Cultivating a Fertile Soil of the Real Economy for Chinese-Path Modernization

Achieving modernization has been the dream that the Chinese people have striven for since modern times. On the basis of long-term exploration and practice since the founding of New China, especially since reform and opening up, and through theoretical and practical innovations and breakthroughs since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, our Party has successfully advanced and expanded Chinese-path modernization. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “A modern industrial system is the material and technological foundation of a modern country. We must focus our efforts on developing the real economy to provide strong material support for achieving the Second Centenary Goal.” [1]1 Xi Jinping, "Speech at the Central Rural Work Conference," December 23, 2022. The real economy is the foundation of a strong nation and the basis for enriching the people. It is the “mainstay” of sustained economic and social development and the material foundation for realizing Chinese-path modernization and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping has attached great importance to the development of the real economy, delivering a series of important expositions that scientifically answer theoretical and practical questions such as why and how to develop the real economy, providing strategic guidance and fundamental principles for promoting high-quality development of the real economy. On the new journey, correctly understanding the status and role of the real economy, grasping its development direction and strategic thinking, and cultivating a fertile soil of the real economy for Chinese-path modernization have important theoretical value and practical significance.

实现现代化是近代以来中国人民矢志奋斗的梦想。在新中国成立特别是改革开放以来长期探索和实践基础上，经过党的十八大以来在理论和实践上的创新突破，我们党成功推进和拓展了中国式现代化。习近平总书记指出：“现代化产业体系是现代化国家的物质技术基础，必须把发展经济的着力点放在实体经济上，为实现第二个百年奋斗目标提供坚强物质支撑。”实体经济是强国之本和富民之基，是经济社会持续发展的“中流砥柱”，是实现中国式现代化和中华民族伟大复兴的物质基础。党的十八大以来，习近平总书记高度重视实体经济发展，作出一系列重要论述，科学回答了为什么要发展实体经济、怎样发展实体经济等理论和实践问题，为推动实体经济高质量发展提供了战略指引和根本遵循。在新征程上，正确认识实体经济的地位和作用，把握实体经济发展方向和战略思路，厚植中国式现代化的实体经济沃土，具有重要的理论价值和现实意义。

The Real Economy Lays a Solid Foundation for Chinese-Path Modernization

实体经济为中国式现代化筑牢根基

A strong and prosperous real economy builds a solid material and technological foundation for Chinese-path modernization and is a key support for comprehensively advancing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-path modernization.

强大而繁荣的实体经济，为中国式现代化构筑坚实物质技术基础，是以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴的关键支撑。

In his report to the 20th National Congress of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping solemnly declared that from now on, the central task of the Communist Party of China is to unite and lead the people of all ethnic groups across the country in building a great modern socialist country in all respects, achieving the Second Centenary Goal, and comprehensively advancing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-path modernization. Chinese-path modernization is socialist modernization led by the Communist Party of China. It contains elements common to the modernizations of all countries, but it is more characterized by features unique to the Chinese context. Chinese-path modernization is the modernization of a huge population, the modernization of common prosperity for all, the modernization of material and cultural-ethical progress in harmony, the modernization of harmony between humanity and nature, and the modernization of peaceful development. Building a great modern socialist country is a great and arduous task, and a strong material and technological foundation is a basic supporting condition. Generally speaking, the material and technological foundation refers to the sum total of various technological means and material foundations a society or country possesses for producing material products and providing services, including various natural resources, production tools, production equipment, transportation facilities, communication facilities, etc. Clearly, these contents basically fall within the scope of the real economy.

习近平总书记在党的二十大报告中庄严宣告，从现在起，中国共产党的中心任务就是团结带领全国各族人民全面建成社会主义现代化强国、实现第二个百年奋斗目标，以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴。中国式现代化，是中国共产党领导的社会主义现代化，既有各国现代化的共同特征，更有基于自己国情的中国特色。中国式现代化是人口规模巨大的现代化，是全体人民共同富裕的现代化，是物质文明和精神文明相协调的现代化，是人与自然和谐共生的现代化，是走和平发展道路的现代化。建设社会主义现代化强国是一项伟大而艰巨的任务，强大的物质技术基础是基本的支撑条件。一般而言，物质技术基础是指一个社会或国家所拥有的生产物质产品和提供服务的各种技术手段及物质基础的总和，包括各种自然资源、生产工具、生产设备、交通设施、通信设施等。显然，这些内容基本属于实体经济的范畴。

The history of the rise and fall of nations since the Industrial Revolution in the mid-18th century proves that developing the real economy is the “sharp weapon” on the path to becoming a strong modern economic power; no major power has ever prospered and become strong on the basis of a weak real economy. In the process of leading the people in building a modern socialist country, the Communist Party of China has always attached great importance to the real economy. This not only reflects the Party’s profound understanding and accurate grasp of the laws of economic development but also highlights the important status and role of the real economy in Chinese-path modernization. The real economy is not only the material foundation for economic and social development but also the main field for technological innovation and technology diffusion. The experience of economic development since reform and opening up, especially since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, shows that promoting high-quality development of the real economy is an important part of building a modern industrial system and building a manufacturing powerhouse and a technology powerhouse.

