Accelerating the Development of New Quality Productive Forces and Steadily Promoting High-Quality Economic Development

The Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively to Advance Chinese-Style Modernization, adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Party, [1]1 This is a quotation from Karl Marx, *Capital*, Volume I, Chapter 7, Section 1. points out that it is necessary to earnestly implement the strategic deployments made by the 20th National Congress of the CPC, fully, accurately, and comprehensively implement the new development philosophy, and strive to promote high-quality development. High-quality development is the primary task of carrying out socialist modernization. Only by achieving high-quality development can we truly promote the effective improvement of quality and reasonable growth of quantity in the economy, providing a solid material and technological foundation for building a great modern socialist country. By basing ourselves on the new stage of development, using the new development philosophy to guide reform, improving the institutions and mechanisms for developing new quality productive forces according to local conditions, and integrating the promotion of high-quality development into a systematic and coordinated whole, this has become the key to solving new and difficult problems in economic and social development at present.

党的二十届三中全会通过的《中共中央关于进一步全面深化改革 推进中国式现代化的决定》指出，要认真贯彻落实党的二十大作出的战略部署，完整准确全面贯彻新发展理念，着力推动高质量发展。高质量发展是进行社会主义现代化建设的首要任务，只有实现高质量发展，才能真正推动经济实现质的有效提升和量的合理增长，为建设社会主义现代化强国提供坚实的物质技术基础。通过立足新发展阶段、以新发展理念引领改革，健全因地制宜发展新质生产力体制机制，推动高质量发展融合为一个系统协调的整体，成为当前破解经济社会发展新难题的关键。

I. Understanding and Implementing the New Development Philosophy at a Deeper Level

一、在更深层次上理解和落实新发展理念

Development has always been the Party’s top priority in governing and rejuvenating the country, a fact determined by the laws of Party governance, the laws of socialist construction, and the laws of human social development. As the world’s largest Marxist governing party, the primary mission of the Communist Party of China is to concentrate efforts on raising the people’s living standards and gradually achieving common prosperity, and development is the foundation and key to solving all of China’s problems. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “Fundamentally speaking, without solid development achievements, without the continuous improvement of the people’s lives, empty talk about ideals and convictions, empty talk about the Party’s leadership, empty talk about the superiority of the socialist system, and empty talk about ideological and moral construction will ultimately make it difficult for ideological work to achieve good results.” [2]2 Xi Jinping, "Accelerating the Construction of a Modernized Economic System" (31 January 2018), in *Xi Jinping: The Governance of China*, Volume III. In other words, to consistently win the support of the people and consolidate the ruling Party’s position, it is necessary to clarify the issues of “for whom to govern,” “how to govern,” and “how to govern long-term,” in order to solve the unique problems facing a major party. [3]3 The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC was held in July 2024. The "Resolution" is a major policy document outlining the reform agenda for the period to 2029. To answer these questions, we must first accurately grasp the changes in the stage of development China is in and the principal contradiction in society, and then, based on the law of the movement of the basic contradiction between productive forces and relations of production, grasp the overall features and direction of development of the entire society.

发展始终是我们党执政兴国的第一要务，这是由党的执政规律、社会主义建设规律以及人类社会发展规律所决定的。作为世界上最大的马克思主义执政党，中国共产党的首要使命就是集中力量提高人民生活水平，逐步实现共同富裕，而发展是解决我国一切问题的基础和关键。习近平总书记指出：“从根本上说，没有扎扎实实的发展成果，没有人民生活不断改善，空谈理想信念，空谈党的领导，空谈社会主义制度优越性，空谈思想道德建设，最终意识形态工作也难以取得好的成效。”换言之，如果要始终赢得人民群众的拥护、巩固执政党地位，必须厘清“为谁执政”“怎样执政”“如何长期执政”等问题，才能破解大党独有难题。而要回答这些问题，首先要准确把握我国所处发展阶段和社会主要矛盾的变化，再根据生产力与生产关系这一基本矛盾运动规律来把握整个社会的基本面貌和发展方向。

However, economic and social development is a complex system. There must be something that governs the overall situation, the fundamentals, the direction, and the long term to guide development. The development philosophy is precisely such a general program. It must not only explain what kind of development and how to achieve development, but also answer the questions of the stance, purpose, driving force, and methods of development. As the guide for action, all economic practice must be carried out under the guidance of a certain development philosophy. The new development philosophy, composed of innovative development, coordinated development, green development, open development, and shared development as an integrated whole, was not derived from nothing. It was formed by the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core on the basis of profoundly summarizing the experiences and lessons of domestic and international development. Moreover, it was proposed specifically to address the prominent issues in China’s development. It is “a concentrated expression of China’s development ideas, development direction, and development focus… and also a concentrated expression of the experience of China’s development over more than thirty years of reform and opening up, reflecting our Party’s new understanding of the laws of China’s development.” [4]4 Xi Jinping, speech during the 11th collective study session of the Politburo of the 20th CPC Central Committee (31 January 2024). Therefore, as an important part of Xi Jinping’s economic thought, the new development philosophy must run through the entire process of high-quality development and is also the “soul” through which high-quality development can be realized.

然而经济社会发展是一个复杂系统，必须有一个管全局、管根本、管方向、管长远的东西来统领发展，发展理念就是这样一个总纲要，不仅要阐释什么样的发展、怎样实现发展的问题，更要回答发展的立场、目的、动力和方式等。作为行动的先导，一切的经济实践都要在一定的发展理念引领下进行。由创新发展、协调发展、绿色发展、开放发展、共享发展构成的整体的新发展理念，不是凭空得来的，是以习近平同志为核心的党中央在深刻总结国内外发展经验教训的基础上所形成的，更是针对我国发展中的突出问题而提出的，是我国“发展思路、发展方向、发展着力点的集中体现……也是改革开放三十多年来我国发展经验的集中体现，反映出我们党对我国发展规律的新认识”。因此，新发展理念作为习近平经济思想的重要内容，必须贯穿于高质量发展过程之中，同时也是高质量发展得以实现的“魂”。

