The Logical Path of Common Prosperity from the Perspective of the Systems Concept

At the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC, the “systems concept” was raised for the first time at the level of a “principle,” and it was emphasized that “the systems concept is a fundamental way of thinking and working.” [1]1 Mao Zedong, “On the Tactics of Fighting Japanese Imperialism” (1935). The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC, for the first time, summarized and proposed the worldview and methodology of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, and listed the systems concept as one of them. [2]2 Xi Jinping, “Speech at a Meeting Commemorating the 40th Anniversary of Reform and Opening Up” (2018). The “adherence to the systems concept” made its first “appearance” in a political report of the Party, illustrating the importance of this worldview and methodology. Common prosperity is a complex and vast systemic project, a long-term goal, and also an urgent task of the era to meet the people’s needs for a better life. To correctly understand and grasp this major theoretical and practical issue of common prosperity, we must adhere to the systems concept to grasp its inherent laws, so as to continuously open up new prospects for common prosperity.

党的十九届五中全会上，“系统观念”首次以“原则”的高度被提出来，并强调“系统观念是具有基础性的思想和工作方法”。党的二十大报告，首次概括提出习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的世界观和方法论，并将系统观念列为其中之一。“坚持系统观念”第一次在党的政治报告中“出场”，说明了这一世界观和方法论的重要性。共同富裕是一项复杂庞大的系统工程，也是一个长远目标，更是满足人民美好生活需要的时代课题和紧迫任务。正确认识和把握共同富裕这一重大理论和实践问题，必须坚持用系统观念把握其内在规律，方能不断开创共同富裕新局面。

I. Logical Starting Point: The Systems Concept Is an Important Ideological Tool for Understanding and Transforming the World

一、逻辑起点：系统观念是认识世界、改造世界的重要思想工具

All things in the world exist, operate, and develop in the form of systems. Therefore, we should understand and transform the objective world with the systems concept. Understanding the basic connotation and functional characteristics of the systems concept is the fundamental prerequisite for adhering to it.

世界上一切事物都是以系统的形式存在、运行和发展的。因此，我们应以系统观念认识和改造客观世界。而了解系统观念的基本内涵和功能特征，是坚持系统观念的根本前提。

(I) The Basic Connotation of the Systems Concept

（一）系统观念的基本内涵

“A system refers to a whole with certain functions composed of parts that are interrelated, mutually constrained, and mutually interactive.” That is, a system is a collection of relationships. As a basic attribute of things, systematicity reflects the original face of the world. Systems theory is the study that, based on the compositional characteristics of a system, decomposes the system as a whole into elements, clarifies the system’s compositional structure and operational mechanism in the dynamic process of interconnection and interaction between the system and its elements and among the elements themselves, and fundamentally understands the system’s attributes and functions. The systems concept is the thinking and method of applying systems theory to solve complex problems. It is a concentrated expression of the level of thinking formed by human society in the process of understanding and transforming the world, and a powerful tool for humanity to understand and transform the world. The prerequisite for the existence of the systems concept is to place things within universally interconnected systems, requiring comprehensive, whole-process, and all-round thinking about things, and requiring the study of elements such as the direction, goals, structure, and significance of a thing’s development from an overall perspective. It can be seen that the systems concept is a method of thinking that emphasizes both macro and micro perspectives, coexists deconstruction and construction, and pursues the overall optimality of the system.

“系统是指由互相关联、互相制约、互相作用的各个部分组成的具有一定功能的总体。”即系统是关系的集合体。作为事物的基本属性，系统性是对世界本来面目的反映。系统论是依据系统的构成特点，将系统总体分解为要素，在系统与要素、要素与要素之间相互联系和作用的动态过程中，厘清系统的组成结构和运行机制，在根本上认识系统属性和功能的学问。系统观念是运用系统论解决复杂问题的思维和方法，是人类社会在认识世界和改造世界中形成的思维水平的集中体现，是人类认识世界和改造世界的有力工具。系统观念的存在前提是把事物放在普遍联系的系统中，要求对事物进行全领域、全流程、全方位的思考，要求从整体上研究事物发展的方向、目标、结构、意义等要素问题。可见，系统观念是一种宏观与微观并重、解构与建构并存，追求系统整体最优的思维方法。

(II) The Functional Characteristics of the Systems Concept

（二）系统观念的功能特征

The systems concept adheres to comprehensive consideration, coordinated advancement, and systemic integration, emphasizing looking at problems from a comprehensive, dialectical, and long-term perspective, presenting functional characteristics of foresight, comprehensiveness, strategic nature, and holism.

系统观念坚持通盘考虑、统筹推进、系统集成，强调用全面的、辩证的、长远的眼光看问题，呈现出前瞻性、全局性、战略性、整体性的功能特征。

Foresight. “Sight” means seeing; foresight means looking forward and looking far. Foresight focuses on the relationship between the present and the future, concerns the long term, is the primary characteristic of the systems concept, and is the first requirement for adhering to it. From the perspective of dialectical materialism, systems are constantly changing and developing, and they have laws. And as real human beings, we are capable of understanding and grasping these laws of change and consciously applying them to practice. This is the premise for establishing foresight, which requires following the dynamic nature of the system to focus on the long term and planning for the future based on the laws of development. The foresight of the systems concept requires a long-term vision, the ability to think about things that have not yet happened but are possible, to connect history, reality, and the future, and to comprehensively plan for short-term, medium-term, and long-term goals. As Marx said: “The advantage of the new trend is precisely that we do not want to anticipate the world dogmatically, but rather want to find the new world through the critique of the old one.” [3]3 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Central Conference on Financial and Economic Affairs” (2021). “Involution” (内卷, *neijuan*) refers to intensified competition that yields no proportional gains; “lying flat” (躺平, *tangping*) denotes a withdrawal from such competition. Only by critically thinking about and comprehensively considering history and the present can we grasp the laws of development of things, truly foresee and better grasp the future, thereby predicting changes, seeking advantages and avoiding disadvantages, and preventing problems before they occur, thus safeguarding the stable development of the system.

前瞻性。“瞻”就是看，前瞻就是往前看、往远看。前瞻性着眼当下与未来的关系，事关长远，是系统观念的首要特征，是坚持系统观念的第一要求。从唯物辩证法的观点看，系统是不断变化发展的，是有规律的。而作为现实的人，是能够认识、把握这一变化规律，并自觉运用到实践中。这是前瞻性的立论前提，即要求遵循系统的动态性着眼长远，依据发展的规律性筹划未来。系统观念的前瞻性要求有长远眼光，能够想到还未发生的而又有可能发生的事情，贯通好历史、现实与未来，统筹思考近期、中期和长远的目标。正如马克思所言：“新思潮的优点又恰恰在于我们不想教条地预期未来，而只是想通过批判旧世界发现新世界。”只有对历史和当下进行批判性思考、统筹考虑，才能把握事物发展规律，真正预见和更好把握未来，从而预知变化、趋利避害、防患未然，为系统的平稳发展保驾护航。

Comprehensiveness. The overall situation refers to the entirety and all aspects of a thing. It corresponds to the part, is composed of parts, is higher than the part, and commands the part. The comprehensiveness of the systems concept emphasizes the overall situation in time and space, takes the overall interest as the fundamental interest, requires a comprehensive view of things and handling of affairs, and discards the superficial and narrow-minded aspects of dogmatism. Comprehensiveness is the starting point for planning work, and basing oneself on the overall situation is the prerequisite for success. As early as the period of the New Democratic Revolution, Comrade Mao Zedong proposed: “Any chief at any level should focus his attention on those issues or actions that are most important and decisive for the overall situation under his command, and should not focus on other issues or actions.” [4]4 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Central Conference on Economic Work” (2015). Entering the New Era, General Secretary Xi Jinping has placed even greater emphasis on the

