Comprehensively Deepening Reform Must Uphold the "Two Unswervinglys"

The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC pointed out, "unswervingly consolidate and develop the public sector of the economy, and unswervingly encourage, support, and guide the development of the non-public sector of the economy, ensuring that all forms of ownership enjoy equal access to factors of production in accordance with the law, compete fairly in the market, and receive equal legal protection, and promoting complementary advantages and common development among all forms of ownership." [1]1 The "Two Unswervinglys" (两个毫不动摇) refers to the Party's policy of unswervingly consolidating and developing the public sector of the economy, and unswervingly encouraging, supporting, and guiding the development of the non-public sector of the economy. The "Two Unswervinglys" are an important component of the basic socialist economic system and a scientific summary of our Party's many years of experience in developing a socialist market economy. History has proven that the "Two Unswervinglys" are invaluable and precious experience gained from the success of China's reform and opening up. They must be doubly cherished and upheld over the long term, and continuously enriched and developed in the great practice of comprehensively deepening reform and opening up.

党的二十届三中全会指出，“毫不动摇巩固和发展公有制经济，毫不动摇鼓励、支持、引导非公有制经济发展，保证各种所有制经济依法平等使用生产要素、公平参与市场竞争、同等受到法律保护，促进各种所有制经济优势互补、共同发展”。“两个毫不动摇”是社会主义基本经济制度的重要内容，是我们党对多年来发展社会主义市场经济经验的科学总结。历史已经证明，“两个毫不动摇”是我国改革开放取得成功弥足珍贵的宝贵经验，必须倍加珍惜、长期坚持，在全面深化改革开放的伟大实践中不断丰富和发展。

I

一

Marxism holds that the ownership of the means of production is the core of the relations of production, determining the basic nature and development direction of a society. After reform and opening up, our Party, based on the basic national condition of being in the primary stage of socialism for a long period and the requirements of the development of productive forces, unremittingly explored the ownership structure of the primary stage of socialism. The Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the CPC proposed reforming the relations of production and the superstructure that were incompatible with the development of productive forces. [2]2 The Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the CPC, held in December 1978, marked the beginning of the reform and opening up era. The Third Plenary Session of the 14th Central Committee of the CPC proposed that to establish a socialist market economy system, it was necessary to adhere to the policy of keeping public ownership as the mainstay and allowing diverse forms of ownership to develop side by side. [3]3 The Third Plenary Session of the 14th Central Committee of the CPC, held in November 1993, adopted the "Decision on Issues Concerning the Establishment of a Socialist Market Economic Structure." The 15th National Congress of the CPC established "keeping public ownership as the mainstay and allowing diverse forms of ownership to develop side by side" as China's basic economic system, and clearly stated that "the non-public sector of the economy is an important component of China's socialist market economy." [4]4 The 15th National Congress of the CPC, held in September 1997. The 16th National Congress of the CPC proposed the "Two Unswervinglys," namely, "must unswervingly consolidate and develop the public sector of the economy" and "must unswervingly encourage, support, and guide the development of the non-public sector of the economy." [5]5 The 16th National Congress of the CPC, held in November 2002. On the basis of reiterating and emphasizing the "Two Unswervinglys," the 17th National Congress of the CPC proposed "upholding equal protection of property rights and forming a new pattern where various forms of ownership compete equally and promote each other." [6]6 The 17th National Congress of the CPC, held in October 2007.

马克思主义认为，生产资料所有制是生产关系的核心，决定着社会的基本性质和发展方向。改革开放后，我们党根据我国长期处于社会主义初级阶段的基本国情和生产力发展要求，坚持不懈地探索社会主义初级阶段所有制结构。党的十一届三中全会提出，改革同生产力发展不相适应的生产关系和上层建筑。党的十四届三中全会提出，建立社会主义市场经济体制，必须坚持以公有制为主体、多种经济成分共同发展的方针。党的十五大把“公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展”确立为我国的基本经济制度，明确提出“非公有制经济是我国社会主义市场经济的重要组成部分”。党的十六大提出“两个毫不动摇”，即“必须毫不动摇地巩固和发展公有制经济”，“必须毫不动摇地鼓励、支持和引导非公有制经济发展”。党的十七大在重申并强调“两个毫不动摇”的基础上提出，“坚持平等保护物权，形成各种所有制经济平等竞争、相互促进新格局”。

