Developing New Quality Productive Forces Urgently Requires Winning Five Major Innovation Battles

New quality productive forces are an advanced state of productive forces in which innovation plays a leading role, breaking away from traditional modes of economic growth and paths of productive forces development, characterized by high technology, high efficiency, and high quality, and conforming to the new development philosophy. General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out that developing new quality productive forces is the intrinsic requirement and key focus for promoting high-quality development, and it is necessary to continue doing a good job on the big article of innovation to accelerate the development of new quality productive forces. Facing new changes in the conditions of the world, the country, and the Party, and facing a new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation, we must earnestly implement the strategic deployments of the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC regarding "building a comprehensive system and mechanism to support innovation" and "perfecting the system and mechanism for developing new quality productive forces according to local conditions," and win five major innovation battles.

新质生产力是创新起主导作用，摆脱传统经济增长方式、生产力发展路径，具有高科技、高效能、高质量特征，符合新发展理念的先进生产力质态。习近平总书记指出，发展新质生产力是推动高质量发展的内在要求和重要着力点，必须继续做好创新这篇大文章，推动新质生产力加快发展。面对世情国情党情的新变化，面对新一轮科技革命和产业变革，我们要认真贯彻落实党的二十届三中全会关于“构建支持全面创新体制机制”，“健全因地制宜发展新质生产力体制机制”等战略部署，打好五大创新战役。

I. Strengthen the Construction of National Strategic Scientific and Technological Forces, Win the Battle of Assault on Key Core Technologies

一、加强国家战略科技力量建设，打赢关键核心技术攻坚战

Key core technologies are the great instruments of the state, generally including basic technologies, general-purpose technologies, asymmetric technologies, frontier technologies, and disruptive technologies. In recent years, China has made breakthroughs in key core technologies such as fourth-generation nuclear power units, aero-engines, and gas turbines, and innovative achievements in frontier fields like artificial intelligence and quantum technology have emerged rapidly. At the same time, it must be noted that, compared with the enormous demand for developing new quality productive forces and the challenges brought by profound changes in the paradigm of scientific research, and compared with the severe situation of responding to international scientific and technological competition, the situation in which many of China's key core technologies are controlled by others has not fundamentally changed. It is necessary to improve the new nationwide system for mobilizing resources, coordinate scientific and technological forces to anchor key core technologies for overcoming difficulties, accelerate the achievement of high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening, and firmly grasp the initiative in development.

关键核心技术是国之重器，一般包括基础技术、通用技术、非对称技术、前沿技术、颠覆性技术等。近年来，我国已突破第四代核电机组、航空发动机、燃气轮机等关键核心技术,前沿领域的人工智能、量子技术等创新成果快速涌现。同时必须看到，与发展新质生产力的庞大需求和科技研究范式深刻变革带来的挑战相比，与应对国际科技竞争的严峻形势相比，我国不少关键核心技术受制于人的局面尚未根本改变。必须健全新型举国体制，统筹科技力量锚定关键核心技术攻坚克难，加快实现高水平科技自立自强，牢牢掌握发展的主动权。

The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC pointed out, "Strengthen the construction of national strategic scientific and technological forces, improve the national laboratory system, and optimize the positioning and layout of national research institutions, high-level research universities, and leading technology enterprises." To conquer key core technologies, the leading role of national laboratories in strategic and critical fields should be brought into play. China has established a number of national laboratories and achieved a batch of breakthrough and leading results. To implement the spirit of the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC, the management and operation systems and mechanisms of national laboratories should be innovated, turning them into pioneering demonstration bases for the reform of the science and technology system, better supporting the development of new quality productive forces. The academic leading role of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Engineering as the national team, their role in tackling key core technologies, and their role in cultivating innovative talents should be brought into play. Strengthen mission guidance, anchor national strategic needs, fully leverage the advantages of being organized, having large platforms, and being comprehensive, and solve a series of "bottleneck" scientific and technological problems affecting and restricting the overall development and long-term interests of the country. Bring into play the role of high-level research universities as the "main force," comprehensively promote the integrated reform of the systems and mechanisms for education, science and technology, and talent, achieve effective coupling of education, science and technology, and talent, produce a powerful "chemical effect," and cultivate more innovative talents needed for the development of new quality productive forces. Support some high-tech state-owned enterprises and private enterprises to step up and take responsibility, make full use of China's advantages of a super-large market and rich application scenarios, and strive to open up the channel from strong science and technology to strong enterprises, strong industries, and a strong economy.