全局性。全局是指事物的整体和所有方面，是与局部相对应的、由局部组成的、高于局部并统率局部的。系统观念的全局性强调时空上的全局，以全局利益为根本利益，要求全面看待事物、处理事务，摒弃本本主义的肤浅表面和狭隘局部。全局性是谋划工作的出发点，立足全局是工作成功的前提。早在新民主主义革命时期，毛泽东同志就提出：“任何一级的首长，应当把自己注意的重心，放在那些对于他所指挥的全局说来最重要最有决定意义的问题或动作上，而不应当放在其他的问题或动作上。”进入新时代，习近平总书记更加强调全局性的重要意义，提出“要把围绕中心、服务大局作为基本职责，胸怀大局、把握大势、着眼大事，找准工作切入点和着力点，做到因势而谋、应势而动、顺势而为”。立足全局不仅有助于提高谋略能力，突破利益藩篱，推动大局利益的实现；也有利于防止鼠目寸光、坐井观天，避免脱离实际、片面地盲目实践。

Strategic nature. Strategy is a concept, a plan, and a process, expressing a certain vision, mission, and goals, as well as the plans, policies, and policies formulated to achieve the vision, mission, and goals. "Strategic issues are fundamental issues for a political party and a country. If strategic judgments are accurate, strategic planning is scientific, and strategic initiative is seized, the cause of the Party and the people will be full of hope." [1]1 Mao Zedong, “On the Tactics of Fighting Japanese Imperialism” (1935). The strategic nature of the systems concept focuses on the long term, takes the overall situation into account, places problems within the long river of history and a global perspective for long-term planning and deliberation, and emphasizes driving the whole from a point, seeing the whole from a part, and knowing the end from the beginning. It is a concentrated embodiment of an overall vision, a long-term perspective, and a broad mind, and a concrete reflection of the ability to control the overall state, essential characteristics, and principal contradictions of things. It has the characteristics of acting only after careful planning, grasping the key link to bring everything into place, and relative stability.

战略性。战略是一种观念、规划和过程，表达一定的愿景、使命和目标，以及为达到愿景、使命和目标而制定的方案、方针和政策。“战略问题是一个政党、一个国家的根本性问题。战略上判断得准确，战略上谋划得科学，战略上赢得主动，党和人民事业就大有希望。”系统观念的战略性着眼长远，总揽大局，把问题放在历史长河和全球视野中进行长期性的筹划和谋划，强调以点带面、见微知著、睹始知终，是整体视野、长远眼光和博大胸怀的集中体现，是对事物总体状况、本质特征、主要矛盾等把控能力的具体反映，具有谋定而后动、纲举而目张、相对稳定的特性。

Holistic nature. From the perspective of systems theory, a system is the relationship between the system as a whole and its constituent elements, that is, organically linking the constituent elements through a certain structure to form a whole, so that the functions and characteristics of the entire system are completely different from those of its parts, transcend the functions and characteristics of individual elements, and determine and limit the development direction and trends of the parts. The holistic nature of the systems concept requires that when the subject understands and plans objective things, it should place the object of understanding within a crisscrossing, continuous development network and development process, pay more attention to the holistic nature of things, recognize the new characteristics of the whole that are different from those of the parts, and better strengthen top-level design.

整体性。从系统论角度出发，系统是系统整体与组成要素之间的关系，即通过一定结构将组成要素有机联结起来组成整体，从而使整个系统的功能和特性与部分完全不同，并超越单个要素的功能和特性，规定并限制着部分的发展方向与趋势。系统观念的整体性要求主体在对客观事物进行认识和规划时，要将认识对象置于纵横交错、连续不断的发展网络和发展过程中，更加重视事物的整体性，认识到整体不同于部分的新特征，更好地加强顶层设计。

II. Logical Support: The Systems Concept as the Scientific Worldview and Methodology for the Communist Party of China to Promote Common Prosperity Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC

二、逻辑支撑：系统观念是党的十八大以来

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has closely followed the pulse of the times, deeply elaborated and innovatively developed the Marxist systems concept, and clarified the practical requirements for adhering to the systems concept, namely, "strengthening forward-looking thinking, overall planning, strategic layout, and holistic advancement." In the New Era, the Communist Party of China upholds the systems concept, follows the laws of development, makes scientific and forward-looking arrangements, insists on connecting the front and back, linking the upper and lower, and coordinating the left and right, plans as a whole in the overall situation, makes precise judgments in strategy, and promotes overall effectiveness, constantly seeking the optimal solution for common prosperity.

中国共产党推进共同富裕的科学世界观和方法论党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央紧扣时代脉搏，对马克思主义系统观念进行了深入阐释和创新发展，明确了坚持系统观念的实践要求，即“加强前瞻性思考、全局性谋划、战略性布局、整体性推进”。新时代，中国共产党秉持系统观念，遵循发展规律，做好科学前瞻性布局，坚持前后衔接、上下贯通、左右联动，在全局上一体谋划，战略上精准研判，效能上整体推进，不断谋求共同富裕的最优解。

(I) Adhering to Forward-Looking Thinking, Pointing Out the Future Direction of Common Prosperity

（一）坚持前瞻性思考，指明共同富裕未来走向

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Communist Party of China has based itself on the present to seek laws, focused on the future to set goals, scientifically predicted the development trend of common prosperity, continuously put forward new concepts, carried out new explorations, and made new arrangements, leading common prosperity towards a new future.

党的十八大以来，中国共产党立足当前谋规律、着眼未来定目标，科学预见共同富裕的发展趋势，不断提出新理念、进行新探索、作出新安排，引领共同富裕走向新的未来。

Advocating a new concept of shared development. Concepts are the guide to action; exploring common prosperity requires the guidance of advanced concepts. To this end, since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Communist Party of China, responding to fairness and justice as an inherent requirement of socialism with Chinese characteristics and the objective reality of the transformation of the principal contradiction in the New Era, has, on the basis of common ownership and common construction, elevated sharing to a new concept of development. "The essence of the concept of sharing is to adhere to a people-centered development thinking, reflecting the requirement of gradually achieving common prosperity." The concept of shared development ensures that the people fully enjoy the dividends of development, and requires meeting a more comprehensive state of prosperity through a higher standard of development. Under the guidance of the concept of shared development, the distribution pattern for all residents nationwide has continuously improved. China's Gini coefficient fell from 0.473 in 2013 to 0.467 in 2022, and the per capita disposable income ratio between urban and rural residents dropped from 2.88 in 2012 (rural resident income = 1) to 2.50 in 2021, with the relative income gap between urban and rural residents continuing to narrow.

倡导共享发展的新理念。理念是行动的先导，探索共同富裕需要先进理念的指导。为此，党的十八大以来，中国共产党回应公平正义这一中国特色社会主义的内在要求和新时代社会主要矛盾转变的客观实际，在共有、共建的基础上，将共享上升为发展的新理念。“共享理念实质就是坚持以人民为中心的发展思想，体现的是逐步实现共同富裕的要求。”共享发展理念保障人民全面享受发展红利，要以更高水准的发展来满足更为全面的富裕状态。在共享发展理念指导下，全国居民分配格局不断改善。中国的基尼系数由2013年的0.473降至2022年的0.467，城乡居民人均可支配收入之比由2012年的2.88（农村居民收入=1）下降到2021年的2.50，城乡居民收入相对差距持续缩小。

Establishing new explorations of demonstration zones for common prosperity. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee has proposed supporting Zhejiang in establishing a demonstration zone for common prosperity, issuing in May 2021 the "Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Supporting Zhejiang's High-Quality Development and Construction of a Common Prosperity Demonstration Zone." This focuses on important directions and key areas that urgently need breakthroughs and innovations in the construction of the common prosperity demonstration zone, clarifying four strategies and six major measures, and proposing that by 2025 Zhejiang Province will achieve obvious substantive progress in promoting high-quality development and building a common prosperity demonstration zone, and by 2035 Zhejiang Province will basically achieve common prosperity. Through the leadership of examples and typical demonstrations, using a method of "first pilot, then promote," it strives to provide a provincial-level model, practical ideas, and feasible paths for solidly promoting common prosperity nationwide. At the same time, to understand the public's perception of Zhejiang's high-quality development and construction of a common prosperity demonstration zone, and to further focus on people's livelihood areas and the people's thoughts, ideas, and expectations regarding common prosperity, the National Bureau of Statistics, through the July 2022 "Survey Plan on Zhejiang Public Perception of Common Prosperity Demonstration Zone Construction," provides a decision-making reference basis for high-quality advancement of Zhejiang's common prosperity demonstration zone construction.

