Improve the Institutions and Mechanisms for Developing New Quality Productive Forces According to Local Conditions

General Secretary Xi Jinping creatively put forward "developing new quality productive forces." This is an innovative development of the Marxist theory of productive forces, endowing Xi Jinping's economic thought with new connotations. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC made comprehensive arrangements for "improving the institutions and mechanisms for developing new quality productive forces according to local conditions." Developing new quality productive forces is an inherent requirement and an important focus for promoting high-quality development, and is a major strategic measure for advancing Chinese-path modernization. It is necessary to further deepen reform comprehensively, strive to form relations of production that are more compatible with new quality productive forces, unblock the bottlenecks and obstacles that constrain the development of new quality productive forces, and promote the formation of a situation for the development of new quality productive forces in which productive factors flow smoothly and are efficiently allocated, scientific and technological innovation and industrial innovation are deeply integrated, and new industries, new models, and new drivers of growth continuously emerge, thereby providing strong impetus for high-quality development.

习近平总书记创造性提出“发展新质生产力”，这是对马克思主义生产力理论的创新发展，赋予习近平经济思想新的内涵。党的二十届三中全会对“健全因地制宜发展新质生产力体制机制”作出全面部署。发展新质生产力是推动高质量发展的内在要求和重要着力点，是推进中国式现代化的重大战略举措。要进一步全面深化改革，着力形成同新质生产力更相适应的生产关系，打通束缚新质生产力发展的堵点卡点，推动形成生产要素顺畅流动和高效配置、科技创新和产业创新深度融合、新产业新模式新动能持续涌现的新质生产力发展局面，为高质量发展提供强劲动力。

Developing New Quality Productive Forces Is a Reform Proposition

发展新质生产力是改革命题

Productive forces determine relations of production, and relations of production must adapt to the requirements of the development of productive forces. Accelerating the development of new quality productive forces is not only a development proposition but also a reform proposition. It is necessary to further deepen reform comprehensively, improve the institutions and mechanisms for developing new quality productive forces according to local conditions, and form new relations of production that are compatible with the requirements for the development of new quality productive forces.

生产力决定生产关系，生产关系必须与生产力发展要求相适应。加快发展新质生产力，既是发展命题，也是改革命题，必须进一步全面深化改革，健全因地制宜发展新质生产力体制机制，形成与新质生产力发展要求相适应的新型生产关系。

Further deepening reform comprehensively is conducive to optimizing the ecology of scientific and technological innovation and promoting revolutionary breakthroughs in technology. New quality productive forces are mainly driven by revolutionary breakthroughs in technology. Major technological breakthroughs in areas such as artificial intelligence, new energy, new materials, life sciences, and quantum technology can bring about entirely new changes in production methods and huge improvements in production efficiency. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, China's scientific and technological strength has been moving from quantitative accumulation to qualitative leap, from breakthroughs at individual points to the enhancement of systemic capabilities, and has entered a stage of running alongside or leading in some frontier fields. However, the original innovation capability "from 0 to 1" is not strong enough, the situation in which key core technologies in some fields are controlled by others has not yet fundamentally changed, the efficiency of scientific and technological input and output is not high, and the channels for transforming achievements are not smooth. The deep-seated reasons behind these problems are mainly factors within the science and technology system, such as the organizational methods of scientific and technological innovation not adapting to the new trend of multi-field integration and interdisciplinary crossover in scientific problems; the imperfect mechanism for investing in scientific research and development that supports basic research and original innovation; and so on. Only by continuously deepening the reform of the science and technology system, and jointly promoting the comprehensive innovation of the education mechanism and the talent mechanism, can we build a national innovation system that meets the requirements for developing new quality productive forces, fully tap the innovation vitality and potential of scientific and technological talents, promote the continuous emergence of original and disruptive scientific and technological innovation achievements, and stimulate the surging innovation momentum that gives birth to new quality productive forces.

