The Summarization and Sublimation of the Party’s Successful Experience in Leading Reform and Opening Up

One fine tradition of the Chinese Communist Party is its skill in summarizing, sublimating, and applying the experience formed in practice, thereby achieving development through inheritance and innovation through adherence to fundamental principles. [n] The series of major deployments, principles to be followed, and basic requirements in the *Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively to Advance Chinese-Style Modernization* (hereinafter referred to as the *Decision*) embody the summarization and sublimation of successful and valuable experience.

中国共产党的一个优良传统，就是善于总结、升华、运用实践中形成的经验，实现在继承中发展、在守正中创新。《中共中央关于进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化的决定》（以下简称《决定》）中的一系列重大部署、原则遵循和基本要求，体现了对成功和宝贵经验的总结升华。

Planning and Deploying Reform Centered on the Central Task

围绕中心任务谋划和部署改革

General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out: “Planning and deploying reform centered on the Party’s central task is a successful experience of the Party in leading reform and opening up.” [n] The *Decision* closely centers on the central task of comprehensively building a strong country and advancing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-path modernization, planning and deploying further comprehensive deepening of reform, thereby demonstrating the inheritance and promotion of successful experience.

习近平总书记指出：“围绕党的中心任务谋划和部署改革，是党领导改革开放的成功经验。”《决定》紧紧围绕以中国式现代化全面推进强国建设、民族复兴伟业这一中心任务，谋划和部署进一步全面深化改革，彰显了对成功经验的传承和弘扬。

Dialectical materialism holds that the world of universal connection and constant change is a complex system of contradictions. Within this complex system of contradictions, there is a distinction between principal and non-principal contradictions. The contradiction that occupies a decisive position, determines, and influences the nature and direction of development of things is the principal contradiction. In studying things and solving problems, the key is to grasp the principal contradiction. The Chinese Communist Party has applied the principles and methods of dialectical materialism to the process of reform and opening up, accurately recognizing and grasping the principal contradiction in society, determining the central task, and writing a brilliant chapter.

唯物辩证法认为，普遍联系和变化发展的世界是一个复杂的矛盾系统，在复杂的矛盾体系中有主要矛盾和非主要矛盾之分，处于决定地位、规定和影响事物性质与发展方向的矛盾就是主要矛盾。研究事物、解决问题，关键是抓住主要矛盾。中国共产党把唯物辩证法原理和方法运用到改革开放过程中，准确认识和把握社会主要矛盾、确定中心任务，书写了辉煌篇章。

During the new period of reform, opening up, and socialist modernization, our Party, based on the reality of the primary stage of socialism, focused on resolving the contradiction between the ever-growing material and cultural needs of the people and backward social production, leading reform to unfold progressively from rural to urban areas, from coastal to inland regions, and from the economic sphere to other spheres. In this process, it creatively combined the socialist system with the market economy, establishing and continuously improving the socialist market economy system. As socialism with Chinese characteristics entered a New Era, our Party profoundly grasped the historical trends and practical requirements, focusing on resolving the contradiction between the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development, embarking on a new journey of comprehensively deepening reform in the New Era and promoting reform through systematic overall design. In this process, it adhered to the general principle of pursuing progress while ensuring stability, coordinated the advancement of the Five-Sphere Integrated Plan, [n] and promoted the Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy in a coordinated manner, [n] driving historic transformations, systemic restructuring, and holistic reconstruction in many areas, making the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics more mature and more定型. [n]

在改革开放和社会主义现代化新时期，我们党立足社会主义初级阶段的实际，着力解决人民日益增长的物质文化需要同落后的社会生产之间的矛盾，领导改革从农村到城市、从沿海到内地、从经济领域到其他领域渐次展开。在此过程中，创造性地把社会主义制度同市场经济结合起来，建立并不断完善社会主义市场经济体制。中国特色社会主义进入新时代，我们党深刻把握历史大势和现实要求，着力解决人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾，开启新时代全面深化改革、系统整体设计推进改革新征程。在此过程中，坚持稳中求进工作总基调，统筹推进“五位一体”总体布局、协调推进“四个全面”战略布局，推动许多领域实现历史性变革、系统性重塑、整体性重构，中国特色社会主义制度更加成熟更加定型。