建立共同富裕示范区的新探索。党的十八大以来，党中央提出支持浙江建立共同富裕示范区，于2021年5月发布《中共中央国务院关于支持浙江高质量发展建设共同富裕示范区的意见》，聚焦共同富裕示范区建设亟需突破和创新的重要方向和关键领域，明确四个战略和六大举措，提出到2025年浙江省推动高质量发展建设共同富裕示范区取得明显实质性进展，到2035年浙江省基本实现共同富裕。通过榜样引领、典型示范，“先试点、再推广”的方式，力图为全国扎实推动共同富裕提供省域范例、实践思路和可行路径。同时，为了解浙江高质量发展建设共同富裕示范区民众的感受度，进一步聚焦民生领域、民众关于共同富裕的所思所想所盼，国家统计局通过2022年7月《共同富裕示范区建设浙江民众感受度调查方案》，为高质量推进浙江共同富裕示范区建设提供决策参考依据。

Drawing a new picture of common prosperity. Common prosperity is a manifestation of the development of the contradictory movement of social productive forces and relations of production to a higher form, closely related to the degree of social development, and is a process full of long-term, complex, and arduous characteristics, with phased and gradual features. In the New Era, the Communist Party of China requires "accumulating small victories into big victories," combining long-term goals with phased goals, and for the first time clarifying the three-stage goals of common prosperity: proposing that by the end of the 14th Five-Year Plan, solid steps will be taken toward common prosperity for all the people; by 2035, more obvious substantive progress will be made in common prosperity for all the people; and by the middle of this century, common prosperity for all the people will be basically achieved. This deployment provides a clearer, more pragmatic, and more detailed timetable and roadmap for achieving common prosperity in the New Era.

绘制共同富裕新画卷。共同富裕是社会生产力和生产关系矛盾运动发展到高级形态的一种体现，与社会发展程度密切相关，是一个充满长期性、复杂性、艰巨性的过程，具有阶段性和渐进性特征。新时代，中国共产党要求“积小胜为大胜”，将远景目标和阶段性目标结合起来，首次明确共同富裕的三个阶段目标，提出到“十四五”末，全体人民共同富裕迈出坚实步伐；到2035年，全体人民共同富裕取得更为明显的实质性进展；到21世纪中叶，全体人民共同富裕基本实现。这一部署为新时代实现共同富裕提供了更为清晰务实、更加详细具体的时间表和路线图。

(II) Adhering to holistic planning, advancing common prosperity in an integrated manner

（二）坚持全局性谋划，推进共同富裕一体前进

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Communist Party of China has accurately grasped new situations and new requirements, placed common prosperity within the overall plan for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, used it as an important engine for socialist modernization, promoted the improvement of common prosperity across all fields, and facilitated the integration of all elements of common prosperity.

党的十八大以来，中国共产党准确把握新形势新要求，把共同富裕放在中华民族伟大复兴的大局中谋篇布局，作为社会主义现代化的重要引擎，推动共同富裕的全领域提质，促进共同富裕的全要素融合。

Winning the battle against poverty, pushing common prosperity to take substantive steps. Future society "will produce with the aim of enriching all people," but any thing's development has a process from quantitative change to qualitative change. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Communist Party of China has further scientifically recognized the phased characteristics of achieving common prosperity, "comprehensively considering needs and possibilities, advancing step by step according to the laws of economic and social development," highlighting that poverty alleviation is the necessary path to common prosperity, uniting and leading the people to win a high-quality battle against poverty. "Under the current standards, all 98.99 million rural poor were lifted out of poverty, all 832 impoverished counties were removed from the poverty list, and all 128,000 impoverished villages were delisted, resolving regional overall poverty and completing the arduous task of eliminating absolute poverty," [2]2 Xi Jinping, “Speech at a Meeting Commemorating the 40th Anniversary of Reform and Opening Up” (2018). filling the biggest shortcoming in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects with high quality, and pushing common prosperity to take substantive steps.

打赢脱贫攻坚战，推动共同富裕迈出实质性步伐。未来社会“生产将以所有的人富裕为目的”，但任何事物的发展都有一个从量变到质变的过程，党的十八大以来，中国共产党进一步科学认识到共同富裕实现的阶段性特征，“统筹考虑需要和可能，按照经济社会发展规律循序渐进”，突出脱贫攻坚是共同富裕的必经之路，团结带领人民高质量打赢脱贫攻坚战，“现行标准下九千八百九十九万农村贫困人口全部脱贫，八百三十二个贫困县全部摘帽，十二万八千个贫困村全部出列，区域性整体贫困得到解决，完成了消除绝对贫困的艰巨任务”，补齐了全面建成高质量小康社会的最大短板，推动共同富裕迈出实质性步伐。

Common prosperity is an inherent requirement of Chinese-path modernization. In the New Era, the Communist Party of China has not only clarified the close and mutually reinforcing relationship between common prosperity and socialist modernization, pointing out that "in the new journey of comprehensively building a modern socialist country, we must place promoting common prosperity for all the people in a more important position," but also clearly stated that "Chinese-path modernization is the modernization of common prosperity for all the people." This goal positioning advances Chinese-path modernization and common prosperity simultaneously, elevates the understanding of common prosperity, is an inevitable choice of dialectical logic, and provides directional guidance and objective criteria for the development of Chinese-path modernization. That is, achieving common prosperity for all the people is an important feature and driving force for construction of Chinese-path modernization, while modernization is a powerful support and inevitable choice for achieving common prosperity. Only by achieving modernization can more wealth be created for all the people, thereby realizing common prosperity.

共同富裕是中国式现代化的应有之义。新时代，中国共产党不仅明确了共同富裕与社会主义现代化紧密相关、相辅相成的关系，指明“在全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程中，我们必须把促进全体人民共同富裕摆在更加重要的位置”，而且鲜明指出“中国式现代化是全体人民共同富裕的现代化”。这一目标定位将中国式现代化与共同富裕同步推进，升华了对共同富裕的认识，是辩证逻辑的必然选择，为中国式现代化的发展提供方向指引和客观尺度，即实现全体人民共同富裕是中国式现代化的重要特征和建设动因，而现代化又是实现共同富裕的强大依托和必然选择，只有实现了现代化，才能为全体人民创造更多的财富，从而实现共同富裕。

Promoting high-level coordinated regional development. Achieving common prosperity requires the coordination of social development, emphasizing comprehensive handling of the balance between various regions, and using holistic planning to meet the people's pursuit of a high-quality life. In the New Era, China has continuously deepened the implementation of the regional coordinated development strategy, promoting continuous enhancement of development coordination. The leading role of the eastern region has become increasingly prominent. In 2021, the gross domestic product of the eastern region accounted for 52.1% of the national total, contributing 52.9% to national economic growth; the central region accelerated its rise, with the gross domestic product of the six central provinces rising to 22.0% of the national total in 2021; the western development strategy was further advanced, with the western region's economy continuing to develop rapidly, per capita gross domestic product increasing from 29,195 yuan in 2012 to 62,596 yuan in 2021, and the relative gap with the eastern region narrowing from 1:1.87 to 1:1.67; the northeast region made new progress in revitalizing industrial upgrading, with the proportion of the tertiary industry's added value in the region's gross domestic product rising from 40.1% in 2012 to 51.4% in 2021, further optimizing the industrial structure.