To implement the new development philosophy, we must first have a complete, accurate, and comprehensive understanding of it. Innovative development mainly solves the problem of development momentum. Innovative development cannot be simply understood as scientific and technological innovation, but rather as integrated innovation. As the primary driving force leading social development, innovation includes not only basic forms such as technological innovation, institutional innovation, and scientific innovation, but is also manifested in guiding and advancing advanced social systems. Therefore, innovation must be placed at the core of the overall national development and modernization drive. Through innovation in theory, institutions, science and technology, culture, systems and mechanisms, and other aspects, we promote the transformation of productive forces and relations of production, making innovation a penetrating factor of production that runs through all work of the Party and the state. Coordinated development mainly solves the problem of unbalanced development. Coordinated development cannot be simply understood as solving the income gap between urban and rural areas and regions, but rather as comprehensive coordination. Coordinated development is an inevitable requirement for the operation of the economic system and a methodological principle that must be followed in the process of Chinese-path modernization. Especially as China’s principal social contradiction evolves and changes, it is even more necessary to carry out coordination and balance within the overall layout of the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics, [5]5 Xi Jinping, speech during the 11th collective study session of the Politburo of the 20th CPC Central Committee (31 January 2024). strive to promote the coordinated development of relationships between industries, regions, urban and rural areas, and between material and cultural-ethical progress, focus on equal opportunities for development and balanced allocation of resources, and continuously enhance the overall nature, synergy, and balance of development. Green development mainly solves the problem of harmony between man and nature. Green development cannot be simply understood as environmental protection, but rather involves the reengineering of the entire social production process based on all-round innovation. Fundamentally, green development solves the problem of harmony and coordination in the material exchange between man and nature. Green development must incorporate the material circulation process of nature and human society into the economic growth model, adhere to the basic national policy of conserving resources and protecting the environment, and firmly follow the path of civilized development featuring production development, affluent life, and a sound ecosystem. Open development mainly solves the problem of internal and external linkage in development. It cannot be simply understood as opening the country’s doors, but rather as shaping new advantages for China in international cooperation and competition. China should actively conform to the trend of economic globalization, promote a comprehensive opening-up strategy, continuously deepen the opening up of flows in factor markets such as goods, services, capital, and talent, create a transparent, stable, and predictable institutional environment, continuously promote the reform and improvement of the global economic governance system, guide the global economic agenda, uphold the multilateral trading system, accelerate the implementation of the free trade zone strategy, and actively undertake international responsibilities and obligations commensurate with China’s capabilities and status. Shared development mainly solves the problem of social fairness and justice. It cannot be simply understood as reasonable distribution, but rather as embodying the requirement of gradually achieving common prosperity. The essence of shared development is adhering to the people-centered development philosophy. The people are the drivers of history; improving people’s well-being is the fundamental purpose of China’s economic and social development. Currently, China has achieved the goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects. [6]6 Xi Jinping, "Speech at the 11th Collective Study Session of the Political Bureau of the 20th CPC Central Committee," January 31, 2024. In the new stage of development, we must first make the “cake” bigger and better through joint effort, and then, through a reasonable distribution system, ensure that the fruits of development are shared by the people.

贯彻新发展理念，首先要对新发展理念有完整、准确、全面的认识。创新发展主要是解决发展动力问题，创新发展不能简单地理解为科技创新，而是集成创新。创新作为引领社会发展的第一动力，不仅包括技术创新、制度创新、科学创新等基本形式，也表现在对先进社会制度的引领和推进上，因此，要把创新摆在国家发展和现代化全局的核心位置，通过理论、制度、科技、文化、体制机制等各方面创新，推动生产力以及生产关系的变革，使得创新成为一种渗透性的生产要素，贯穿党和国家的一切工作中。协调发展主要是解决发展不平衡问题，协调发展不能仅仅理解为解决城乡、区域间收入差距问题，而是综合协调。协调发展是经济体系运行的必然要求，是中国式现代化进程中必须遵循的方法论原则。尤其是随着我国社会主要矛盾发展变化，更要在中国特色社会主义事业总体布局中进行协调平衡，着力推进产业、区域、城乡、物质文明和精神文明等关系的协调发展，注重发展机会平等、资源配置均衡，不断增强发展的整体性协同性和平衡性。绿色发展主要是解决人与自然和谐问题，绿色发展不能简单理解为环境保护，而是涉及在全方位创新基础上的整个社会生产流程的再造。绿色发展在根本上就是解决人与自然之间物质变换中的和谐协调问题，绿色发展必须将自然界与人类社会的物质循环过程纳入经济增长模型当中，坚持节约资源和保护环境的基本国策，坚定走生产发展、生活富裕、生态良好的文明发展道路。开放发展主要是解决发展内外联动问题，不能简单理解为打开国门，而是塑造我国参与国际合作和竞争新优势。我国应主动顺应经济全球化潮流，推进全方位对外开放战略，持续深化商品、服务、资金、人才等要素市场的流动型开放，打造透明稳定可预期的制度环境，不断推动全球经济治理体系改革完善，引导全球经济议程，维护多边贸易体制，加快实施自由贸易区战略，积极承担与我国能力和地位相适应的国际责任和义务。共享发展主要是解决社会公平正义问题，不能简单理解为分配合理，而是体现逐步实现共同富裕的要求。共享发展的本质是坚持以人民为中心的发展思想。人民群众是历史的推动者，增进民生福祉是我国经济社会发展的根本目的。当前我国已实现全面建成小康社会，在新发展阶段要首先通过共同奋斗把“蛋糕”做大做好，再通过合理的分配制度实现发展成果由人民共享。

Implementing the new development philosophy requires adhering to a problem-oriented approach. The new development philosophy is proposed by focusing on the new problems encountered in the practice of the New Era, based on the contradictory changes in economic and social development at a specific historical stage. The problems currently faced by China mainly include the imbalance in development between regions and between urban and rural areas; issues such as low efficiency of the energy system, great pressure for green transformation of production and life, and the arduous task of achieving the dual carbon goals; [7]7 “Dual carbon goals” (双碳目标) refers to China’s pledge to peak carbon emissions by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. problems including the intensified encirclement and suppression of China by Western countries; and also the higher demands of the people for a better life, shifting from needs for subsistence and survival to multi-faceted needs including economic, cultural, social, and ecological aspects. The emergence of these problems indicates that China’s economy and society have entered a new stage of development. The economy must evolve towards a stage with more advanced forms, more optimized division of labor, and more rational structure. The development mode must shift from pursuing scale and speed to focusing on quality and efficiency. The development momentum must shift from relying on resource-intensive and labor-intensive factors to relying on new production factors such as innovation, management, technology, knowledge, and data. The development structure must shift from incremental capacity expansion to adjusting the stock and optimizing the increment. The proposal of the new development philosophy is precisely to solve these problems in a targeted manner. Among them, innovative development solves the problem of development momentum, coordinated development solves the problem of imbalance, green development solves the problem of harmonious coexistence between man and nature, open development solves the problem of internal and external linkage, and shared development solves the problem of social fairness and justice. Therefore, implementing the new development philosophy is actually a process of sublation—sublating old concepts, old ideas, old drivers, and old goals, forming new ideas, new concepts, new goals, and new drivers, and resolving the principal social contradiction and satisfying the people’s aspiration for a better life through higher-level development.