The current and future period is a critical period for comprehensively building a strong country and advancing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-path modernization. A high-level socialist market economy system is an important guarantee for Chinese-path modernization; high-quality development is the primary task in comprehensively building a modern socialist country; education, science and technology, and human resources are the foundational and strategic supports for Chinese-path modernization; scientific macro-regulation and effective government governance are inherent requirements for leveraging the advantages of the socialist market economy system; integrated urban-rural development is an inevitable requirement of Chinese-path modernization; opening up is a distinct hallmark of Chinese-path modernization; developing whole-process people’s democracy is an essential requirement of Chinese-path modernization; the rule of law is an important guarantee for Chinese-path modernization; Chinese-path modernization is a modernization where material civilization and cultural-ethical progress are coordinated; ensuring and improving people’s livelihoods through development is a major task of Chinese-path modernization; Chinese-path modernization is a modernization where humans and nature coexist harmoniously; national security is an important foundation for the steady and sustained progress of Chinese-path modernization; national defense and military modernization is an important component of Chinese-path modernization; and Party leadership is the fundamental guarantee for further comprehensively deepening reform and advancing Chinese-path modernization. On the basis of proposing the above regularities, the *Decision* deploys reforms in the economic, political, cultural, social, ecological civilization, national security, national defense, and military fields, which will inevitably drive comprehensive deepening reform to advance in breadth and depth.

当前和今后一个时期是以中国式现代化全面推进强国建设、民族复兴伟业的关键时期。高水平社会主义市场经济体制是中国式现代化的重要保障，高质量发展是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的首要任务，教育、科技、人才是中国式现代化的基础性、战略性支撑，科学的宏观调控、有效的政府治理是发挥社会主义市场经济体制优势的内在要求，城乡融合发展是中国式现代化的必然要求，开放是中国式现代化的鲜明标识，发展全过程人民民主是中国式现代化的本质要求，法治是中国式现代化的重要保障，中国式现代化是物质文明和精神文明相协调的现代化，在发展中保障和改善民生是中国式现代化的重大任务，中国式现代化是人与自然和谐共生的现代化，国家安全是中国式现代化行稳致远的重要基础，国防和军队现代化是中国式现代化的重要组成部分，党的领导是进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化的根本保证。《决定》在提出上述规律性认识的基础上，从经济、政治、文化、社会、生态文明、国家安全、国防和军队等方面部署改革，必将不断推动全面深化改革向广度和深度进军。

Emphasizing the “Six Upholds” to Clarify Principles to Be Followed

强调“六个坚持”明确原则遵循

The Chinese Communist Party has always attached importance to methods and principles. As socialism with Chinese characteristics entered a New Era, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized that “our reform and opening up has direction, stance, and principles.” Reform is a reform that continuously advances along the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics; it neither takes the old, closed and rigid path, nor the evil path of changing the banner and flag. [n] The Party scientifically grasped the characteristics and requirements of reform in the New Era, driving the transformation of reform from local exploration and breakthrough to systematic integration and comprehensive deepening, accumulating valuable experience. The *Decision* summarizes and applies the valuable experience from reform and opening up, especially the comprehensive deepening of reform in the New Era, and proposes the “Six Upholds” major principles that must be implemented for further comprehensively deepening reform.

中国共产党历来重视方法和原则问题。中国特色社会主义进入新时代，习近平总书记强调，“我们的改革开放是有方向、有立场、有原则的”。改革是在中国特色社会主义道路上不断前进的改革，既不走封闭僵化的老路，也不走改旗易帜的邪路。党科学把握新时代改革的特点和要求，推动改革从局部探索、破冰突围到系统集成、全面深化的转变，积累了宝贵经验。《决定》总结和运用改革开放以来特别是新时代全面深化改革的宝贵经验，提出进一步全面深化改革必须贯彻的“六个坚持”重大原则。