十八世纪中叶工业革命以来各国发展兴衰的历史证明，发展实体经济是通向现代化经济强国之“利器”，没有哪个大国是在实体经济羸弱的基础上繁荣强大起来的。中国共产党在领导人民建设社会主义现代化国家的过程中，一直高度重视实体经济。这既体现出党对经济发展规律的深刻认识和准确把握，也彰显了实体经济在中国式现代化建设中的重要地位和作用。实体经济不仅是经济社会发展的物质基础，也是科技创新和技术扩散的主要领域。改革开放以来，特别是党的十八大以来的经济发展经验表明，推动实体经济高质量发展是构建现代化产业体系和建设制造强国、科技强国的重要内容。

In the practice of governance, General Secretary Xi Jinping has delivered a series of important speeches on major issues such as the strategic position, development priorities, ideas, and measures of the real economy, providing important theoretical guidance for cultivating a fertile soil of the real economy for Chinese-path modernization. In August 2020, during an inspection in Anhui Province, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized, “We must deeply grasp the new stage-specific characteristics and new requirements of development, insist on making the real economy stronger, better, and more optimized as the main direction, focus on the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries on the one hand and the cultivation and expansion of strategic emerging industries on the other, promote the acceleration of manufacturing towards digitalization, networking, and intelligence, and improve the stability and modernization level of the industrial chain and supply chain.” In October 2022, in his report to the 20th National Congress of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, “We must focus our efforts on developing the real economy, promote new industrialization, and accelerate efforts to build China into a manufacturer of quality, a powerhouse in aerospace, transportation, cyberspace, and digital development.” In May 2023, when presiding over the first meeting of the Central Committee for Financial and Economic Affairs under the 20th Central Committee, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized, “Accelerating the construction of a modern industrial system supported by the real economy is related to our gaining strategic initiative in future development and international competition.” The “Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively to Advance Chinese-Path Modernization” [2]2 A concept emphasizing a holistic view of agriculture that goes beyond grain production to include all land-based resources and diverse agricultural activities. reviewed and approved by the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC also made a series of important deployments for developing the real economy, proposing to “improve the system for deep integration of the real economy and the digital economy.”

在治国理政实践中，习近平总书记围绕实体经济的战略地位、发展重点、思路举措等重大问题发表一系列重要讲话，为厚植中国式现代化的实体经济沃土提供了重要理论指导。2020年8月，习近平总书记在安徽考察时强调，“要深刻把握发展的阶段性新特征新要求，坚持把做实做强做优实体经济作为主攻方向，一手抓传统产业转型升级，一手抓战略性新兴产业发展壮大，推动制造业加速向数字化、网络化、智能化发展，提高产业链供应链稳定性和现代化水平”。2022年10月，习近平总书记在党的二十大报告中指出，“坚持把发展经济的着力点放在实体经济上，推进新型工业化，加快建设制造强国、质量强国、航天强国、交通强国、网络强国、数字中国”。2023年5月，习近平总书记主持召开二十届中央财经委员会第一次会议时强调，“加快建设以实体经济为支撑的现代化产业体系，关系我们在未来发展和国际竞争中赢得战略主动”。党的二十届三中全会审议通过的《中共中央关于进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化的决定》亦对发展实体经济进行了一系列重要部署，提出“健全促进实体经济和数字经济深度融合制度”。

As an important part of the modern economic system, the real economy is not only a key field related to the national economy and people’s livelihood, a basic condition for moving towards a higher level of common prosperity, but also an important support for building strategic advantages in future development. China’s economy started with the real economy and must rely on the real economy to move towards the future. Currently, China has embarked on the new journey of comprehensively building a modern socialist country and marching towards the Second Centenary Goal. To achieve this goal, the real economy is even more indispensable. Without the material means of production provided by high-quality development of the real economy, socialist modernization construction would be impossible. We must continuously make the real economy stronger, better, and more optimized, and consolidate the foundation of the real economy.

实体经济作为现代化经济体系的重要组成部分，既是关乎国计民生的关键领域，是迈向更高水平共同富裕的基础条件，也是构筑未来发展战略优势的重要支撑。我国经济是靠实体经济起家的，也要靠实体经济走向未来。当前，我国已经迈上全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程、向第二个百年奋斗目标进军，要实现这一目标更离不开实体经济。没有实体经济高质量发展所提供的物质生产资料，社会主义现代化建设就无从提起。必须不断做实做强做优实体经济，筑牢实体经济根基。

Implement the New Development Philosophy Throughout the Entire Process of Real Economy Development

把新发展理念贯穿实体经济发展全过程

High-quality development is the primary task in comprehensively building a modern socialist country, and achieving high-quality development is one of the essential requirements of Chinese-path modernization. The real economy is the material and technological foundation of economic and social development. To build a great modern socialist country, we must promote high-quality development of the real economy. We must adhere to the people-centered development philosophy, fully, accurately, and comprehensively implement the new development philosophy, and integrate the concepts of innovation, coordination, green development, openness, and sharing throughout the entire process of real economy development, promoting the development of the real economy to better conform to the trend of the times, and enabling China to gain the initiative in international economic competition.

高质量发展是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的首要任务，实现高质量发展是中国式现代化的本质要求之一。实体经济是经济社会发展的物质技术基础，建成社会主义现代化强国必须推动实体经济高质量发展。必须坚持以人民为中心的发展思想，完整、准确、全面贯彻新发展理念，把创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的理念贯穿于实体经济发展全过程，推动实体经济发展更好顺应时代发展潮流，为我国在国际经济竞争中赢得主动。