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, our Party has carried out a series of new innovations in both theory and practice concerning the improvement of the basic economic system and the "Two Unswervinglys." The Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC, building on the "Two Unswervinglys," proposed the "Two Both Ares," namely, that both the public sector and the non-public sector of the economy are important components of the socialist market economy, and both the public sector and the non-public sector of the economy are the foundation of China's economic and social development. [7]7 The Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC, held in November 2013, adopted the "Decision on Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening Reforms." The 19th National Congress of the CPC wrote the "Two Unswervinglys" into the basic strategy for upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics in the New Era, further establishing it as a major policy of the Party and the state. [8]8 The 19th National Congress of the CPC, held in October 2017. The Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC provided a new summary of the basic socialist economic system, incorporating keeping public ownership as the mainstay and allowing diverse forms of ownership to develop side by side, keeping distribution according to work as the mainstay and allowing multiple forms of distribution to coexist, and the socialist market economy system as the basic socialist economic system. [9]9 The Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC, held in October 2019, focused on upholding and improving the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and advancing the modernization of China's system and capacity for governance. The 20th National Congress of the CPC proposed, "uphold and improve the basic socialist economic system, unswervingly consolidate and develop the public sector of the economy, and unswervingly encourage, support, and guide the development of the non-public sector of the economy." [10]10 The 20th National Congress of the CPC, held in October 2022. It can be seen that our Party's views on adhering to the basic economic system are clear, consistent, and continuously deepening, and have never wavered.

党的十八大以来，我们党围绕坚持和完善基本经济制度和“两个毫不动摇”，在理论和实践上进行了一系列新的创新。党的十八届三中全会在“两个毫不动摇”的基础上提出“两个都是”，即公有制经济和非公有制经济都是社会主义市场经济的重要组成部分，公有制经济和非公有制经济都是我国经济社会发展的基础。党的十九大把“两个毫不动摇”写入新时代坚持和发展中国特色社会主义的基本方略，作为党和国家一项大政方针进一步确定下来。党的十九届四中全会对社会主义基本经济制度进行了新概括，将公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展，按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存，社会主义市场经济体制等作为社会主义基本经济制度。党的二十大提出，“坚持和完善社会主义基本经济制度，毫不动摇巩固和发展公有制经济，毫不动摇鼓励、支持、引导非公有制经济发展”。可以看出，我们党在坚持基本经济制度上的观点是明确的、一贯的，而且是不断深化的，从来没有动摇。

Upholding the "Two Unswervinglys" is a powerful support for the success of China's economic system reform and the development of the socialist market economy. Since the founding of New China, and especially since reform and opening up, China's economy has sustained rapid development. Social productive forces, economic strength, technological strength, and comprehensive national power have greatly increased. The people's living standards, residents' income levels, and social security levels have significantly improved. International standing and influence have been unprecedentedly elevated. The "Two Unswervinglys" have made indelible contributions to creating this miracle. Practice has proven that only by upholding the "Two Unswervinglys," neither engaging in a single public ownership system nor total privatization, have we forged a path of development for socialism with Chinese characteristics. This is the only path for advancing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and realizing Chinese-path modernization. No other path could have brought such development to China.

坚持“两个毫不动摇”，是我国经济体制改革和社会主义市场经济发展取得成功的有力支撑。新中国成立以来特别是改革开放以来，我国经济持续快速发展，社会生产力、经济实力、科技实力、综合国力大大增强，人民生活水平、居民收入水平、社会保障水平显著改善，国际地位和国际影响力空前提升。创造这个奇迹，“两个毫不动摇”功不可没。实践证明，只有坚持“两个毫不动摇”，既不搞单一公有制，也决不搞全盘私有化，我们走出了一条中国特色社会主义发展道路，这是推进中华民族伟大复兴、实现中国式现代化的必由之路，除此以外，没有任何其他道路能够给中国带来这样的发展。