To further comprehensively deepen reform, it is necessary to implement the principles of upholding the Party’s overall leadership, upholding a people-centered approach, upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground, upholding institution-building as the main focus, upholding law-based governance in all respects, and upholding a systems perspective. This requires: remembering that “upholding Party leadership and practicing comprehensive and strict governance of the Party are the key and foundation for the success of reform and opening up,” firmly safeguarding the authority and centralized, unified leadership of the Party Central Committee, fully leveraging the Party’s core leadership role in exercising overall leadership and coordinating all efforts, and integrating Party leadership into all aspects, links, fields, and the entire process of reform, ensuring that reform always advances in the correct political direction; remembering to “continuously realize the people’s aspiration for a better life,” respecting the people’s principal position and pioneering spirit, adhering to the principle that wherever the people call for reform, reform should respond, taking promoting social fairness and justice and enhancing the well-being of the people as the starting point and ultimate goal, and ensuring that the fruits of reform benefit all people more fairly and extensively; remembering that “what should be reformed and can be reformed, we resolutely reform; what should not be reformed and cannot be reformed, we resolutely do not reform,” strengthening political resolve, firming up the political direction, keeping pace with the times and the development of practice, and advancing innovation in theory, practice, institutions, culture, and other aspects; remembering to “place institutional integration and innovation in a prominent position,” adhering to both breaking and establishing, establishing before breaking, strengthening top-level design, overall layout, and comprehensive planning, consolidating fundamental institutions, improving basic institutions, and innovating important institutions, providing a strong institutional guarantee for reform; remembering to “ensure that major reforms have a legal basis, and that reform and the rule of law advance simultaneously,” leveraging the guiding and driving role of the rule of law, adhering to the unity and coordination of reform and the rule of law, advancing reform under the rule of law and perfecting the rule of law through reform; remembering that “we must pay more attention to the systemic, holistic, and coordinated nature of reform,” adhering to an overall perspective and systematic thinking, and, based on the characteristics of systematic integration and comprehensive deepening of reform in the New Era, correctly handling major relationships such as those between economy and society, government and market, efficiency and fairness, vitality and order, and development and security, so that reforms in various fields and aspects work in the same direction and form synergy.

进一步全面深化改革，必须贯彻好坚持党的全面领导、坚持以人民为中心、坚持守正创新、坚持以制度建设为主线、坚持全面依法治国、坚持系统观念等原则。这就要求必须牢记“坚持党的领导，全面从严治党，是改革开放取得成功的关键和根本”，坚定维护党中央权威和集中统一领导，充分发挥党总揽全局、协调各方的领导核心作用，把党的领导贯穿改革的各方面、各环节、各领域、全过程，确保改革始终沿着正确政治方向前进；牢记“不断实现人民对美好生活的向往”，尊重人民主体地位和首创精神，坚持人民有所呼、改革有所应，以促进社会公平正义、增进人民福祉为出发点和落脚点，让改革成果更多更公平地惠及全体人民；牢记“该改的、能改的我们坚决改，不该改的、不能改的坚决不改”，增强政治定力，坚定政治方向，紧跟时代步伐和实践发展步伐，推进理论、实践、制度、文化和其他各方面创新；牢记“把制度集成创新摆在突出位置”，坚持破立并举、先立后破，加强顶层设计、总体布局、统筹谋划，筑牢根本制度，完善基本制度，创新重要制度，为改革提供坚强制度保障；牢记“做到重大改革于法有据，改革和法治同步推进”，发挥法治的引领和推动作用，坚持改革和法治相统一相协调，在法治下推进改革、在改革中完善法治；牢记“必须更加注重改革的系统性、整体性、协同性”，坚持全局观念和系统思维，根据新时代改革系统集成、全面深化的特点，正确处理经济和社会、政府和市场、效率和公平、活力和秩序、发展和安全等重大关系，实现各领域各方面改革同向发力、形成合力。

The “Six Upholds” major principles are scientifically complete, embodying the worldview and methodology of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, and reflecting a profound grasp of the systemic, holistic, and coordinated nature of reform in the New Era.

“六个坚持”重大原则科学完整，体现着习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的世界观和方法论，反映出对新时代改革系统性、整体性、协同性的深刻把握。

Highlighting the “Five Emphases” to Introduce Reform Measures

突出“五个注重”出台改革举措

In accordance with the requirements of new practice, the *Decision* clarifies that the overall goal of further comprehensively deepening reform is to continue improving and developing the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and to advance the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity. It proposes over 300 important reform measures, covering all aspects of advancing Chinese-path modernization.

