Deepening Reform Provides Impetus for Developing New Quality Productive Forces

Accelerating the development of new quality productive forces is both a development proposition and a reform proposition. The "Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform to Advance Chinese-Path Modernization,"[1]1 The "Two Unswervinglies" (两个毫不动摇) refers to the Party's policy of unswervingly consolidating and developing the public sector of the economy, and unswervingly encouraging, supporting, and guiding the development of the non-public sector of the economy. reviewed and approved at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, emphasizes "improving the institutions and mechanisms for developing new quality productive forces according to local conditions," "improving relevant rules and policies to accelerate the formation of relations of production more compatible with new quality productive forces, promoting the concentration of various advanced production factors toward the development of new quality productive forces, and substantially increasing total factor productivity." New quality productive forces represent the direction of evolution of advanced productive forces; they are an advanced form of productive forces spawned by revolutionary breakthroughs in technology, innovative allocation of production factors, and deep industrial transformation and upgrading. Further comprehensively deepening reform targets those inherent models and frameworks that are incompatible with the requirements of the development of productive forces. This requires us to deeply understand the connotation and development requirements of new quality productive forces, grasp the laws of their formation, create an institutional and mechanistic environment conducive to cultivating new quality productive forces, and provide strong impetus for the development of new quality productive forces.

推动新质生产力加快发展，既是发展命题，也是改革命题。党的二十届三中全会审议通过的《中共中央关于进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化的决定》强调，“健全因地制宜发展新质生产力体制机制”“健全相关规则和政策，加快形成同新质生产力更相适应的生产关系，促进各类先进生产要素向发展新质生产力集聚，大幅提升全要素生产率”。新质生产力代表先进生产力的演进方向，是由技术革命性突破、生产要素创新性配置、产业深度转型升级而催生的先进生产力质态。进一步全面深化改革，瞄准的是那些不适应生产力发展要求的固有模式和条条框框。这要求我们必须深刻认识新质生产力的内涵和发展要求，把握形成规律，营造有利于培育新质生产力的体制机制环境，为新质生产力发展提供强大动力。

Important Requirements for Developing New Quality Productive Forces

发展新质生产力的重要要求

New quality productive forces are closely linked to emerging industries and future industries, reflecting a leap in the energy level of the evolution of productive forces. They involve new fields with high technological content, broad development prospects, and a propensity for innovation-driven development. They represent productive forces in which technological innovation plays a leading role in material production.

新质生产力同新兴产业、未来产业关联紧密，体现生产力演化能级跃迁，涉及技术含量高、发展前景广阔、有利于创新驱动发展的新领域，是科技创新在物质生产中发挥主导作用的生产力。

Taking innovation as the primary driving force. The characteristic of new quality productive forces is innovation. Technological innovation profoundly reshapes the basic elements of productive forces, spawns new industries and new business forms, and drives the evolution of productive forces toward a higher-level, more advanced form. Developing new quality productive forces requires, through strengthening technological innovation, particularly original and disruptive technological innovation, updating and iteration, as well as the widespread application of emerging technologies and innovative achievements such as digital technology, artificial intelligence, and big data, to spawn new innovation models, create an open innovation ecosystem, comprehensively enhance the capability for independent innovation in science and technology, and promote the achievement of a high level of scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening.

以创新为第一动力。新质生产力的特点是创新。科技创新深刻重塑生产力基本要素，催生新产业新业态，推动生产力向更高级、更先进的质态演进。发展新质生产力，要求通过加强科技创新特别是原创性、颠覆性科技创新更新迭代，以及数字技术、人工智能、大数据等新兴技术和创新成果的广泛应用，催生新的创新模式，营造开放创新生态，全面提升科技自主创新能力，推动实现高水平科技自立自强。

Taking the construction of a modern industrial system as the starting point. Industry is the foundation of the economy and the concrete manifestation of changes in productive forces. The continuous iteration and upgrading of leading industries and pillar industries is an important support for the leap in productive forces. Traditional industries also contain new quality productive forces; through empowerment by advanced technologies, they can achieve transformation and upgrading, better moving toward high-end, intelligent, green, and integrated development. As new pillars and new tracks leading industrial upgrading and future development, strategic emerging industries and future industries have higher efficiency and are characterized by active innovation, intensive technology, high value, and broad prospects, providing vast space for the growth and expansion of new quality productive forces. It is necessary to coordinate the upgrading of traditional industries, the expansion of emerging industries, and the cultivation of future industries, continuously developing new quality productive forces in the process of building a modern industrial system.

