalent to democracy under the dictatorship of the proletariat [23]23 The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee was held in July 2024 and focused on further deepening reform and advancing Chinese-path modernization.. Party members in public servant and public service unit [30]30 “Public service units” (事业单位, shiye danwei) are state-owned non-profit organizations in China, such as schools, hospitals, and research institutes. positions must, while raising their level of Marxism, become the professional backbone of their units and firmly master professional knowledge. Party cadres, especially the heads of grassroots Party organizations, must take the lead in familiarizing themselves with professional work and should not allow laymen to lead experts, which would lower the modernization capacity of the relevant departments.

列宁曾经指出，训练劳动者不靠资本家过日子等于无产阶级专政下的民主[23]。公务员和事业单位中的党员，必须在提高马克思主义水平的同时，成为所在单位的业务骨干，牢牢掌握业务知识，党员干部尤其是基层党组织的负责人要带头熟悉业务，不能外行领导内行，降低相关部门的现代化建设能力。

Party members in the sphere of production and operation, in state-owned enterprises, must fully master production technology and management knowledge, so that state-owned enterprises, without oppressing employees like capitalists, can still defeat similar types of capitalists worldwide in market competition. Otherwise, if state-owned enterprises also oppress their employees like capitalists, then even if their performance is good, it is of no help in crossing the “Caudine Forks.”

处在生产经营领域的党员，在国有企业的，要全面掌握生产技术和管理知识，要使国有企业能够在不像资本家那样压榨员工的基础上，在市场竞争中还能战胜世界上同类型的资本家。否则，如果国有企业也像资本家那样压榨员工，即使其效益再好，对于跨越“卡夫丁峡谷”也没有什么帮助。

Party members in non-public enterprises [31]31 “Non-public enterprises” (非公有制企业) refers to private, foreign-invested, and other enterprises not owned by the state or collective., while earning a living, must not forget to study Marxism, study the Party’s innovative theories [32]32 “Party’s innovative theories” (党的创新理论) is a term referring to the latest theoretical developments of the CPC, particularly Xi Jinping Thought., and study Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. At the same time, they must strive to study and master those advanced modes of operation and management methods in the enterprise that truly reflect the laws of modern socialized production, and master its core technologies, so as to accumulate knowledge and experience for our Party to later establish similar enterprises to represent the development demands of advanced productive forces.

处在非公有制企业中的党员，在谋生的同时，不能忘了学习马克思主义、学习党的创新理论、学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想，同时还要努力学习掌握该企业中真正反映现代社会化生产规律的先进经营方式、管理方法，掌握其核心技术，为我党今后创办同类企业以代表先进生产力的发展要求积累知识和经验。

Party members who are self-employed should actively seek out and participate in the activities of grassroots Party organizations, study Marxism, study the Party’s innovative theories, and study Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. At the same time, they should actively seek ways to transform their individual and scattered production and operating activities into collective, associated production and operating activities, ultimately developing into an economic form with public ownership. It should be understood that individual business activities run counter to the historical trend of large-scale associated production and cannot independently become a mode of production and operation that crosses the “Caudine Forks.”

处于个体经营状态的党员，要积极寻求并参加基层党组织的活动，学习马克思主义，学习党的创新理论，学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想，同时要积极寻求将个人分散的生产经营活动发展成集体的联合的生产经营活动的办法，最终发展成为具有公有制形式的经济方式。要知道，个体的经营活动背离联合大生产的历史潮流，是无法独立成为跨过“卡夫丁峡谷”的生产经营方式的。

Party members in mixed-ownership economic forms [33]33 “Mixed-ownership economic forms” (混合所有制经济) refers to enterprises with a mix of state, collective, private, and foreign capital, often including state-owned shares., in addition to similar requirements as above, should also be alert to the role of being, as Lenin mentioned, “Communists fooled by businessmen” [34]34 “Communists fooled by businessmen” is Lenin’s warning against Communist officials who naively trust capitalists and lose public assets. in the case of those designated holders of relevant state-owned capital and collective capital who are Party members; they must bear the historical responsibility of preventing the loss of public capital such as state-owned and collective capital.

处在混合所有制经济形态的党员，除了上述同类要求外，相关国有资本和集体资本的代为持有人员，如果是党员，需要警惕充当列宁曾经提到的“被生意人愚弄”的共产党员角色，要承担防止国有资本和集体资本等公有资本流失的历史责任。

Conclusion

结 语

Crossing the "Caudine Forks" was the socialist conception of Marx and Engels in their later years, and this conception has presented different practical effects and theoretical forms in different socialist countries owing to their different national conditions, Party histories, and cultural traditions.[35]35 The Caudine Forks (卡夫丁峡谷) was a mountain pass in ancient Italy where the Samnites trapped and humiliated a Roman army in 321 BCE; Marx and Engels used the image to ask whether precapitalist societies could bypass, or "cross," the capitalist stage. In Chinese Marxist discourse, the "second crossing" refers to the task of completing socialist modernization after the first crossing — the socialist revolution in a relatively backward China — has already been made. Academic research on crossing the "Caudine Forks" has emerged from the ivory tower of purely theoretical discussion and debate, and increasingly attends to responses to the concrete problems of the actual "crossing" in socialist countries. When all members of the Communist Party of China, through theoretical study and practical work, possess a high level of Marxism and the capacity for modernization, and display this level and these capacities in their practical work, then even if the second crossing of the "Caudine Forks" has still not yet been completed, the goal of building a great modern socialist country in all respects will certainly already have been realized, and crossing the "Caudine Forks" will be at most only one step away.[36]36 Building a great modern socialist country in all respects (全面建成社会主义现代化强国) is the strategic goal, set at the 20th National Congress of the CPC, of fully realizing socialist modernization by the middle of the 21st century. If other countries have still not caught up by that time, they will be able to see a genuine model and hope to obtain help from the advanced country, namely China — and this is also the fundamental hallmark of realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

跨越“卡夫丁峡谷”是马克思和恩格斯晚年的社会主义构想，这个构想在不同社会主义国家因不同国情、党史、文化传统呈现不同的实践效应和理论形态。学界对“卡夫丁峡谷”跨越的研究走过纯粹理论探讨和争论的象牙塔，愈来愈关注社会主义国家现实“跨越”具体问题的回应。当中国共产党的全体党员通过理论学习和实际工作拥有较高的马克思主义水平和现代化建设能力，并且将这些水平和能力在实际工作中展现出来之时，即使“卡夫丁峡谷”的第二重跨越即便还没有完成，全面建成社会主义现代化强国的目标也必然已经实现了，跨过“卡夫丁峡谷”也最多只有一步之遥了。如果这个时候其他国家还没有跟上来，他们就可以看到真正的样板，并期望得到来自先进国家即中国的帮助，而这也是实现中华民族伟大复兴的根本标志。

(Fund: Key Project of the Ministry of Education for Tackling Major Issues in Philosophy and Social Science Research (23JZD003))

（基金： 教育部哲学社会科学研究重大课题攻关项目（23JZD003））

Online editor: Tongxin

网络编辑：同心