Focusing on Directional, Overall, and Strategic Issues to Further Deepen Reform Comprehensively

Planning and deploying reform around the Party's central tasks is a successful experience of the Party in leading reform and opening up. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has firmly grasped the forward direction of reform and opening up, anchored the general goal of deepening reform comprehensively, and propelled the comprehensive deepening of reform in the New Era to achieve historic, revolutionary, and pioneering accomplishments. The "Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively to Advance Chinese-path Modernization" (hereinafter referred to as the "Decision"), reviewed and approved at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC, anchors the goal of basically realizing socialist modernization by 2035 and focuses on deploying major reform measures for the next five years. General Secretary Xi Jinping explained the content arrangement, summarizing it as the "Five Emphases": "emphasizing the leading role of economic system reform," "emphasizing the establishment of institutional mechanisms to support comprehensive innovation," "emphasizing comprehensive reform," "emphasizing the coordinated advancement of development and security," and "emphasizing strengthening the Party's leadership over reform." It is necessary to deeply understand and grasp the significance of the "Five Emphases," focus on directional, overall, and strategic issues in the process of further deepening reform comprehensively, strengthen the systemic integration of reforms, and ensure that reforms in all aspects coordinate with each other and are synergistically efficient.

围绕党的中心任务谋划和部署改革，是党领导改革开放的成功经验。党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央牢牢把握改革开放的前进方向，锚定全面深化改革总目标，推动新时代全面深化改革取得历史性、革命性、开创性成就。党的二十届三中全会审议通过的《中共中央关于进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化的决定》（以下简称《决定》）锚定2035年基本实现社会主义现代化目标，重点部署未来五年的重大改革举措。习近平总书记对内容摆布作了说明，概括为“五个注重”：“注重发挥经济体制改革牵引作用”“注重构建支持全面创新体制机制”“注重全面改革”“注重统筹发展和安全”“注重加强党对改革的领导”。必须深入理解和把握“五个注重”的重要意义，在进一步全面深化改革的进程中聚焦方向性、全局性、战略性问题，强化改革的系统集成，确保各方面改革相互配合、协同高效。

1. Emphasizing the leading role of economic system reform

1.注重发挥经济体制改革牵引作用

The economic system is the bridge and foundation of all social systems; deepening economic system reform is the key focus of further deepening reform comprehensively. Marxism holds that the contradictory movement between productive forces and relations of production, and between the economic base and the superstructure, is the fundamental driving force of social development. This determines that all social systems are closely related to the economic system. Only by firmly grasping the "bull's nose" of economic system reform can its leading role be fully exerted, driving and advancing reforms in other fields, forming a combined force for overall reform, and pushing reform to develop in depth.

经济体制是社会各种体制的桥梁和基础，深化经济体制改革是进一步全面深化改革的重点所在。马克思主义认为，生产力与生产关系、经济基础与上层建筑的矛盾运动是社会发展的根本动力。这就决定了社会各种体制都与经济体制密切相关，紧紧牵住经济体制改革的“牛鼻子”，才能充分发挥其牵引作用，带动和推进其他领域的改革，形成整体改革合力，推进改革向纵深发展。

Exerting the leading role of economic system reform is a successful experience in advancing reform and opening up. Since reform and opening up, when resolving the contradiction between the people's ever-growing material and cultural needs and backward social production, our Party, leading the people of the whole country through a series of reforms of the economic system, further liberated and developed social productive forces, achieved a substantial increase in the level of economic development, comprehensive national power, and people's living standards, and fully exerted the leading role of economic system reform. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, economic system reform has continued to deepen, continuously promoting the interaction between productive forces and relations of production, and the cause of reform and opening up has been pushed forward. Currently, to adapt to changes in the principal contradiction in Chinese society and solve new problems and challenges in development, it is necessary to make major reform deployments in key areas and crucial links of the economic system.