以现代化产业体系建设为抓手。产业是经济之本，是生产力变革的具体表现形式。主导产业和支柱产业持续迭代升级是生产力跃迁的重要支撑。传统产业里面也有新质生产力，通过先进技术赋能能够实现转型升级，更好迈向高端化、智能化、绿色化、融合化。作为引领产业升级和未来发展的新支柱、新赛道，战略性新兴产业和未来产业的效能更高，具有创新活跃、技术密集、价值高端、前景广阔等特点，为新质生产力发展壮大提供了巨大空间。要统筹推进传统产业升级、新兴产业壮大、未来产业培育，在建设现代化产业体系过程中不断发展新质生产力。

Taking the efficient allocation of production factors as the ultimate goal. The main difference between new quality productive forces and traditional productive forces lies in their departure from the traditional development model that relies on massive resource input and high energy consumption. They promote high-quality economic development by continuously optimizing the mode of resource allocation and the form of production organization. Currently, the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation presents new trends of original innovation, cross-border integration, and multi-point breakthroughs, posing new requirements for the allocation mode of production resources, the circulation mechanism of innovation factors, the organizational framework of technological research and development, and the management methods of innovation entities. Developing new quality productive forces requires reducing various factors that constrain the development of productive forces, smoothing the links of production, distribution, circulation, and consumption, and promoting the optimized combination and more efficient allocation of laborers, means of labor, and subjects of labor under the empowerment and catalysis of new technologies, thereby providing the necessary conditions for substantially increasing total factor productivity.

以生产要素高效配置为落脚点。新质生产力与传统生产力的主要区别，就在于其摆脱了依靠大量资源投入、高度消耗能源的传统发展模式，通过持续优化资源配置方式、生产组织形式等推动经济高质量发展。当前，新一轮科技革命和产业变革呈现源头创新、跨界融合、多点突破的新趋势，对生产资源的配置模式、创新要素的流通机制、技术研发的组织构架、创新主体的管理方式都提出新的要求。发展新质生产力，要求减少各类束缚生产力发展的因素，畅通生产、分配、流通、消费各环节，推动劳动者、劳动资料、劳动对象在新技术赋能和催化下，实现优化组合和更高效率的配置，进而为大幅提高全要素生产率提供必要条件。

We Must Continue to Push Reform Forward

必须继续把改革推向前进

Perfecting relations of production through deepening reform, thereby stimulating the vitality of the development of social productive forces, is a valuable experience from the great practice of China's reform and opening up. Based on the current situation, further comprehensively deepening reform to provide strong impetus for the development of new quality productive forces is a major issue for promoting high-quality development.

通过深化改革完善生产关系，从而激发社会生产力发展活力，是我国改革开放伟大实践的宝贵经验。立足当前，进一步全面深化改革，为发展新质生产力提供强大动力，是推动高质量发展的重大课题。

Comprehensively stimulating innovation vitality requires continuing to advance reform. Innovation is not only technological innovation but also institutional innovation. In this sense, reform is innovation. Technological innovation and institutional innovation are like the two wings of a bird or the two wheels of a cart, complementing and promoting each other. Cultivating and developing new quality productive forces requires the synergistic role of technological innovation and institutional innovation. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China,[2]2 The 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, held in November 2012, marked the beginning of the Xi Jinping era and the formal introduction of the concept of the "New Era" of socialism with Chinese characteristics. China's scientific and technological undertakings have developed rapidly, with a number of major innovative achievements emerging in succession. However, it must be recognized that, compared with the vibrant situation of technological innovation, the current relevant institutions and mechanisms still have some prominent problems to be solved, mainly the insufficient overall effectiveness of the national innovation system and the unreasonable talent evaluation and incentive system. Developing new quality productive forces urgently requires giving full play to the guiding role of reform, grasping the crux of the problems, daring to brave untrodden paths and storm dangerous passes, removing all ideological obstacles and institutional barriers that constrain technological innovation, and fully stimulating the vitality of innovation and creation among all types of entities.