进一步全面深化改革，有利于优化科技创新生态、推动技术革命性突破。新质生产力主要由技术革命性突破催生而成，人工智能、新能源、新材料、生命科学、量子科技等重大技术突破能够带来生产方式的全新变化和生产效率的巨大提升。党的十八大以来，我国科技实力正在从量的积累迈向质的飞跃、从点的突破迈向系统能力提升，在一些前沿领域进入并跑、领跑阶段。但“从0到1”原始创新能力不够强，一些领域关键核心技术受制于人的局面尚未根本改变，科技投入产出效率不高、成果转化通道不畅。这些问题背后的深层次原因主要是科技体制方面的因素，如科技创新组织方式不适应科学问题多领域融合、多学科交叉的新趋势；支持基础研究和原始创新的科技研发投入机制不完善；等等。只有持续深化科技体制改革，联动推进教育机制、人才机制全面创新，才能构建符合发展新质生产力要求的国家创新体系，充分挖掘科技人才创新活力潜能，推动原创性、颠覆性科技创新成果不断涌现，激发孕育新质生产力的澎湃创新动能。

Further deepening reform comprehensively is conducive to smoothing the channels for factor flow and promoting the innovative allocation of productive factors. Productive factors are the inputs of the production function, and the allocation efficiency of productive factors directly affects the output efficiency of the production function. The autonomous and efficient flow, precise matching, and optimized combination of various advanced and high-quality productive factors are important prerequisites for forming new quality productive forces. Since reform and opening up, China has continuously promoted the reform of the economic system, deepened the market-oriented reform of factors, promoted the flow of productive factors from low-productivity sectors to high-productivity sectors, especially manufacturing, promoted the equal use of productive factors by various forms of ownership according to law, and effectively improved total factor productivity by enhancing the convenience of factor flow and the flexibility of allocation, achieving a great leap in productive forces. At the same time, traditional factors such as labor and capital still suffer from varying degrees of misallocation and flow obstacles, and the markets for new types of productive factors such as data and technology are underdeveloped, causing structural contradictions and problems, and the development of productive forces has not fully reached the forefront of the production possibility frontier. Only by further improving the institutions and mechanisms for market-oriented allocation of factors, so that inefficient, low-efficiency, and misallocated factors can flow as quickly as possible to high-efficiency fields and regions, can the vitality of various factors be unleashed in competition, injecting ample impetus into the development of new quality productive forces.

进一步全面深化改革，有利于畅通要素流动渠道、促进生产要素创新性配置。生产要素是生产函数的投入，生产要素的配置效率直接影响生产函数的产出效率。各类先进优质生产要素的自主高效流动、精准适配与优化组合，是形成新质生产力的重要前提。改革开放以来，我国持续推进经济体制改革，深化要素市场化改革，推动生产要素从低生产率的部门向高生产率的部门特别是制造业流动，促进各种所有制经济依法平等使用生产要素，通过提升要素流动便利度和配置灵活性，有效提升了全要素生产率，实现了生产力的大飞跃。同时，劳动力、资本等传统要素还存在不同程度的错配和流动障碍，数据、技术等新型生产要素市场发育不充分，造成结构性矛盾和问题，生产力发展没有完全达到生产可能性边界的最前沿。只有进一步完善要素市场化配置体制机制，让无效、低效和错位配置的要素尽快流向优质高效的领域和区域，才能让各类要素活力竞相迸发，为新质生产力发展注入充沛动力。

Further deepening reform comprehensively is conducive to transforming the path of industrial development and accelerating the deep-seated transformation and upgrading of industries. Industry is an important carrier of new quality productive forces. Currently, major countries in the world are continuously engaging in industrial competition, promoting the reshoring of traditional manufacturing industries such as textiles, steel, and chemicals, and vigorously developing emerging industries and future industries such as artificial intelligence, biomedicine, chips, clean energy, and commercial aerospace, in order to seize the commanding heights of the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation. At the same time, some Western countries are vigorously engaging in "small yards, high fences" and "decoupling and severing supply chains," continuously intensifying their containment and suppression of China's technological progress and industrial upgrading. Only by accelerating the construction of a modern industrial system, strengthening institutional supply and innovating policy support methods around transforming and upgrading traditional industries, cultivating and strengthening emerging industries, laying out and building future industries, and enhancing the resilience and security level of industrial and supply chains, can we firmly grasp the historic opportunity for a leap in productive forces brought about by the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, ascend step by step amidst the changes unseen in a century, and become a "leader" in global technology and industrial development.