发挥经济体制改革牵引作用是推进改革开放的成功经验。改革开放以来，在解决人民日益增长的物质文化需要同落后的社会生产之间的矛盾时，我们党领导全国人民通过经济体制系列改革，进一步解放和发展社会生产力，实现经济发展水平、综合国力和人民生活水平大幅提高，充分发挥出经济体制改革的牵引作用。党的十八大以来，经济体制改革持续深化，不断推动生产力与生产关系相互作用，改革开放事业不断推向前进。当前，为适应我国社会主要矛盾变化，解决发展中的新问题新挑战，必须进一步对经济体制重点领域和关键环节作出重大改革部署。

Exerting the leading role of economic system reform is determined by China's greatest national condition and greatest reality. The primary stage of socialism remains China's greatest national condition and greatest reality; the basic national condition that China is still in and will long remain in the primary stage of socialism has not changed, and China's international status as the world's largest developing country has not changed. Firmly grasping the Party's central tasks on the new journey of the New Era, solving the problem of unbalanced and inadequate development, and better meeting the people's needs for a better life still require adhering to economic construction as the central task and focusing on development, which is the Party's top priority in governing and rejuvenating the country. Currently, the prominent problem facing the promotion of high-quality development is unbalanced and inadequate development, and there are still many institutional and mechanistic obstacles restricting economic and social development. These objective development realities require us to focus on the core issue of properly handling the relationship between the government and the market, place the construction of a high-level socialist market economy system in a prominent position, further deepen economic system reform, and continuously consolidate the material foundation for advancing Chinese-path modernization.

发挥经济体制改革牵引作用是由我国的最大国情和最大实际决定的。社会主义初级阶段仍是我国的最大国情和最大实际，我国仍处于并将长期处于社会主义初级阶段的基本国情没有变，我国是世界最大发展中国家的国际地位没有变。牢牢把握新时代新征程党的中心任务，解决发展不平衡不充分问题，更好满足人民对美好生活的需要，仍须坚持以经济建设为中心，着力抓好发展这个党执政兴国的第一要务。当前，推动高质量发展面临的突出问题是发展不平衡不充分，制约经济社会发展的体制机制障碍仍有不少，这些客观发展实际，要求我们必须围绕处理好政府和市场关系这个核心问题，把构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制摆在突出位置，进一步深化经济体制改革，为推进中国式现代化不断夯实物质基础。

2. Emphasizing the establishment of institutional mechanisms to support comprehensive innovation

2.注重构建支持全面创新体制机制

Education, science and technology, and talent are the foundational and strategic supports for national development. The 20th National Congress of the CPC explicitly placed innovation at the core of the overall situation of modernization, reflecting the Party Central Committee's profound insight into and grasp of the nature and laws of innovation. Establishing institutional mechanisms to support comprehensive innovation is a major reform measure to enhance the overall effectiveness of the national innovation system. By coordinating and advancing the integrated reform of the education, science and technology, and talent institutional mechanisms, optimizing resource allocation, and enhancing independent innovation capabilities, we can firmly grasp the autonomy of innovation and the initiative in development in our own hands.

教育、科技、人才是国家发展的基础性、战略性支撑。党的二十大明确将创新置于现代化建设全局中的核心地位，体现了党中央对创新本质和规律的深刻洞察与把握。构建支持全面创新体制机制，是提升国家创新体系整体效能的重大改革举措。通过统筹推进教育科技人才体制机制一体改革，优化资源配置，增强自主创新能力，把创新自主权、发展主动权牢牢掌握在自己手中。

Deeply grasp the intrinsic connection of the integrated reform of the education, science and technology, and talent institutional mechanisms. Education is an important cornerstone for national rejuvenation and social progress. By deepening the reform of the education institutional mechanism, enhancing talent cultivation capabilities, and stimulating innovation vitality, it can provide a continuous driving force for the development of science and technology and the growth of talent. Science and technology are the primary productive forces and the core force driving economic and social development; scientific and technological progress can promote educational development and innovation, providing broader development space for talent. Talent is the key intellectual resource for further innovation in education and science and technology. By coordinating and advancing integrated reform, a more complete talent development system can be constructed, attracting and cultivating more high-quality talent, and providing a strong guarantee for the development of education and science and technology.