贯彻新发展理念要坚持问题导向。新发展理念是聚焦新时代实践遇到的新问题，立足于特定历史阶段经济社会发展呈现的矛盾变化而提出的。当前我国所遇到的问题主要包括区域、城乡之间的发展不平衡问题，能源体系效率低下、生产生活绿色转型压力大、双碳目标任务艰巨等问题；还包括西方国家加大对中国的围堵打压的问题；也包括人民群众对美好生活的诉求由温饱型、生存型需求转向经济、文化、社会、生态等多方面需求在内的更高要求。这些问题的出现意味着我国经济社会进入一个新的发展阶段，经济要实现向形态更高级、分工更优化、结构更合理阶段演进，发展方式要从追求规模速度转向注重质量效率，发展动力从依靠资源密集型、劳动力密集型转向依靠创新、管理、技术、知识、数据等新型生产要素，发展结构从增量扩能调整为向调整存量、做优增量转变。新发展理念的提出正是要针对性地解决这些问题。其中创新发展解决发展动力问题，协调发展解决不平衡问题，绿色发展解决人与自然和谐共生问题，开放发展解决内外联动问题，共享发展解决社会公平正义问题。所以说，贯彻新发展理念实际也是一个扬弃的过程，扬弃旧理念、旧思路、旧动能、旧目标，形成新思路、新理念、新目标、新动能，通过更高水平的发展化解社会主要矛盾、满足人民对美好生活的向往。

Implementing the new development concept requires adhering to a systematic approach. A systematic approach emphasizes that when analyzing and solving problems, one must place things within the entire system for comprehensive, dynamic, and developmental observation and reflection; it is a foundational way of thinking and working method. The new development concept stresses that in economic and social development, attention should be paid not only to quantitative economic indicators but also to quality indicators, efficiency indicators, and livelihood indicators. In practice, it treats economic and social development as a systemic project to be advanced in coordination, pursuing not the growth of a single indicator but comprehensive development with a balance among its many internal elements. Therefore, when implementing the new development concept, different development elements are interconnected and mutually constraining; they must be implemented in an integrated manner, without attending to one aspect while neglecting another, nor substituting one for another. Each development concept is proposed in response to current problems and has its irreplaceable character. Hence, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasizes: “We must adhere to a systematic perspective, carry out systematic design in accordance with the holistic and interconnected nature of the new development concept, so that each promotes the other and all advance in tandem, without acting in isolation or attending to one thing while neglecting another, without being biased toward one side or weighting things unevenly.”

贯彻新发展理念要坚持系统观念。系统观念强调的是在分析问题、解决问题时要将事物置于整个系统中进行全面的、动态的、发展的观察和思考，是具有基础性的思想和工作方法。新发展理念强调在经济社会发展中不仅关注经济数量指标、更强调质量指标、效率指标、民生指标，实际是将经济社会发展视为一个系统工程进行协同推进，追求的不是单一指标增长，而是全面性的、内在诸多要素平衡的发展。因此在贯彻新发展理念时，不同发展要素之间是相互联系、相互制约的，要统一贯彻，不能顾此失彼，也不能相互替代，各个发展理念都是针对当前问题所提出的，具有其不可取代性。因此，习近平总书记强调：“要坚持系统的观点，依照新发展理念的整体性和关联性进行系统设计，做到相互促进、齐头并进，不能单打独斗、顾此失彼，不能偏执一方、畸轻畸重。”

II. Coordinating the New Development Concept with High-Quality Development

二、统筹新发展理念与高质量发展

The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC points out: “From now on, the central task of the Communist Party of China is to unite and lead the people of all ethnic groups across the country to comprehensively build a great modern socialist country, achieve the Second Centenary Goal, and comprehensively advance the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-path modernization.” To accomplish this central task, it is no longer viable to rely on extensive, high-speed growth; high-quality development must be integrated throughout the entire process of Chinese-path modernization, achieving Chinese-path modernization through high-quality development.

党的二十大报告指出：“从现在起，中国共产党的中心任务就是团结带领全国各族人民全面建成社会主义现代化强国、实现第二个百年奋斗目标，以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴。”要实现这一中心任务，继续依靠粗放式高速度的增长是不行的，必须将高质量发展贯穿于中国式现代化的全过程之中，以高质量发展实现中国式现代化。

Development is the absolute principle, and high-quality development is the absolute principle of development in the New Era. China’s total economic output has ranked second in the world for 14 consecutive years. However, the transformation of the economic development model, which has long plagued China’s economic development, has yet to achieve an effective breakthrough. Insufficient innovation capacity and core technologies being controlled by others will lead to a serious survival crisis. At present, China still relies on imports in many key fields and core technologies, including chips, lithography machines, CNC machine tools, and high-end instruments and equipment. The problem reflected behind this is that China has shortcomings in many areas such as innovation capacity, basic research, talent cultivation, and resource allocation. The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC proposes to adhere to the core position of innovation in the overall situation of modernization construction. Only by adhering to innovation can truly independent development be achieved, and can a series of other development issues such as livelihood, ecology, economy, and society be further resolved. As General Secretary Xi Jinping stated, “Development is the Party’s top priority in governing and rejuvenating the country, and it is the foundation and key to solving all China’s problems. At the same time, I have repeatedly emphasized that what we want is development that is quality-oriented, efficient, and sustainable, development supported by relatively full employment and improvements in labor productivity, return on investment, and resource allocation efficiency.” High-speed development is the face, high-quality development is the substance; both face and substance must be pursued together, with greater attention to substance.