进一步全面深化改革，有利于变革产业发展路径、加快产业深度转型升级。产业是新质生产力的重要载体。当前，世界主要国家持续开展产业竞赛，推动纺织、钢铁、化工等传统制造业回流，大力发展人工智能、生物医药、芯片、清洁能源、商业航天等新兴产业和未来产业，抢占新一轮科技革命和产业变革的制高点。同时，一些西方国家大搞“小院高墙”“脱钩断链”，对我国技术进步、产业升级的遏制打压持续加剧。只有加快建设现代化产业体系，围绕改造提升传统产业、培育壮大新兴产业、布局建设未来产业、提升产业链供应链韧性和安全水平等方面强化制度供给、创新政策支持方式，才能牢牢把握新一轮科技革命和产业变革带来生产力跃升的历史性机遇，在百年变局中拾级而上，成为全球科技和产业发展的“引领者”。

Deeply Understanding the Methodology of "According to Local Conditions"

深入理解“因地制宜”方法论

"According to local conditions" (yīn dì zhì yí) originates from the "Wu Yue Chunqiu: Biography of He Lü" by Zhao Ye of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Its meaning is to formulate appropriate and effective methods for solving problems based on the actual circumstances of different environments. "According to local conditions" is an important methodology and practical requirement for developing new quality productive forces. It means adhering to proceeding from reality in everything, seeking truth from facts, and analyzing specific problems concretely during the development process; adhering to systematic thinking and an overall perspective; avoiding short-sightedness, disorder, and anomie; and promoting the formation of a pattern for the development of new quality productive forces across different regions that features distinct characteristics and complementary advantages.

“因地制宜”，出自东汉赵晔《吴越春秋·阖闾内传》，其意是要根据不同环境下的实际情况制定相应妥善解决问题的办法。“因地制宜”是发展新质生产力的重要方法论和实践要求，就是要在发展过程中坚持一切从实际出发、实事求是、具体问题具体分析，坚持系统思维、全局观念，避免短视主义、无序失范，推动不同地区之间加快形成各具特色、优势互补的新质生产力发展格局。

Adhere to being grounded in reality, and avoid a rush to act. China has a vast territory, with large differences in regional development. Different regions have different development stages, functional orientations, locational conditions, resource endowments, industrial bases, scientific research conditions, and levels of openness. Therefore, the focus for developing new quality productive forces will inevitably differ. Currently, some localities, without objectively assessing their own resource endowments and development foundations, blindly chase after "hot" industries such as artificial intelligence, new energy vehicles, and the hydrogen energy industry. This leads to phenomena such as "involution" in investment attraction policies and "homogenization" of industrial planning. Not only is it difficult to truly cultivate new industries and new drivers of growth, but it also increases local fiscal pressure and disrupts market order. All regions must accurately identify their strategic positioning within the overall national development landscape, respect the objective laws of industrial development, identify specific sub-sectors based on their own development potential and comparative advantages, and develop new quality productive forces selectively, sequentially, and with focus. They must prevent a rush of activity and bubble formation, and resolutely avoid low-level development characterized by homogenization, duplication, and disorderly competition.