深刻把握教育科技人才体制机制一体改革的内在联系。教育是民族振兴、社会进步的重要基石。通过深化教育体制机制改革，增强人才培养能力，激发创新活力，可以为科技发展和人才成长提供源源不断的动力。科技是第一生产力，是推动经济社会发展的核心力量，科技进步能够推动教育发展和创新，为人才提供更加广阔的发展空间。人才是教育和科技进一步革新的关键智力资源，通过统筹推进一体改革，可以构建更加完善的人才发展体系，吸引和培养更多高素质人才，为教育和科技的发展提供有力保障。

Adopt multiple measures simultaneously to further enhance the overall effectiveness of the national innovation system. Strengthen top-level design and strategic planning in the fields of education, science and technology, and talent to ensure that the integrated reform is coordinated, synchronized, and orderly advanced. Increase investment in the fields of education, science and technology, and talent, and optimize resource allocation. Strengthen the coordination and synergy of various innovation entities to form a good situation of joint efforts to promote innovation and development. Further deepen comprehensive education reform, science and technology system reform, and talent development institutional mechanism reform, break down institutional and mechanistic obstacles restricting innovation and development, and stimulate innovation vitality and creativity. Pay attention to promoting international cooperation and exchange in the fields of education, science and technology, and talent.

多措并举进一步提升国家创新体系整体效能。加强教育、科技、人才领域的顶层设计和战略规划，确保一体改革协调同步、有序推进。加大对教育、科技、人才领域的投入力度，优化资源配置。加强各类创新主体的统筹协同，形成合力推动创新发展的良好局面。进一步深化教育综合改革、科技体制改革和人才发展体制机制改革，破除制约创新发展的体制机制障碍，激发创新活力和创造力。注重推动教育、科技、人才领域的国际合作与交流。

3. Emphasizing comprehensive reform

3.注重全面改革

Plan further deepening of reform comprehensively within the framework of coordinating the advancement of the Five-Sphere Integrated Plan and the Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy, and coordinate the deployment of economic system reform and reforms in other fields. Strengthen the systemic integration, overall planning, and coordinated advancement of reforms, use comprehensive reform to break down obstacles and bottlenecks restricting development in various fields, and in the process of further optimizing resource allocation efficiency and improving people's livelihood and well-being, continuously enhance the people's sense of gain, happiness, and security.

在统筹推进“五位一体”总体布局、协调推进“四个全面”战略布局框架下谋划进一步全面深化改革，统筹部署经济体制改革和其他各领域改革。强化改革的系统集成、整体谋划、协调推进，以全面改革破除制约各领域发展的障碍瓶颈，在进一步优化资源配置效率、改善民生福祉的过程中，不断增强人民群众获得感、幸福感和安全感。

Comprehensive reform requires a deep understanding of the connotations of the Five-Sphere Integrated Plan and the Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy. In the Five-Sphere Integrated Plan, economic construction is the foundation, political construction is the guarantee, cultural construction is the soul, social construction is the condition, and ecological civilization construction is the foundation; they are organically unified and indivisible. Inadequate reform or insufficient development in any single field will affect the overall reform effectiveness. In the Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy, comprehensively building a modern socialist country is the strategic goal, comprehensively deepening reform is the powerful driving force, comprehensively governing the country according to law is an important support, and comprehensively and strictly governing the Party is the fundamental guarantee; it is an important pathway and method for realizing the Five-Sphere Integrated Plan.