促进高水平区域协调发展。实现共同富裕，需要社会发展的协调性，强调综合处理好各地区之间的平衡关系，以全局性谋划满足人民对高品质生活的追求。新时代，中国不断深入实施区域协调发展战略，推动发展协调性不断增强。东部地区引领作用愈加凸显，2021年，东部地区生产总值占全国的比重达到52.1%，对全国经济增长的贡献率达到52.9%；中部地区加快崛起，中部六省地区生产总值占全国的比重上升至2021年的22.0%；西部大开发战略深入推进，西部地区经济持续快速发展，人均地区生产总值由2012年的29195元增加至2021年的62596元，与东部地区的相对差距由1∶1.87缩小至1∶1.67；东北地区振兴产业升级取得新进展，第三产业增加值占地区生产总值的比重由2012年的40.1%上升至2021年的51.4%，产业结构进一步优化。

(III) Adhering to strategic layout, opening up broad prospects for common prosperity

（三）坚持战略性布局，开辟共同富裕广阔前景

Standing at the starting point of the New Era, the Communist Party of China focuses on strategic positioning, clarifies strategic deployment, soberly recognizes domestic and international trends, comprehensively oversees the core indicator of common prosperity, scientifically plans and deploys, and continuously opens up broad prospects for common prosperity.

站在新时代的起点上，中国共产党聚焦战略定位、明确战略部署，清醒认识国内外大势，统揽共同富裕这一核心指标，科学规划和部署，不断开拓共同富裕的广阔前景。

Taking "a major political issue concerning the Party's governing foundation" as the strategic positioning of common prosperity. The success of governance lies in following the people's will; the failure of governance lies in going against the people's will. [3]3 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Central Conference on Financial and Economic Affairs” (2021). “Involution” (内卷, *neijuan*) refers to intensified competition that yields no proportional gains; “lying flat” (躺平, *tangping*) denotes a withdrawal from such competition. As the ruling party, whether it can effectively realize the interests of the broadest masses of the people is related to the stability of the Communist Party of China's governing foundation. Based on the "grand politics" perspective of national construction, the Communist Party of China emphasizes that "achieving common prosperity is not only an economic issue but also a major political issue concerning the Party's governing foundation." Placing common prosperity in a prominent strategic position and expounding its extreme importance from the political mission height of consolidating the Party's governing foundation is conducive to凝聚 broad and deep political consensus.

以“关系党的执政基础的重大政治问题”为共同富裕的战略定位。政之所兴在顺民心，政之所废在逆民心。作为执政党，能否有效实现最广大人民群众的利益事关中国共产党执政基础的稳固。中国共产党基于国家建设的“大政治”视角，强调“实现共同富裕不仅是经济问题，而且是关系党的执政基础的重大政治问题”。把共同富裕放在突出的战略定位上，从巩固党执政基础的政治使命高度阐述共同富裕的极端重要性，有利于凝聚广泛深厚的政治共识。

Coordinated and complementary basic institutional arrangements serve as the strategic deployment for common prosperity. Since reform and opening up, China’s distribution system has undergone two processes of change, namely primary distribution and redistribution, achieving a shift from market-led efficiency priority to government-led balance between efficiency and fairness, providing institutional guarantees for sustained and rapid economic development. However, the problem of imbalance in the distribution sphere has gradually become prominent, and the problem of insufficiency still exists. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Communist Party of China has actively faced the challenge of deepening reform of the distribution system, putting forward the general idea of “building a basic institutional arrangement in which primary distribution, redistribution, and tertiary distribution are coordinated and complementary.” It has built the world’s largest education system, social security system, and medical and health system. The number of people covered by basic pension, unemployment, and work-related injury insurance increased from 790 million, 150 million, and 190 million in 2012 to 1.066 billion, 244 million, and 302 million by the end of 2023, continuously weaving a tighter safety net for people’s wellbeing in the social sphere. For the first time, tertiary distribution was elevated to the level of national strategic systems, promoting the healthy development of tertiary distribution with charitable donations as its vehicle. “According to data from the ‘Charity China’ official website, as of the end of December 2022, the number of registered charitable trusts nationwide was 1,182, with a total property scale of 5.165 billion yuan. Among them, 409 charitable trusts were registered in 2022, with a property scale of 1.23 billion yuan, representing increases of 80.18% and 115.41% respectively compared to 2021.”

以协调配套的基础性制度安排为共同富裕的战略部署。改革开放以来，中国的分配制度先后经历两次变革过程，即初次分配和再分配，实现了从市场主导效率优先到政府主导兼顾效率和公平的转变，为中国经济持续快速发展提供了制度保障，但分配领域不平衡的问题逐渐突出、不充分的问题依然存在。党的十八大以来，中国共产党积极面对深化分配制度改革的挑战，提出了“构建初次分配、再分配、三次分配协调配套的基础性制度安排”总思路，建成世界上规模最大的教育体系、社会保障体系、医疗卫生体系，基本养老、失业、工伤三项社会保险参保人数分别从2012年的7.9亿人、1.5亿人、1.9亿人，增加到2023年年底的10.66亿人、2.44亿人、3.02亿人，持续织密社会领域民生福祉的保障网；首次将三次分配上升到国家战略体系层面，推动以慈善捐赠为载体的第三次分配健康发展。“据‘慈善中国’官网数据显示，截至2022年12月底，全国慈善信托备案数为1182单，财产总规模为51.65亿元。其中，2022年完成备案的慈善信托为409单，财产规模为12.3亿元，分别较2021年增长80.18%和115.41%。”

(4) Adhere to holistic advancement, promoting the balanced development of common prosperity

（四）坚持整体性推进，促进共同富裕平衡发展

Holism is the core essence of the systems concept. Adhering to the systems concept requires viewing, planning, and advancing matters from the whole of things, preventing work from being unbalanced or attending to one thing while neglecting another. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, facing complex and intertwined economic and social development situations, the Communist Party of China has fully played its core leadership role, coordinating efficiency and fairness, material and spiritual aspects, and internal and external factors, ensuring the holistic advancement of common prosperity.

整体性是系统观念的核心要义。坚持系统观念，必须从事物的整体着眼、谋划和推进，防止工作畸轻畸重、顾此失彼。党的十八大以来，面对错综复杂的经济社会发展情况，中国共产党充分发挥领导核心作用，统筹效率和公平、物质和精神、内因和外因，确保共同富裕实现整体性推进。

Adhere to the unity of efficiency and fairness. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Communist Party of China has emphasized fairness in efficiency and efficient fairness, stressing the importance of “dividing the cake well” on the basis of “making the cake bigger,” achieving both high efficiency in high-quality production and rationalization of fair distribution in the course of high-quality development. On the one hand, it highlights high efficiency, striving to advance high-quality development, achieving a historic leap in economic strength: “GDP grew from 54 trillion yuan to 114 trillion yuan, and our country’s share of the world economy rose to 18.5%, an increase of 7.2 percentage points, firmly ranking second in the world”; “per capita GDP increased from 39,800 yuan to 81,000 yuan… the urbanization rate increased by 11.6 percentage points, reaching 64.7%.” On the other hand, it adheres to the bottom line of fairness, attaches great importance to income distribution, and rationally adjusts the pattern of national income distribution. Nationwide, “per capita disposable income of residents increased from 16,500 yuan to 35,100 yuan,” achieving a doubling; as a yardstick for measuring people’s living standards, the Engel coefficient fell from 33.0% in 2012 to 29.8% in 2021, a decrease of 3.2 percentage points, further improving residents’ living standards.