II

二

To further comprehensively deepen reform and advance Chinese-path modernization, we must always uphold the "Two Unswervinglys." The public sector and the non-public sector of the economy complement and enhance each other, rather than being mutually exclusive or offsetting. State-owned enterprises are the "pillar" of the socialist economy with Chinese characteristics, while the private sector is a vital force in advancing Chinese-path modernization. We must unswervingly continue to deepen the reform of state-owned enterprises and unswervingly support and guide the development of the private sector. We must establish and improve institutional mechanisms where various forms of ownership complement each other's advantages and develop together in a vibrant manner, creating a dynamic situation where all sources of social wealth flow freely, and the public and non-public sectors of the economy each leverage their strengths, promote each other, and coexist and prosper together.

进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化必须始终坚持“两个毫不动摇”。公有制经济、非公有制经济相辅相成、相得益彰，而不是相互排斥、相互抵消。国有企业是中国特色社会主义经济的“顶梁柱”，民营经济是推进中国式现代化的生力军。必须坚定不移地持续深化国企改革，坚定不移地支持引导民营经济发展。建立健全各种所有制经济优势互补、共同发展充满活力的体制机制，形成让一切创造社会财富的源泉充分涌流，公有制经济和非公有制经济各展所长、相互促进、共生共荣的生动局面。

Unswervingly consolidate and develop the public sector of the economy, and establish institutional mechanisms that meet the requirements of the development of the socialist market economy. The public sector is the foundation of the socialist economic system. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that the dominant position of public ownership cannot be shaken, and the leading role of the state-owned sector cannot be shaken. This is an institutional guarantee for ensuring that all ethnic groups in our country share the fruits of development, and it is also an important guarantee for consolidating the Party's ruling position and upholding China's socialist system. State-owned enterprises are an important force in advancing national modernization and safeguarding the common interests of the people. They are an important material and political foundation of socialism with Chinese characteristics. To further comprehensively deepen reform, we must advance the reform of state-owned enterprises, promote the optimization and structural adjustment of the state-owned sector, make state capital and state-owned enterprises stronger, better, and larger, enhance their core functions, improve their core competitiveness, consolidate the controlling position of the state-owned sector in important industries and key areas related to national security and the lifeline of the national economy, enable state capital to play a greater role in key areas related to the national economy and people's livelihoods, such as providing public services, emergency response capabilities, and public welfare, promote the concentration of state capital in forward-looking, strategic emerging industries, play an innovative leading role in breaking through "bottleneck" technologies, and continuously enhance the competitiveness, innovation, control, influence, and risk resistance capabilities of the state-owned sector, thereby ensuring the socialist nature of the economic system and guaranteeing sustained and healthy economic development. [11]11 "Bottleneck" technologies (卡脖子技术) refers to key technologies in which China is dependent on foreign countries and which are subject to potential restriction or blockade.

毫不动摇巩固和发展公有制经济，建立适应社会主义市场经济发展要求的体制机制。公有制是社会主义经济制度的基础。习近平总书记指出，公有制主体地位不能动摇，国有经济主导作用不能动摇，这是保证我国各族人民共享发展成果的制度性保证，也是巩固党的执政地位、坚持我国社会主义制度的重要保证。国有企业是推进国家现代化、保障人民共同利益的重要力量，是中国特色社会主义的重要物质基础和政治基础。进一步全面深化改革必须推进国有企业改革，推进国有经济布局优化和结构调整，推动国有资本和国有企业做强做优做大，增强核心功能，提升核心竞争力，巩固国有经济在关系国家安全和国民经济命脉的重要行业领域的控制地位，让国有资本在提供公共服务、应急能力、公益性等关系国计民生的关键领域发挥更大作用，推动国有资本向前瞻性战略性新兴产业集中，在突破“卡脖子”技术中发挥创新引领作用，不断增强国有经济竞争力、创新力、控制力、影响力、抗风险能力，保证经济制度的社会主义性质，保障经济持续健康发展。