Innovation becomes the primary driving force for the high-quality development of the real economy. The innovation-driven development strategy is of great significance for promoting economic development and enhancing the core competitiveness of the nation. The real economy is the lifeblood of China's economy, and to make the real economy solid, strong, and excellent, it is necessary to follow the path of innovation. The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC states: "We must adhere to the principle that science and technology are the primary productive forces, talent is the primary resource, and innovation is the primary driving force, thoroughly implement the strategy of invigorating China through science and education, the strategy of strengthening the nation through talent, and the innovation-driven development strategy, open up new fields and new tracks for development, and continuously shape new drivers of development and new advantages." [1]1 Xi Jinping, "Speech at the Central Rural Work Conference," December 23, 2022. Promoting the innovative development of the real economy requires grasping three key points: technology, institutions, and talent. First, adhere to the leadership of scientific and technological innovation in building a modern industrial system and promote industrial innovation and development. Scientific and technological progress can give rise to a series of emerging industries, such as new energy, artificial intelligence, and semiconductors. These emerging industries not only have high growth potential but can also drive the optimization and upgrading of the entire industrial chain. At the same time, scientific and technological progress is conducive to promoting the technological transformation and iteration of traditional industries, improving production efficiency and product quality, and giving traditional industries new vitality and vigor. Second, deepen the reform of systems and mechanisms to promote the innovative development of the real economy. Further deepening reform helps to break down institutional and mechanistic barriers that constrain innovation, create a fairer, more open, and more transparent market environment, thereby effectively reducing the cost of enterprise innovation, attracting more capital, talent, technology, and other innovation factors to gather in the real economy, and forming a new situation where innovation and creativity are continuously unleashed. Third, attach great importance to the key role of innovative talent in promoting the innovative development of the real economy. Talent is the most active and positive factor in scientific and technological innovation activities. Innovative talent possesses both deep professional knowledge reserves and strong innovation capabilities. They can base themselves on the trends of scientific and technological development, continuously explore cutting-edge technologies and new forms of enterprise organization, scientifically allocate and optimally combine various production factors, thereby promoting technological progress and industrial transformation.

创新成为实体经济高质量发展的第一动力。创新驱动发展战略对推动经济发展、增强国家核心竞争力具有重要意义。实体经济是我国经济的命脉所在，做实做强做优实体经济必须走创新的道路。党的二十大报告提出：“必须坚持科技是第一生产力、人才是第一资源、创新是第一动力，深入实施科教兴国战略、人才强国战略、创新驱动发展战略，开辟发展新领域新赛道，不断塑造发展新动能新优势。”推动实体经济创新发展需把握三个关键点：技术、制度和人才。一是坚持科技创新引领现代化产业体系建设，推动产业创新发展。科技进步能够催生出一系列新兴产业，如新能源、人工智能、半导体等，这些新兴产业不仅具有高增长性，还能带动整个产业链的优化升级。同时，科技进步还有利于推动传统产业的技术改造和迭代，提高生产效率和产品质量，使传统产业焕发新的生机和活力。二是深化体制机制改革推动实体经济创新发展。进一步深化改革有助于破除束缚创新的体制机制障碍，营造更加公平、开放、透明的市场环境，从而有效降低企业创新成本，吸引更多资本、人才和技术等创新要素向实体经济集聚，形成创新创造活力不断迸发的新局面。三是高度重视创新型人才对推动实体经济创新发展的关键作用。人才是科技创新活动中最活跃、最积极的因素。创新型人才兼具深厚的专业知识储备和强大的创新能力，能够立足科技发展趋势，不断探索前沿技术和新型企业组织方式，对各类生产要素进行科学配置和优化组合，从而推动技术进步和产业变革。

Coordination becomes an endogenous characteristic of the high-quality development of the real economy. In the process of economic and social development, the real economy and the virtual economy always exist in parallel; it is not a relationship of either/or. It is certainly unworkable to develop the virtual economy alone, detached from the needs of the real economy, or to pursue the self-circulation of the virtual economy. At the same time, the virtual economy cannot be absent. The practice of economic development shows that the moderate development of the virtual economy is also necessary for the healthy operation of the real economy, but the development of the virtual economy must be anchored to serving the real economy. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on the coordinated development of the real economy and the virtual economy, insist on placing the focus of economic development on the real economy, and promote the virtual economy to better serve the real economy. At the same time, it is also necessary to coordinate the internal relations of the real economy. The real economy mainly includes industry with manufacturing as its main body, agriculture, and parts of the producer services sector. To promote the coordinated development of the real economy, it is necessary not only to actively adapt to and lead the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation and develop modern manufacturing, but also to focus on the development of modern agriculture and comprehensively promote rural revitalization. It is also necessary to closely combine the needs of industrial transformation and upgrading and accelerate the extension of producer services towards specialization and the high end of the value chain. To achieve high-quality development of the real economy, it is impossible to rely on a single industry to "advance alone," especially not to separate or oppose the development of manufacturing and the service industry. Instead, we must insist on promoting the coordinated development of the three industries [2]2 A concept emphasizing a holistic view of agriculture that goes beyond grain production to include all land-based resources and diverse agricultural activities. and optimize the industrial structure and expand development space through integrated development.

协调成为实体经济高质量发展的内生特点。在经济社会发展过程中，实体经济和虚拟经济始终并行存在，不是非此即彼的关系。脱离实体经济的需要单枪匹马去发展虚拟经济或者追求虚拟经济的自我循环，肯定是行不通的。同时，也不能没有虚拟经济。经济发展实践表明，虚拟经济适度发展对实体经济良性运行也很有必要，只是要把发展虚拟经济落脚到为实体经济服务上。因此，必须注重实体经济与虚拟经济协调发展，坚持把发展经济的着力点放在实体经济上，推动虚拟经济更好服务实体经济。同时，还要协调好实体经济的内部关系。实体经济主要包括以制造业为主体的工业、农业和部分生产性服务业，推动实体经济协调发展，既要积极主动适应和引领新一轮科技革命和产业变革，发展现代制造业，也要聚焦现代农业发展，全面推进乡村振兴，还要紧密结合产业转型升级需要，加快推动生产性服务业向专业化和价值链高端延伸。实现实体经济高质量发展，不可能靠某个产业“单兵突进”，尤其是不能将制造业与服务业的发展割裂、对立起来，而要坚持推动三次产业协同发展，在融合发展中优化产业结构、拓展发展空间。