全面改革必须深入理解“五位一体”总体布局、“四个全面”战略布局的内涵。在“五位一体”总体布局中，经济建设是根本，政治建设是保障，文化建设是灵魂，社会建设是条件，生态文明建设是基础，相互之间有机统一、不可分割，任何一个领域改革不到位、发展不足，都会影响整体的改革成效。在“四个全面”战略布局中，全面建设社会主义现代化国家是战略目标，全面深化改革是强大动力，全面依法治国是重要支撑，全面从严治党是根本保证，是实现“五位一体”总体布局的重要途径和方法。

The holistic and systematic nature of comprehensive reform is the key to ensuring the smooth progress and effectiveness of reform. Only by strengthening forward-looking thinking and overall planning in comprehensive reform, considering long-term impacts, and coordinating the advancement of reforms in various fields can a combined force for reform be formed, ensuring that various reform measures coordinate with each other in policy orientation and promote each other in the implementation process, which helps to resolve deep-seated contradictions and problems. Reforms in all aspects and fields need to clarify short-term and long-term goals, coordinate micro and macro policies, balance local and overall interests; the reform implementation timetable and task book should be flexibly adjusted and optimized according to actual conditions; the reform path design should focus on systematicness and synergy, ensuring that reforms in various fields are interconnected and mutually reinforcing.

全面改革的整体性、系统性是确保改革顺利推进并取得实效的关键。只有在全面改革中加强前瞻性思考、全局性谋划，考虑长远影响，协调推进各领域改革，才能形成改革合力，确保各项改革举措在政策取向上相互配合、在实施过程中相互促进，有助于解决深层次矛盾和问题。各方面各领域的改革都需要明确短期与长期目标，协调微观与宏观政策，平衡局部与整体利益，改革实施时间表和任务书应根据实际情况灵活调整和优化，改革路径设计应注重系统性和协同性，确保各领域改革相互衔接、相互促进。

4. Emphasizing the coordinated advancement of development and security

4.注重统筹发展和安全

General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "Coordinating development and security, enhancing vigilance, and being prepared for danger in times of safety is a major principle of our Party in governing the country." Development is foundational and fundamental; it is the "master key" to solving regional security issues, and development itself is the greatest security. Security is the condition and guarantee for development; without security and stability, nothing else can be discussed. Development and security must be advanced simultaneously; national security should be planned and deployed together with economic and social development, promoting security through development and ensuring development with security.

习近平总书记指出：“统筹发展和安全，增强忧患意识，做到居安思危，是我们党治国理政的一个重大原则。”发展具有基础性、根本性，是解决地区安全问题的“总钥匙”，发展就是最大的安全。安全是发展的条件和保障，没有安全和稳定，一切都无从谈起。发展和安全必须同步推进，把国家安全同经济社会发展一起谋划、一起部署，以发展促安全、以安全保发展。

Our Party has always attached great importance to correctly handling the relationship among reform, development, and stability, insisting on making the safeguarding of national security and social stability a foundational task of the Party and the state, creating the two miracles of rapid economic development and long-term social stability, and making China one of the countries recognized by the international community as having the greatest sense of security. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC [1]1 The 18th National Congress of the CPC was held in 2012, marking the beginning of the Xi Jinping era and the initiation of comprehensive deepening of reforms., our Party has firmly grasped the relationship between development and security, integrating security development into all fields and the entire process of national development, with national security being comprehensively strengthened, providing a strong guarantee for the flourishing and long-term stability of the Party and the state's cause. On the new journey [2]2 "New journey" refers to the period of building a modern socialist country in all respects, starting from the 20th National Congress of the CPC in 2022., we must adhere to placing equal emphasis on development and security, promoting a positive interaction between high-quality development and high-level security. We must accelerate the construction of a new development pattern, form a strong domestic economic circulation system and a stable foundation, and enhance national security strength through development. We must deepen innovation in national security thinking, systems, and methods, enhance the ability to dynamically maintain national security in an open environment, and secure the new development pattern with a new security architecture.

我们党始终高度重视正确处理改革发展稳定的关系，坚持把维护国家安全和社会稳定作为党和国家的基础性工作来抓，创造了经济快速发展和社会长期稳定两大奇迹，我国成为国际社会公认的最有安全感的国家之一。党的十八大以来，我们党牢牢把握发展和安全的关系，把安全发展贯穿国家发展各领域全过程，国家安全得到全面加强，为党和国家事业兴旺发达、长治久安提供了有力保证。新征程上，必须坚持发展和安全并重，推动高质量发展和高水平安全良性互动。加快构建新发展格局，形成强大的国内经济循环体系和稳固的基本盘，通过发展提升国家安全实力。深入推进国家安全思路、体制、手段创新，增强在对外开放环境中动态维护国家安全的本领，以新安全格局保障新发展格局。