Unswervingly encourage, support, and guide the development of the non-public sector of the economy, and develop and strengthen the private sector. China's non-public sector of the economy has developed since reform and opening up under the guidance of our Party's and the state's policies, and is an important component of the socialist market economy. The private sector is an intrinsic element of China's economic system, an important component of China's socialist market economy, a vital force in advancing Chinese-path modernization, and an important foundation for high-quality development. Ensure that all forms of ownership enjoy equal access to factors of production in accordance with the law, compete fairly in the market, and receive equal legal protection, promoting complementary advantages and common development among all forms of ownership. Optimize the development environment for private enterprises, break down various barriers restricting the development of the private sector, and promote the growth and strengthening of the private sector. Actively encourage and effectively guide private enterprises to participate in major national innovations, and promote enterprises to play a role in key core technology innovation and major original technological breakthroughs. Improve the policy system for financing support for private enterprises, focus on solving the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises, and provide reliable, efficient, and convenient services for SME financing. Accelerate the construction of the public service system, support the establishment of common technology service platforms for private enterprises, actively develop the technology market, and provide technical support and specialized services for the independent innovation of private enterprises. Leverage the role of leading private technology enterprises, build a cordial and clean relationship between government and business, strengthen the cultivation of the younger generation of private entrepreneurs, improve the working mechanisms for promoting the healthy development of the non-public sector of the economy and the healthy growth of those working in it, and guide private entrepreneurs to focus on their industries, refine their main businesses, and achieve greater accomplishments in a broader space.

毫不动摇鼓励、支持、引导非公有制经济发展，发展壮大民营经济。我国非公有制经济，是改革开放以来在我们党和国家方针政策指引下发展起来的，是社会主义市场经济的重要组成部分。民营经济是我国经济制度的内在要素，是我国社会主义市场经济的重要组成部分，是推进中国式现代化的生力军，是高质量发展的重要基础。保证各种所有制经济依法平等使用生产要素、公平参与市场竞争、同等受到法律保护，促进各种所有制经济优势互补、共同发展。优化民营企业发展环境，破除制约民营经济发展的各种壁垒，促进民营经济发展壮大。积极鼓励、有效引导民营企业参与国家重大创新，推动企业在关键核心技术创新和重大原创技术突破中发挥作用。完善民营企业融资支持政策制度，着力解决中小企业融资难问题，为中小企业融资提供可靠、高效、便捷的服务。加快公共服务体系建设，支持建立面向民营企业的共性技术服务平台，积极发展技术市场，为民营企业自主创新提供技术支持和专业化服务。发挥民营科技骨干企业作用，构建亲清政商关系，加强年轻一代民营经济人士培养，健全促进非公有制经济健康发展、非公有制经济人士健康成长工作机制，引导民营企业家聚焦实业、做精主业，在更加广阔的空间中发挥更大的作为。

Accelerate the building of more world-class enterprises. Give full play to the role of the market mechanism and better leverage the role of the government, create a fairer and more dynamic market environment, improve the efficiency of resource allocation, better maintain market order and smooth the national economic cycle, and stimulate the endogenous driving force and innovation vitality of the whole society. Continuously improve the modern enterprise system with Chinese characteristics, support and guide all types of enterprises to improve the efficiency of resource and factor utilization and their management and operational levels, and continuously enhance enterprise competitiveness. Encourage the common development and coordinated development of the public sector of the economy and the non-public sector of the economy. It is necessary both to do a good job in the special action to deepen and upgrade the reform of state-owned enterprises, and to guide private enterprises to improve their governance structures and management systems; it is necessary both to rectify arbitrary charges, arbitrary fines, and arbitrary apportionments, and to solve the problem of government arrears to enterprises, and also to establish and improve a normalized communication and exchange mechanism with enterprises, encouraging enterprises to dare to venture, dare to invest, and dare to take risks, and actively create markets. Promote the entrepreneurial spirit, adhere to a problem-oriented approach, truly ask enterprises about their needs and seek advice from enterprises, break down legal and regulatory obstacles and hidden barriers that affect fair competition and common development of enterprises under all forms of ownership, and promote enterprises to become world-class enterprises of high-quality development.