党的二十届三中全会指出，“加强国家战略科技力量建设，完善国家实验室体系，优化国家科研机构、高水平研究型大学、科技领军企业定位和布局”。攻克关键核心技术，应发挥国家实验室在战略性、关键性领域的牵引作用。我国已组建了一批国家实验室，取得一批突破型、引领型成果。贯彻落实党的二十届三中全会精神，应创新国家实验室管理运行体制机制，将其打造成为科技体制改革先行示范基地，更好支撑新质生产力发展。要发挥中国科学院、中国工程院作为国家队的学术引领作用、关键核心技术攻关作用、创新人才培养作用。强化使命引领，锚定国家战略需求，充分发挥建制化、大平台和综合性优势，解决影响制约国家发展全局和长远利益的系列“卡脖子”科技难题。发挥高水平研究型大学“主力军”作用，统筹推进教育科技人才体制机制一体改革，实现教育、科技、人才三者有效耦合，产生强大的“化学效应”，培养更多适应新质生产力发展需要的创新人才。支持部分高科技国有企业及民营企业挺膺担当，充分利用好我国超大规模市场优势和丰富的应用场景优势，着力打通从科技强到企业强、产业强、经济强的通道。

Of course, the development of new quality productive forces is inseparable from the relations of production that are compatible with them. To win the battle of assault on key core technologies, it is necessary to further rationalize the science and technology management system, improve the management of science and technology plans, remove blockages and sticking points that hinder innovation, and improve the new nationwide system for mobilizing resources for tackling key core technologies. However, this "nationwide system for mobilizing resources" is by no means the government taking over everything, nor is it a substitute for innovation by private enterprises, and even less is it a return to the management system of the planned economy period. Rather, under the centralized and unified leadership of the Party, it fully leverages the synergistic role of the market, the government, and society, targets several key areas and major tasks related to the national industry, economy, and national security, researches and develops key technologies with first-mover advantages and basic frontier technologies leading future development, forms asymmetric advantages, forges a strong synergy for tackling key core technologies, and cultivates new momentum for developing new quality productive forces.

当然，发展新质生产力离不开与之相适应的生产关系。打赢关键核心技术攻坚战，必须进一步理顺科技管理体制，改进科技计划管理，破除阻碍创新的堵点和卡点，健全关键核心技术攻关的新型举国体制。但是，这一“举国体制”绝不是政府包揽一切，不是对民营企业创新的替代，更不是回到计划经济时期的管理体制，而是在党的集中统一领导下，充分发挥市场、政府、社会的协同作用，瞄准事关国家产业、经济和国家安全的若干重点领域及重大任务，研发具有先发优势的关键技术和引领未来发展的基础前沿技术，形成非对称性优势，铸造关键核心技术攻关的强大合力，培育发展新质生产力的新动能。

II. Enhance Original Innovation Capability, Win the Protracted War of Basic Research

二、增强原始创新能力，打好基础研究持久战

Basic research is the source of scientific and technological innovation. It is research that explores from the unknown to the known, from uncertainty to certainty, and is located at the starting end of the scientific research chain from research to application to production. The history of the rise of world powers shows that only when a country attaches importance to basic research can it have strong scientific and technological innovation and industry. Newton's pioneering contributions in mechanics, optics, and, together with Leibniz, in the field of calculus, opened the door to modern natural science research, and Britain thus became the leader of the First Industrial Revolution. German scientists Einstein, Planck, Ohm, Gauss, Riemann, Liebig, and others established major scientific theories such as relativity, quantum mechanics, organic chemistry, and cell theory, helping Germany lead the trend of the Second Industrial Revolution. The root cause of many "bottleneck" technical problems China faces is the weakness of basic theoretical research, and the lack of clarity on the source and underlying issues. We urgently need to concentrate superior resources, win the protracted war of basic research, conquer the most fundamental and cutting-edge scientific problems, and truly solve the "bottleneck" technical problems from the source.

基础研究是科技创新的源头，是探索从未知到已知、从不确定性到确定性的研究，处于从研究到应用再到生产的科研链条的起始端。世界强国崛起的历史表明，一个国家只有重视基础研究，才会有强大的科技创新与产业。牛顿在力学、光学以及和莱布尼茨共同在微积分领域的开创性贡献，打开了近代自然科学研究的大门，英国也由此成为第一次工业革命的引领者。德国科学家爱因斯坦、普朗克、欧姆、高斯、黎曼、李比希等创立相对论、量子力学、有机化学、细胞学说等重大科学理论，助力德国引领第二次工业革命潮流。我国面临的很多“卡脖子”技术难题，根源是基础理论研究薄弱，对源头和底层的东西没有搞清楚。我们迫切需要集中优势资源，打好基础研究持久战，攻克最底层、最前沿的科学难题，真正从源头上破解“卡脖子”技术难题。

Focus on stimulating the innovation potential of scientific researchers. Implement the "system for ensuring that scientific researchers can concentrate on scientific research" proposed by the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC, and reduce the non-research burden on scientific researchers. Follow the laws of scientific research, protect the curiosity of scientific researchers, highlight originality, encourage scientific researchers to engage in free exploration, free thinking, bold assumptions, and careful verification, continuously unleash curiosity, stimulate imagination and the desire to explore, and accelerate the formation of a batch of major original achievements "from 0 to 1."