Currently, the new situation and new tasks facing national governance place new and higher demands on the national security system and capabilities, requiring reform and innovation to ensure they meet the requirements of the modernization of the national governance system and governance capabilities. We must improve the national security legal system, strategic system, policy system, and risk monitoring and early warning system, improve the security guarantee system for key areas and the important special coordination and command system, and build a linked and efficient national security protection system. We must improve the public safety governance mechanism, perfect the social governance system, and improve the foreign-related national security mechanism. We must strengthen security capabilities in key areas and overseas security guarantee capabilities, enhance the ability to prevent and resolve major risks, and strictly guard against systemic security risks. We must comprehensively strengthen national security education, and enhance the national security awareness and literacy of the entire people.

当前，国家治理面临的新形势新任务，对国家安全体系和能力提出新的更高要求，需要通过改革创新确保其同国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的要求相适应。完善国家安全法治体系、战略体系、政策体系、风险监测预警体系，完善重点领域安全保障体系和重要专项协调指挥体系，构建联动高效的国家安全防护体系。完善公共安全治理机制，健全社会治理体系，完善涉外国家安全机制。加强重点领域安全能力和海外安全保障能力建设，提高防范化解重大风险能力，严密防范系统性安全风险。全面加强国家安全教育，增强全民国家安全意识和素养。

5. Focus on Strengthening the Party's Leadership over Reform

5.注重加强党对改革的领导

The Party's leadership is the fundamental guarantee for further deepening reform comprehensively and advancing Chinese-path modernization. The centralized and unified leadership of the Party Central Committee is the highest principle of the Party's leadership. The entire Party must deeply comprehend the decisive significance of the Two Establishments [3]3 The Two Establishments refers to establishing Comrade Xi Jinping's core position on the Party Central Committee and in the Party as a whole, and establishing the guiding role of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era., enhance the Four Consciousnesses [4]4 The Four Consciousnesses refers to the consciousness of the need to maintain political integrity, think in big-picture terms, follow the leadership core, and keep in alignment with the central Party leadership., strengthen the Four Confidences [5]5 The Four Confidences refers to confidence in the path, theory, system, and culture of socialism with Chinese characteristics., and achieve the Two Upholds [6]6 The Two Upholds refers to upholding General Secretary Xi Jinping's core position on the Party Central Committee and in the Party as a whole, and upholding the authority and centralized, unified leadership of the Party Central Committee., always maintaining a high degree of consistency with the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core in the process of further deepening reform comprehensively and advancing Chinese-path modernization. We must adhere to governing the Party and managing it with the spirit of reform and strict standards, maintain a high degree of consciousness in leading social revolution through the Party's self-revolution, and promote the new great project of Party building in the New Era to develop in depth.

党的领导是进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化的根本保证，党中央集中统一领导是党的领导的最高原则。全党必须深刻领悟“两个确立”的决定性意义，增强“四个意识”、坚定“四个自信”、做到“两个维护”，在进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化的过程中始终同以习近平同志为核心的党中央保持高度一致。坚持用改革精神和严的标准管党治党，保持以党的自我革命引领社会革命的高度自觉，推动新时代党的建设新的伟大工程向纵深发展。

Adhere to and strengthen the Party's political leadership over reform, ensuring that further deepening reform comprehensively always advances in the correct direction. History and practice show that adhering to the Party's leadership over reform, especially political leadership, is the key and foundation for ensuring the stable and long-term progress of the cause of reform and opening up. Adhering to the Party's leadership means, first of all, adhering to the authority and centralized, unified leadership of the Party Central Committee, which must not be ambiguous or wavered at any time or under any circumstances. The most important aspect of adhering to the authority and centralized, unified leadership of the Party Central Committee is political leadership. To further deepen reform comprehensively on the new journey, we must adhere to and strengthen the Party's political leadership over reform, ensuring that the ship of reform and opening up always sails forward, breaking the waves, along the correct course of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