加快建设更多世界一流企业。充分发挥市场机制作用和更好发挥好政府作用，创造更加公平、更有活力的市场环境，提高资源配置效率，更好维护市场秩序、畅通国民经济循环，激发全社会内生动力和创新活力。不断完善中国特色现代企业制度，支持和引导各类企业提高资源要素利用效率和经营管理水平，不断提高企业竞争力。鼓励公有制经济和非公有制经济共同发展、协同发展。既要抓好国有企业改革深化提升行动，又要引导民营企业完善治理结构和管理制度；既要整治乱收费、乱罚款、乱摊派，解决政府拖欠企业账款问题，又要建立健全与企业的常态化沟通交流机制，鼓励企业敢闯、敢投、敢担风险，积极创造市场。弘扬企业家精神，坚持问题导向，真正问需于企、问计于企，破除影响各类所有制企业公平竞争、共同发展的法律法规障碍和隐性壁垒，促进企业成为高质量发展的世界一流企业。

III

三

The current and future period is a critical period for comprehensively advancing the building of a strong country and the great cause of national rejuvenation through Chinese-path modernization. Upholding the "Two Unswervinglys" is conducive to accelerating the development of new quality productive forces, building a high-level socialist market economy system, building a new system for a higher-standard open economy, fully mobilizing the enthusiasm of all sectors of society for building Chinese-path modernization, and adding impetus to the advancement of Chinese-path modernization.

当前和今后一个时期是以中国式现代化全面推进强国建设、民族复兴伟业的关键时期。坚持“两个毫不动摇”，有利于加快发展新质生产力，构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制，建设更高水平开放型经济新体制，充分调动社会各方面建设中国式现代化的积极性，为推进中国式现代化增添动力。

Developing new quality productive forces requires upholding the "Two Unswervinglys." Both state-owned enterprises and private enterprises play an irreplaceable and important role in accelerating the development of new quality productive forces. State-owned enterprises are the pillars of national innovation activities, play a leading role as the chain leader of the innovation chain in major scientific and technological innovations, and are the main force in the development of new quality productive forces. State-owned enterprises possess strong innovation capabilities, innovation strength, and innovation advantages, and are important entities for carrying out the construction of new infrastructure and laying the material foundation for major scientific and technological innovations. On the one hand, state-owned enterprises play a significant role in strategic, holistic, and forward-looking original innovation and breakthroughs in core technologies, i.e., "bottleneck" basic research, can generate better technology spillover effects, and lay the foundation for innovation-driven development of the whole society; on the other hand, state-owned enterprises are important vehicles for "concentrating resources to accomplish large undertakings," can use resources more centrally, follow the national overall technology plan, bear greater technology research and development risks in large-scale technology R&D investment, and promote technological progress and industrial upgrading. Private enterprises are the most fundamental driving force for innovation activities, possessing advantages such as directly facing market competition, flexible R&D mechanisms, and being adept at application and transformation in scientific and technological innovation, and are an important force in the development of new quality productive forces. Private enterprises are large in number and widely distributed, are important entities for carrying out follow-up innovation, and shoulder the important task of effectively transforming science and technology into social productive forces and increasing social wealth. The "Report on the Number of Invention Patent Grants of Chinese Private Enterprises (2021)" shows that the number of invention patent grants in China reached 696,000, and among the top ten domestic enterprises, private enterprises occupied seven seats. Private enterprises have become an indispensable force in the development of China's market economy, and are also important entities for technological innovation and practice. In the future, private enterprises will become a fresh force participating in or leading national major technological breakthroughs, enriching China's overall scientific and technological strength, and will provide more opportunities and possibilities for China's major technological breakthrough tasks with more flexible and changeable market-oriented operation models.