发展才是硬道理，高质量发展是新时代发展的硬道理。我国经济总量已经连续14年稳居世界第二位。但是，长期困扰我国经济发展的经济发展方式转型却迟迟不能得到有效的突破。创新能力不足、核心技术受制于人，就会导致严重的生存危机。目前，我国在很多关键领域和核心技术中还存在进口依赖，包括芯片、光刻机、数控机床、高端仪器装备等，这背后所反映的问题是我国在创新能力、基础研究、人才培养、资源配置等诸多方面均存在短板。党的二十大报告提出要坚持创新在现代化建设全局中的核心地位，也只有坚持创新，才能实现真正的独立发展，才能进一步解决民生、生态、经济、社会等一系列其他发展问题。正如习近平总书记所说，“发展是党执政兴国的第一要务，是解决我国一切问题的基础和关键。同时，我也反复强调，我们要的是有质量、有效益、可持续的发展，要的是以比较充分就业和提高劳动生产率、投资回报率、资源配置效率为支撑的发展”。高速度发展是面子，高质量发展是里子，面子里子要一起要，更要注重里子。

High-quality development requires high-quality institutional design. In the high-speed growth stage, policy adjustments were mainly relied upon to offset cyclical economic fluctuations and changes in supply-demand relations. In the high-quality development stage, short-term equilibrium can of course be achieved through counter-cyclical adjustment measures, but in the long run, reform must be relied upon to ensure sustained and stable economic development. The practice of reform and opening up over the past 40-plus years has fully proven that only reform can solve development difficulties, enhance development vitality, and strengthen development advantages. At the current stage, to achieve high-quality development, we can only continue to advance comprehensive deepening of reform, enhance the endogenous driving force of development, coordinate the advancement of deep-level reform and high-level opening up, continuously liberate and develop social productive forces, and stimulate and enhance social vitality. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that China will continue to target the prominent contradictions restricting economic development, accelerate the pace of reform in key links and important areas, and provide institutional guarantees for high-level opening up and high-quality development through the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity. This includes creating a fair competition market environment to stimulate the creative vitality of economic entities; effectively transforming government functions, optimizing the government service system, and building a competitive business environment; optimizing the allocation of resources in factor markets, improving factor quality, and raising total factor productivity; and improving public service policy systems and laws and regulations to enhance the people’s tangible sense of gain and happiness.

高质量发展要求有高质量的制度设计。在高速增长阶段主要依靠政策调整对冲周期性的经济波动和供求关系的变化，而到了高质量发展阶段，当然可以通过逆周期的调节手段实现短期平衡，但是从长期来看必须通过改革来保证经济的持续稳定发展。过去40多年的改革开放实践已经充分证明了，唯有改革才能破解发展难题、增强发展活力、厚植发展优势。当前阶段，要实现高质量发展，只能继续推进全面深化改革，增强发展内生动力，统筹推进深层次改革和高水平开放，不断解放和发展社会生产力、激发和增强社会活力。习近平总书记指出，中国将继续针对制约经济发展的突出矛盾，在关键环节和重要领域加快改革步伐，以国家治理体系和治理能力现代化为高水平开放、高质量发展提供制度保障，包括营造公平竞争的市场环境，激发经济主体的创造活力；切实转变政府职能，优化政府服务体系，打造具有竞争力的营商环境；优化要素市场资源配置，提高要素质量，提高全要素生产率；完善公共服务政策体系和法律法规，提高人民群众的实实在在的获得感和幸福感。

High-quality development requires a nationwide coordinated approach, with all fields advancing in synergy. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee has made systematic plans and strategic deployments on many issues concerning long-term and overall interests, implementing major strategic arrangements such as rural revitalization, poverty alleviation, new-type urbanization, regional integration, ecological protection and restoration, and the construction of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. This has further enhanced the coordination and balance of China’s economic development, laying a solid foundation for high-quality development. In the future development stage, it is necessary to continue to enhance strategic thinking ability, raise political standing, and on the basis of adhering to the general principle of pursuing progress while ensuring stability, comprehensively plan work in the economic, political, ecological, and other fields, adhere to a systematic approach, and strengthen multi-objective coordination and multi-policy synergy. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasizes that to promote high-quality economic development, we must seize the strategic opportunity of promoting the rise of the central region, take the high-quality development of the manufacturing industry as the main direction, place innovation in a prominent position in the overall development situation, and strengthen the construction of major infrastructure; we must adhere to a people-centered approach to advance new-type urbanization, be adept at using reform methods to solve prominent problems in economic and social development; we must actively integrate into the joint construction of the Belt and Road Initiative, accelerate the building of an inland open highland, and accelerate the construction of a modern economic system; we must increase pollution prevention and environmental governance, strengthen the determination to protect and build the ecological environment, without wavering, relaxing, or making exceptions.

高质量发展要做到全国一盘棋，各领域协同并进。党的十八大以来，党中央对事关长远、关系大局的诸多问题作出了系统谋划和战略部署，实施了乡村振兴、脱贫攻坚、新型城镇化、区域一体化、生态保护修复、粤港澳大湾区建设等重大战略安排，使得我国经济发展的协调性平衡性进一步增强，为高质量发展奠定了坚实基础。在未来发展阶段，要继续增强战略思维能力，提高政治站位，在坚持稳中求进工作总基调的基础上，统筹谋划经济、政治、生态等各方面工作，坚持系统观念、强化多目标统筹、多政策协同并进。习近平总书记强调，推动经济高质量发展，要抓住促进中部地区崛起战略机遇，把制造业高质量发展作为主攻方向，把创新摆在发展全局的突出位置，加强重大基础设施建设；要坚持以人为核心推进新型城镇化，善于用改革的办法解决经济社会发展中的突出问题；要积极融入共建“一带一路”，加快打造内陆开放高地，加快建设现代化经济体系；要加大污染防治和环境治理，加强生态环境保护建设的定力，不动摇、不松劲、不开口子。

High-quality development must focus development efforts on the real economy, and must focus on comprehensively promoting the transformation and upgrading of the industrial structure. The main contradiction in China’s economic operation is not a total quantity issue but a structural issue, with problems such as the real economy being large but not strong, structural imbalance between the real economy and the virtual economy, and structural imbalance between supply and demand within the real economy. The real economy is the pillar of the modern industrial system, the basic condition for achieving common prosperity, and an important foundation for China’s socialist modernization. Achieving high-quality development requires promoting the high-quality development of the real economy, and correctly handling the relationship between the real economy and the virtual economy. At present, China has entered the middle and late stages of industrialization. It is necessary to continue to consolidate the foundation of the manufacturing industry while maintaining the development momentum of the modern service industry. Against the backdrop of an increasing share of service sector added value, through the integration and interaction of the service industry with advanced manufacturing, new development momentum can be endowed to traditional manufacturing. At the same time, we must adhere to taking innovation as the primary driving force for development, pay more attention to the strategic supporting role of science and technology, use digital technology to promote the improvement of factor productivity, and accelerate the formation of a real economy innovation system with international competitiveness. Therefore, it is necessary to give full play to the multiple forces of the government, market, enterprises, and society, continuously advance the construction of a high-level industry-university-research cooperation system, strengthen basic research, achieve substantive breakthroughs in key areas of core technologies, solve the “bottleneck” problem, continuously promote the real economy to develop stronger and better, and accelerate the construction of a science and technology power, manufacturing power, quality power, aerospace power, transportation power, network power, and digital China.