坚持立足实际，不能一哄而上。我国幅员辽阔，区域发展差异大，不同地区发展阶段、功能定位、区位条件、资源禀赋、产业基础、科研条件、开放水平等不尽相同，发展新质生产力的着力点必然有所差异。当前，一些地方在没有客观研判本地区资源禀赋和发展基础的情况下，盲目追逐人工智能、新能源汽车、氢能产业等“热点”产业，出现招商政策“内卷化”和产业规划“同质化”等现象，不仅难以真正培育出新产业、新动能，而且加大了地方财政压力，扰乱了市场秩序。各地区要找准自身在国家发展全局中的战略定位，尊重产业发展客观规律，根据本地区的发展潜能和比较优势找准细分领域，有选择、有先后、有重点地发展新质生产力，防止一哄而上、泡沫化，坚决避免同质化、重复化、无序竞争的低水平发展。

Adhere to steady and solid progress, and avoid being impatient for success. Developing new quality productive forces is a long-term and systematic project. All regions need to respect the laws of scientific and technological innovation and industrial development, and adhere to making progress while maintaining stability. Some places with a strong economic foundation, powerful scientific research capabilities, and a superior innovation environment can focus their efforts on tackling key core technologies. In advantageous industrial fields, focusing on key links such as basic components, basic materials, and basic software, they can vigorously enhance the original innovation capability and autonomous supply capability of underlying technologies and key generic technologies, accelerating the creation of important positions for developing new quality productive forces. For places where conditions are not yet available, they must fully recognize the objective law that developing new quality productive forces "cannot be rushed." They should first identify the weak links and areas of deficiency in their local development of new quality productive forces, gradually introduce high-quality factors, cultivate an innovation ecosystem, and foster industries suitable for local development. They must not act rashly and impetuously, covet grandiose projects, or hastily launch so-called "high-precision and cutting-edge" industries or "grand and high-end" projects divorced from reality.

坚持稳扎稳打，不能急于求成。发展新质生产力是长期性系统性工程，各地区需要尊重科技创新和产业发展规律，坚持稳中求进。一些经济基础雄厚、科研力量强大、创新环境优越的地方，可以聚焦攻克关键核心技术持续发力，在优势产业领域，围绕基础零部件、基础材料、基础软件等关键环节，大力提升底层技术、关键共性技术原始创新能力和自主供给能力，加快打造成为发展新质生产力的重要阵地。条件暂不具备的地方，要充分认识发展新质生产力“急不得”的客观规律，首先要找准本地区发展新质生产力的短板环节和弱项领域，循序渐进地引进优质要素，营造创新生态，培育适合本地发展的产业，不能急躁冒进、贪大求洋，不能脱离实际匆忙上马所谓的“高精尖”产业、“高大上”项目。

Adhere to the mutual promotion of the old and the new; do not “seek the new and discard the old.” New quality productive forces are a form of advanced productive forces characterized by high technology, high efficiency, and high quality, led by scientific and technological innovation. They do not simply emphasize the development of emerging and future industries while disregarding traditional industries. Traditional industries and emerging and future industries are not separated and opposed to each other; rather, they support each other and can be mutually transformed. The industrial chains of emerging and future industries often have parts that require the support of traditional industries, and some frontier and cutting-edge technologies from traditional industries, after being productized and industrialized, can fall into the category of emerging and future industries. For example, technological development in traditional industrial fields such as non-ferrous metals and inorganic non-metals can give rise to and nurture new material industries like high-performance carbon fiber, advanced semiconductors, and superconducting materials. The technological diffusion of the artificial intelligence industry can empower the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries, allowing new quality productive forces to be nurtured and developed within traditional industrial fields. Developing new quality productive forces requires properly handling the relationship between the new and the old. One must never blindly seek the new, simply exiting traditional industries by treating them as “low-end industries” or “outdated industries.” One must adhere to the integration and mutual promotion of the old and the new, allowing traditional industries to continue playing an important role in the construction of the modern industrial system, supporting the development of emerging and future industries, while vigorously promoting the high-end, intelligent, and green upgrading of traditional industries, achieving “old trees sprouting new shoots.”