全面激发创新活力必须继续推进改革。创新不仅是技术创新，也是制度创新。从这个意义上而言，改革就是创新。科技创新和制度创新犹如鸟之双翼、车之两轮，相辅相成、相互促进。培育发展新质生产力，需要科技创新和制度创新协同发挥作用。党的十八大以来，我国科技事业迅速发展，一批重大创新成果竞相涌现。但必须看到，与生机勃勃的科技创新局面相比，现行相关体制机制还存在一些有待解决的突出问题，主要是国家创新体系整体效能不强、人才评价激励制度不合理等。发展新质生产力，迫切需要发挥好改革先导性作用，抓住问题要害，敢于涉险滩、闯难关，破除一切制约科技创新的思想障碍和制度藩篱，充分激发各类主体创新创造的活力。

Promoting deep industrial transformation and upgrading requires continuing to advance reform. Deep industrial transformation and upgrading is a key element in building a modern industrial system and an important condition for spawning new quality productive forces. Promoting deep industrial transformation and upgrading is essentially a process of adjusting the industrial structure, optimizing resource allocation, and improving production efficiency and economic benefits. Currently, to optimize the industrial structure, promote deep industrial transformation and upgrading, and build a modern industrial system that is independent and controllable, safe and reliable, and highly competitive, it is necessary to give full play to the role of the market mechanism and use reform methods to promote structural adjustment. By continuously deepening supply-side structural reform, breaking through bottlenecks, blockages, and fragile points in supply constraints, reducing ineffective and low-end supply, expanding effective and medium-to-high-end supply, enhancing the adaptability and flexibility of the supply structure to changes in demand, adapting to and meeting existing demand with independent, controllable, and high-quality supply, and creating and leading new demand.

推动产业深度转型升级必须继续推进改革。产业深度转型升级是构建现代化产业体系的关键内容，也是催生新质生产力的重要条件。推动产业深度转型升级，本质上是一个调整产业结构、优化资源配置、提高生产效率和经济效益的过程。当前，优化产业结构，推动产业深度转型升级，打造自主可控、安全可靠、竞争力强的现代化产业体系，要充分发挥市场机制作用，用改革的办法来推进结构调整。通过持续深化供给侧结构性改革，突破供给约束堵点、卡点、脆弱点，减少无效和低端供给，扩大有效和中高端供给，增强供给结构对需求变化的适应性和灵活性，以自主可控、高质量的供给适应和满足现有需求，创造引领新的需求。

Optimizing the allocation of factor resources requires continuing to advance reform. Misallocation of factor resources can affect total factor productivity, thereby posing challenges to high-quality economic development. Deepening market-oriented reform is the key path to improving the efficiency of factor resource allocation. Currently, there are still many obstacles to the cross-regional and cross-sectoral flow of production factors. For example, the equal exchange and two-way flow of factors between urban and rural areas still face numerous institutional barriers, hindering the flow of factors to rural areas and thus affecting integrated urban-rural development. To this end, it is necessary to deepen the reform of market-oriented allocation of factors, build a more complete institutional mechanism for market-oriented allocation of factors, expand the scope of market-oriented allocation of factors, improve factor quality and allocation efficiency, guide various factors to synergistically concentrate toward advanced productive forces, and increase total factor productivity.

优化要素资源配置必须继续推进改革。要素资源错配会对全要素生产率造成影响，进而给经济高质量发展带来挑战。深化市场化改革，是提高要素资源配置效率的关键路径。目前，生产要素跨地域跨部门流动依然存在不少障碍，如城乡间要素的平等交换和双向流动还面临诸多制度壁垒，妨碍了要素向乡村的流动，进而影响城乡融合发展。为此，必须深化要素市场化配置改革，构建更加完善的要素市场化配置体制机制，扩大要素市场化配置范围，提高要素质量和配置效率，引导各类要素协同向先进生产力集聚，提高全要素生产率。

The Key Lies in Perfecting Institutions and Mechanisms

关键要健全完善体制机制

Developing new quality productive forces is an important practice for comprehensively enhancing innovation capabilities and further comprehensively deepening reform. Standing at a new starting point to accelerate the development of new quality productive forces requires following objective laws, deepening comprehensive reforms in the systems of economy, science and technology, education, talent, and finance, improving the institutions and mechanisms for developing new quality productive forces according to local conditions, and accelerating the formation of productive forces characterized by high technology, high efficiency, and high quality.