Green becomes an inherent requirement for the high-quality development of the real economy. Harmony between humanity and nature is an important characteristic of Chinese-path modernization. The real economy is the material and technological foundation of Chinese-path modernization. To achieve the sustainable development of materials and technology, it is necessary to unswervingly follow the path of green and low-carbon development. With the improvement of the level of economic development, people's demand for a beautiful ecological environment has become stronger, promoting the whole society's increasing attention to ecological and environmental protection. Green has become the background color of the high-quality development of the real economy. Adhering to green development aims to improve resource utilization efficiency, reduce environmental pollution and ecological damage, explore circular economy models, and provide new development space and practical paths for the real economy. In the future, it is necessary to accelerate the transformation of the economic development mode, coordinate issues such as industrial structure adjustment, pollution control, and ecological protection, and promote the development of the real economy towards high-end, intelligent, and green directions through technological innovation, management innovation, etc., further improving the quality and efficiency of economic development.

绿色成为实体经济高质量发展的内在要求。人与自然和谐共生是中国式现代化的重要特征。实体经济是中国式现代化的物质技术基础，要实现物质技术的可持续发展，就必须坚定不移地走绿色低碳发展道路。随着经济发展水平的提高，人们对优美生态环境的需求愈加强烈，推动整个社会对生态环境保护的重视程度日益提高。绿色成为实体经济高质量发展的底色。坚持绿色发展，旨在通过提高资源利用效率、减少环境污染和生态破坏，探索循环经济模式，为实体经济提供新的发展空间和实践路径。未来，要加快转变经济发展方式，统筹产业结构调整、污染治理、生态保护等问题，通过技术创新、管理创新等，推动实体经济向高端化、智能化、绿色化方向发展，进一步提高经济发展的质量和效益。

Openness becomes the necessary path for the high-quality development of the real economy. Openness is a distinctive marker of Chinese-path modernization. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, "We must continuously expand high-level opening up, deeply participate in the global division of labor and cooperation, make good use of both domestic and international resources, and expand the development space for Chinese-path modernization." [3]3 A network of organizations providing services (e.g., technology, supply, marketing) to agricultural producers. The trend of the times towards economic globalization is irreversible. For the real economy, the foundation of the national economy, only by adhering to open development, deeply participating in the global division of labor and cooperation, and enhancing the linkage effect of both domestic and international markets and resources, can we gain new advantages in global competition. Looking to the future, China's development of the real economy must promote opening up to the outside world on a larger scale, in a wider field, and at a deeper level. It is necessary not only to continue to insist on expanding the opening up of the manufacturing industry but also to take the service industry as a key area for orderly expansion of opening up, reasonably shorten the negative list for foreign investment access, and completely abolish restrictions outside the negative list. At the same time, it is necessary to conform to the booming development trend of new fields and new tracks, new business forms and new models, actively promote the development of digital trade, cross-border e-commerce, and green trade, actively participate in the formulation of international rules and standards, steadily expand institutional opening up in terms of rules, regulations, management, standards, etc., and create a favorable open institutional environment for the high-quality development of the real economy.

开放成为实体经济高质量发展的必由之路。开放是中国式现代化的鲜明标识。习近平总书记指出，“要不断扩大高水平对外开放，深度参与全球产业分工和合作，用好国内国际两种资源，拓展中国式现代化的发展空间”。经济全球化的时代潮流不可逆转。对实体经济这个国民经济的根基而言，只有坚持开放发展，深度参与全球产业分工和合作，增强国内国际两个市场两种资源的联动效应，才能获得全球竞争新优势。面向未来，我国发展实体经济要在更大范围、更宽领域、更深层次上推进对外开放。不仅要继续坚持扩大制造业开放，还要将服务业作为重点领域有序扩大开放，合理缩减外资准入负面清单，全面取消负面清单之外的限制。同时，要顺应新领域新赛道、新业态新模式蓬勃发展趋势，积极推动数字贸易、跨境电商、绿色贸易发展，积极参与国际规则和标准制定，稳步扩大规则、规制、管理、标准等制度型开放，为实体经济高质量发展营造有利的开放制度环境。

Sharing becomes the fundamental purpose of the high-quality development of the real economy. Chinese-path modernization is the modernization of common prosperity for all people. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, "Continuously realize development for the people, development relying on the people, and development achievements shared by the people, so that the achievements of modernization benefit all people more and more fairly." [4]4 Held in November 2012, the 18th National Congress marked the beginning of the Xi Jinping era. The real economy involves many business types, covers a wide range, and has a broad impact on development achievements. It is the source of creating wealth, the largest employment absorber, and the innovation driver. It is necessary to organically combine the long-term historical process of achieving common prosperity with the high-quality development of the real economy, so that the development achievements of the real economy benefit all people more and more fairly. In practice, the development of the real economy is closely related to residents' income levels and quality of life. It is necessary to adhere to the concept of shared development, focusing on implementing the employment priority strategy and accelerating innovation and development. On the one hand, deeply promote innovation and entrepreneurship, give full play to the main role of private enterprises in absorbing employment, effectively increase residents' income, and achieve higher quality and more sufficient employment; on the other hand, each locality should, based on its economic development foundation and resource endowment advantages, follow the principles of characteristic development, differentiated development, diversified development, and inclusive development to choose the most competitive industries or industrial clusters, grasp the development positioning and interactive relationship between traditional industries and high-tech industries, coordinate the development of labor-intensive and technology-intensive industries, and strive to achieve the modernization of common prosperity for all people through shared development.