注重激发科研人员的创新潜力。落实党的二十届三中全会提出的“健全保障科研人员专心科研制度”，减轻科研人员的非科研负担。遵循科研规律，保护科研人员的好奇心，突出原创，鼓励科研人员进行自由探索、自由畅想、大胆假设、认真求证，不断放飞好奇心、激发想象力和探求欲，加快形成一批“从0到1”重大原创性成果。

Increase the financial support intensity for basic research. Statistics show that China's R&D expenditure in 2023 reached 3,327.8 billion yuan, accounting for 2.64% of GDP, exceeding the average level of EU countries. However, in 2023, China's basic research expenditure was 221.2 billion yuan, accounting for only 6.65% of total R&D expenditure. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC pointed out, "Increase the proportion of science and technology expenditure used for basic research, and improve the basic research investment mechanism combining competitive support and stable support." We should establish an evaluation and assessment mechanism to increase the proportion of basic research expenditure, providing sustained and stable financial support for basic research. Drawing on the experience of advanced countries in the world, we can also broaden the sources of funding for basic research and encourage qualified local governments, enterprises, social organizations, and individuals to support basic research.

提升基础研究的财力支持强度。统计数据显示，我国2023年研发经费投入达33278亿元，占国内生产总值的比重为2.64%，超过了欧盟国家平均水平。但2023年我国基础研究经费2212亿元，占全部研发经费的比重仅为6.65%。党的二十届三中全会指出，“提高科技支出用于基础研究比重，完善竞争性支持和稳定支持相结合的基础研究投入机制”。我们应建立提高基础研究支出评估考核机制，为基础研究提供持续稳定的财力支撑。借鉴世界先发国家经验，还可拓宽基础研究的资金来源渠道，鼓励有条件的地方、企业、社会组织、个人支持基础研究。

Optimize the systems and mechanisms supporting basic research. Aim at the world's scientific and technological frontiers, closely follow national strategic needs, reconstruct the mode of scientific research organization, organize multi-party forces to carry out collaborative research on major scientific problems, and seize the commanding heights of science and technology. Build a platform for deep integration of industry, academia, research, and application, deepen reforms such as the "lump-sum system" for research funding, and grant scientists greater decision-making power over technical routes, greater control over funds, and greater authority over resource allocation. Fully reflect the market value of knowledge, technology, and talent, appropriately tilt towards frontline personnel in scientific and technological innovation, allow scientific research public institutions to implement more flexible management systems than ordinary public institutions, carry out various forms of medium and long-term incentives among scientific researchers, and ensure that innovators receive reasonable returns. Improve the evaluation mechanism for personnel engaged in basic research, "establish new standards" while "breaking the four-onlys,"[1]1 "Standing up" (站起来) and "becoming prosperous" (富起来) are standard terms in the official CPC narrative of China's modern development stages, referring respectively to the founding of the PRC in 1949 and the period of rapid economic growth following reform and opening up. establish a representative work evaluation system marked by original achievements and high-quality papers, construct evaluation indicators reflecting major original contributions, national strategic needs, disciplinary characteristics, academic influence, and research capabilities, and guide scientific researchers to write their papers on the land of the motherland. At the same time, improve the science and technology ethics system, seriously rectify academic misconduct, promote technology for good, and create a good atmosphere that encourages innovation and tolerates failure.

优化支持基础研究的体制机制。瞄准世界科技前沿，紧扣国家战略需求，重构科研组织模式，组织多方力量开展面向重大科学问题的协同攻关，抢占科技制高点。搭建产学研用深度融合平台，深化科研经费“包干制”等改革，赋予科学家更大技术路线决定权、更大经费支配权、更大资源调度权。充分体现知识、技术、人才的市场价值，向在科技创新一线人员适当倾斜，允许科研类事业单位实行比一般事业单位更灵活的管理制度，在科研人员中开展多种形式中长期激励，确保创新者得到合理的回报。完善从事基础研究人员的评价机制，在“破四唯”的同时“立新标”，建立以原创成果和高质量论文为标志的代表作评价制度，构建体现重大原创性贡献、国家战略需求以及学科特点、学术影响力和研究能力等的评价指标，引导科研人员将论文写在祖国的大地上。同时，完善科技伦理体系，严肃整治学术不端行为，推动科技向善，营造鼓励创新、宽容失败的良好氛围。

III. Implement the Strategy of Rejuvenating the Country through Talent, Win the Battle for Innovative Talents

三、实施人才强国战略，打赢创新人才争夺战

Competition in today's world is, in the final analysis, competition for talent. Hard power and soft power ultimately depend on talent strength. To develop new quality productive forces, it is necessary to deepen the reform of the system and mechanism for talent development, win the battle for innovative talents, and provide solid talent support for the development of new quality productive forces.