发展新质生产力是全面提升创新能力、进一步全面深化改革的重要实践。站在新起点上加快发展新质生产力，要遵循客观规律，深化经济、科技、教育、人才、金融等体制综合改革，健全因地制宜发展新质生产力体制机制，加快形成以高技术、高效能、高质量为特征的生产力。

First, further deepen the reform of the science and technology system to stimulate the potential of scientific and technological innovation. Deepening the reform of the science and technology system is conducive to removing institutional and mechanistic obstacles that hinder the development of new quality productive forces, fully mobilizing the enthusiasm of various entities and factors, and maximizing the stimulation of the enormous potential contained in science and technology as the primary productive force. It is necessary to optimize the organizational mechanism for major scientific and technological innovation, coordinate and strengthen research on key core technologies, and promote the systematic, institutionalized, and collaborative development of scientific and technological innovation forces, factor allocation, and talent teams; deepen the reform of the mechanism for transforming scientific and technological achievements, strengthen forward-looking and leading layout in the fields of basic research, cross-cutting frontiers, and key areas, explore the establishment of a diversified investment mechanism for the construction and operation of major scientific and technological infrastructure, and create a favorable innovation environment. At the same time, strengthen the principal position of enterprises in scientific and technological innovation, establish and improve mechanisms for cultivating and strengthening leading technology enterprises, strengthen enterprise-led deep integration of industry, academia, and research, and cultivate more innovative enterprises with independent intellectual property rights and core competitiveness.

一是进一步深化科技体制改革，激发科技创新潜能。深化科技体制改革，有利于破除阻碍新质生产力发展的体制机制障碍，充分调动各主体各要素的积极性，最大限度激发科技作为第一生产力所蕴藏的巨大潜能。要优化重大科技创新组织机制，统筹强化关键核心技术攻关，推动科技创新力量、要素配置、人才队伍体系化、建制化、协同化；深化科技成果转化机制改革，强化基础研究领域、交叉前沿领域、重点领域前瞻性、引领性布局，探索建立重大科技基础设施建设运营多元投入机制，营造良好的创新环境。同时，强化企业科技创新主体地位，建立培育壮大科技领军企业机制，加强企业主导的产学研深度融合，培育更多具有自主知识产权和核心竞争力的创新型企业。

Second, further deepen the reform of market-based allocation of factors of production to improve the efficiency of factor allocation. Centering on building a high-level socialist market economy system, further improve the basic systems of the market economy, such as property rights protection, market access, fair competition, and social credit, to promote a better combination of an effective market and a well-functioning government, and better stimulate market vitality. Focus on enterprises as the key force, improve and implement the institutional mechanisms for the "Two Unswervinglies" [1]1 The "Two Unswervinglies" (两个毫不动摇) refers to the Party's policy of unswervingly consolidating and developing the public sector of the economy, and unswervingly encouraging, supporting, and guiding the development of the non-public sector of the economy., and build a world-class business environment that is market-oriented, law-based, and internationalized. In this process, improve the property rights protection system, improve the system of laws and regulations for equal protection of property rights, strengthen judicial protection of property rights, especially intellectual property rights, and protect the property rights of private enterprises and the rights and interests of entrepreneurs in accordance with the law; deeply remove barriers to market access, promote the fair opening of competitive areas of infrastructure to business entities, and improve the long-term mechanism for private enterprises to participate in the construction of major national projects; implement inclusive and prudent supervision, improve the system for fair competition, focus on removing blockages and obstacles that constrain the development of new quality productive forces, accelerate the construction of a unified national market, and promote the unification of basic market system rules, fair and unified market supervision, and high-standard connectivity of market facilities; improve the systems and rules for the factor market, promote the smooth flow of production factors, the efficient allocation of various resources, and the full release of market potential, and continuously create a policy and institutional environment conducive to innovation.

二是进一步深化要素市场化配置改革，提高要素配置效率。围绕构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制，进一步完善产权保护、市场准入、公平竞争、社会信用等市场经济基础制度，推动有效市场和有为政府更好结合，更好激发市场活力。聚焦企业这个关键力量，完善落实“两个毫不动摇”的体制机制，建设市场化、法治化、国际化一流营商环境。在这一过程中，完善产权保护制度，完善平等保护产权的法律法规体系，强化产权特别是知识产权执法司法保护，依法保护民营企业产权和企业家权益；深入破除市场准入壁垒，推进基础设施竞争性领域向经营主体公平开放，完善民营企业参与国家重大项目建设长效机制；实施包容审慎监管，完善公平竞争制度，着力打通束缚新质生产力发展的堵点卡点，加快建设全国统一大市场，推动市场基础制度规则统一、市场监管公平统一、市场设施高标准联通；完善要素市场制度和规则，推动生产要素畅通流动、各类资源高效配置、市场潜力充分释放，持续营造有利于创新的政策和制度环境。