共享成为实体经济高质量发展的根本目的。中国式现代化是全体人民共同富裕的现代化。习近平总书记指出，“不断实现发展为了人民、发展依靠人民、发展成果由人民共享，让现代化建设成果更多更公平惠及全体人民”。实体经济涉及业态多、涵盖范围广、发展成效惠及面宽，是创造财富的源泉，是最大的就业容纳器和创新驱动器。要将实现共同富裕这个长期的历史过程与实体经济高质量发展有机结合起来，让实体经济的发展成果更多更公平惠及全体人民。在实践中，实体经济发展与居民收入水平和生活质量息息相关。要坚持共享发展理念，把重点放在落实就业优先战略、加快创新发展上。一方面，深入推进创新创业，充分发挥民营企业吸纳就业的主力军作用，切实增加居民收入，实现更高质量和更加充分的就业；另一方面，各地要根据经济发展基础和资源禀赋优势，按照特色发展、错位发展、多元发展和包容发展的原则选择最具竞争力的产业或者产业集群，把握好传统产业和高新技术产业的发展定位和互动关系，统筹发展劳动密集型和技术密集型产业，力争在共享发展中实现全体人民共同富裕的现代化。

Take Multiple Measures Simultaneously to Make the Real Economy Solid, Strong, and Excellent

多措并举做实做强做优实体经济

The real economy is the foundation and engine of high-quality development. Only by continuously consolidating and strengthening the real economy can high-quality development be achieved, and thus the goal of building a great modern socialist country in all respects can be realized. Standing at a new historical starting point, it is necessary to focus on implementing the new development concept, place the focus of economic development on the real economy, accelerate the construction of a modern industrial system, promote new industrialization, informatization, urbanization, and agricultural modernization, and take multiple measures simultaneously to cultivate a fertile soil of the real economy for Chinese-path modernization.

实体经济是高质量发展的根基和引擎，只有持续巩固壮大实体经济，才能实现高质量发展，从而也才能实现全面建成社会主义现代化强国的奋斗目标。站在新的历史起点上，要聚焦贯彻新发展理念，把发展经济的着力点放在实体经济上，加快建设现代化产业体系，推进新型工业化、信息化、城镇化和农业现代化，多措并举厚植中国式现代化的实体经济沃土。

First, promote the construction of modern agriculture and consolidate the foundation for the high-quality development of the real economy. China is a large agricultural country; placing emphasis on agriculture and consolidating the foundation is the basis for ensuring the people's well-being and the key to governing the country. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "To make the country strong, we must first make agriculture strong; only when agriculture is strong can the country be strong. Without a strong agricultural country, there can be no comprehensive modernized power; without agricultural and rural modernization, socialist modernization is incomplete." [1]1 Xi Jinping, "Speech at the Central Rural Work Conference," December 23, 2022. At present, agriculture remains a weak link in China's national economic development, and the prominent shortcoming of socialist modernization is still in agriculture and rural areas. To consolidate the foundation of the real economy, we must base ourselves on the national conditions of a large population with limited land, lay a solid agricultural foundation, place accelerating the development of modern agriculture in a more prominent position, and go all out to build an agricultural power with strong supply guarantees, strong scientific and technological equipment, a strong management system, strong industrial resilience, and strong competitiveness.

第一，推动现代农业建设，夯实实体经济高质量发展的基础。中国是农业大国，重农固本是安民之基、治国之要。习近平总书记指出：“强国必先强农，农强方能国强。没有农业强国就没有整个现代化强国；没有农业农村现代化，社会主义现代化就是不全面的。”当前，农业仍然是我国国民经济发展的薄弱环节，社会主义现代化建设的突出短板还在农业农村。筑牢实体经济根基必须立足人多地少的国情，打好农业基础，把加快发展现代农业放在更加突出的位置，全力建设供给保障强、科技装备强、经营体系强、产业韧性强、竞争能力强的农业强国。

Promoting the transformation of traditional agriculture into modern agriculture and going all out to build an agricultural power can be approached from the following three aspects. First, establish a grand agricultural perspective. [2]2 A concept emphasizing a holistic view of agriculture that goes beyond grain production to include all land-based resources and diverse agricultural activities. The grand agricultural perspective is a more comprehensive, integrated, and open concept of agricultural development. It transcends simple grain cultivation, requiring us to face all national land and resources, and develop a modernized grand agriculture that coordinates grain, cash crops, and feed, simultaneously develops agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fisheries, integrates planting, breeding, and processing, connects production, processing, and sales, and merges primary, secondary, and tertiary industries. We should develop modern agriculture according to the concept of the grand agricultural perspective, ensuring the quality and efficiency of the production links in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fisheries, while simultaneously strengthening the integration and expansion of the entire industrial chain including processing, circulation, marketing, and services, paying attention to the interconnections, mutual promotion, and overall benefits among various links, and improving the comprehensive competitiveness of agriculture and the income level of farmers. Second, strengthen agricultural infrastructure construction and improve the agricultural socialized service system. [3]3 A network of organizations providing services (e.g., technology, supply, marketing) to agricultural producers. Agricultural infrastructure is the basic guarantee for developing modern agriculture. Efforts must be made to improve farmland water conservancy facilities, strengthen the construction, management, and protection of small-scale farmland water conservancy facilities, and improve the agricultural disaster prevention and mitigation system. The agricultural socialized service system is a network system formed by providing various services to business entities directly engaged in agricultural production. Modern agricultural production and management activities cannot do without the strong support of the agricultural socialized service system, such as pre-production supply services for seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and plastic film; in-production technical services for plowing, sowing, and pest control; and post-production services for the transportation, processing, and marketing of agricultural products. Third, promote agricultural modernization through digitalization. Digitalization's impact on agricultural development is all-encompassing, penetrating deeply into all areas of agricultural production, management, and circulation, and can provide important momentum for advancing agricultural modernization and building an agricultural power. From the perspective of factor utilization, the application of agricultural data factors in various fields has, to a certain extent, achieved the substitution of input for other factors and a value multiplication effect. In the production field, the integration of digital technology with agricultural production can accelerate the construction of a new type of agricultural production and management system, improving agricultural production efficiency; in the circulation field, digitalization helps effectively connect supply and demand, with smart logistics and smart warehousing reducing the circulation costs of agricultural products and achieving a connection between smallholder farmers and the large market; in terms of management organization, digitalization helps tap the production potential of new types of agricultural production and management organizations. Empowering agricultural development with digitalization is a major trend and the call of the times. Efforts must be made to accelerate the construction of smart agricultural infrastructure, strengthen the full-cycle application of agricultural data factors in the industrial chain, and narrow the urban-rural digital divide.