当今世界的竞争归根到底是人才竞争，硬实力、软实力，归根到底要靠人才实力。发展新质生产力，必须深化人才发展体制机制改革，打赢创新人才争夺战，为新质生产力发展提供坚实的人才支撑。

Prioritize the development of education. Education is the foundational prerequisite for cultivating innovative talent and is a major plan of the Party and a major plan of the nation. Surveying the modern and contemporary history of the globe, behind the rise and development of every powerful nation, the developmental logic of "establishing the nation through education" and "establishing the nation through science and technology" is evident; it can be said that when education thrives, the nation thrives, and when education is strong, the nation is strong. By 2023, the average number of years of education for Chinese workers had risen to over 11 years, and the potential of the demographic dividend from talent continues to be released, aiding China's successful transition from "standing up" to "becoming prosperous." [1]1 "Standing up" (站起来) and "becoming prosperous" (富起来) are standard terms in the official CPC narrative of China's modern development stages, referring respectively to the founding of the PRC in 1949 and the period of rapid economic growth following reform and opening up. However, it must be acknowledged that the traditional education model has produced too few top-tier innovative talents, the capacity to cultivate national strategic talents and urgently needed talents needs improvement, the appeal of vocational education is limited, and the gap compared to the demands of developing new quality productive forces is significant. In accordance with the new trends in global scientific and technological development, focusing on the problems of insufficient quantity and inadequate quality of innovative talents, we must optimize the layout of higher education, establish a mechanism for adjusting disciplinary structures and a talent cultivation model driven by scientific and technological development and national strategic needs, emphasize the cultivation of scientific spirit, innovation capability, and critical thinking, and cultivate a large number of new high-quality workers for developing new quality productive forces and promoting high-quality development.

优先发展教育。教育是培育创新人才的基础先导，是党之大计、国之大计。纵览全球近现代发展史，每一个强国崛起和发展的背后，都体现出“教育立国”、“科技立国”的发展逻辑，可谓是教育兴则国家兴、教育强则国家强。到2023年，我国劳动者平均受教育年限已提升至11年以上，人才红利潜力持续释放，助力我国成功从“站起来”到“富起来”。但必须承认，传统教育模式培养的拔尖性创新人才偏少，国家战略人才和急需紧缺人才培养能力有待提升，职业教育吸引力有限，与发展新质生产力的需求相比差距较大。根据世界科技发展新趋势，聚焦创新人才数量不足、质量不高问题，优化高等教育布局，建立科技发展、国家战略需求牵引的学科设置调整机制和人才培养模式，重视科学精神、创新能力、批判性思维的培养，为发展新质生产力、推动高质量发展培养大批新型高素质劳动者。

Accelerate the building of a national strategic talent force. For top-tier talents such as strategic scientists, fully leverage their irreplaceable role in leading major original innovations, participating in the top-level design of science and technology strategy, integrating scientific and technological innovation forces, and breaking through key core technologies. For first-class leading talents and innovation teams, encourage them to organize collaborative research involving industry, academia, and research around the nation's key industries and key areas. Practice has proven that young scientific and technological talents are the reserve force and "reservoir" of a nation's talent pool; the ages of 20-45 are the period when an individual's innovative thinking is most active and when they are most likely to produce results. Therefore, in accordance with the relevant deployments of the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Party, [2]2 The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC was held in July 2024, focusing on further deepening reform comprehensively to advance Chinese modernization. we must improve the mechanisms for discovering, selecting, and cultivating young innovative talents. National key R&D programs and scientific and technological innovation bases should also vigorously cultivate and utilize young scientific and technological talents, support young innovative talents in conducting long-cycle, dedicated research, let them play the leading role and shoulder major responsibilities in national major scientific and technological tasks, conduct research on original, frontier, and interdisciplinary scientific issues, and build an innovation ecosystem conducive to the continuous emergence of young innovative talents. Increase the level of life service guarantees for young scientific and technological talents, enabling them to settle down, feel at ease, and focus on their careers. Furthermore, we should systematically cultivate a group of high-level engineering and technical talents with strong innovation capabilities who meet the needs of building a manufacturing powerhouse, and build a team of outstanding engineers, a team of highly skilled talents, and a team of first-class industrial workers. Encourage the engineering team to break through key core technologies, and the team of highly skilled talents and the first-class industrial workers to forge high-quality projects, thereby assisting in the development of new quality productive forces.