Third, further deepen the reform of the systems and mechanisms for talent development to create a new type of workforce. Talent is the most active and positive factor in scientific and technological innovation activities and is an important resource for developing new quality productive forces. Adhere to prioritizing education development, improve the mechanism for independent talent cultivation, and focus on cultivating and bringing forth strategic scientists, leading scientific and technological talents at the first-class level, and innovation teams. Explore and form an engineer training system with Chinese characteristics and a world-class level, promote the integration of vocational and general education, the integration of industry and education, and the integration of science and education, explore and implement effective mechanisms for universities and enterprises to jointly cultivate high-quality composite engineering talents, and continuously cultivate high-quality technical and skilled talents. Implement a more proactive, more open, and more effective talent policy, improve the support and guarantee mechanism for introducing overseas talents, and form a talent system with international competitiveness. Create more platforms and opportunities, establish a talent evaluation system oriented by innovation ability, quality, effectiveness, and contribution, open up channels for talent exchange between universities, research institutes, and enterprises, so that all kinds of talents have sufficient platforms when researching, exploring, and innovating, and obtain due benefits in the transfer and transformation of scientific and technological achievements, thereby stimulating stronger innovation momentum.

三是进一步深化人才发展体制机制改革，打造新型劳动者队伍。人才是科技创新活动中最活跃、最积极的因素，是发展新质生产力的重要资源。坚持教育优先发展，完善人才自主培养机制，着力培养造就战略科学家、一流科技领军人才和创新团队。探索形成中国特色、世界水平的工程师培养体系，推进职普融通、产教融合、科教融汇，探索实行高校和企业联合培养高素质复合型工科人才的有效机制，源源不断培养高素质技术技能人才。实施更加积极、更加开放、更加有效的人才政策，完善海外引进人才支持保障机制，形成具有国际竞争力的人才制度体系。创造更多的平台和机会，建立以创新能力、质量、实效、贡献为导向的人才评价体系，打通高校、科研院所和企业人才交流通道，让各类人才在研究探索创新时拥有足够舞台，在科技成果转移转化中获得应有收益，激发更强创新动力。

Fourth, further expand high-level opening up to create a favorable international environment for developing new quality productive forces. Opening up is also reform. Currently, the complexity, systematicity, and synergy of scientific research have significantly increased, and international cooperation is becoming a necessary condition for promoting scientific and technological innovation. To accelerate the development of new quality productive forces, it is necessary to promote international scientific and technological exchanges and cooperation with a more open mindset and measures, adhere to promoting reform and innovation through opening up, arrange scientific and technological innovation in a broader space, and enhance the ability of scientific and technological self-reliance and self-improvement through open cooperation; steadily expand institutional opening up, achieve compatibility and consistency of rules, regulations, management, and standards in areas such as property rights protection, industrial subsidies, environmental standards, labor protection, government procurement, e-commerce, and finance, and actively integrate into the global innovation network through the continuous improvement of open innovation mechanisms and the two-way flow of resources. It is necessary to create a favorable international environment through expanding high-level opening up, deeply participate in the global division of labor and cooperation, gather global innovation elements, open the door wider and wider, share development opportunities with countries around the world, and continuously make the pie of mutual benefit bigger.

四是进一步扩大高水平对外开放，为发展新质生产力营造良好国际环境。开放也是改革。当前科学研究的复杂性、系统性、协同性显著增强，国际合作正在成为推动科技创新的必要条件。加快发展新质生产力，需要以更加开放的思维和举措推进国际科技交流合作，坚持以开放促改革、促创新，在更广阔的空间布局科技创新，在开放合作中提升科技自立自强能力；稳步扩大制度型开放，在产权保护、产业补贴、环境标准、劳动保护、政府采购、电子商务、金融领域等实现规则、规制、管理、标准相通相容，在开放创新机制的不断完善、资源的双向流动中积极融入全球创新网络。要通过扩大高水平开放营造良好国际环境，深度参与全球产业分工和合作，集聚全球创新要素，将开放的大门越开越大，与世界各国共享发展机遇，不断做大互利共赢的蛋糕。

Online Editor: Paul

网络编辑：保罗