推动传统农业向现代农业转变，全力建设农业强国，可从以下三方面着手。一是树立大农业观。大农业观是一种更加全面、综合和开放的农业发展理念，超越了单纯的粮食种植，要求面向全部国土资源，发展粮经饲统筹、农林牧渔并举、种养加一体、产加销贯通、一二三产业融合发展的现代化大农业。要按照大农业观的理念发展现代农业，确保农林牧渔业的生产环节提质提效，同时加强加工、流通、营销、服务等全产业链的融合拓展，注重各环节间的相互联系、相互促进和整体效益，提高农业综合竞争力和农民收入水平。二是加强农业基础设施建设和健全农业社会化服务体系。农业基础设施是发展现代农业的基本保障，要在完善农田水利设施、加强小型农田水利设施建设和管护、健全农业防灾减灾体系方面下功夫。农业社会化服务体系是为直接从事农业生产的经营主体提供各种服务而构成的一个网络体系。现代农业生产经营活动，离不开农业社会化服务体系的有力支持，如产前的种子、化肥、农药、薄膜等生产资料供应服务，产中的耕种、栽培、病虫害防治等技术服务，产后的农产品运输、加工、销售等服务。三是以数字化推动农业现代化。数字化对农业发展的影响是全场景的，深入农业生产、经营、流通各领域，能为推进农业现代化和建设农业强国提供重要动能。从要素利用上看，农业数据要素在各领域的应用在一定程度上实现了对其他要素的投入替代和价值倍增作用。在生产领域，数字技术与农业生产的融合能够加速构建新型农业生产经营体系，提高农业生产效率；在流通领域，数字化助推供需有效对接，智慧物流、智慧仓储降低了农产品流通成本，实现了小农户与大市场之间的连接；在经营组织方面，数字化有助于挖掘新型农业生产经营组织的生产潜能。数字赋能农业发展是大势所趋和时代使然，需在加快智慧农业基础设施建设、强化农业数据要素在产业链的全周期应用、缩小城乡数字鸿沟等方面下功夫。

Second, accelerate the promotion of new-type industrialization and strengthen the support for the high-quality development of the real economy. The supporting role of new-type industrialization for the real economy is reflected in multiple aspects, including enhancing independent innovation capabilities, promoting intelligent and green development, strengthening industrial chain resilience, and promoting the deep integration of the digital and real economies. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, [4]4 Held in November 2012, the 18th National Congress marked the beginning of the Xi Jinping era. the pace of new-type industrialization in China has significantly accelerated, with the scale of industry steadily expanding, the industrial structure continuously optimizing, and the digital and green transformation steadily advancing. A complete industrial system with a large scale and comprehensive supporting facilities provides solid support for the development of the real economy.

第二，加快推进新型工业化，强化实体经济高质量发展的支撑。新型工业化对实体经济的支撑作用体现在增强自主创新能力、促进智能化绿色化发展、强化产业链韧性及推动数实深度融合等多个方面。党的十八大以来，我国新型工业化步伐显著加快，工业规模稳步壮大、产业结构持续优化、数字化绿色化转型不断推进。规模庞大、配套齐全的完备产业体系，是实体经济发展的坚实支撑。

Looking to the future, promoting the high-quality development of the real economy through new-type industrialization can be approached from the following four aspects. First, enhance independent innovation capabilities. Strengthening independent innovation requires the joint efforts of the government, enterprises, scientific research institutions, and other parties to build a collaborative innovation system, promote the deep integration of industry, academia, and research, accelerate the improvement of the conversion rate and application penetration rate of scientific research achievements, cultivate a number of innovative enterprises with international competitiveness, and vigorously stimulate innovation vitality. Second, promote the intelligent and green development of industrial enterprises. We should deeply implement the smart manufacturing project, strengthen the construction of new-type information infrastructure, and actively promote the digital and intelligent transformation of the manufacturing industry. Actively and prudently promote the green transformation of industrial enterprises, focus on building a green, low-carbon, and circular economic system, accelerate the creation of a green and low-carbon supply chain, strengthen green supply chain management, optimize management processes and organizational structures, and establish and improve a green and low-carbon management system and operational mechanism. Third, enhance the resilience of the industrial chain and supply chain. China has formed an industrial system with a large scale, a complete range, and relatively strong competitiveness. However, the "bottleneck" problem [5]5 Refers to key technologies or components that China cannot independently produce and must import, creating vulnerabilities. still exists. We must focus on key links, make painstaking efforts to shore up weaknesses, strengthen areas of strength, and enhance the independent controllability of the industrial system, effectively improving the resilience and security level of the industrial chain and supply chain. Fourth, promote the deep integration of the real economy and the digital economy. The digital economy has become a new engine driving economic development. The high-quality development of the real economy is inseparable from the strong support and integrated penetration of the digital economy. Industrialization practices at home and abroad show that the deep integration of the real economy and the digital economy will generate huge synergistic effects. We must promote the digital, networked, and intelligent development of traditional industries, accelerate the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries, develop and strengthen strategic emerging industries and future industries, cultivate new industries and new business forms, and inject new vitality into the development of the real economy.