加快建设国家战略人才力量。对于战略科学家等顶级人才，充分发挥其在引领重大原始创新、参与科技战略顶层设计、整合科技创新力量、突破关键核心技术等方面不可替代的作用。对于一流领军人才和创新团队，激励其围绕国家重点产业、重点领域，组织产学研协同攻关。实践证明，青年科技人才是一个国家人才队伍的后备军和“蓄水池”，20-45岁是一个人创新思维最活跃、最容易出成果的时期。因此，要按照党的二十届三中全会相关部署，完善青年创新人才发现、选拔、培养机制。国家重点研发计划、科技创新基地也应大力培养使用青年科技人才，支持青年创新人才开展长周期潜心研究，在国家重大科技任务中当主角、挑大梁，开展原创、前沿、交叉科学问题研究，构建有利于青年创新人才持续涌现的创新生态。加大青年科技人才生活服务保障力度，让青年科技人才安身、安心、安业。此外，还应系统化培养造就一批创新能力强、满足建设制造强国需要的高水平工程技术人才，打造一支卓越工程师、高技能人才队伍和一流产业工人队伍。激励工程师队伍突破关键核心技术，高技能人才队伍和一流产业工人队伍锻造精品工程，助力发展新质生产力。

Build highlands to attract global innovative talents. We must implement a more attractive talent system, "gathering talents from all over the world and using them." [3]3 "Gathering talents from all over the world and using them" (聚天下英才而用之) is a phrase frequently used by Xi Jinping, originating from the classical text *Mencius*, emphasizing the importance of attracting global talent for national development. Explore the establishment of a high-tech talent immigration system, adopt measures such as providing competitive material treatment, creating a comfortable working and living environment, etc., to attract overseas high-end talents. Make efforts to solve practical problems for high-tech immigrants, such as entry and exit, housing, and children's education, provide more convenience for outstanding overseas talents to work in China, provide strong support for various innovation entities to introduce and effectively utilize talents, ensure that talents are brought in, retained, and well-utilized, and further stimulate the innovation and creativity of scientific and technological talents.

打造吸引全球创新人才的高地。要实行更具吸引力的人才制度，“聚天下英才而用之”。探索建立高技术人才移民制度，采取提供有竞争力的物质待遇，创造舒适的工作、生活环境等举措吸引海外高端人才。着力解决好高技术移民出入境、住房、子女教育等现实问题，为优秀的海外人才来华工作提供更多便利，为各类创新主体引进用好人才提供有力支持，确保人才引进来、留得住、用得好，进一步激发科技人才创新创造活力。

Optimize the evaluation system for innovative talents. To develop new quality productive forces, we must accelerate the establishment of a talent evaluation system oriented towards innovation capability, quality, effectiveness, and contribution. For example, for talents undertaking major national research tasks, the evaluation should focus on the completion of their research tasks, fully soliciting opinions from the task-commissioning party and the result-utilizing party. For talents engaged in applied research and technology development, establish an evaluation indicator system oriented towards technological breakthroughs and industrial contributions, reflecting industry-academia-research and team cooperation, technological innovation and integration capabilities, the market value and application effectiveness of results, and contributions to economic and social development. Follow the laws of talent growth, continuously deepen the reform of the science and technology system, remove institutional and mechanistic obstacles in talent cultivation, introduction, use, evaluation, incentives, mobility, and guarantees, and liberate talents from the shackles of various formalities and bureaucratism in scientific research management. Persistently work on optimizing the talent development environment, vigorously create a first-class talent ecosystem that genuinely cherishes talents, meticulously cultivates talents, wholeheartedly attracts talents, and warmly gathers talents, forming a favorable situation where everyone can fully display their talents and abilities, thereby generating a powerful talent force for the development of new quality productive forces.

