Let the Reform of the Economic System Play the Leading Role

The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC was a meeting of great importance convened at a critical juncture in the comprehensive advancement of the building of a strong country and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-path modernization. The plenary session thoroughly implemented Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era and the spirit of the 20th National Congress of the CPC, systematically summarized and applied the valuable experience of comprehensively deepening reform in the New Era, and deliberated and adopted the *Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform to Advance Chinese-Path Modernization* (hereinafter referred to as the *Resolution*). The *Resolution* has a clear theme, prominent focus, and pragmatic measures; it is a political declaration, a mobilization order, and a roadmap for further comprehensively deepening reform on the new journey of the New Era. The *Resolution* emphasizes letting the reform of the economic system play the leading role and coordinating reforms in various fields; this is of great significance and far-reaching impact, and will inevitably provide powerful impetus and institutional guarantees for Chinese-path modernization.

党的二十届三中全会是在以中国式现代化全面推进强国建设、民族复兴伟业的关键时期召开的一次十分重要的会议。全会深入贯彻习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的二十大精神，系统总结运用新时代全面深化改革宝贵经验，审议通过《中共中央关于进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化的决定》（以下简称《决定》）。《决定》主题鲜明、重点突出、措施务实，是新时代新征程上进一步全面深化改革的政治宣言书、动员令、路线图。《决定》强调发挥经济体制改革牵引作用，统筹各领域改革，意义重大、影响深远，必将为中国式现代化提供强大动力和制度保障。

I. The Great Significance of Letting the Reform of the Economic System Play the Leading Role for Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform

一、发挥经济体制改革牵引作用对进一步全面深化改革具有重大意义

The *Resolution* has several characteristics in its content arrangement, the first of which is "focusing on letting the reform of the economic system play the leading role," emphasizing that "deepening the reform of the economic system remains the focus of further comprehensively deepening reform."

《决定》在内容摆布上有几个特点，其中第一个特点就是“注重发挥经济体制改革牵引作用”，强调“深化经济体制改革仍是进一步全面深化改革的重点”。

First, letting the reform of the economic system play the leading role conforms to the basic principles of Marxism. Marxism holds that productive forces determine the relations of production, and the economic base determines the superstructure, while the relations of production react upon the productive forces, and the superstructure reacts upon the economic base. The essence of reform is to adjust and optimize the relations of production and the superstructure according to the needs of the development of the productive forces, thereby liberating and developing the social productive forces and stimulating and enhancing social vitality. Further comprehensively deepening reform involves various fields such as the economy, politics, culture, society, and ecological civilization. The reform of the economic system has an important influence and a transmission effect on reforms in other aspects. The pace of major economic system reforms determines the pace of many other reforms, having the effect of pulling the whole body by one hair. [1]1 The "Decision" refers to the "Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform to Advance Chinese-Path Modernisation," adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC in July 2024. In the process of advancing Chinese-path modernization, adhering to taking economic construction as the central task inevitably requires taking the reform of the economic system as the focus and leading force, driving reforms in other fields, so that reforms in all aspects advance in coordination and form a synergy.

第一，发挥经济体制改革牵引作用，符合马克思主义的基本原理。马克思主义认为，生产力决定生产关系，经济基础决定上层建筑，同时生产关系反作用于生产力，上层建筑反作用于经济基础。改革的本质，就是根据生产力发展的需要，调整和优化生产关系及上层建筑，从而解放和发展社会生产力，激发和增强社会活力。进一步全面深化改革涉及经济、政治、文化、社会和生态文明等各领域，经济体制改革对其他方面改革具有重要影响和传导作用，重大经济体制改革的进度决定着其他很多方面改革的进度，具有牵一发而动全身的作用。在中国式现代化建设进程中，坚持以经济建设为中心，必然要求以经济体制改革为重点和牵引，带动其他领域改革，使各方面改革协同推进、形成合力。

Second, letting the reform of the economic system play the leading role is a basic experience gained from China's great historic achievements since reform and opening up. The Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the CPC shifted the focus of the entire Party's work to economic construction, initiating extensive and profound reform explorations from the countryside to the cities, and from invigorating the domestic economy to opening up to the outside world. The Third Plenary Session of the 14th Central Committee and the Third Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee respectively issued decisions on establishing and improving the socialist market economy system, promoting the continuous deepening of the reform of the economic system. The Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee deliberated and adopted the *Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Several Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening Reform*, clarifying that the reform of the economic system is the focus of comprehensively deepening reform, and the core issue is to properly handle the relationship between the government and the market, for the first time proposing to let the market play the decisive role in resource allocation and to better play the role of the government. The Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee further proposed to give full play to the decisive role of the market in resource allocation and to better play the role of the government. The Party Central Committee has firmly adhered to the direction of socialist market economy reform, continuously improved the socialist market economy system, and provided institutional guarantees for creating the "two miracles" of rapid economic development and long-term social stability. [2]2 "Dual control over energy consumption" refers to controls on both the total amount and the intensity of energy consumption; "dual control over carbon emissions" refers to controls on both the total amount and the intensity of carbon emissions. On the new journey of the New Era, to write a new chapter of the "two miracles," we must still let the reform of the economic system play the leading role and continuously advance deep-level reform and high-level opening up.