面向未来，以新型工业化推动实体经济高质量发展，可从以下四方面着手。一是增强自主创新能力。强化自主创新需要政府、企业和科研机构等各方共同努力，构建协同创新体系，促进产学研深度融合，加快提升科研成果的落地转化率和应用普及率，培育一批具有国际竞争力的创新型企业，大力激发创新活力。二是促进工业企业智能化绿色化发展。要深入实施智能制造工程，加强新型信息基础设施建设，积极推进制造业数智化转型。积极稳妥推进工业企业绿色化转型，聚焦构建绿色低碳循环经济体系，加快打造绿色低碳供应链，加强绿色供应链管理，优化管理流程和组织结构，建立健全绿色低碳管理体系和运营机制。三是提升产业链供应链韧性。我国已经形成规模大、体系全、竞争力较强的产业体系，但是“卡脖子”问题依然存在，必须聚焦关键环节，在补短板、锻长板和提升产业体系自主可控能力上下苦功夫，切实提升产业链供应链的韧性和安全水平。四是推进实体经济与数字经济深度融合。数字经济已经成为推动经济发展的新引擎，实体经济高质量发展离不开数字经济的有力支撑和融合渗透。国内外工业化实践表明，实体经济与数字经济的深度融合将产生巨大的协同效应。要推动传统产业数字化、网络化和智能化发展，加快传统产业转型升级，发展壮大战略性新兴产业和未来产业，培育新产业新业态，为实体经济发展注入新的活力。

Third, build a new system of high-quality and efficient service industries and expand the space for the high-quality development of the real economy. The deep integration of the service industry and the manufacturing industry is an inevitable requirement for building a modernized industrial system and an inevitable choice for the real economy to move towards high-quality development. The modern service industry, especially producer services, involves multiple links in industries such as agriculture and industry. It is characterized by strong professionalism, high industrial integration, and significant driving effects. It can effectively expand the development space of the real economy and promote the optimization and upgrading of the industrial structure. The "Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform and Promoting Chinese-Path Modernization," [6]6 A key policy document outlining reform priorities for the period ahead, adopted in July 2024. reviewed and approved by the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC, [7]7 The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, held in July 2024, focused on further comprehensive reform. proposes a series of measures around improving the systems and mechanisms for developing the service industry, such as promoting the standardization of the service industry, focusing on key links and sub-sectors to promote the high-quality development of producer services, and promoting the integrated development of producer services, pointing the direction for promoting the sustainable development of the service industry.

第三，构建优质高效的服务业新体系，拓展实体经济高质量发展的空间。服务业与制造业的深度融合，是建设现代化产业体系的必然要求，也是实体经济迈向高质量发展的必然选择。现代服务业特别是生产性服务业，涉及农业、工业等产业的多个环节，具有专业性强、产业融合度高、带动作用显著等特点，能够有效拓展实体经济发展空间，推动产业结构优化升级。党的二十届三中全会审议通过的《中共中央关于进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化的决定》，围绕完善发展服务业体制机制，提出推进服务业标准化建设、聚焦重点环节分领域推进生产性服务业高质量发展、推进生产性服务业融合发展等一系列举措，为推动服务业可持续发展指明了方向。

Focusing on the high-quality development of the real economy, building a new system for a high-quality and efficient service sector requires solving two problems. First, develop the service sector by stepping beyond it, that is, fully leverage its strong penetration characteristics and advantages. Through deep integration of the service sector with related industries, especially manufacturing, achieve mutual promotion and dual upgrading of modern services and advanced manufacturing, further strengthening, improving, and optimizing the real economy. The key to integrated development of manufacturing and services lies in empowering manufacturing through modern services, promoting the development of manufacturing toward high-end, intelligent, and green directions, and driving the upgrading of modern services through increased demand from manufacturing. It is necessary to establish cross-industry integrated development mechanisms, focusing on coordinating the production and operation models and development needs of manufacturing and services, optimizing the sharing and flow of data elements between industries, smoothing interconnection channels among industrial internet platforms, enriching data application scenarios, and promoting the formation of an open industrial ecosystem. Promote the establishment of commonly applicable industry norms and policies and regulations, explore new classification standards and industry standards, advance the upgrading of manufacturing parks toward “production + services,” and achieve synergistic and coupled development of manufacturing and services. It is also necessary to optimize the threshold settings for access for emerging manufacturing and service enterprises, establish a production and operation licensing system adapted to new development trends, strengthen quality standards, and enhance the application of big data, algorithms, and other technologies in quality supervision. Second, promote integrated urban-rural development. Integrated urban-rural development is an inevitable requirement of Chinese-path modernization. To this end, it is necessary to take a holistic approach and implement comprehensive measures. By optimizing the allocation of service resources, strengthen service linkages and resource sharing between cities and rural areas, so that rural residents can also enjoy higher-quality services. Increase investment in rural services, enhance rural infrastructure construction capacity, promote the transformation and upgrading of rural services, and raise the level of service consumption among rural residents. Fully leverage the empowering role of digital technology in the rational allocation of urban and rural factors, strengthen the widespread application of digital technology in consumer services and social services across various fields, and narrow the urban-rural digital divide.