高质量发展要把发展着力点放在实体经济上，要把重点放在全面推动产业结构转型升级上。我国经济运行中的主要矛盾不是总量问题而是结构问题，存在实体经济大而不强、实体经济与虚拟经济结构失衡、实体经济内部的供需结构失衡等问题。实体经济是现代产业体系的支柱，是实现共同富裕的基础条件，也是我国社会主义现代化建设的重要基础。实现高质量发展必须推动实体经济的高质量发展，必须正确处理实体经济与虚拟经济的关系。当前我国已进入工业化中后期，既要继续筑牢制造业基础，又要保持现代化服务业的发展劲头，在服务业增加值占比日益提升的背景下，通过服务业与先进制造业的融合互动，为传统制造业赋予新的发展动能。同时要坚持把创新作为引领发展的第一动力，更加注重科技的战略支撑作用，以数字技术促进要素生产率的提高，加快形成具有国际竞争力的实体经济创新体系，因而必须充分发挥政府、市场、企业、社会等多方力量，持续推进高水平产学研合作体系建设，强化基础研究，在核心技术关键领域取得实质性突破，解决“卡脖子”问题，持续推进实体经济向更强更优发展，加快建设科技强国、制造强国、质量强国、航天强国、交通强国、网络强国、数字中国。

High-quality development requires implementing the new development philosophy throughout the entire process and in every domain of economic and social development. The key to high-quality development lies in resolving the fundamental contradiction, the principal contradiction in society, and the principal aspect of the contradiction, especially the prominent issues affecting the people's life and production. Therefore, "innovative development, coordinated development, green development, open development, and shared development must all be given attention in our work, so that they can work in synergy and form a combined force, without favoring one over another or taking a partial view." [1]1 This is a quotation from Karl Marx, *Capital*, Volume I, Chapter 7, Section 1. At the central level, it is necessary to strengthen the planning and design of the policy system, better leverage the guiding role of medium- and long-term strategic plans, synthesize domestic and international development situations and China's development conditions, and comprehensively and systematically introduce corresponding top-level designs and supporting measures around the implementation of the new development philosophy. This includes optimizing the policy framework and implementation measures in areas such as policies and regulations, financial support, and mechanism building, while also strengthening the evaluation of policy effects and properly grasping policy intensity to form a combined force for development. For local governments, it is necessary to adapt measures to local conditions and carry out corresponding work according to their own scope of responsibilities and actual development conditions. They must neither fight alone, confined to closed management within their jurisdiction, nor blindly expand, acting recklessly and rigidly divorced from reality. They must identify the entry points for work, refine implementation measures and annual economic and social development goals and tasks, take local issues as the focal point, make sustained efforts to shore up weaknesses and strengthen areas of weakness, implement work with the spirit of driving a nail, and use local strength to contribute to national high-quality development.

高质量发展要把新发展理念贯彻到经济社会发展全过程和各领域。高质量发展的关键在于解决基本矛盾、社会主要矛盾以及矛盾的主要方面，尤其是影响人民群众生活生产的突出问题，因此“创新发展、协调发展、绿色发展、开放发展、共享发展，在工作中都要予以关注，使之协同发力、形成合力，不能畸轻畸重，不能以偏概全”。从中央层面来说，要加大政策体系的谋划设计，更好发挥中长期战略规划的导向作用，综合国内外发展形势和我国发展条件，有针对性地全面系统地围绕贯彻新发展理念推出相应的顶层设计和配套措施，从政策法规、财政支持、机制建设等方面优化政策框架和落实举措，并加大对政策效果的评估、把握好政策力度，形成发展合力。对于地方政府而言，要因地制宜、按照自身职责范围和实际发展情况抓好相应工作。既不能单打独斗、局限于属地封闭管理，又不能盲目扩张、脱离实际蛮干硬干，要找准工作切入点，细化落实举措和年度经济社会发展目标任务，以地区问题为着力点，在补短板、强弱项上持续用力，以钉钉子精神狠抓落实，以地区力量助力国家高质量发展。

High-quality development will serve as an important criterion for testing the effectiveness of implementing the new development philosophy. High-quality development is development where the industrial structure transforms from singular to diversified, thereby achieving rationalization and advancement; it is development where total factor productivity continuously improves, the quality of the supply system constantly rises, and innovation becomes the primary driving force; it is development where core production factors such as land, capital, and labor flow more freely and smoothly, while simultaneously moving up the value chain and significantly enhancing the driving force of economic development; it is development where the people's aspiration for a better life is continuously satisfied; it is development focused on high quality, not a numbers game of growth without development. The results and actual effects of high-quality development should be used as an important criterion for testing the grasp, understanding, and implementation of the new development philosophy. Adopting a results-oriented approach, we must accelerate the optimization and adjustment of the industrial structure, lead the construction of a modern industrial system with scientific and technological innovation, improve the quality and efficiency of economic development, focus on driving the conversion of old and new growth drivers, and accelerate the formation of new quality productive forces, thereby achieving a comprehensive high-quality development situation that has both a solid material and technological foundation and broad popular sense of gain. In the performance evaluation system for high-quality development, a multi-dimensional comprehensive assessment should be conducted based on the new development philosophy. This should not only focus on hard indicators such as the speed of economic growth, the degree of optimization of the economic structure, and the quality and quantity of innovation achievements, but also incorporate indicators such as ecological protection, livelihood security, and social evaluation into the assessment system. Local assessments should shift from growth incentives to innovation incentives, promoting high-quality development to become a common understanding and conscious action of the entire Party and society, and the main theme of long-term economic and social development.