第二，发挥经济体制改革牵引作用，是改革开放以来我国取得伟大历史性成就的基本经验。党的十一届三中全会，将全党工作重心转移到经济建设上来，开启了从农村到城市、从对内搞活到对外开放的广泛而深刻的改革探索。党的十四届三中全会、十六届三中全会分别围绕建立和完善社会主义市场经济体制出台决定，推动经济体制改革持续向纵深推进。党的十八届三中全会审议通过《中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定》，明确经济体制改革是全面深化改革的重点，核心问题是处理好政府和市场的关系，首次提出使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用和更好发挥政府作用。党的十九届四中全会进一步提出，充分发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用，更好发挥政府作用。党中央坚定社会主义市场经济改革方向，不断完善社会主义市场经济体制，为创造经济快速发展和社会长期稳定“两大奇迹”提供了制度保障。新时代新征程上，我们要续写“两大奇迹”新篇章，仍要发挥经济体制改革牵引作用，不断推进深层次改革和高水平开放。

Third, letting the reform of the economic system play the leading role is an inevitable requirement for promoting high-quality development. Economic construction is the central task of the Party, and high-quality development is the primary task in comprehensively building a modern socialist country. To basically achieve socialist modernization by 2035, with per capita GDP reaching the level of moderately developed countries, and to fully build a modern socialist country by the middle of this century, we face extremely arduous and heavy tasks of reform and development. After more than 40 years of rapid development, China's per capita GDP has risen from 156 US dollars at the beginning of reform and opening up to 12,700 US dollars in 2023. At the same time, it must be noted that the current average per capita GDP of moderately developed countries is above 20,000 US dollars. China is still a developing country and a middle-income country; its development level still lags behind developed countries and high-income countries. The prominent problem facing the promotion of high-quality development remains unbalanced and inadequate development. On the new journey of the New Era, to promote high-quality development, we must make good use of the important magic weapon of reform and opening up, [3]3 "Driving the nail" (ding dingzi jingshen) is a metaphor used by Xi Jinping to mean implementing tasks with persistence and precision, like hammering a nail into a board. promote the effective improvement in quality and reasonable growth in quantity of the economy, and accumulate a solid material and technological foundation, so that the development level and people's living standards of a large country with a population of over 1.4 billion can gradually catch up with developed countries.

第三，发挥经济体制改革牵引作用，是推动高质量发展的必然要求。经济建设是党的中心工作，高质量发展是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的首要任务。到2035年基本实现社会主义现代化、人均国内生产总值达到中等发达国家水平，到本世纪中叶全面建成社会主义现代化强国，我们面临着极为艰巨繁重的改革发展任务。经过40多年快速发展，我国人均国内生产总值水平已由改革开放之初的156美元上升到2023年的1.27万美元。同时要看到，目前中等发达国家人均国内生产总值的平均水平在2万美元以上，我国仍是发展中国家、中等收入国家，发展水平与发达国家、高收入国家仍有差距，推动高质量发展面临的突出问题仍然是发展不平衡不充分。新时代新征程上，推动高质量发展，必须用好改革开放这个重要法宝，推动经济实现质的有效提升和量的合理增长，积累扎实的物质技术基础，才能使14亿多人口大国的发展水平和人民生活水平逐步赶上发达国家。

II. Main Tasks for Deepening the Reform of the Economic System and Letting It Play the Leading Role

二、深化经济体制改革、发挥牵引作用的主要任务

The *Resolution* closely revolves around the theme of further comprehensively deepening reform and advancing Chinese-path modernization, consisting of 15 parts and 60 articles. Among them, the content on the reform of the economic system is substantial, carries significant weight, and is of high quality.

《决定》紧扣进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化这个主题展开，共15个部分60条。其中，经济体制改革内容很实、分量很重、成色很足。