坚持效率和公平的统一。党的十八大以来，中国共产党注重讲公平的效率和有效率的公平，强调在“做大蛋糕”基础上“分好蛋糕”的重要性，在高质量发展中达到既有优质生产的高效率、又有公平分配的合理化。一方面，突出高效率，着力推进高质量发展，经济实力实现历史性跃升，“国内生产总值从五十四万亿元增长到一百一十四万亿元，我国经济总量占世界经济的比重达百分之十八点五，提高七点二个百分点，稳居世界第二位”，“人均国内生产总值从三万九千八百元增加到八万一千元……城镇化率提高十一点六个百分点，达到百分之六十四点七”。另一方面，坚守公平底线，高度重视收入分配，合理调整国民收入分配格局，全国“居民人均可支配收入从一万六千五百元增加到三万五千一百元”，实现翻番；作为衡量人民生活水平的一把刻度尺，恩格尔系数从2012年的33.0%下降至2021年的29.8%，下降3.2个百分点，居民生活水平进一步提高。

Adhere to the unity of material prosperity and spiritual prosperity. In the New Era, the Communist Party of China unswervingly regards development as the Party’s top priority in governing and rejuvenating the country. While continuously consolidating the material foundation for common prosperity, it particularly emphasizes that spiritual prosperity is indispensable, pointing out that “a nation without spiritual strength cannot stand on its own, and a cause without cultural support cannot last long.” The cultural confidence of the entire Party and the people of all ethnic groups in the country has been significantly enhanced, and their mental outlook has become more vigorous and uplifted. Most public cultural service facilities have been opened free of charge, and high-quality cultural products and services are increasingly abundant. New breakthroughs have been made in the integrated development of the cultural industry, with its share in the national economy steadily increasing. In 2013, the added value of China’s cultural industry was 2,135.1 billion yuan, with a ratio to GDP of 3.63%; by 2021, the added value of China’s culture and related industries was 5,238.5 billion yuan, with its share of GDP rising to 4.56%, making the cultural industry increasingly a pillar industry of the national economy. Cultural service facilities have been further improved. The results of the national poverty alleviation census show that the proportions of counties with public libraries, townships with comprehensive cultural stations, and administrative villages with book rooms or cultural stations reached 98.1%, 99.4%, and 98.9%, respectively. Residents’ cultural consumption has increased substantially. In 2021, per capita expenditure on education, culture, and entertainment by national residents was 2,599 yuan, an increase of 106.0% over 2012, with an average annual growth rate of 8.4%, effectively meeting the people’s cultural needs.

坚持物质富裕与精神富裕的统一。新时代，中国共产党坚定不移把发展作为党执政兴国的第一要务，在不断夯实共同富裕物质基础的同时，特别强调精神富裕不可或缺，指出“一个没有精神力量的民族难以自立自强，一项没有文化支撑的事业难以持续长久”。全党全国各族人民文化自信明显增强、精神面貌更加奋发昂扬，实现大多数公共文化服务设施的免费开放，优质文化产品和服务日趋丰富。文化产业融合发展取得新突破，在国民经济中的份额稳步提高，2013年中国文化产业增加值为21351亿元，与GDP的比值为3.63%，而2021年中国文化及相关产业增加值为52385亿元，占GDP的比重上升为4.56%，文化产业愈发成为国民经济的支柱性产业。文化服务设施进一步完善，国家脱贫攻坚普查结果显示，有公共图书馆的县、有综合文化站的乡镇、有图书室或文化站的行政村的比重分别达到98.1%、99.4%、98.9%。居民文化消费大幅增加，2021年全国居民人均教育文化娱乐支出2599元，比2012年增长106.0%，年均增长8.4%，人民的文化需求得到有效满足。

Adhere to the unity of internal and external factors. Dialectical materialism holds that the change and development of things are always the result of the joint action of internal and external factors. In the New Era, regarding the issue of common prosperity, the Communist Party of China has focused on stimulating endogenous momentum domestically: “It has put forward and implemented the new development philosophy, striven to advance high-quality development, promoted the construction of a new development pattern, implemented supply-side structural reform, and formulated a series of major regional strategies of overall significance, achieving a historic leap in our country’s economic strength.” Looking internationally, it has built a mutually beneficial, win-win, diversified, balanced, secure, and efficient open economic system: “It has implemented a more proactive opening-up strategy, built a globally oriented high-standard free trade zone network, accelerated the construction of pilot free trade zones and the Hainan Free Trade Port, and made the Belt and Road Initiative a widely welcomed international public good and international cooperation platform. Our country has become a major trading partner for over 140 countries and regions, ranking first in the world in total goods trade, and ranking among the top in the world in attracting foreign investment and outbound investment, forming a pattern of opening up to the outside world on a larger scale, in more fields, and at a deeper level,” continuously enhancing China’s new advantages in international economic cooperation and competition.

坚持内因和外因的统一。唯物辩证法认为，事物的变化发展总是由内因和外因共同作用的结果。新时代，在共同富裕问题上，中国共产党着眼国内不断激发内生动力，“提出并贯彻新发展理念，着力推进高质量发展，推动构建新发展格局，实施供给侧结构性改革，制定一系列具有全局性意义的区域重大战略，我国经济实力实现历史性跃升”；放眼国际，构建互利共赢、多元平衡、安全高效的开放型经济体系，“实行更加积极主动的开放战略，构建面向全球的高标准自由贸易区网络，加快推进自由贸易试验区、海南自由贸易港建设，共建‘一带一路’成为深受欢迎的国际公共产品和国际合作平台。我国成为一百四十多个国家和地区的主要贸易伙伴，货物贸易总额居世界第一，吸引外资和对外投资居世界前列，形成更大范围、更宽领域、更深层次对外开放格局”，不断增强中国国际经济合作和竞争新优势。

III. Logical Purpose: Integrating the Systems Concept Throughout the Entire Process of Common Prosperity

三、逻辑归旨：把系统观念贯穿共同富裕全过程

Under the guidance of the systems concept, historic achievements have been made in common prosperity. However, the contradiction between the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development remains acute. The income gap between urban and rural residents is still relatively large, and the Gini coefficient still exceeds the international warning line of 0.40. Therefore, on the new journey, to realize, safeguard, and develop the fundamental interests of the broadest majority of the people, the systems concept should be further integrated throughout the entire process of common prosperity, continuously raising the level of thinking, broadening the perspective of understanding, and solidly advancing common prosperity.

在系统观念的指引下，共同富裕取得历史性成就，但人民日益增长的美好生活需要同不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾依然严峻，城乡居民收入差距依然较大，基尼系数仍然超过0.40的国际警戒线。因此，在新征程上，实现好、维护好、发展好最广大人民根本利益，应进一步把系统观念贯穿共同富裕全过程，不断提升思维高度、扩宽认识角度，扎实推进共同富裕。

(1) Clarify the historical logic, correctly grasp the overall situation

（一）廓清历史理路，正确把握大局

“One who does not plan for the long term cannot plan for the moment.” [4]4 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Central Conference on Economic Work” (2015). The systems concept is far-sighted and contains profound wisdom. It can be used both to explain the world and to change the world. It has significant guiding significance for studying and judging the issue of common prosperity in the New Era. It should be actively pursued and done to the best of one’s ability while following the laws of social development.