优化创新人才评价体系。发展新质生产力必须加快建立以创新能力、质量、实效和贡献为导向的人才评价体系。比如，承担国家重大攻关任务的人才，重在评价其科研任务的完成情况，充分听取任务委托方、成果采用方意见。从事应用研究和技术开发类的人才，建立以技术突破和产业贡献为导向，体现产学研和团队合作、技术创新与集成能力、成果的市场价值和应用实效、对经济社会发展贡献的评价指标体系。遵循人才成长规律，持续深化科技体制改革，破除人才培养、引进、使用、评价、激励、流动、保障等方面体制机制障碍，把人才从科研管理的各种形式主义、官僚主义的束缚中解放出来。在优化人才发展环境上持续用力,大力营造真心爱才、精心育才、倾心引才、暖心聚才的一流人才生态，形成人尽其才、各展其能的良好局面，为新质生产力发展造就磅礴的人才力量。

IV. Consolidate the Principal Position of Scientific and Technological Innovation, Win the Battle for Enterprise Competitive Breakthrough

四、夯实科技创新主体地位，打好企业竞争突围战

Enterprises are the most active principal entities in scientific and technological innovation. As the point of connection between the innovation chain and the industrial chain, they are both the largest demand side for scientific and technological achievements and the ultimate realizer of the market value of scientific and technological achievements. To develop new quality productive forces, the marketization and industrialization of scientific and technological innovation achievements must be realized through enterprises, only then can innovation value be achieved. Currently, competition among enterprises of major powers is becoming increasingly fierce, with a few countries setting up "fences" and building "high walls" around Chinese enterprises. We must face the difficulties head-on and win the battle for competitive breakthrough; this concerns not only whether enterprises can grow and strengthen, but also whether they can successfully survive.

企业是最活跃的科技创新主体，作为创新链和产业链的结合点，既是科技成果的最大需求方，也是科技成果市场价值的最终实现者。发展新质生产力，通过企业实现科技创新成果的市场化和产业化，才能实现创新价值。当前，大国企业间竞争愈发激烈，少数国家对我国企业预设“围墙”，筑起“高墙”。我们必须迎难而上，打好竞争突围战，这不仅关乎企业能否发展壮大，更关乎企业能否顺利生存下来。

Research has found that while Chinese enterprises have increased their emphasis on innovation, the intensity of their innovation investment is still relatively low compared to enterprises in developed countries, and the degree of industry-academia-research collaboration is insufficient, with a certain degree of "inability, unwillingness, and reluctance" to innovate. Some enterprises lack sufficient R&D capabilities and are unable to innovate; some focus excessively on short-term benefits, neglect long-term development, and are unwilling to innovate; some are trapped by the ease of infringement and the difficulty of rights protection, and are reluctant to innovate. To change this difficult situation, the following three aspects of work must be done well.

调研发现，我国企业对创新重视程度有所提升，但创新投入强度与发达国家企业相比依然较大，产学研协同力度偏低，一定程度上存在“不会、不想、不愿”等状况。有的企业自身研发实力不足，不会创新；有的企业过度关注短期效益，忽视长远发展，不想创新；有的企业困于侵权容易维权困难，不愿意创新。要改变这种窘况，必须做好以下三方面工作。

Open up space for enterprise innovation. Create more opportunities, encourage enterprises to participate in national scientific and technological innovation decision-making on a larger scale and at a deeper level, and establish and improve a system for symposiums with entrepreneurs on scientific and technological innovation consultation. Focus on the major needs of national strategy and industrial development, increase support for enterprise innovation, promote enterprises to make achievements in key core technology innovation and major original technological breakthroughs, and leverage the organizational role of enterprises as the problem proposer, problem solver, and result evaluator in scientific and technological innovation. According to statistics, enterprises participate in or lead approximately 80% of national key R&D programs. In the next step, we should deepen the integration of industry, academia, research, and application, support capable enterprises in leading major research tasks, and further open up national major scientific research infrastructure to private enterprises. Support enterprises in jointly establishing joint research institutions with universities and research institutes, and open up the "first mile" and the "last mile" of the transformation of scientific and technological achievements. Large leading enterprises, together with upstream and downstream enterprises, through restructuring, cooperation, and sharing, should unite the forces of government, industry, academia, and research, establish common technology enterprise-level platforms, and build world-class innovation consortia.

开辟企业创新空间。创造更多机会，激励企业更大范围、更深程度参与国家科技创新决策，建立健全企业家科技创新咨询座谈会议制度。聚焦国家战略和产业发展重大需求，加大企业创新支持力度，推动企业在关键核心技术创新和重大原创技术突破中有所作为，发挥企业在科技创新中的出题人、答题人及阅卷人的组织作用。据统计，国家重点研发计划中企业参加或牵头已经占80%左右，下一步应深化产学研用结合,支持有实力企业牵头重大攻关任务，向民营企业进一步开放国家重大科研基础设施。支持企业与高校院所共同设立联合研究机构，打通科技成果转化的“最初一公里”和“最后一公里”。大型领军企业联合上下游企业，通过重组、合作、共享联合政产学研力量，组建共性技术企业类平台，打造世界一流的创新联合体。

Encourage enterprises to increase innovation investment. The 2022 National Science and Technology Funding Investment Bulletin shows that the R&D investment intensity of China's manufacturing industry increased from 0.85% in 2012 to 1.55% in 2022, but there is still a certain gap compared to the global average level. In accordance with the requirements of the spirit of the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Party, we must establish an enterprise R&D reserve fund system, encourage small and medium-sized technology-based enterprises to increase R&D investment, increase the implementation intensity of policies such as additional tax deductions for enterprise R&D expenses, and continuously enhance enterprises' sense of gain from reform. Encourage and regulate the development of angel investment, venture capital, and private equity investment, better leverage the role of government investment funds, strengthen financial support for national major scientific and technological tasks and small and medium-sized technology-based enterprises, develop patient capital, and improve support policies for long-term capital to invest early, invest small, invest long-term, and invest in hard technology.