First, build a high-level socialist market economy system. A high-level socialist market economy system is an important guarantee for Chinese-path modernization. The *Resolution* focuses on the core issue of properly handling the relationship between the government and the market, placing the construction of a high-level socialist market economy system in a prominent position. It emphasizes the need to give full play to the decisive role of the market in resource allocation, to better play the role of the government, to uphold and improve the basic socialist economic system, to better leverage market mechanisms, to create a fairer and more dynamic market environment, to achieve optimal resource allocation efficiency and maximum benefits, to be both "able to let go" and "able to manage well," [4]4 The "Two Establishments" (liang ge queli) refers to establishing Xi Jinping's position as the core of the Party Central Committee and the core of the entire Party, and establishing the guiding role of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. and to stimulate the endogenous driving force and innovation vitality of the whole society. It is necessary to uphold and implement the "two unswervinglys," [5]5 The "Four Consciousnesses" (si ge yishi) refers to the consciousness of the need to maintain political integrity, think in terms of the big picture, follow the leadership core, and keep in alignment with the central Party leadership. deepen the reform of state-owned assets and state-owned enterprises, promote the strengthening, optimization, and expansion of state-owned capital and state-owned enterprises, enhance core functions, improve core competitiveness, and carry out accounting for the value added of the state-owned economy; create a good environment and provide more opportunities for the development of the non-public sector of the economy, formulate a law to promote the private economy, improve the long-term mechanism for private enterprises to participate in the construction of major national projects, and support capable private enterprises to take the lead in undertaking major national technological research tasks. It is necessary to improve the modern enterprise system with Chinese characteristics, promote the entrepreneurial spirit, support and guide various types of enterprises to improve the efficiency of resource factor utilization and management level, fulfill social responsibilities, and accelerate the building of more world-class enterprises. It is necessary to build a unified national market, including building a unified urban-rural construction land market, cultivating a national integrated technology and data market, and improving seamlessly connected circulation rules and standards. It is necessary to cultivate a complete domestic demand system, establish a long-term mechanism for government investment to support the construction of basic, public welfare, and long-term major projects, improve the long-term mechanism for expanding consumption, reduce restrictive measures, and reasonably increase public consumption. It is necessary to improve the basic systems of the market economy, including improving systems for property rights protection, information disclosure, market access, bankruptcy and exit, and credit supervision.

第一，构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制。高水平社会主义市场经济体制是中国式现代化的重要保障。《决定》围绕处理好政府和市场关系这个核心问题，把构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制摆在突出位置。强调要充分发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用，更好发挥政府作用，坚持和完善社会主义基本经济制度，更好发挥市场机制作用，创造更加公平、更有活力的市场环境，实现资源配置效率最优化和效益最大化，既“放得活”又“管得住”，激发全社会内生动力和创新活力。要坚持和落实“两个毫不动摇”，深化国资国企改革，推动国有资本和国有企业做强做优做大，增强核心功能，提升核心竞争力，开展国有经济增加值核算；为非公有制经济发展营造良好环境、提供更多机会，制定民营经济促进法，完善民营企业参与国家重大项目建设长效机制，支持有能力的民营企业牵头承担国家重大技术攻关任务。要完善中国特色现代企业制度，弘扬企业家精神，支持和引导各类企业提高资源要素利用效率和经营管理水平、履行社会责任，加快建设更多世界一流企业。要构建全国统一大市场，包括构建城乡统一的建设用地市场，培育全国一体化技术和数据市场，健全一体衔接的流通规则和标准。要培育完整内需体系，建立政府投资支持基础性、公益性、长远性重大项目建设长效机制，完善扩大消费长效机制，减少限制性措施，合理增加公共消费。要完善市场经济基础制度，包括完善产权保护、信息披露、市场准入、破产退出、信用监管等制度。

Second, improve the institutional mechanisms for promoting high-quality development. High-quality development is the primary task in building a modern socialist country in all respects. The "Decision" emphasizes that we must guide reform with the new development philosophy, base ourselves on the new stage of development, deepen supply-side structural reform, and improve the incentive and constraint mechanisms for promoting high-quality development. We must improve the institutional mechanisms for developing new quality productive forces in light of local conditions, improve the institutional mechanisms for optimizing and upgrading traditional industries, perfect the development policies and governance system for strategic emerging industries, establish a mechanism for increasing investment in future industries, accelerate the formation of relations of production more compatible with new quality productive forces, promote the concentration of all types of advanced production factors toward the development of new quality productive forces, and substantially increase total factor productivity. We must improve the system for promoting the deep integration of the real economy and the digital economy, perfect the policy system for promoting digital industrialization and industrial digitalization, establish a mechanism for maintaining a reasonable proportion of manufacturing investment, and improve the system for routine supervision of the platform economy. We must improve the institutional mechanisms for developing the service sector, perfect the policy system for supporting the development of the service sector, promote the integrated development of producer services, and improve the mechanism for accelerating the diversified development of consumer services. We must coordinate development and security, build a national strategic hinterland and backup for key industries, and improve the system for enhancing the resilience and security level of industrial and supply chains. This is an inevitable requirement for effectively responding to containment, suppression, decoupling, and severing of supply chains, and for ensuring secure development.