高质量发展将作为检验新发展理念落实效果的重要标准。高质量发展是产业结构由单一向多元化进而实现合理化和高级化转化的发展，是全要素生产率不断提高、供给体系质量不断提高、创新成为第一动力的发展，是土地、资本、劳动力等核心生产要素流动更加自由顺畅，同时在价值链上不断上升、经济发展动力显著增强的发展，是人民对美好生活的向往不断得以满足的发展，是注重高质量的发展，而不是有增长无发展的数字游戏。要将高质量发展的成果和实效，作为把握、理解、落实新发展理念的重要检验标准，以结果为导向，加快优化调整产业结构，以科技创新引领现代化产业体系建设，提高经济发展质量和效益，着力推动新旧动能转换，加快形成新质生产力，从而实现既有深厚物质技术基础，又有广泛人民获得感的全方位高质量发展局面。在高质量发展的绩效评价体系中，应依据新发展理念从多维度进行全面考察，不仅要关注经济增长速度、经济结构优化程度、创新成果的质量和数量等硬性指标，还应将生态保护、民生保障、社会评价等指标纳入考核体系，对地方考核由增长激励转为创新激励，推动高质量发展成为全党全社会的共同认识和自觉行动，成为长期坚持的经济社会发展主旋律。

The overall implementation of the new development philosophy and the realization of high-quality development must be grounded in advancing Chinese-path modernization, which is the greatest political task. The overall implementation of the new development philosophy and the realization of high-quality development ultimately aim to complete the grand blueprint of Chinese-path modernization. We must adhere to a benign interaction between high-quality development and high-level security, promoting high-level security through high-quality development, and ensuring high-quality development with high-level security, achieving dynamic balance and mutual reinforcement between development and security. We must closely focus on the principal contradiction in society, which is the contradiction between the people's ever-growing needs for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development, resolutely implement the new development philosophy of innovative, coordinated, green, open, and shared development, closely integrate economic construction as the central task with high-quality development as the primary task, and strive to achieve development that is higher quality, more efficient, more equitable, and more sustainable. Through concrete actions and results in high-quality development, we must make new and greater contributions to comprehensively advancing the building of a strong country and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-path modernization, create a new path for Chinese-path modernization development, and create a new form of human civilization.

统筹贯彻新发展理念、实现高质量发展，要落脚到推进中国式现代化这一最大的政治上。统筹贯彻新发展理念、实现高质量发展，最终落脚点就是要完成中国式现代化的宏伟蓝图。必须坚持高质量发展和高水平安全良性互动，以高质量发展促进高水平安全，以高水平安全保障高质量发展，发展和安全要动态平衡、相得益彰。我们必须紧紧围绕人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾这个社会主要矛盾，坚决贯彻落实创新发展、协调发展、绿色发展、开放发展、共享发展的新发展理念，将经济建设这一中心工作和高质量发展这一首要任务紧密结合起来，努力实现更高质量、更有效率、更加公平、更可持续的发展，以高质量发展的实际行动和成效，为以中国式现代化全面推进强国建设、民族复兴伟业作出新的更大贡献，创造出中国式现代化发展新道路，创造人类文明新形态。

III. Embedding the Development of New Quality Productive Forces into the Entire Process of High-Quality Development

三、将发展新质生产力嵌入高质量发展全过程

In recent years, with the implementation of the new development philosophy, China's efforts to promote high-quality development have achieved remarkable results. The driving force for innovative development has been significantly enhanced, China has entered the ranks of innovative countries, and scientific and technological innovation achievements have been abundant. Coordinated development has been steadily advanced, and the coordination and balance of the industrial economy, urban and rural areas, and regions have been significantly strengthened. Green and low-carbon transformation has achieved notable results, energy consumption has continued to decline, and the quality of air, water, and soil has all improved. Open development has improved quality and efficiency, and the people's wellbeing has been continuously promoted. However, at the same time, it must be recognized that numerous internal and external factors constraining China's future sustainable high-quality development still exist. Facing a complex international political and economic situation, overlapping domestic cyclical and structural contradictions, and being at a critical period of converting old and new growth drivers and transforming and upgrading the industrial structure, there is an urgent need to cultivate new growth drivers through the revolutionary development of productive forces. At this point, incremental technological updates can no longer meet the requirements of high-quality development. It is necessary to enhance China's voice in international competition through critical, disruptive technological innovations and meet the demands of domestic and international mid-to-high-end markets. Therefore, developing new quality productive forces has become the inherent requirement and important focal point of current high-quality development.

近年来，随着新发展理念的贯彻落实，我国着力推进高质量发展取得了卓越成效，创新发展动能显著增强，已进入创新型国家行列，科技创新成果丰硕；协调发展扎实推进，产业经济、城乡区域的协调性、平衡性明显增强；绿色低碳转型成效显著，能源消费持续下降，空气、水、土壤质量均有提升；开放发展提质增效、民生福祉持续推进。但同时也要看到，制约我国未来持续高质量发展的内外因素依然大量存在，面临国际政治经济形势复杂，国内周期性和结构性矛盾叠加，经济发展面临新旧动能转化、产业结构转型升级的关键时期，亟须以生产力革新发展培育发展新动能。此时渐进式的技术更新已难满足高质量发展要求，必须以关键性、颠覆式技术创新提高我国在国际竞争中的话语权，满足国内外中高端市场需求，因而，发展新质生产力成为当前高质量发展的内在要求和重要着力点。

Historical materialism holds that productive forces are the most active and revolutionary factor driving the development of human society, and also the ultimate cause of social change. As Marx said, "The hand-mill gives you society with the feudal lord; the steam-mill, society with the industrial capitalist." [2]2 Xi Jinping, "Accelerating the Construction of a Modernized Economic System" (31 January 2018), in *Xi Jinping: The Governance of China*, Volume III. The state of productive forces determines the state of society. Currently, to achieve high-quality development, China urgently needs a new theory of productive forces to guide it. Marx once stated that productive forces are, of course, always the productive forces of useful, concrete labor; in fact, they only determine the efficiency of purposeful productive activity within a given period of time. Therefore, "this development of the productive forces ultimately always comes down to the social character of the labor that is put into operation, to the division of labor within society, to the development of intellectual labor, especially the natural sciences," [3]3 The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC was held in July 2024. The "Resolution" is a major policy document outlining the reform agenda for the period to 2029. emphasizing the important role of scientific and technological innovation in the development of productive forces. General Secretary Xi Jinping has also pointed out that scientific and technological innovation can give rise to new industries, new models, and new growth drivers, and is the core element for developing new quality productive forces. [4]4 Xi Jinping, speech during the 11th collective study session of the Politburo of the 20th CPC Central Committee (31 January 2024). Therefore, developing new quality productive forces requires increasing the intensity and depth of innovation, actively cultivating strategic emerging industries such as new materials and new energy, actively cultivating future industries such as future manufacturing, future information, and future space, and improving the systems and mechanisms for developing new quality productive forces according to local conditions.