坚持新旧互促，不能“求新舍旧”。新质生产力是以科技创新为主导，以高技术、高效能、高质量为特征的先进生产力质态，不是简单地强调发展新兴和未来产业而将传统产业置之不顾。传统产业和新兴产业、未来产业不是割裂对立的，而是互为支撑并可以相互转换的。新兴产业、未来产业的产业链中往往有需要传统产业支撑的部分，传统产业的部分前沿、尖端技术在产品化、产业化后可划入新兴产业、未来产业的范畴。例如，有色金属、无机非金属等传统产业领域的技术发展，可以衍生孕育高性能碳纤维、先进半导体、超导材料等新材料产业；人工智能产业的技术扩散，能够为传统产业改造提升赋能，让新质生产力在传统产业领域孕育和发展。发展新质生产力要处理好新与旧的关系，决不能盲目求新，把传统产业当作“低端产业”“过时产业”简单退出，要坚持新旧融合互促，让传统产业持续发挥在现代化产业体系建设中的重要作用，支撑新兴产业、未来产业发展，同时大力推动传统产业高端化、智能化、绿色化升级，实现“老树发新芽”。

Focus on key points to advance systemic reforms

聚焦重点推进系统性改革

New quality productive forces are engendered by revolutionary breakthroughs in technology, innovative allocation of production factors, and deep industrial transformation and upgrading. Constructing new relations of production that are more compatible with new quality productive forces involves many aspects. The key is to focus on the three areas of scientific and technological innovation, factor allocation, and industrial development, and to persistently advance deep-level and systemic reforms.

新质生产力由技术革命性突破、生产要素创新性配置、产业深度转型升级而催生。构建同新质生产力更相适应的新型生产关系涉及方方面面，关键要围绕科技创新、要素配置、产业发展三个方面，驰而不息推进深层次、系统性改革。

Strengthen the institutions and mechanisms for promoting high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening. Improve the new system for mobilizing resources nationwide [1]1 The “new system for mobilizing resources nationwide” (新型举国体制) refers to a contemporary Chinese institutional framework that combines the state’s capacity to concentrate resources on strategic goals with market mechanisms, updated from the earlier planned-economy “whole-nation system” (举国体制)., optimize the organizational mechanisms for major scientific and technological innovation, focus on major forward-looking and strategic scientific and technological research tasks, and build a collaborative and efficient system for decision-making command, organization and implementation, and the guarantee of factor resources. Deepen the cross-integration of basic research across multiple disciplines and fields, promote the construction of a number of interdisciplinary centers, break down disciplinary barriers, support interdisciplinary research, cultivate interdisciplinary talents, and promote the formation of new disciplinary growth points and new paradigms for basic scientific research. Strengthen the construction of national strategic scientific and technological forces, improve the national laboratory system, optimize the positioning and layout of national research institutions, high-level research universities, and leading technology enterprises, promote central-local coordination in scientific and technological innovation, and encourage and regulate the development of new types of R&D institutions. Construct a mechanism for condensing basic and original scientific questions, support universities, research institutions, enterprises, and scientific researchers in condensing basic scientific questions from aspects such as national security, industrial development, improvement of people’s livelihoods, and the development of human science and civilization. Leverage China’s advantages of its ultra-large-scale market, complete industrial system, rich application scenarios, and comprehensive production cost advantages, promote the first large-scale application and industrial development of major frontier scientific and technological innovations in China, and form actual productive forces.

强化推动高水平科技自立自强体制机制。健全新型举国体制，优化重大科技创新组织机制，聚焦重大前瞻性战略性科技攻关任务，构建协同高效的决策指挥、组织实施、要素资源保障体系。深化多学科跨领域基础研究交叉融合，推进建设一批交叉学科中心，打破学科壁垒，支持交叉学科研究，培养交叉学科人才，促进形成新的学科增长点和新的基础科学研究范式。加强国家战略科技力量建设，完善国家实验室体系，优化国家科研机构、高水平研究型大学、科技领军企业定位和布局，推进科技创新央地协同，鼓励和规范发展新型研发机构。构建基础性原创性科学问题凝练机制，支持高校、科研机构、企业和科研工作者从国家安全、产业发展、民生改善以及人类科学、文明发展等方面凝练基础科学问题。发挥我国超大规模市场优势、产业体系完备优势、应用场景丰富优势、综合生产成本优势，推进前沿重大科技创新成果在我国率先规模化应用和产业化发展，形成现实生产力。