聚焦实体经济高质量发展，构建优质高效的服务业新体系需要解决两个问题。一是跳出服务业发展服务业，即充分发挥其渗透功能强的特征和优势，通过服务业与相关产业尤其是制造业的深度融合，实现现代服务业和先进制造业的相互促进和双升级，进一步做实做强做优实体经济。制造业和服务业融合发展的关键在于通过现代服务业赋能制造业，推动制造业向高端化、智能化、绿色化方向发展，并通过制造业需求的提升推动现代服务业升级。要建立跨行业的融合发展机制，重点是统筹制造业和服务业的生产运营模式与发展需求，优化数据要素在行业间的共享与流动，畅通工业互联网平台间的互联互通渠道，丰富数据应用场景，促进形成开放的产业生态。推动建立具有共同适用性的行业规范和政策法规，探索新的划分标准和行业标准，推进制造业园区向“生产+服务”升级，实现制造业和服务业协同耦合发展。还要优化对新兴制造业和服务业企业的准入门槛设置，建立适应新发展趋势的生产经营许可制度，强化质量标准，加强大数据、算法等技术在质量监督中的应用。二是推动城乡融合发展。城乡融合发展是中国式现代化的必然要求。为此，需统筹兼顾、综合施策，通过优化服务资源配置，加强城市与农村之间的服务对接和资源共享，让农村居民也能享受到更加优质的服务。加大对农村服务业的投入力度，提升农村基础设施建设能力，推动农村服务业转型升级，提升农村居民服务消费水平。充分发挥数字技术对城乡要素合理配置的赋能作用，加强数字技术在生活性服务业和社会服务业各领域的广泛应用，缩小城乡数字鸿沟。

Fourth, improve relevant systems and mechanisms to provide institutional guarantees for the high-quality development of the real economy. The development of the real economy cannot be separated from the strong support of fiscal, financial, and industrial policies. It is necessary to continuously optimize and dynamically adjust supporting policies conducive to the development of the real economy, improve the incentive and constraint mechanisms for serving the real economy, and provide a solid institutional guarantee for the high-quality development of the real economy.

第四，健全相关体制机制，为实体经济高质量发展提供制度保障。实体经济的发展离不开财政金融和产业政策的有力支持，需持续优化并动态调整有利于实体经济发展的配套政策，健全服务实体经济的激励约束机制，为实体经济高质量发展提供坚实制度保障。

Finance, as the lifeblood of the real economy, should take serving the development of the real economy as its bounden duty. For finance to support the real economy, this important principle must be upheld. Currently, the indirect financing system centered on banks remains the main source of financing for market entities. A key focus for financial support of real economy development lies in having a sound banking system and related institutions. In this regard, it is necessary to encourage commercial banks to innovate in product design and institutional mechanisms, strengthen credit support for small and medium-sized enterprises, establish regulatory principles oriented toward serving the real economy, intensify efforts to investigate and punish chaos such as capital idling and shifting from real to virtual sectors, and truly channel financial resources into the real economy. Supporting the development of the real economy also cannot be separated from the strong guarantee of fiscal policy. Currently, the real economy and the digital economy are accelerating their deep integration, and the traditional real economy is gradually transforming into a new real economy after digital-real integration. How to better adapt to this development and change trend of the real economy and construct a fiscal policy framework that matches it is a new topic worthy of study. Digital-real integration is a systematic project that requires effective policy coordination to form synergy. Currently, the focus of fiscal policy is to increase efforts and improve efficiency. By strengthening the counter-cyclical adjustment of fiscal policy, ensure necessary fiscal expenditures, improve policy effectiveness, strengthen fiscal policy support, further promote deep digital-real integration, and better leverage the leveraging role of fiscal policy in attracting social funds. Industrial policy is also an important guarantee for the high-quality development of the real economy. Industrial policy mainly provides directional guidance. Through clear industrial planning and layout, based on better alignment of supply and demand, coordinate the promotion of technological innovation and industrial cultivation, establish a long-term mechanism, and accelerate the cultivation of new advantages for the high-quality development of the real economy.

金融作为实体经济的血脉，应该以服务实体经济发展为天职。金融支持实体经济，必须坚持这一重要原则。当前，以银行为主的间接融资体系依然是经营主体主要的融资来源，金融支持实体经济发展的一个重要着力点就在于有健全的银行体系及相关制度。对此，需鼓励商业银行创新产品设计和体制机制，强化对中小企业的信贷支持，建立以服务实体经济为导向的监管原则，加大对资金空转、脱实向虚等乱象的查处力度，真正把金融活水引向实体经济。支持实体经济发展，还离不开财政政策的有力保障。当前，实体经济与数字经济正在加速深度融合，传统意义上的实体经济逐渐向数实融合后的新实体经济转变。如何更好适应实体经济的这一发展变化趋势，构建与其相匹配的财政政策框架，是值得研究的新课题。数实融合是一个系统工程，需要政策有效配合，形成合力。当前，财政政策的重点是加力提效，要通过加大财政政策逆周期调节力度，保证必要的财政支出，提高政策效能，强化财政政策支持，进一步推动数实深度融合，更好发挥财政撬动社会资金的杠杆作用。产业政策也是实体经济高质量发展的重要保障。产业政策主要是提供方向引导，要通过清晰的产业规划及布局，立足供给和需求更好对接，统筹推进技术创新和产业培育，构建长效机制，加快培育实体经济高质量发展新优势。

Online editor: Paul

网络编辑：保罗