历史唯物主义认为，生产力是推动人类社会发展的最活跃、最革命的因素，也是推动社会变革的终极原因，正如马克思所说，“手推磨产生的是封建主的社会，蒸汽磨产生的是工业资本家的社会”，生产力状况决定了社会状况。当前我国要实现高质量发展，迫切需要新的生产力理论来指导。马克思曾经说道，生产力当然始终是有用的、具体的劳动的生产力，它事实上只决定有目的的生产活动在一定时间内的效率，因而“生产力的这种发展，最终总是归结为发挥作用的劳动的社会性质，归结为社会内部的分工，归结为脑力劳动特别是自然科学的发展”，强调了科技创新对生产力发展的重要作用。习近平总书记也指出，科技创新能够催生新产业、新模式、新动能，是发展新质生产力的核心要素。因此，发展新质生产力必须加大创新力度和深度，积极培育新材料、新能源等战略性新兴产业，积极培育未来制造、未来信息、未来空间等未来产业，健全因地制宜发展新质生产力的体制机制。

The process of developing productive forces is the process of modernizing the production process, the production system, and the industrial system arising therefrom. Marx pointed out that productive forces are "all the progress of civilization, or in other words, all the increase in the productive forces of society, if you like, all the increase in the productive powers of labor itself, such as results from science, inventions, the division and combination of labor, the improvement of means of communication, the creation of the world market, machinery, etc." [5]5 Xi Jinping, speech during the 11th collective study session of the Politburo of the 20th CPC Central Committee (31 January 2024). To achieve the development of productive forces, great importance must be attached to the improvement of the labor process (production process) and production capacity. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that new quality productive forces are "driven by revolutionary technological breakthroughs, innovative allocation of production factors, and deep industrial transformation and upgrading. Their basic connotation is the leap in the quality of laborers, means of labor, objects of labor, and their optimized combination. Their core hallmark is a substantial increase in total factor productivity. Their characteristic is innovation, their key is high quality, and their essence is advanced productive forces." [6]6 Xi Jinping, "Speech at the 11th Collective Study Session of the Political Bureau of the 20th CPC Central Committee," January 31, 2024. This assertion not only conforms to the general laws of the development of productive forces but also represents an inheritance and creative development of Marx's views on productive forces. Moreover, it makes new quality productive forces the intermediate link between the new development philosophy and high-quality development.

生产力的发展过程就是生产过程和生产体系以及由此产生的产业体系的现代化。马克思指出，生产力就是“文明的一切进步，或者换句话说，社会生产力的一切增长，也可以说劳动本身的生产力的一切增长，如科学、发明、劳动的分工和结合、交通工具的改善、世界市场的开辟、机器等等所产生的结果”。为取得生产力的发展，就必须高度重视劳动过程（生产过程）和生产能力的提高。习近平总书记指出，新质生产力“由技术革命性突破、生产要素创新性配置、产业深度转型升级而催生，以劳动者、劳动资料、劳动对象及其优化组合的跃升为基本内涵，以全要素生产率大幅提升为核心标志，特点是创新，关键在质优，本质是先进生产力”。这一论断不仅符合生产力发展的一般规律，也是对马克思关于生产力观点的继承和创造性发展，更是使新质生产力成为新发展理念和高质量发展的中间环节。

New quality productive forces are both a new form of productive forces and a dynamic process of continuous development and change. From the perspective of science and technology, new quality productive forces manifest as new technologies such as the digital economy, artificial intelligence, and quantum computing; from the perspective of the labor process, new quality productive forces represent the modernization of the production process, the modernization of all elements of production. The three most core elements of the labor process—"the simple elements of the labor process are: purposeful activity or labor itself, the subject of labor, and the instruments of labor"[1]1 This is a quotation from Karl Marx, *Capital*, Volume I, Chapter 7, Section 1.—are precisely what must be elevated. That is to say, developing new quality productive forces encompasses not only material and technological innovation but also all aspects including the industrial system, production methods, and resource allocation methods, which together constitute a modernized economic system.

新质生产力既是一种新的生产力质态，也是一个动态的不断发展变化的过程。从科学技术的角度，新质生产力表现为数字经济、人工智能、量子计算等新技术；从劳动过程的角度，新质生产力就是生产过程的现代化，就是生产的全部要素的现代化过程，而劳动过程的三个最为核心的要素，即“劳动过程的简单要素是：有目的的活动或劳动本身，劳动对象和劳动资料”，就是要实现跃升的内容。也就是说，发展新质生产力不仅涵盖物质技术的创新，也包括产业体系、生产方式、资源配置方式等各个方面，而这些共同构成了现代化经济体系。

Regarding the modernized economic system, Xi Jinping's economic thought has made important original theoretical contributions. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out that the modernized economic system "is an organic whole composed of the interrelationships and internal connections among all links, levels, and fields of socio-economic activity"[2]2 Xi Jinping, "Accelerating the Construction of a Modernized Economic System" (31 January 2018), in *Xi Jinping: The Governance of China*, Volume III. and is an urgent requirement for China to cross a critical threshold and a strategic goal of economic development. The modernized economic system includes two basic aspects: a modernized industrial system and a high-level socialist market economy system. It requires both building a modernized industrial system with coordinated development of the real economy, modern finance, technological innovation, and human resources on the basis of quality change, efficiency change, and driving-force change, and constructing an economic system with effective market mechanisms, well-measured macro-control, and vibrant micro-entities. These two aspects form an internally unified organic whole. Therefore, to build a modernized economic system, develop new quality productive forces, and thereby achieve high-quality development, it is necessary to comprehensively deepen reform, create an institutional environment and facility foundation for the development of the modernized economic system in terms of systems and mechanisms, and provide corresponding new relations of production for the rapid development of new quality productive forces. Domestically, this requires establishing a high-standard market system through economic system reform, allowing various production factors to flow to key fields such as strategic emerging industries and future industries; internationally, it requires deepening and expanding the level of opening up to create a favorable international environment for the development of new quality productive forces. At the same time, it is also necessary to leverage the driving role of advanced productive forces to accelerate the transformation of China's industries towards high-end, intelligent, and green development.