发展新质生产力要求坚持“两个毫不动摇”。无论是国有企业还是民营企业都在加快发展新质生产力中发挥着不可替代的重要作用。国有企业是国家创新活动的支柱，在重大科技创新中发挥着创新链链长的引领作用，是新质生产力发展主力军。国有企业具有很强的创新能力、创新实力和创新优势，是开展新型基础设施建设、为重大科技创新奠定物质基础的重要主体。一方面，国有企业在战略性、全局性、前瞻性原始创新和核心技术突破等“卡脖子”的基础研究方面作用显著，能够产生更好的技术外溢效应，为全社会创新发展奠定基础；另一方面，国有企业是“集中力量办大事”的重要载体，能够更为集中地使用资源，遵循国家整体技术规划，在大规模技术研发投入中承担更大的技术研发风险，推动技术进步和产业升级。民营企业是创新活动最基本的动力，在科技创新中具有直面市场竞争、研发机制灵活和善于应用转化等优势，是新质生产力发展的重要力量。民营企业数量大、分布广，是开展跟随创新的重要主体，肩负着将科学技术切实转化为社会生产力、增进社会财富的重要任务。《中国民营企业发明专利授权量报告（2021）》显示，我国发明专利授权量达69.6万件，排名前十位的国内企业中，民营企业占据7席。民营企业已成为我国市场经济发展不可或缺的力量，更是科技创新与实践的重要主体。未来，民营企业将成为参与或牵头国家重大技术攻关的一股新鲜力量，充实我国整体科技力量，并将以更为灵活多变的市场化运作模式，为我国重大技术攻关任务提供更多机遇和可能。

Building a high-level socialist market economy system requires upholding the "Two Unswervinglys." Embarking on the new journey of comprehensively building a modern socialist country places higher demands on further improving the socialist market economy system. We must uphold the "Two Unswervinglys," continuously break down institutional and mechanistic barriers that constrain high-quality development, and accelerate the building of a modern economic system. First, a high-level socialist market economy system is conducive to giving full play to the decisive role of the market in resource allocation. Upholding the "Two Unswervinglys" requires both giving full play to the decisive role of the market mechanism in achieving optimal efficiency and maximum effectiveness of resource allocation and stimulating the endogenous driving force and innovation vitality of various forms of ownership economies, and also emphasizing the need to better maintain market order and remedy market failures, achieving both "vitality in release" and "control in management." Second, a high-level socialist market economy system is conducive to fully stimulating the vitality of all types of ownership enterprises. Build a unified national market, comprehensively clean up hidden barriers and entry thresholds that hinder fair market competition, ensure fair competition between the state-owned economy and the private economy, and promote the free flow of production factors. Uphold and implement the "Two Unswervinglys," ensure that all forms of ownership economies equally use production factors according to law, fairly participate in market competition, and are equally protected by law, promote state-owned capital and state-owned enterprises to become stronger, better, and larger, improve the long-term mechanism for private enterprises to participate in major project construction, and cultivate and build more world-class enterprises. Third, a high-level socialist market economy system is conducive to better leveraging the government's macro-control functions. The government, through legalized means and a good policy environment, coordinates the promotion of fiscal, taxation, and financial system reforms, and guides the orderly operation and healthy development of the market. Scientific macro-control and effective government governance are inherent requirements for leveraging the advantages of the socialist market economy system. Upholding the "Two Unswervinglys" is conducive to improving and strengthening the institutional mechanisms for the implementation of relevant policies, improving the consistency of macroeconomic policies, and enhancing the comprehensive effect of macro-control policies.

构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制要求坚持“两个毫不动摇”。迈上全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程，对进一步完善社会主义市场经济体制提出了更高要求。必须坚持“两个毫不动摇”，不断破除制约高质量发展的体制机制障碍，加快建设现代化经济体系。首先，高水平的社会主义市场经济体制有利于充分发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用。坚持“两个毫不动摇”，既要充分发挥市场机制在实现资源配置效率最优化和效益最大化、激发各种所有制经济内生动力和创新活力的决定性作用，也要强调必须更好维护市场秩序、弥补市场失灵，既“放得活”又“管得住”。其次，高水平社会主义市场经济体制有利于充分激发各类所有制企业的活力。构建全国统一大市场，全面清理妨碍市场公平竞争的隐性壁垒和准入门槛，确保国有经济和民营经济公平竞争，促进生产要素自由流动。坚持和落实“两个毫不动摇”，保证各种所有制经济依法平等使用生产要素、公平参与市场竞争、同等受到法律保护，推动国有资本和国有企业做强做优做大，完善民营企业参与重大项目建设长效机制，培育建设更多世界一流企业。再次，高水平社会主义市场经济体制有利于更好发挥政府宏观调控职能。政府通过法制化手段和良好的政策环境，统筹推进财税金融体制改革，引导市场有序运行和健康发展。科学的宏观调控、有效的政府治理是发挥社会主义市场经济体制优势的内在要求。坚持“两个毫不动摇”，有利于完善和加强相关政策实施的体制机制，提高宏观经济政策的一致性，增强宏观调控政策的综合效果。