《决定》根据新的实践要求，明确进一步全面深化改革的总目标是继续完善和发展中国特色社会主义制度，推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化，提出了300多项重要改革举措，覆盖推进中国式现代化的方方面面。

These reform measures adhere to a problem-oriented approach, focus on key and critical points, emphasize coordinated advancement, and highlight “five focuses” in their content arrangement. The first is to focus on the leading role of economic system reform. It places the construction of a high-level socialist market economy system in a prominent position, makes arrangements around the relationship between the government and the market for key areas and crucial links of economic system reform, and through improving the systems and mechanisms conducive to promoting high-quality development, better stimulates the endogenous driving force and innovation vitality of the whole society, better promotes the development of new quality productive forces, and better shapes new drivers and advantages for development. The second is to focus on building systems and mechanisms that support comprehensive innovation. It highlights the fundamental and strategic supporting role of education, science and technology, and talent for Chinese-path modernization, promotes the integrated reform of education, science and technology, and talent systems and mechanisms as a whole, and through deepening comprehensive education reform, science and technology system reform, and talent development system and mechanism reform, enhances the overall effectiveness of the national innovation system. The third is to focus on comprehensive reform. Within the framework of promoting the Five-Sphere Integrated Plan [7]7 The Five-Sphere Integrated Plan refers to China’s overall plan for building socialism with Chinese characteristics, covering economic, political, cultural, social, and ecological civilization development. and coordinating the Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy [8]8 The Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy is a strategic layout for China’s development, comprising comprehensively building a moderately prosperous society, comprehensively deepening reform, comprehensively governing the country according to law, and comprehensively and strictly governing the Party., it makes coordinated arrangements for economic system reform and reforms in other fields, improves the whole-process people’s democracy system, perfects the socialist rule-of-law system with Chinese characteristics, deepens the reform of cultural systems and mechanisms, improves the system for ensuring and improving people’s livelihoods, and perfects the system for ecological civilization. The fourth is to focus on coordinating development and security. It places the maintenance of national security in a more prominent position, comprehensively implements a holistic approach to national security, improves the systems and mechanisms for maintaining national security, advances the modernization of the national security system and capacity, builds a linked and efficient national security protection system, continuously deepens national defense and military reform, and achieves a positive interaction between high-quality development and high-level security. The fifth is to focus on strengthening the Party’s leadership over reform. The “Decision” [9]9 The “Decision” refers to the Central Committee’s decision on further deepening reform comprehensively, typically adopted at a plenary session of the CPC Central Committee. devotes a special section to elaborating “improving the Party’s leadership level in further deepening reform comprehensively and advancing Chinese-path modernization,” and comprehensively deploys related reforms from aspects such as upholding the Party Central Committee’s centralized and unified leadership over further deepening reform comprehensively, deepening the reform of the Party building system, and deeply advancing the construction of a clean and honest Party and the fight against corruption.

这些改革举措，坚持问题导向，聚焦关键要害，注重统筹推进，在内容摆布上突出“五个注重”。一是注重发挥经济体制改革牵引作用。把构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制摆在突出位置，围绕处理好政府和市场关系对经济体制改革的重点领域和关键环节作出部署，通过完善有利于推动经济高质量发展的体制机制，更好激发全社会内生动力和创新活力，更好促进新质生产力发展，更好塑造发展新动能新优势。二是注重构建支持全面创新的体制机制。突出教育、科技、人才对中国式现代化的基础性、战略性支撑，统筹推进教育科技人才体制机制一体改革，通过深化教育综合改革、科技体制改革、人才发展体制机制改革，提升国家创新体系整体效能。三是注重全面改革。在统筹推进“五位一体”总体布局、协调推进“四个全面”战略布局框架下，统筹部署经济体制改革和其他各领域改革，健全全过程人民民主制度体系，完善中国特色社会主义法治体系，深化文化体制机制改革，健全保障和改善民生制度体系，完善生态文明制度体系。四是注重统筹发展和安全。把维护国家安全放到更加突出的位置，全面贯彻总体国家安全观，完善维护国家安全体制机制，推进国家安全体系和能力现代化，构建联动高效的国家安全防护体系，持续深化国防和军队改革，实现高质量发展和高水平安全良性互动。五是注重加强党对改革的领导。《决定》专门用一个部分阐述“提高党对进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化的领导水平”，从坚持党中央对进一步全面深化改革的集中统一领导、深化党的建设制度改革、深入推进党风廉政建设和反腐败斗争等方面，全面部署相关改革。

The “five focuses” form a synergistic effect of mutual echo, mutual coordination, and positive interaction, achieving overall advancement through breakthroughs at key points, which is conducive to transforming the strategic deployment of further deepening reform comprehensively into a powerful force for advancing Chinese-path modernization.

“五个注重”形成前后呼应、相互配合、良性互动的合力效应，以重点突破实现整体推进，有利于把进一步全面深化改革的战略部署转化为推进中国式现代化的强大力量。

Online editor: Paul

网络编辑：保罗