第二，健全推动经济高质量发展体制机制。高质量发展是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的首要任务。《决定》强调必须以新发展理念引领改革，立足新发展阶段，深化供给侧结构性改革，完善推动高质量发展激励约束机制。要健全因地制宜发展新质生产力体制机制，健全传统产业优化升级体制机制，完善战略性产业发展政策和治理体系，建立未来产业投入增长机制，加快形成同新质生产力更相适应的生产关系，促进各类先进生产要素向发展新质生产力集聚，大幅提升全要素生产率。要健全促进实体经济和数字经济深度融合制度，完善促进数字产业化和产业数字化政策体系，建立保持制造业合理比重投入机制，健全平台经济常态化监管制度。要完善发展服务业体制机制，完善支持服务业发展政策体系，推进生产性服务业融合发展，健全加快生活性服务业多样化发展机制。要统筹发展和安全，建设国家战略腹地和关键产业备份，健全提升产业链供应链韧性和安全水平制度，这是有效应对遏制打压、脱钩断链，确保安全发展的必然要求。

Third, build institutional mechanisms for comprehensively supporting innovation. Science and technology are the primary productive forces, talent is the primary resource, and innovation is the primary driving force. The "Decision" emphasizes thoroughly implementing the strategy of invigorating China through science and education, the strategy of strengthening the nation through human resources, and the innovation-driven development strategy, and promoting the integrated reform of the institutions and mechanisms for education, science and technology, and human resources, to enhance the overall effectiveness of the national innovation system. The goal is to strive to form a benign interaction where "high-quality education, high-quality talent, and high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening" mutually promote and complement each other. In deepening comprehensive education reform, we must closely focus on cultivating new generations capable of shouldering the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, aim at cultivating top-tier innovative talents, and promote the integrated reform of education methods, school-running models, management systems, and guarantee mechanisms. We must establish a mechanism for adjusting disciplinary structures and talent cultivation models driven by scientific and technological development and national strategic needs, focus on strengthening innovation capability cultivation, and explore gradually expanding the scope of free education. In deepening the reform of the science and technology system, we must adhere to the strategic orientation of the "Four Fronts" [6]6 The "Four Confidences" (si ge zixin) refers to confidence in the path, theory, system, and culture of socialism with Chinese characteristics., improve the management of science and technology plans, strengthen forward-looking and leading layouts in the fields of basic research, cross-cutting frontiers, and key areas, strengthen the primary position of enterprises in scientific and technological innovation, enhance the deep integration of industry, academia, and research led by enterprises, allow scientific research-oriented public institutions to implement more flexible management systems than ordinary public institutions, explore the implementation of enterprise-style management, allow scientific and technical personnel greater autonomy in the distribution of income from the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, and deepen the reform of empowering the transformation of job-related scientific and technological achievements. In deepening the reform of the talent development system and mechanism, we must implement a more proactive, more open, and more effective talent policy, accelerate the building of a national strategic talent force, improve the mechanisms for discovering, selecting, and cultivating young innovative talents, strengthen talent incentive mechanisms, insist on empowering employing entities and unshackling talent, improve the support and guarantee mechanisms for introducing overseas talent, and explore the establishment of a high-tech talent immigration system.

第三，构建支持全面创新体制机制。科技是第一生产力，人才是第一资源，创新是第一动力。《决定》强调深入实施科教兴国战略、人才强国战略、创新驱动发展战略，统筹推进教育科技人才体制机制一体改革，提升国家创新体系整体效能，就是要努力形成“高质量教育、高素质人才、高水平科技自立自强”三方面相互促进、相辅相成的良性互动。深化教育综合改革方面，要紧扣培养担当民族复兴大任的时代新人，着眼拔尖创新人才培养，统筹推进育人方式、办学模式、管理体制、保障机制改革，建立科技发展、国家战略需求牵引的学科设置调整机制和人才培养模式，着力加强创新能力培养，探索逐步扩大免费教育范围。深化科技体制改革方面，要坚持“四个面向”的战略导向，改进科技计划管理，强化基础研究领域、交叉前沿领域、重点领域前瞻性、引领性布局，强化企业科技创新主体地位，加强企业主导的产学研深度融合，允许科研类事业单位实行比一般事业单位更灵活的管理制度，探索实行企业化管理，允许科技人员在科技成果转化收益分配上有更大自主权，深化职务科技成果赋权改革。深化人才发展体制机制改革方面，要实施更加积极、更加开放、更加有效的人才政策，加快建设国家战略人才力量，完善青年创新人才发现、选拔、培养机制，强化人才激励机制，坚持向用人主体授权、为人才松绑，完善海外引进人才支持保障机制，探索建立高技术人才移民制度。