关于现代化经济体系习近平经济思想作出重要原创性理论贡献。习近平总书记指出，现代化经济体系“是由社会经济活动各个环节、各个层面、各个领域的相互关系和内在联系构成的一个有机整体”，是我国跨越关口的迫切要求和经济发展战略目标。现代化经济体系包括现代化产业体系和高水平社会主义市场经济体制两个基本方面，既要在质量变革、效率变革、动力变革的基础上建设实体经济、现代金融、科技创新和人力资源等方面协调发展的现代化产业体系，也要构建市场机制有效、宏观调控有度、微观主体有活力的经济体制，二者是内在统一的有机整体。因此，要构建现代化经济体系、发展新质生产力，进而实现高质量发展，就必须通过全面深化改革，在体制机制上为现代化经济体系的发展创造制度环境和设施基础，为新质生产力的快速发展提供相适应的新型生产关系，在国内着力通过经济体制改革建立高标准市场体系，让各类生产要素向战略性新兴产业和未来产业等关键领域流动，在国际上深入扩大对外开放水平，为新质生产力的发展营造良好的国际环境；同时，也要发挥先进生产力的推动作用，尽快促进我国产业高端化、智能化、绿色化转型。

To this end, the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China adopted the "Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively to Advance Chinese-Path Modernization,"[3]3 The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC was held in July 2024. The "Resolution" is a major policy document outlining the reform agenda for the period to 2029. proposing to improve the systems and mechanisms for promoting high-quality economic development. This is precisely to remove the institutional and mechanistic obstacles facing the development of new quality productive forces, a proactive measure to embed new quality productive forces throughout the entire process of high-quality development. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee pointed out that for key generic technologies, cutting-edge leading technologies, modern engineering technologies, and disruptive innovative technologies, it is necessary to strengthen the institutional supply for new fields and new tracks. This means removing existing institutional and mechanistic obstacles to create sustained momentum for innovation among scientific and technological personnel and research institutions. In accelerating the gestation and transformation of scientific and technological achievements, on the one hand, it is necessary to allow trial and error, allow failure, and form a relaxed scientific research atmosphere; on the other hand, it is necessary to build incentive and guarantee mechanisms conducive to transforming scientific and technological innovation achievements into actual productive forces. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: "The transformation of scientific and technological achievements into actual productive forces manifests as the gestation of new industries and the promotion of deep industrial transformation and upgrading. Therefore, we must promptly apply scientific and technological innovation achievements to specific industries and industrial chains, transform and upgrade traditional industries, cultivate and strengthen emerging industries, plan and build future industries, and improve the modernized industrial system."[4]4 Xi Jinping, speech during the 11th collective study session of the Politburo of the 20th CPC Central Committee (31 January 2024). The proposal by the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee to allow scientific research-oriented public institutions to implement a more flexible management system than general public institutions and to explore the implementation of enterprise-style management is an important institutional innovation. At the same time, it is necessary to establish a growth mechanism for investment in future industries, and improve the development policies and governance systems for strategic industries such as next-generation information technology, artificial intelligence, aerospace, new energy, new materials, high-end equipment, biomedicine, and quantum technology. This requires strengthening top-level design at the national level, arranging special funds and attracting social funds to actively participate in innovation, forming a synergy for innovation, and guiding the healthy and orderly development of emerging industries. Developing new quality productive forces does not mean neglecting or abandoning traditional industries, but rather adhering to proceeding from reality, from the actual situation of the local region, based on local resource endowments, industrial foundations, and scientific research conditions. It means establishing the new before abolishing the old, adapting measures to local conditions, providing classified guidance, selectively promoting the development of new industries, new models, and new driving forces, and using national standards upgrades to lead the optimization and upgrading of traditional industries, supporting enterprises in using digital and intelligent technologies and green technologies to transform and upgrade traditional industries.

为此，党的二十届三中全会通过《中共中央关于进一步全面深化改革 推进中国式现代化的决定》，提出了健全推动经济高质量发展体制机制，就是破除发展新质生产力所面临的体制机制障碍，这是将新质生产力嵌入高质量发展全程的主动作为。党的二十届三中全会指出，对于关键共性技术、前沿引领技术、现代工程技术、颠覆性技术创新，要加强新领域新赛道制度供给。就是要破除现有的体制机制障碍，形成科技人员和科研机构创新的持续动力，在加快科技成果催生和转化过程中，一方面允许试错、允许失败，形成宽松的科研氛围，另一方面要对科技创新成果构建利于转化成现实生产力的激励和保障机制。习近平总书记指出：“科技成果转化为现实生产力，表现形式为催生新产业、推动产业深度转型升级。因此，我们要及时将科技创新成果应用到具体产业和产业链上，改造提升传统产业，培育壮大新兴产业，布局建设未来产业，完善现代化产业体系。”党的二十届三中全会提出的要允许科研类事业单位实行比一般事业单位更灵活的管理制度，探索实行企业化管理，就是一个重要的体制创新。同时，要建立未来产业投入增长机制，完善推动新一代信息技术、人工智能、航空航天、新能源、新材料、高端装备、生物医药、量子科技等战略性产业发展政策和治理体系，这就需要在国家层面加强顶层设计，安排专项资金和吸引社会资金积极参与创新，形成创新合力，引导新兴产业健康有序发展。发展新质生产力不是忽视、放弃传统产业，而是要坚持从实际出发，从本地区的实际情况出发，根据本地的资源禀赋、产业基础、科研条件等，先立后破、因地制宜、分类指导，有选择地推动新产业、新模式、新动能发展，以国家标准提升引领传统产业优化升级，支持企业用数智技术、绿色技术改造提升传统产业。

At the same time, great importance must be attached to stimulating the pioneering spirit of the whole society, and mobilizing the vitality of all production factors through various policies and measures. Developing new quality productive forces is by no means the affair of any single individual, any single department, or any single region, but a common responsibility of the whole society. Developing new quality productive forces is also by no means the affair of any single enterprise, any single research institution, or any single university, but a common task for all links in the production process. Therefore, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasizes, "It is necessary to improve the income distribution mechanism with factors of production participating, stimulate the vitality of production factors such as labor, knowledge, technology, management, capital, and data, better reflect the market value of knowledge, technology, and talent, and create a good atmosphere that encourages innovation and tolerates failure."[5]5 Xi Jinping, speech during the 11th collective study session of the Politburo of the 20th CPC Central Committee (31 January 2024). Only in this way can we stimulate and accelerate the cultivation of new quality productive forces, can we unleash the new driving force of new quality productive forces, and can we integrate the development of new quality productive forces into the entire process of Chinese-path modernization.

同时，必须高度重视激发全社会的首创精神，通过各种政策措施，调动一切生产要素的活力。发展新质生产力，绝不是哪一个人、哪一个部门、哪一个地区的事情，而是全社会的共同责任。发展新质生产力，也绝不是某一个企业、某一个研究机构、某一所大学的事情，而是生产过程所有环节的共同任务。因此，习近平总书记强调，“要健全要素参与收入分配机制，激发劳动、知识、技术、管理、资本和数据等生产要素活力，更好体现知识、技术、人才的市场价值，营造鼓励创新、宽容失败的良好氛围”。只有这样，才能激发和加快培养新质生产力，才能发挥新质生产力的新动能，才能将新质生产力的发展融入中国式现代化的全过程。

Online Editor: Paul

网络编辑：保罗