激励企业加大创新投入。2022年全国科技经费投入公报显示，我国制造业研发投入强度从2012年的0.85%增至2022年的1.55%，与全球平均水平相比仍有一定差距。要按照党的二十届三中全会精神要求，建立企业研发准备金制度，鼓励科技型中小企业加大研发投入，加大企业研发费用加计扣除等政策落实力度，不断增强企业的改革获得感。鼓励和规范发展天使投资、风险投资、私募股权投资，更好发挥政府投资基金作用，加强对国家重大科技任务和科技型中小企业的金融支持，发展耐心资本，完善长期资本投早、投小、投长期、投硬科技的支持政策。

Promote the entrepreneurial spirit. Entrepreneurs are a scarce strategic resource for a country, the soul of enterprise reform and development, and the mainstay in building first-class enterprises. Facing the enormous changes in the domestic and international environment, entrepreneurs must become explorers, organizers, and leaders of innovative development, continuously driving innovation in production organization, technology, and markets. Entrepreneurs should establish a concept of innovative development, break free from enterprises' dependence on traditional business models, cultivate an enterprise innovation culture, and guide enterprises to continuously upgrade to the high end of the industrial and value chains. The government should actively create a law-based, standardized, and internationalized business environment, strengthen the protection of intellectual property rights, eliminate entrepreneurs' worries about innovation, and actively support entrepreneurs in focusing on innovative development.

弘扬企业家精神。企业家是一个国家稀缺的战略性资源，是企业变革发展的灵魂人物、建设一流企业的中流砥柱。面对国内外环境的巨大变化，企业家要做创新发展的探索者、组织者和引领者，不断推动生产组织创新、技术创新、市场创新。企业家应树立创新发展理念，跳出企业对传统经营模式的依赖，培育企业创新文化，引领企业不断向产业链价值链高端升级。政府积极营造法治化、规范化、国际化的营商环境，加大知识产权保护力度，消除企业家创新的后顾之忧，积极支持企业家专注创新发展。

V. Promote Economic Transformation According to Local Conditions and Win the Positional War of Regional Innovation

五、因地制宜推动经济转型，打好区域创新阵地战

As an ultra-large-scale country, China's human resources and scientific research conditions vary greatly across regions, and the distribution of innovation capacity is highly uneven. To develop new quality productive forces, it is necessary to take scientific and technological innovation as the guide, and build a number of regional innovation positions with strong capabilities for generating scientific and technological innovation.

作为一个超大规模国家，我国各地人才资源、科研条件差异较大，创新能力分布极不均衡。发展新质生产力，必须以科技创新为引领，打造建设一批具有强大科技创新策源功能的区域创新阵地。

Build a number of high-level scientific and technological innovation centers. Currently, global innovation resources are accelerating their concentration in certain regions, giving rise to a number of innovation highlands with concentrated innovation factors, high innovation efficiency, and strong radiation-driven effects, which have become important positions leading national innovation development. To win the positional war of regional innovation, it is necessary to coordinate the construction of international scientific and technological innovation centers and regional scientific and technological innovation centers, and build a regional innovation community. Looking to the future, a networked innovation pattern should be constructed, with the three major international scientific and technological innovation centers of Beijing, Shanghai, and the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area as the traction, some innovative provinces or innovative cities as the main force, and independent innovation demonstration zones and high-tech zones as the base points. At the same time, it is necessary to promote the sharing of resources and mutual support among innovation systems in different regions, continuously drive the economic transformation and upgrading of various regions, and shape new momentum for developing new quality productive forces.