Fourth, improve the macro-governance system. Scientific macro-regulation and effective government governance are inherent requirements for leveraging the advantages of the socialist market economy system. The "Decision" proposes building a mechanism for formulating and implementing national strategies, focusing on implementing national development plans and major strategies, promoting the coordinated force of fiscal, monetary, industrial, price, and employment policies, and incorporating both economic and non-economic policies into the consistency evaluation of macro-policy orientation. In deepening the reform of the fiscal and tax systems, we must improve the fiscal relationship between the central and local governments, increase the autonomous financial resources of local governments, expand local tax sources, enhance the matching degree of financial resources and administrative powers at the city and county levels, appropriately strengthen central administrative powers and increase the proportion of central fiscal expenditure, and prohibit illegally requiring local governments to arrange matching funds. In deepening the reform of the financial system, we must actively develop science and technology finance, green finance, inclusive finance, pension finance, and digital finance, improve the functions of the capital market that coordinate investment and financing, perfect the financial regulatory system, and strengthen the financial security mechanism under open conditions. In improving the mechanism for implementing the regional coordinated development strategy, we must build a regional economic layout and a national territorial space system with complementary advantages, improve the system of functional zones, improve the mechanism for regional integrated development, build a new mechanism for cross-administrative-region cooperative development, and improve the institutional mechanisms for promoting the development of the marine economy. After more than 40 years of rapid development through reform and opening up, China's social wealth has been continuously accumulating, and the characteristics of a stock economy have become more apparent. We must optimize the allocation of various incremental resources and the adjustment of stock structures, and explore the implementation of national macro balance sheet management.

第四，健全宏观经济治理体系。科学的宏观调控、有效的政府治理是发挥社会主义市场经济体制优势的内在要求。《决定》提出构建国家战略制定和实施机制，围绕实施国家发展规划、重大战略，促进财政、货币、产业、价格、就业等政策协同发力，把经济政策和非经济性政策都纳入宏观政策取向一致性评估。深化财税体制改革方面，要完善中央和地方财政关系，增加地方自主财力，拓展地方税源，提升市县财力同事权相匹配程度，适当加强中央事权、提高中央财政支出比例，不得违规要求地方安排配套资金。深化金融体制改革方面，要积极发展科技金融、绿色金融、普惠金融、养老金融、数字金融，健全投资和融资相协调的资本市场功能，完善金融监管体系，强化开放条件下金融安全机制。完善实施区域协调发展战略机制方面，要构建优势互补的区域经济布局和国土空间体系，健全主体功能区制度体系，完善区域一体化发展机制，构建跨行政区合作发展新机制，完善促进海洋经济发展体制机制。经过改革开放40多年快速发展，我国社会财富不断积累，存量经济特征更为明显，要优化各类增量资源配置和存量结构调整，探索实行国家宏观资产负债表管理。

Fifth, improve the institutional mechanisms for integrated urban-rural development. Integrated urban-rural development is an inevitable requirement of Chinese-path modernization and an inherent requirement for meeting the people's aspirations for a better life and promoting common prosperity. The "Decision" emphasizes coordinating new-type industrialization, new-type urbanization, and comprehensive rural revitalization, comprehensively improving the level of integration in urban-rural planning, construction, and governance, promoting the equal exchange and two-way flow of urban and rural factors, and promoting the common prosperity and development of urban and rural areas. In improving the institutional mechanisms for promoting new-type urbanization, we must build a benign interaction mechanism among industrial upgrading, population agglomeration, and urban development, implement a system for providing basic public services based on household registration in the place of habitual residence, and accelerate the urbanization of the agricultural transfer population. At the same time, we must protect the legitimate land rights and interests of farmers who have settled in cities, and legally safeguard their rights to land contractual management, homestead use, and collective income distribution. In consolidating and improving the basic rural operation system, we must orderly advance the pilot project of extending the second round of land contracts for another 30 years after their expiration, and deepen the reform of the "three rights separation" [7]7 The "Two Upholds" (liang ge weihu) refers to upholding Xi Jinping's core position on the Party Central Committee and in the entire Party, and upholding the authority and centralized, unified leadership of the Party Central Committee. of contracted land. In improving the support system for strengthening agriculture, benefiting farmers, and enriching rural areas, we must improve the investment mechanism for rural revitalization, improve the normalized mechanism for preventing the return to poverty covering the rural population, establish a tiered and classified assistance system for the low-income rural population and underdeveloped areas, apply the experience of the "Ten Million Project" [8]8 The "Three Distinctions" (san ge qufen kailai) refers to distinguishing between mistakes made in exploring new reform paths and violations of discipline and law, between a lack of experience in promoting development and dereliction of duty, and between unintentional errors and intentional violations., improve the long-term mechanism for promoting comprehensive rural revitalization, coordinate the establishment of a mechanism for inter-provincial horizontal compensation of interests in grain production and marketing areas, and take substantive steps in compensating the interests of main grain-producing areas. In deepening the reform of the land system, we must reform and improve the system for balancing the occupation and compensation of arable land, improve the mechanism for the construction, acceptance, management, and protection of high-standard farmland, optimize land management, promote the mixed development and utilization of land and the reasonable conversion of its use, revitalize existing land and inefficient land use, and formulate policies for the extension and renewal of commercial and industrial land use rights upon expiration.