“不谋万世者，不足谋一时”。系统观念高屋建瓴，蕴含着深邃的智慧，既可以用以解释世界，也可以用以改变世界，对研判新时代共同富裕问题具有重大指导意义，应当在遵循社会发展规律前提下，积极进取、尽力而为。

On the one hand, establish a grand historical perspective. The Communist Party of China, with far-sighted vision, has taken time as its axis and proposed a series of precise strategies for common prosperity that are coherent and highly aligned with historical development, moving from "solving the problem of food and clothing" to "letting some people get rich first, with those who get rich first driving those who get rich later," and then to "common prosperity." The CPC has unswervingly promoted common prosperity for all the people. Over the past century and more, the CPC has always been adept at using the systems concept to understand, analyze, and solve problems; this is a valuable experience and fine tradition formed by Chinese Communists in their century-long struggle. Comrade Mao Zedong, in "On Contradiction," [5]5 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the 28th Group Study Session of the Political Bureau of the 18th CPC Central Committee” (2015). thoroughly settled accounts with dogmatism from a philosophical standpoint, proposing that Chinese Communists "must study not only the particular contradictory nature and the essence it prescribes of the material forms of motion in each major system, but also the particular contradictions and essence of each process in the long course of development of each material form of motion"—that is, to grasp contradictions and their essence from a systemic and holistic perspective. After the founding of New China, Comrade Mao Zedong's "On the Ten Major Relationships" [6]6 Xi Jinping, “Report to the 19th National Congress of the CPC” (2017). became a classic text expounding the issues of socialist construction using the systems concept. In the new period of reform and opening up, Comrade Deng Xiaoping pointed out: "To build a modernized, powerful socialist country, there are many tasks, many things that need to be done, and there are interdependent relationships among the various tasks, such as between the economy and education, science, between the economy and politics, law, etc.; they all have interdependent relationships and cannot attend to one thing while neglecting another." This indicates that all aspects of socialist modernization do not exist or develop in isolation but are universally connected and interdependent. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, [7]7 The 18th National Congress of the CPC was held in 2012, marking the beginning of the New Era under Xi Jinping's leadership. in the face of the objective general situation of the "two overall situations," [8]8 "Two overall situations" refers to the strategic overall situation of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and the changes unseen in a century in the world. General Secretary Xi Jinping has insisted on systematic planning and coordinated advancement of all Party and national undertakings, and the systems concept has become a foundational method of thinking and working. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "Establish a grand historical perspective, analyze the mechanisms of evolution and explore historical laws from the long river of history, the tide of the times, and global trends, propose corresponding strategic strategies, and enhance the systematic, forward-looking, and creative nature of work." In the new stage of common prosperity, it is even more necessary to interpret this systematic project of common prosperity against the grand historical backdrop and to examine it within the entire long river of human historical development, thereby gaining a clearer and more sober insight into the past, grasping the present, and facing the future, writing a great chapter of the times on the new journey toward common prosperity.

一方面，树立大历史观。中国共产党高瞻远瞩，以时间为轴，提出了前后连贯、与历史发展高度契合的共同富裕系列精准策略，从“解决温饱”到“让一部分人先富起来、先富带动后富”，再到“共同富裕”，中国共产党矢志不渝地推进全体人民共同富裕。百余年来，中国共产党始终善于运用系统观念认识、分析、解决问题，这是中国共产党人在百余年奋斗中形成的宝贵经验和优良传统。毛泽东同志在《矛盾论》中，从哲学上对教条主义进行彻底清算，提出中国共产党人“不但要研究每一个大系统的物质运动形式的特殊的矛盾性及其所规定的本质，而且要研究每一个物质运动形式在其发展长途中的每一个过程的特殊的矛盾及其本质”，即从系统性、整体性上把握矛盾及其本质。新中国成立后，毛泽东同志的《论十大关系》更成为运用系统观念阐述社会主义建设问题的经典文献。改革开放新时期，邓小平同志指出：“为了建设现代化的社会主义强国，任务很多，需要做的事情很多，各种任务之间又有相互依存的关系，如像经济与教育、科学，经济与政治、法律等等，都有相互依存的关系，不能顾此失彼。”这表明社会主义现代化建设的各方面不是孤立存在、独立发展的，而是普遍联系、互相依存的。党的十八大以来，面对“两个大局”客观大势，习近平总书记坚持系统谋划、统筹推进党和国家各项事业，系统观念已经成为具有基础性的思想方法和工作方法。习近平总书记指出：“树立大历史观，从历史长河、时代大潮、全球风云中分析演变机理、探究历史规律，提出因应的战略策略，增强工作的系统性、预见性、创造性。”共同富裕的新阶段，更要将共同富裕这一系统工程置于历史大背景下解读，置于整个人类历史发展长河中加以审视，从而更加清晰清醒地洞悉过去、把握当下、面向未来，书写好新征程上共同富裕的时代鸿篇。

On the other hand, adhere to the overall perspective. All work in contemporary China must be closely centered on the two overall situations: the strategic overall situation of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and the changes unseen in a century in the world. "Common prosperity" inherits the unremitting longing of Chinese literati and scholars throughout history for "equality without poverty, harmony without scarcity, and stability without danger," [9]9 This phrase is from the Confucian classic *The Analects*, expressing an ideal of social harmony and equity. the unity of material and spiritual aspects in "a prosperous people and a strong country, with peace and the Way prevailing," [10]10 This phrase is from the historical text *Zizhi Tongjian* (Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government), describing a state of material prosperity and moral order. and the harmonious and symbiotic view of nature in "using resources with restraint." [11]11 This phrase reflects the traditional Chinese ecological ethic of sustainable resource use, found in classical texts such as *The Book of Rites*. It is not only a new manifestation of the excellent traditional Chinese culture but also a phased goal the Party Central Committee aims to achieve by the middle of this century. "Chinese-path modernization must not only create higher efficiency than capitalism but also more effectively maintain social fairness, better achieving the mutual consideration, promotion, and unity of efficiency and fairness." In the process of realizing the second centenary goal, [12]12 The second centenary goal refers to building China into a modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious, and beautiful by the middle of the 21st century. it is necessary to accurately grasp and promptly answer the major question of "how to achieve more obvious substantive progress in common prosperity for all the people."

另一方面，坚持大局观。当代中国的一切工作都要紧紧围绕中华民族伟大复兴的战略全局和世界百年未有之大变局这两个大局展开。“共同富裕”继承了中华历代文人雅士对于“均无贫，和无寡，安无倾”的不懈渴求，“民富国强，众安道泰”的物质与精神的统一，“取用有节”的和谐共生的自然观，不仅是中华优秀传统文化的崭新展示，而且是党中央在21世纪中叶要实现的阶段性目标。“中国式现代化既要创造比资本主义更高的效率，又要更有效地维护社会公平，更好实现效率与公平相兼顾、相促进、相统一”。在实现第二个百年奋斗目标的进程中，必须准确把握并及时回答“怎样实现全体人民共同富裕取得更为明显的实质性进展”这一重大问题。

(II) Highlight work priorities, emphasize overall consideration and balanced approach

（二）突出工作重点，注重统筹兼顾

General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "Overall consideration and balanced approach is a scientific methodology of the CPC. Its philosophical connotation is Marxist dialectics. The CPC particularly emphasizes overall consideration and balanced approach." Overall consideration and balanced approach is a compliance with dialectical materialism and one of the important methods of contradiction analysis. In common prosperity, we must always adhere to overall consideration and balanced approach, achieve the organic unity of the two-point theory and the key-point theory, [13]13 The "two-point theory" and "key-point theory" are Maoist dialectical concepts: the former emphasizes seeing both sides of a contradiction, the latter focuses on the principal aspect. handle the relationship between top-level design and grassroots exploration, realize the unity of overall advancement and key breakthroughs, while taking care of the overall situation and balancing the whole, we must also highlight key points and clear levels, grasp the principal contradiction and the principal aspect of the contradiction; while basing ourselves on the present, we must also focus on the long term, creating an atmosphere where everyone works hard to achieve common prosperity, thereby realizing the overall effect.