Improve the institutions and mechanisms for promoting the optimization and upgrading of traditional industries. Perfect the effective mechanisms for supporting and guiding enterprises to carry out technological transformation, encourage common technology research targeting key areas of traditional manufacturing, and accelerate the promotion of the industrial application demonstration of digital and intelligent technologies in traditional industries. Vigorously implement advanced equipment renewal actions, establish systems for carbon emission statistical accounting, carbon emission budget management, and carbon emission target evaluation and assessment, and smooth the market exit channels for enterprises and production capacities with low efficiency, low profitability, high pollution, and high emissions. Use the upgrading of national standards to lead the optimization and upgrading of traditional industries, and strengthen the forcing and leading role of mandatory energy consumption limit standards and product quality standards.

健全推动传统产业优化升级体制机制。完善支持引导企业开展技术改造的有效机制，鼓励面向传统制造业重点领域开展共性技术研究，加快推动数智技术在传统产业的产业化应用示范。大力实施先进设备更新行动，建立碳排放统计核算、碳排放预算管理、碳排放目标评价考核等制度，畅通低效率、低盈利能力、高污染、高排放企业及产能的市场退出通道。以国家标准提升引领传统产业优化升级，强化强制性能耗限额标准、产品质量标准等倒逼和引领作用。

Improve the development policies and governance system for promoting emerging industries. Focus on key industries such as new-generation information technology, artificial intelligence, aerospace, new energy, new materials, high-end equipment, biomedicine, and quantum technology, and concentrate on key breakthroughs in core basic components and components, key basic materials, advanced basic processes, and industrial technology foundations. Optimize the layout of emerging industries, cultivate a number of emerging industry clusters with distinct characteristics, complementary advantages, and reasonable structures according to local conditions. Guide the healthy and orderly development of emerging industries, deepen the cleanup of policies for illegal investment attraction in the field of emerging industries, implement the fair competition review system, and eliminate local protection and market segmentation. Promote the consumption of new products and the development of new business forms, and promote the growth of emerging industries into new pillars and new drivers of economic growth.

完善推动新兴产业发展政策和治理体系。聚焦新一代信息技术、人工智能、航空航天、新能源、新材料、高端装备、生物医药、量子科技等重点产业，紧紧围绕核心基础零部件和元器件、关键基础材料、先进基础工艺、产业技术基础等重点突破。优化新兴产业布局，因地制宜培育一批各具特色、优势互补、结构合理的新兴产业集群。引导新兴产业健康有序发展，深化新兴产业领域违规招商引资政策清理，落实公平竞争审查制度，破除地方保护和市场分割。促进新产品消费、新业态发展，推动新兴产业成长为经济增长新支柱新动能。

Accelerate the establishment of a mechanism for increasing investment in future industries. Future industries are characterized by the disruptiveness of their technological sources, the uncertainty of their technological pathways, and the long periodicity of their industrialization. They require innovative support policies and strengthened institutional guarantees. Construct a mechanism for enterprise innovation traction, implement the principal position of enterprises in innovation decision-making, R&D investment, scientific research organization, and achievement transformation from an institutional perspective. Construct a mechanism for the transformation of frontier scientific and technological achievements, invest more in promoting the rapid transformation of frontier scientific and technological achievements, and accelerate the construction of specialized platforms for concept validation, pilot-scale maturation, small-batch production, and sample testing. Construct a mechanism for expanding application scenarios, accelerate the iterative upgrading of technologies and products in real scenarios, and lead the growth and expansion of future industries from the demand side. Construct a mechanism for inclusive and prudent regulation oriented towards future industries, establish an adaptive and flexible regulatory system, explore new regulatory models such as trigger-based regulation and “AI + agile regulation,” strengthen bottom-line thinking in fields such as gene editing, data security, and artificial intelligence, and improve governance rules.