第五，完善城乡融合发展体制机制。城乡融合发展是中国式现代化的必然要求，是满足人民对美好生活向往、促进共同富裕的内在要求。《决定》强调统筹新型工业化、新型城镇化和乡村全面振兴，全面提高城乡规划、建设、治理融合水平，促进城乡要素平等交换、双向流动，促进城乡共同繁荣发展。健全推进新型城镇化体制机制方面，要构建产业升级、人口集聚、城镇发展良性互动机制，推行由常住地登记户口提供基本公共服务制度，加快农业转移人口市民化。同时，要保障进城落户农民合法土地权益，依法维护进城落户农民的土地承包权、宅基地使用权、集体收益分配权。巩固和完善农村基本经营制度方面，要有序推进第二轮土地承包到期后再延长30年试点，深化承包地“三权分置”改革。完善强农惠农富农支持制度方面，要完善乡村振兴投入机制，完善覆盖农村人口的常态化防止返贫致贫机制，建立农村低收入人口和欠发达地区分层分类帮扶制度，运用“千万工程”经验，健全推动乡村全面振兴长效机制，统筹建立粮食产销区省际横向利益补偿机制，在主产区利益补偿上迈出实质步伐。深化土地制度改革方面，要改革完善耕地占补平衡制度，完善高标准农田建设、验收、管护机制，优化土地管理，推动土地混合开发利用、用途合理转换，盘活存量土地和低效用地，制定工商业用地使用权延期和到期后续期政策。

Sixth, improve the institutional mechanisms for high-standard opening up. Opening up is a distinct hallmark of Chinese-path modernization. We must adhere to the basic state policy of opening up to the outside world, enhance our capacity for opening up while expanding international cooperation, and build a new system for a higher-standard open economy. The "Decision" proposes steadily expanding institutional opening up, actively aligning with high-standard international economic and trade rules, achieving compatibility and coherence in rules, regulations, management, and standards in areas such as property rights protection, industrial subsidies, environmental standards, labor protection, government procurement, e-commerce, and finance, and creating a transparent, stable, and predictable institutional environment. We must deepen the reform of the management system for foreign investment and outbound investment, implement the measures to fully cancel foreign access restrictions in the manufacturing sector, promote the orderly expansion of opening up in telecommunications, the internet, education, culture, healthcare, and other fields, improve the convenience systems for foreign nationals entering, residing, receiving medical treatment, and making payments in China, and attract and utilize foreign investment with greater intensity. We must optimize the layout of regional opening up, accelerate the formation of an all-round opening up pattern featuring the joint efforts of land and sea, and the mutual reinforcement of east and west, and create various forms of open highlands. We must improve the mechanism for promoting high-quality Belt and Road cooperation, and coordinate the promotion of major landmark projects and "small yet smart" livelihood projects.

第六，完善高水平对外开放体制机制。开放是中国式现代化的鲜明标识，必须坚持对外开放基本国策，在扩大国际合作中提升开放能力，建设更高水平开放型经济新体制。《决定》提出稳步扩大制度型开放，主动对接国际高标准经贸规则，在产权保护、产业补贴、环境标准、劳动保护、政府采购、电子商务、金融领域等实现规则、规制、管理、标准相通相容，打造透明稳定可预期的制度环境。要深化外商投资和对外投资管理体制改革，落实全面取消制造业领域外资准入限制措施，推动电信、互联网、教育、文化、医疗等领域有序扩大开放，完善境外人员入境居住、医疗、支付等生活便利制度，更大力度吸引和利用外资。要优化区域开放布局，加快形成陆海内外联动、东西双向互济的全面开放格局，打造形态多样的开放高地。要完善推进高质量共建“一带一路”机制，统筹推进重大标志性工程和“小而美”民生项目。

Seventh, improve the institutional system for safeguarding and improving people's wellbeing. Safeguarding and improving people's wellbeing in the course of development is a major task of Chinese-path modernization. The "Decision" [1]1 The "Decision" refers to the "Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform to Advance Chinese-Path Modernisation," adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC in July 2024. puts forward many reform measures centred on solving the most immediate and practical problems of greatest concern to the people. In the area of improving the income distribution system, it is necessary to build an institutional system in which primary distribution, redistribution, and tertiary distribution are coordinated and complementary, forming an institutional system that effectively increases the income of low-income groups, steadily expands the size of the middle-income group, and reasonably regulates excessively high incomes, striving to form an olive-shaped distribution structure with a large middle and small ends, and gradually achieving common prosperity. In the area of improving the employment-first policy, it is necessary to improve the mechanism for promoting high-quality and full employment, improve the lifelong vocational skills training system, coordinate the urban and rural employment policy systems, and improve the institutional mechanisms for promoting equality of opportunity. In the area of improving the social security system, it is necessary to improve the social security system for workers in flexible employment, migrant workers, and those in new forms of employment, improve the policy for the transfer and continuation of social security relations, increase the construction and supply of government-subsidised housing, and accelerate the construction of a new model for real estate development. In the area of deepening the reform of the medical and health system, it is necessary to improve the public health system, promote the coordinated development and governance of medical services, medical insurance, and pharmaceuticals, deepen the reform of public hospitals oriented towards public welfare, and guide and regulate the development of private hospitals. In the area of improving the support and service system for population development, it is necessary to improve the population service system covering the entire population and the whole life cycle, improve the policy system and incentive mechanisms for supporting childbirth, promote the building of a childbirth-friendly society, and improve the policy mechanisms for developing both the elderly care industry and the elderly care undertaking.