习近平总书记指出：“统筹兼顾是中国共产党的一个科学方法论。它的哲学内涵就是马克思主义辩证法。中国共产党特别强调统筹兼顾。”统筹兼顾是对唯物辩证法的遵循，是矛盾分析的重要方法之一。在共同富裕中要始终坚持统筹兼顾，做好两点论和重点论的有机统一，处理好顶层设计和基层探索的关系，实现整体推进和重点突破的统一，既要照顾大局、兼顾整体，又要重点突出、层次分明，抓住主要矛盾和矛盾的主要方面；既要立足当前，又要着眼长远，通过营造人人辛勤劳动共同致富的氛围，实现整体效应。

First, plan the top-level design for promoting common prosperity. "One who fails to plan for the whole situation is inadequate to plan for a single domain." [14]14 This is a classical Chinese saying from the Qing dynasty text *The Art of War* by Chen Qian, emphasizing the necessity of holistic planning. Common prosperity is an overall concept; it is not the prosperity of a few, but the prosperity of all people across the country, in all industries and regions. It must be based on the overall situation, with overall coordination, taking narrowing regional gaps, urban-rural gaps, income gaps, and gaps in public services as the main direction, focusing on tilting toward rural areas, grassroots levels, underdeveloped regions, and people in difficulty, paying attention to the subsequent implementation of related issues, and conducting in-depth research on major issues related to common prosperity; grasp the core essence of letting all people share the fruits of development, adhere to the dominant position of distribution according to work, adjust the proportion of distribution according to work and distribution according to factors, focus on protecting labor income, increase the proportion of labor remuneration in primary distribution, ensure the dominant position of distribution according to work in both quantity and quality, limit excessively high capital income and income from other factors, make labor the main source of income for the broad masses of the people, and promote the basic synchronization of the increase in labor remuneration with the increase in labor productivity; grasp the key measures for expanding the middle-income group, combine goal orientation with problem orientation, implement the clear requirements of the outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan, formulate implementation plans for expanding the middle-income group, on the basis of universal income increase for urban and rural residents, promote more low-income groups to enter the middle-income bracket, establish monitoring and evaluation indicators that suit national conditions, establish and improve assessment and evaluation mechanisms, and build a scientific and feasible monitoring and evaluation system; adhere to the strategic arrangement of doing one's best within one's means, while insisting on ensuring and improving people's livelihood through development, with greater intensity and more concrete measures to enhance the sense of gain, happiness, and security of all the people, we must also clearly see the gap between China and developed countries in terms of development level, ensure and improve people's livelihood through the sustainable development of the economy and financial resources, and resolutely prevent falling into the trap of "welfarism" that fosters idlers.

第一，谋划好促进共同富裕的顶层设计。“不谋全局者，不足谋一域。”共同富裕是一个总体概念，不是少数人的富裕，是全国各地、各行各业所有人民都富裕，要立足全局，统筹协调，以缩小地区差距、城乡差距、收入差距和公共服务差距为主要方向，注重向农村、基层、欠发达地区和困难群众倾斜，重视相关问题后续贯彻落实工作，深入开展共同富裕有关重大问题研究；把握让全体人民共享发展成果的核心要义，坚持按劳分配主体地位，调节按劳分配和按要素分配的比例，着重保护劳动所得，提高劳动报酬在初次分配中的比重，保证按劳分配在量上和质上的主导地位，限制过高的资本收入和其他要素收入，使劳动成为广大人民群众的主要收入来源，促进劳动报酬提高与劳动生产率提高基本同步；抓好扩大中等收入群体的重点举措，将目标导向和问题导向相结合，落实“十四五”规划纲要的明确要求，制定扩大中等收入群体实施方案，在城乡居民普遍增收的基础上，推动更多低收入群体跨入中等收入行列，设立符合国情的监测评价指标，建立健全考核评估机制，构建科学可行的监测评估体系；坚持尽力而为、量力而行的战略安排，既要坚持在发展中保障和改善民生，以更大的力度、更实的举措提高全体人民群众获得感、幸福感、安全感，也要清醒地看到中国与发达国家在发展水平上的差距，以经济和财力的可持续发展保障和改善民生，坚决防止落入“福利主义”养懒汉的陷阱。

Second, adhere to high-quality development as the basic guideline for promoting common prosperity. The level achieved by common prosperity is highly correlated with the path and model of development. In the new stage of development, we should accurately grasp the new situation and new requirements, implement the new development concepts of innovation, coordination, green, openness, and sharing, drive the overall situation through breakthroughs in important areas and key links, while taking supply-side structural reform as the main line to increase total supply, improve supply quality, optimize supply structure, and promote the optimization and upgrading of traditional industries, we must also reverse the strategic basis of expanding domestic demand, continuously meet the diverse and personalized needs of the people, and more importantly, use high-quality supply to generate and create new market demand, forming a dynamic balance between demand and supply. At the same time, "the most arduous and heavy task in promoting common prosperity remains in the countryside." We should grasp the key and difficult point of the countryside, actively explore high-quality promotion of rural construction, focus on consolidating and expanding the achievements of poverty alleviation, establish and improve a dynamic monitoring and long-term mechanism for relative poverty governance in rural areas; protect food security, promote land system reform, steadily advance the deep integration of rural industrial development, extend the industrial chain, optimize and upgrade the rural industrial structure; innovate mechanisms for attracting, training, and serving talent, activate the talent engine for rural development, and stimulate the endogenous motivation to pursue common prosperity; optimize and improve the quality of the rural living environment, steadily promote the deep integration of urban and rural development, continuously strengthen the construction of the rural cultural service system, make up for the shortcomings of rural infrastructure, focus on enhancing the well-being of farmers' livelihoods, and narrow group gaps, urban-rural gaps, and regional gaps.

第二，坚持高质量发展是推进共同富裕的基本遵循。共同富裕所达到的水平与发展的路径和模式高度相关。新发展阶段，应当准确把握新形势新要求，贯彻创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的新发展理念，以重要领域和关键环节的突破带动全局，既要以供给侧结构性改革为主线，增加供给总量，提高供给质量，优化供给结构，推动传统产业优化升级，也要扭转扩大内需这个战略基点，不断满足人民群众多样化、个性化的多种需求，更要以高质量的供给催生创造新的市场需求，形成需求和供给的动态平衡。同时，“促进共同富裕，最艰巨最繁重的任务仍然在农村”。应当抓住农村这个重点难点，积极探寻高质量推进农村建设，着力巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果，建立健全农村相对贫困治理动态监测长效机制；保护粮食安全，推动土地制度改革，稳步推进乡村产业发展深度融合，延长产业链，优化升级乡村产业结构；创新人才引进激励、培养和服务保障机制，激活乡村发展人才引擎，激发追求共同富裕内生动力；优化提升农村人居环境质量，稳步推动城乡深度融合发展，持续加强农村文化服务体系建设，补齐农村基础设施短板，着力增强农民民生福祉，缩小群体差距、城乡差距、地区差距。

Third, all the people achieve common prosperity through hard work. An organic whole is composed of countless parts, but the whole and the parts arise and perish together. “When Marxists look at a problem, they must see not only the parts but also the whole as well.” [1]1 Mao Zedong, “On the Tactics of Fighting Japanese Imperialism” (1935). “Common” is the core element of “common prosperity”; it includes not only the sharing of the means of production and livelihood by the entire people, but also the enrichment of all the people through hard work and innovation. The people are the creators of history; “without the people’s support and participation, no reform can succeed.” [2]2 Xi Jinping, “Speech at a Meeting Commemorating the 40th Anniversary of Reform and Opening Up” (2018). Happiness is not something to be waited for; it is something to be fought for by all the people. Common prosperity depends on the broad masses of the people giving full play to their diligence and wisdom to continuously make and enlarge the “cake.” In the process of modernization, it is necessary not only to advocate the social value of getting rich through hard work, to actively pool the wisdom of all the people, and to actively promote common prosperity while adhering to the principle of more pay for more work, but also to further “open up channels for upward mobility, create more opportunities for people to get rich, form a development environment in which everyone participates, and avoid ‘involution’ and ‘lying flat.’” [3]3 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Central Conference on Financial and Economic Affairs” (2021). “Involution” (内卷, *neijuan*) refers to intensified competition that yields no proportional gains; “lying flat” (躺平, *tangping*) denotes a withdrawal from such competition.