加快建立未来产业投入增长机制。未来产业具有技术源头的颠覆性、技术路线的不确定性、产业化的长周期性等特征，需要创新支持政策、强化制度保障。构建企业创新牵引机制，从制度上落实企业在创新决策、研发投入、科研组织、成果转化中的主体地位。构建前沿科技成果转化机制，将更多投入用在推动前沿科技成果快速转化上，加快建设概念验证、中试熟化、小批量生产、样品测试等专业化平台。构建应用场景拓展机制，在真实场景中加速技术、产品迭代升级，从需求侧牵引未来产业发展壮大。构建面向未来产业的包容审慎监管机制，建立适应性、柔性监管体系，探索触发式监管、“人工智能+敏捷监管”等新型监管模式，在基因编辑、数据安全、人工智能等领域强化底线思维，完善治理规则。

Improve the institutions and mechanisms for promoting the concentration of various advanced production factors towards the development of new quality productive forces. Accelerate the construction of a unified national market, continuously deepen market-oriented reforms of factors, smooth the flow channels of production factors, reform and innovate the allocation methods of production factors, and promote the concentration of production factors such as labor, capital, land, knowledge, technology, management, and data towards the development of new quality productive forces. Effectively stimulate the creativity and initiative of entrepreneurs in the allocation of resource factors, and ensure that various forms of ownership economies use production factors equally according to law. Improve the mechanisms for the cultivation, introduction, use, evaluation, and flow of talent, support universities in cultivating high-quality composite talents oriented towards scientific, technological, and industrial innovation, accelerate the construction of a vocational education system that integrates general education with vocational education and integrates industry with education, and improve the lifelong vocational skills training system. Cultivate and guide patient capital, support the establishment of angel investment, venture capital, and private equity investment that align with the life cycle of science and technology innovation enterprises and match science and technology innovation financing, better leverage the role of government investment funds, and encourage investment in early-stage, small-scale, long-term, and hard technology projects. Optimize the land management system, strengthen the efficient and intensive use of land resources, promote the mixed development and use of land and the reasonable conversion of land use, and revitalize existing land and inefficient land. Accelerate the transformation of advanced applicable technologies into new quality productive forces, strengthen the construction of the technology manager team, and allow scientific and technical personnel greater autonomy in the distribution of income from the transformation of scientific and technological achievements. Improve the mechanism for factor participation in income distribution, better reflecting the market value of knowledge, technology, talent, and data.

健全促进各类先进生产要素向发展新质生产力集聚体制机制。加快建设全国统一大市场，持续深化要素市场化改革，畅通生产要素流动通道，改革创新生产要素配置方式，促进劳动力、资本、土地、知识、技术、管理、数据等生产要素向发展新质生产力集聚。有效激发企业家在资源要素配置中的创造性主动性，保证各种所有制经济依法平等使用生产要素。完善人才培养、引进、使用、评价、流动机制，支持高校面向科技和产业创新培养高素质复合型人才，加快构建职普融通、产教融合的职业教育体系，健全终身职业技能培训制度。培育和引导耐心资本，支持设立与科创企业生命周期相衔接、与科创融资相匹配的天使投资、风险投资、私募股权投资，更好发挥政府投资基金作用，鼓励投早、投小、投长期、投硬科技。优化土地管理制度，强化土地资源高效集约利用，推动土地混合开发利用、用途合理转换，盘活存量土地和低效用地。加快先进适用技术向新质生产力转化，加强技术经理人队伍建设，允许科技人员在科技成果转化收益分配上有更大自主权。健全要素参与收入分配机制，更好体现知识、技术、人才、数据的市场价值。

Online editor: Paul

网络编辑：保罗