Building a new system for a higher-standard open economy requires upholding the "Two Unswervinglys." Openness is a distinct hallmark of Chinese-path modernization. Adhere to promoting reform through openness, rely on China's super-large market advantages, enhance the capacity for openness while expanding international cooperation, continue to strengthen the driving force and vitality of both domestic and international circulations, and steadily advance Chinese-path modernization. A new system for a higher-standard open economy implies not only a wider scope, broader fields, and deeper levels of openness, but also innovation in the modes of openness, optimization of the layout, and improvement of quality. We must give full play to the institutional advantages of China's "Two Unswervinglys," steadily expand institutional opening-up, both encourage Chinese enterprises of different ownership types, especially large enterprises, to "go global," and significantly relax market access and protect the legitimate rights and interests of foreign investors, improve the management system of pre-establishment national treatment plus negative list for foreign investment access, create a market-oriented, law-based, and internationalized first-class business environment, attract global high-quality capital, talent, projects, and technology, achieve positive interaction with the world economy while expanding international cooperation, steadily expand institutional opening-up in terms of rules, regulations, management, and standards, and proactively align with internationally accepted trade and economic regulations and high-standard rules from the perspectives of institutional mechanisms, management, and standards. Continuously improve the mechanism for promoting the high-quality joint construction of the Belt and Road Initiative, while continuing to give play to the pillar role of state-owned enterprises in the construction of the Belt and Road Initiative, fully leverage the important role of private enterprises, enhance the linkage effect of the two markets and two types of resources at home and abroad, continuously cultivate and consolidate new advantages in international economic cooperation and competition, vigorously promote the construction of "hard connectivity" of infrastructure and "soft connectivity" of rules and standards under the Belt and Road Initiative, continuously expand development space, better participate in and lead the formulation of new trade rules, and provide good institutional support for Chinese enterprises to participate in the division of labor, cooperation, and competition in the international economy on a larger scale, in broader fields, and at higher levels.

建设更高水平开放型经济新体制要求坚持“两个毫不动摇”。开放是中国式现代化的鲜明标识，坚持以开放促改革，依托我国超大规模市场优势，在扩大国际合作中提升开放能力，继续增强国内外大循环的动力和活力，稳步推进中国式现代化。更高水平开放型经济新体制不仅意味着开放的更大范围、更广领域和更深层次，还意味着开放方式的创新、布局的优化和质量的提升。必须充分发挥我国“两个毫不动摇”的制度优势，稳步扩大制度型开放，既鼓励不同所有制的中国企业尤其是大型企业走出去，又大幅度放宽市场准入、保护外商合法权益，完善外商投资准入前国民待遇加负面清单管理制度，营造市场化、法治化、国际化一流营商环境，吸引全球优质资本、人才、项目、技术等，在扩大国际合作中实现与世界经济的良性互动，稳步扩大规则、规制、管理、标准等制度型开放，从体制机制管理标准上主动对接国际通行经贸规制以及高标准规则。不断完善推进高质量共建“一带一路”机制，在继续发挥好国有企业在“一带一路”建设中支柱作用的同时，充分发挥民营企业重要作用，增强国内国际两个市场两种资源联动效应，不断培育和巩固国际经济合作与竞争新优势，大力推动“一带一路”基础设施“硬联通”与规则标准“软联通”建设，持续拓展发展空间，更好参与和引领新贸易规则制定，为中国企业在更大范围、更广领域和更高层次上参与国际经济的分工、合作、竞争提供良好的制度支持。

Online Editor: Paul

网络编辑：保罗