第七，健全保障和改善民生制度体系。在发展中保障和改善民生是中国式现代化的重大任务。《决定》围绕解决好人民最关心最直接最现实的利益问题提出不少改革举措。完善收入分配制度方面，要构建初次分配、再分配、第三次分配协调配套的制度体系，形成有效增加低收入群体收入、稳步扩大中等收入群体规模、合理调节过高收入的制度体系，努力形成中间大、两头小的橄榄型分配结构，逐步实现共同富裕。完善就业优先政策方面，要健全高质量充分就业促进机制，健全终身职业技能培训制度，统筹城乡就业政策体系，完善促进机会公平制度机制。健全社会保障体系方面，要健全灵活就业人员、农民工、新就业形态人员社保制度，完善社保关系转移接续政策，加大保障性住房建设和供给，加快构建房地产发展新模式。深化医药卫生体制改革方面，要健全公共卫生体系，促进医疗、医保、医药协同发展和治理，深化以公益性为导向的公立医院改革，引导规范民营医院发展。健全人口发展支持和服务体系方面，要健全覆盖全人群、全生命周期的人口服务体系，完善生育支持政策体系和激励机制，推动建设生育友好型社会，完善发展养老事业和养老产业政策机制。

Eighth, deepen the reform of the ecological civilisation system. Chinese-path modernisation is the modernisation of harmony between humanity and nature. The "Decision" focuses on building a beautiful China and advancing the modernisation of harmony between humanity and nature, and makes systematic arrangements for deepening the reform of the ecological civilisation system. It emphasises the need to accelerate the comprehensive green transformation of economic and social development, and deploys key tasks such as improving the basic system of ecological civilisation, improving the ecological environment governance system, and improving the mechanism for green and low-carbon development, so as to improve the ecological civilisation institutional system. It is necessary to implement fiscal, tax, financial, investment, and pricing policies and standard systems that support green and low-carbon development, accelerate the planning and construction of a new energy system, and establish a mechanism for the comprehensive transformation from dual control over energy consumption to dual control over carbon emissions. [2]2 "Dual control over energy consumption" refers to controls on both the total amount and the intensity of energy consumption; "dual control over carbon emissions" refers to controls on both the total amount and the intensity of carbon emissions. It is necessary to build a statistical accounting system for carbon emissions, a product carbon labelling certification system, and a product carbon footprint management system, and improve the carbon market trading system and the voluntary greenhouse gas emission reduction trading system, so as to provide a strong institutional guarantee for actively and steadily advancing the peaking of carbon emissions and carbon neutrality and creating new advantages for green and low-carbon development.

第八，深化生态文明体制改革。中国式现代化是人与自然和谐共生的现代化。《决定》聚焦建设美丽中国、推进人与自然和谐共生的现代化，对深化生态文明体制改革作出系统部署。强调要加快经济社会发展全面绿色转型，部署完善生态文明基础体制、健全生态环境治理体系、健全绿色低碳发展机制等重点任务，完善生态文明制度体系。要实施支持绿色低碳发展的财税、金融、投资、价格政策和标准体系，加快规划建设新型能源体系，建立能耗双控向碳排放双控全面转型机制。要构建碳排放统计核算体系、产品碳标识认证制度、产品碳足迹管理体系，健全碳市场交易制度、温室气体自愿减排交易制度，为积极稳妥推进碳达峰碳中和、创造绿色低碳发展新优势提供有力的体制保障。

III. Earnestly Implement the Tasks of Reforming the Economic System

三、切实抓好经济体制改革任务落实

On the new journey of the New Era, the tasks of deepening the reform of the economic system are arduous and heavy. It is necessary to deeply study and understand General Secretary Xi Jinping's series of new ideas, new viewpoints, and new conclusions on comprehensively deepening reform, earnestly raise the political stance, unify thoughts and actions with the spirit of the Party Central Committee, unify them with the decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee, and implement the tasks of various reforms with the spirit of driving the nail. [3]3 "Driving the nail" (ding dingzi jingshen) is a metaphor used by Xi Jinping to mean implementing tasks with persistence and precision, like hammering a nail into a board.