建设一批高水平科技创新中心。当前，全球创新资源加速向若干区域集中，催生出一批创新要素集聚、创新效率高、辐射带动作用强的创新高地，成为引领本国创新发展的重要阵地。打好区域创新阵地战，需要统筹推进国际科技创新中心、区域科技创新中心建设，打造区域创新共同体。面向未来，应构建以北京、上海、粤港澳大湾区三大国际科技创新中心为牵引，部分创新型省份或创新型城市为主力，自主创新示范区和高新区为基点的网络化创新格局，同时促进不同区域之间创新体系的资源共享和相互支撑，不断推动各地区经济转型升级，塑造发展新质生产力新动能。

Use innovation to lead the upgrading of regional traditional industries, the growth of emerging industries, and the cultivation of future industries. On the one hand, stimulate the "new momentum" of traditional industries. Traditional industries are the "cornerstone" of the development of new quality productive forces. Developing new quality productive forces does not mean abandoning traditional industries. Instead, according to local resource endowments and industrial foundations, new technologies should be used to transform and upgrade traditional industries. By implementing the industrial internet innovation empowerment project, "wings" of the digital economy should be attached to traditional industries, promoting their transformation towards high-end, intelligent, and green development. On the other hand, scientifically plan future industries. Aim at the global frontiers of science and technology, take scientific and technological innovation as the guide, strengthen the deep integration of scientific and technological innovation and industrial innovation, and accelerate the creation of strategic emerging industry clusters with international competitiveness. At the same time, improve the technological innovation system with enterprises as the main body, market as the orientation, and deep integration of industry, academia, and research; create a development model featuring the integrated growth of large, medium, and small enterprises and the coordination of upstream and downstream supporting industries; build a higher-level, more resilient industrial and supply chain; construct a whole-process innovation chain of "basic research + technological breakthroughs + achievement transformation + sci-tech finance + talent support"; cultivate enterprise innovation industry clusters with strong leading technological innovation and driving capacity; continuously enhance the stability, security, and competitiveness of the industrial and supply chains; and cultivate a number of "chain leader" enterprises with strong control over the industrial and supply chains and significant driving force in building the industrial ecosystem.

以创新引领区域传统产业升级、新兴产业壮大和未来产业培育。一方面，激发传统产业“新动能”。传统产业是新质生产力发展的“基石”，发展新质生产力并不是放弃传统产业，而是应根据本地的资源禀赋、产业基础等，用新技术改造提升传统产业，通过实施工业互联网创新赋能工程，为传统产业插上数字经济的“翅膀”，促进传统产业迈向高端化智能化绿色化。另一方面，科学谋划未来产业。瞄准全球科技前沿，以科技创新为引领，加强科技创新和产业创新深度融合，加快打造具有国际竞争力的战略性新兴产业集群。同时，完善以企业为主体、市场为导向、产学研深度融合的技术创新体系，打造大中小融通发展、上下游配套协同，更高水平、更具韧性的产业链供应链，构建“基础研究+技术攻关+成果转化+科技金融+人才支撑”全过程创新链，培育引领技术创新、带动能力强劲的企业创新产业集群，不断提升产业链供应链稳定性、安全性和竞争力，培育一批对产业链供应链有较强控制力、对产业生态构建有明显带动力的“链主”企业。

Cultivate a competitive regional innovation ecosystem. One of the important experiences of China's reform and opening up is to make good use of both domestic and international markets and resources. Developing new quality productive forces and achieving high-quality development are developments that stand "on the shoulders of giants"; they are by no means self-enclosed or self-isolated development. Making good use of international innovation resources and innovation markets is an important way for localities to narrow the technological gap and achieve rapid catch-up. All regions must uphold an open mindset and a global perspective, establish an awareness of international scientific and technological cooperation that is open, inclusive, mutually beneficial, and shared, continuously strengthen exchanges and cooperation with innovative cities around the world in various fields and aspects, "gather the spirit of the four seas and borrow the strength of all directions," combine "going global" with "bringing in," promote high-quality scientific and technological exchanges in an open international environment, strive to build a partnership of win-win cooperation, and by creating a diversified, pragmatic, and efficient innovation service system that is in line with international standards, fully release the synergistic effect of the integration of domestic and international innovation resources and factors, allowing the springs of innovation to flow fully.

培育有竞争力的区域创新生态。我国改革开放的重要经验之一是利用好两个市场、两种资源。发展新质生产力，实现高质量发展，都是站在“巨人肩膀上”的发展，绝不是自我封闭、自我隔绝的发展。利用好国际创新资源和创新市场，是地方缩小技术差距，实现快速追赶的重要途径。各地区必须秉持开放心态和全球视野，树立开放包容、互惠共享的国际科技合作意识，不断加强与世界创新城市在各领域各方面的交流合作，做到“聚四海之气、借八方之力”，做到“走出去”和“引进来”相结合，在开放的国际环境中推进高质量科技交流，努力构建合作共赢的伙伴关系，通过打造与国际接轨的多元务实高效的创新服务体系，充分释放国内外创新资源要素整合协同效应，让创新源泉充分涌流。

Online Editor: Paul

网络编辑：保罗