坚持和加强党对改革的政治领导，确保进一步全面深化改革始终沿着正确方向前进。历史和实践表明，坚持党对改革的领导，尤其是政治领导，是确保改革开放事业行稳致远的关键和根本。坚持党的领导，首先是坚持党中央权威和集中统一领导，任何时候任何情况下都不能含糊、不能动摇。坚持党中央权威和集中统一领导，最重要的就是政治领导。新征程上进一步全面深化改革，必须坚持和加强党对改革的政治领导，确保改革开放这艘航船始终沿着中国特色社会主义的正确航向破浪前行。

Adhere to and strengthen the Party's ideological leadership over reform, consolidating the ideological foundation for the unity of millions of people and the continuous advancement of reform and opening up. Thought is the precursor of action, and theory is the guide for practice. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has attached great importance to the ideological leadership over reform, insisting on emancipating the mind, seeking truth from facts, advancing with the times, and being realistic and pragmatic, continuously deepening the understanding of the laws of reform, creatively proposing a series of new ideas, new viewpoints, and new judgments, scientifically answering a series of major theoretical and practical questions such as why and how to comprehensively deepen reform in the New Era. The Party's ideological leadership is an important prerequisite and foundation for political leadership and organizational leadership. To further deepen reform comprehensively on the new journey, we must adhere to and strengthen the Party's ideological leadership over reform, unremittingly use Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era to consolidate souls and inspire minds, adhere to the guiding position of Marxism in the ideological domain, and build a solid ideological foundation for the unity of millions of people and the continuous advancement of reform and opening up.

坚持和加强党对改革的思想领导，夯实万众一心、不断推进改革开放的思想基础。思想是行动的先导，理论是实践的指南。党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央高度重视对改革的思想领导，坚持解放思想、实事求是、与时俱进、求真务实，不断深化对改革的规律性认识，创造性提出一系列新思想、新观点、新论断，科学回答了在新时代为什么要全面深化改革、怎样全面深化改革等一系列重大理论和实践问题。党的思想领导是政治领导和组织领导的重要前提和基础。新征程上进一步全面深化改革，必须坚持和加强党对改革的思想领导，坚持不懈用习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想凝心铸魂，坚持马克思主义在意识形态领域指导地位，筑牢万众一心、不断推进改革开放的思想基础。

Adhere to and strengthen the Party's organizational leadership over reform, gathering the mighty force for further deepening reform comprehensively. A tight organizational system is the Party's advantage and strength, and a solid support for realizing the Party's leadership. The Party's organizational leadership is the guarantee for the Party's political leadership and ideological leadership, and the key to ensuring the comprehensive implementation of various reform tasks. To further deepen reform comprehensively on the new journey, we must adhere to and strengthen the Party's organizational leadership over reform, improve the implementation mechanism for the major decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee, continuously deepen the reform of the cadre and personnel system, continuously enhance the political functions and organizational functions of Party organizations, improve the mechanisms for the education, management, and role-playing of Party members, implement a more active, more open, and more effective talent policy, widely gather hearts and strength, mobilize all positive factors that can be mobilized, think with one mind and work with one strength, forming a powerful synergy for further deepening reform comprehensively and advancing Chinese-path modernization.

坚持和加强党对改革的组织领导，凝聚进一步全面深化改革的磅礴力量。严密的组织体系是党的优势所在、力量所在，是实现党的领导的坚实依托。党的组织领导是党的政治领导和思想领导的保证，是确保各项改革任务全面落地的关键。新征程上进一步全面深化改革，必须坚持和加强党对改革的组织领导，完善党中央重大决策部署落实机制，持续深化干部人事制度改革，不断增强党组织的政治功能和组织功能，完善党员教育管理、作用发挥机制，实施更加积极、更加开放、更加有效的人才政策，广泛凝心聚力，把一切可以调动的积极因素调动起来，心往一处想、劲往一处使，形成进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化的强大合力。

Online Editor: Paul

网络编辑：保罗