第三，全体人民通过辛勤劳动来实现共同富裕。一个有机整体由无数个部分组成，但整体与部分一起生成和消亡。“马克思主义者看问题，不但要看到部分，而且要看到全体”。共同是“共同富裕”的核心要素，不仅包括生产生活资料的全民共享，还包括全体人民勤劳致富、创新致富。人民是历史的创造者，“没有人民支持和参与，任何改革都不可能取得成功”。幸福不是等出来的，而是靠全体人民奋斗出来的，共同富裕依赖于广大人民群众发挥自己的勤劳智慧不断做大做好“蛋糕”。现代化进程中，不仅要倡导勤劳致富的社会价值观，主动汇集全体人民的智慧结晶，在坚持多劳多得中积极推进共同富裕；也要进一步“畅通向上流动通道，给更多人创造致富机会，形成人人参与的发展环境，避免‘内卷’、‘躺平’”。

(3) Enhancing systemic integration to achieve efficient synergy

（三）增进系统集成，形成高效协同

The core characteristic of the systems concept is comprehensive coordination. It insists on considering problems holistically from the perspective of overall optimization, and emphasizes that specific links and elements must be efficiently synergistic and integrally linked. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasizes: “Coordination is both a means of development and a goal of development, and it is also a standard and yardstick for evaluating development.” [4]4 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Central Conference on Economic Work” (2015). Efficient synergy is an inherent requirement for achieving the comprehensive and coordinated development of common prosperity.

系统观念的核心特质是综合协调，坚持以整体优化的视角通盘综合考虑问题，强调具体环节要素要高效协同和整体联动。习近平总书记强调：“协调既是发展手段又是发展目标，同时还是评价发展的标准和尺度。”高效协同是实现共同富裕综合协调发展的内在要求。

At the macro level, common prosperity, as a holistic manifestation of China’s social development, has a totalistic character, and its realization necessarily depends on the synergistic cooperation of all components of the social system. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “It is necessary to clarify the relationship between the overall policy arrangement and a specific policy, the relationship between the systemic policy chain and a particular policy link, the relationship between top-level policy design and hierarchical policy alignment, the relationship between policy uniformity and policy differentiation, and the relationship between long-term policies and phased policies. One must neither replace the whole with the part nor replace the part with the whole, neither harm principle with flexibility nor bind flexibility with principle.” [5]5 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the 28th Group Study Session of the Political Bureau of the 18th CPC Central Committee” (2015). To achieve common prosperity, it is necessary to take the people’s needs for a better life as the starting point, the overall goal of common prosperity as the focal point, coordinated development as the foothold, the unified management of plan synergy, implementation synergy, and effect synergy as the key point, the mutual coordination of policies, the mutual promotion of processes, and the mutual reinforcement of results as the point of emphasis, and the prosperity of all the people, comprehensive prosperity, co-built prosperity, and shared prosperity as the ultimate goal, so as to realize the synergistic advancement of the social system.

宏观上，共同富裕作为中国社会发展的整体性呈现，具有总体性特征，其实现必然依赖于社会系统各组成部分的协同合作。习近平总书记指出：“要弄清楚整体政策安排与某一具体政策的关系、系统政策链条与某一政策环节的关系、政策顶层设计与政策分层对接的关系、政策统一性与政策差异性的关系、长期性政策与阶段性政策的关系，既不能以局部代替整体、又不能以整体代替局部，既不能以灵活性损害原则性、又不能以原则性束缚灵活性。”实现共同富裕，就是要以人民的美好生活需要为出发点，以共同富裕总目标为发力点，以协同发展为立足点，以统抓方案协同、落实协同、效果协同为关键点，以政策相互配合、过程相互促进、成效相得益彰为着力点，以全民富裕、全面富裕、共建富裕、共享富裕为落脚点，实现社会系统协同推进。

At the micro level, to achieve common prosperity, it is necessary to further handle several pairs of relationships. First, “better combine an effective market with a competent government.” [6]6 Xi Jinping, “Report to the 19th National Congress of the CPC” (2017). It is necessary to give full play to the decisive role of the market in resource allocation, build a high-standard market system, and maintain a fair and just market order. At the same time, on the basis of respecting market laws, it is also necessary to better realize government leadership, give play to the government’s coordinating role in common prosperity, and enhance the government’s functions of service, supervision, and regulation so as to maximize the benefits and optimize the efficiency of resource allocation. Second, empower the integrated development of urban and rural areas. Break down barriers between urban and rural factor markets, and promote the formation of a virtuous cycle in which talent, land, capital, industry, and information converge; promote the interconnection and interoperability of urban and rural infrastructure, the universal sharing of public services, and the mutual complementarity and progress of consumption and living standards, so as to achieve equalization of the quality of urban and rural life; through the joint construction of urban and rural digital platforms, the interconnection of urban and rural digital industries, and the sharing of urban and rural digital facilities, promote the intelligent and integrated development of urban and rural areas, accelerate the construction of smart and green villages, enhance the digital governance capacity of villages, and promote efficient and synchronized urban and rural governance. Third, grasp the “two hands” of the state-owned economy and the private economy. It is necessary to develop a mixed-ownership economy, expand the public sector of the economy in terms of “quantity,” and give play to the strategic supporting role of the state-owned economy. At the same time, it is necessary to build an open, fair, and just environment for participation, attach importance to the development of private enterprise industrial clusters, protect the rights of private enterprises in accordance with the law, and optimize the income distribution pattern of private enterprises. Fourth, advance the “dual circulation” strategy of domestic and international cycles. It is necessary to improve the supply quality of the industrial system by supplementing, consolidating, and strengthening the industrial chain, enhance the inclusiveness of finance, improve the efficiency of capital allocation, promote the development of the real economy, and further “make the cake bigger.” At the same time, it is necessary to break down institutional barriers that hinder the marketization of commodities and factors of production, so that all market entities can participate in market competition more fairly, and further “distribute the cake well.” It is necessary to actively promote openness and cooperation between countries and promote the building of a community with a shared future for mankind, and also to achieve a higher level of division of labor in the international industrial chain and value chain through the formulation and improvement of international economic and trade rules. Fifth, comprehensively consider material civilization and cultural-ethical progress. On the basis of high-quality development of material civilization, adhere to the unity of social and economic benefits, promote the steady progress of cultural-ethical progress, enhance cultural confidence and confidence in the theory, stimulate the cultural innovation and creativity of the entire nation, and realize the mutual promotion, two-wheel drive, and dual-wing resonance of material civilization and cultural-ethical progress.

微观上，实现共同富裕，要进一步处理好几对关系。其一，“有效市场和有为政府更好结合”。既要充分发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用，建设高标准的市场体系，维护公平公正的市场秩序，也要在尊重市场规律的基础上，更好实现政府主导，发挥政府在共同富裕中的统筹作用，提升政府服务、监督、调节作用以实现资源配置效益最大化和效率最优化。其二，赋能城乡融合发展。破解城乡要素市场阻隔，推动形成人才、土地、资金、产业、信息汇聚的良性循环；促进城乡基础设施互联互通、公共服务普惠共享、消费生活互补共进，实现城乡生活品质均等；通过城乡数字平台共建、城乡数字产业互联、城乡数字设施共享，推动城乡智联融合发展，加快智慧绿色乡村建设，提升乡村数字治理能力，促进城乡治理高效同步。其三，抓好国有经济和民营经济“两只手”。既要发展混合所有制经济，从“量”上壮大公有制经济，发挥国有经济的战略支撑作用，又要构建公开公平公正的参与环境，重视民营企业产业集群的发展，依法保护民营企业的权利，优化民营企业的收入分配格局。其四，推进国内和国际“双循环”战略。既要通过补链固链强链，提高产业体系的供给质量，增强金融的普惠性，提高资金的配置效率，促进实体经济发展，进一步“做大蛋糕”，也要通过打破阻碍商品市场化和要素市场化的制度藩篱，实现各市场主体更加公平地参与市场竞争，进一步“分好蛋糕”；既要通过积极促进国家之间的开放合作，推动构建人类命运共同体，也要通过国际经贸规则的制定和完善，更高水平上实现国际产业链和价值链的分工。其五，统筹考量物质文明和精神文明。在物质文明高质量发展的基础上，坚持社会效益与经济效益相统一，推动精神文明建设的稳步前进，增强文化自觉和文化自信，激发全民族文化创新创造活力，实现物质文明与精神文明相互促进、两轮驱动、双翼共振。

Online editor: Huihui

网络编辑：慧慧