新时代新征程上，深化经济体制改革的任务艰巨繁重，必须深入学习领会习近平总书记关于全面深化改革的一系列新思想、新观点、新论断，切实提高政治站位，把思想和行动统一到党中央精神上来，统一到党中央决策部署上来，以钉钉子精神抓好各项改革任务的落实。

Strengthen the leadership of the Party. Party leadership is the fundamental guarantee for further comprehensively deepening reform and advancing Chinese-path modernisation. It is necessary to profoundly understand the decisive significance of the "Two Establishments," [4]4 The "Two Establishments" (liang ge queli) refers to establishing Xi Jinping's position as the core of the Party Central Committee and the core of the entire Party, and establishing the guiding role of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. enhance the "Four Consciousnesses," [5]5 The "Four Consciousnesses" (si ge yishi) refers to the consciousness of the need to maintain political integrity, think in terms of the big picture, follow the leadership core, and keep in alignment with the central Party leadership. strengthen the "Four Confidences," [6]6 The "Four Confidences" (si ge zixin) refers to confidence in the path, theory, system, and culture of socialism with Chinese characteristics. and achieve the "Two Upholds," [7]7 The "Two Upholds" (liang ge weihu) refers to upholding Xi Jinping's core position on the Party Central Committee and in the entire Party, and upholding the authority and centralized, unified leadership of the Party Central Committee. and integrate Party leadership into all aspects and the entire process of reform, ensuring that reform always advances in the correct political direction.

加强党的领导。党的领导是进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化的根本保证。必须深刻领悟“两个确立”的决定性意义，增强“四个意识”、坚定“四个自信”、做到“两个维护”，把党的领导贯穿改革各方面全过程，确保改革始终沿着正确政治方向前进。

Consolidate the main responsibility for reform. Improve the mechanism for assigning tasks and implementing major reform measures, scientifically formulate implementation plans for reform tasks, and clarify one by one the leading units, participating units, responsible matters, completion forms, time-limit requirements, and responsible subjects. Improve the reform incentive mechanism, implement the "Three Distinctions," [8]8 The "Three Distinctions" (san ge qufen kailai) refers to distinguishing between mistakes made in exploring new reform paths and violations of discipline and law, between a lack of experience in promoting development and dereliction of duty, and between unintentional errors and intentional violations. and encourage cadres to forge ahead, start undertakings, and do solid work.

压实改革主体责任。健全重大改革举措的任务分工落实机制，科学制定改革任务实施方案，逐一厘清牵头单位、参与单位、责任事项、完成形式、时限要求和责任主体。完善改革激励机制，落实“三个区分开来”，激励干部开拓进取、干事创业。

Strengthen the supervision and implementation of tasks. Increase the intensity of supervision and implementation work, continuously carry out special supervision, comprehensive supervision, and integrated supervision, and incorporate the implementation of major reforms into the content of disciplinary inspection and supervision and inspection tours, [9]9 "Inspection tours" (xunshi) refers to the system of disciplinary inspection tours conducted by the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection and its local counterparts to supervise Party organisations and officials. ensuring that various reform tasks are implemented without any discount.

强化任务督促落实。加大督促落实工作力度，持续开展专项督查、全面督查、综合督查，将重大改革落实情况纳入监督检查和巡视巡查内容，确保各项改革任务不折不扣得到落实。

Respect the people's pioneering spirit. Encourage localities, grassroots units, and the masses to boldly explore, promptly summarise the fresh experience created by the people, and fully mobilise the enthusiasm, initiative, and creativity of all parties in promoting reform.

尊重人民首创精神。鼓励地方、基层、群众大胆探索，及时总结人民群众创造的新鲜经验，充分调动各方面推进改革的积极性、主动性、创造性。

Strive for practical results. Resolutely oppose formalism and bureaucracy, prevent and correct undesirable phenomena that may appear in the reform, such as passive fear of difficulties, departmentalism, and buck-passing, and avoid being fond of grandiose projects and divorced from reality. Test the reform by actual results and effectiveness and the satisfaction of the people.

务求取得实效。坚决反对形式主义、官僚主义，防止和纠正改革中可能出现的消极畏难、本位主义、推诿扯皮等不良现象，切忌好大喜功、脱离实际，以实绩实效和人民群众满意度检验改革。

The blueprint for further comprehensively deepening reform has been drawn, and the clarion call has sounded. We must unite more closely around the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, forge ahead with innovation and vigorous effort, adhere to taking the reform of the economic system as the leading role, further comprehensively deepen reform, provide strong impetus for high-quality development, promote the stable and long-term progress of our country's economy, and continuously advance the grand cause of Chinese-path modernisation!

进一步全面深化改革的蓝图已经绘就，号角已经吹响。我们要更加紧密地团结在以习近平同志为核心的党中央周围，开拓创新、奋发有为，坚持以经济体制改革为牵引，进一步全面深化改革，为高质量发展提供强大动力，推动我国经济行稳致远，把中国式现代化建设宏伟事业不断推向前进！

Online editor: Paul

网络编辑：保罗