The Theoretical Logic and Practical Path of the Transformation of the Mode of Production in the Digital Age

The development and application of the modern digital technology system, primarily driven by big data and artificial intelligence technology, has given rise to digital productive forces, transformed the technical and social modes of combining the elements of traditional productive forces, and triggered a major transformation of the social mode of production. Digitalization is an important component of Chinese-path modernization and a key engine for promoting the development of new quality productive forces. “Digital technology and the digital economy represent the vanguard of the world’s scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, and are a key area of the new round of international competition.” [1]1 This quotation is from a Chinese academic source discussing the regulation of platform power. As the dialectical unity of productive forces and relations of production, the mode of production is the decisive force in the development of human society, and the contradictory movement of its internal elements is the fundamental driving force of socio-economic development. Studying the transformation of the mode of production in the digital age has important theoretical significance for deeply grasping the development trends of the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial revolution, optimizing and adjusting social relations of production, liberating and developing social productive forces, and creating a new form of socialist digital civilization that meets the essential requirements of Chinese-path modernization.

以大数据和人工智能技术为主要牵引的现代数字技术体系的发展和应用，催生数字生产力崛起，改变传统生产力要素的技术与社会结合方式，引发社会生产方式重大变革。数字化是中国式现代化的重要内容，是推动新质生产力发展的重要引擎。“数字技术、数字经济是世界科技革命和产业变革的先机，是新一轮国际竞争重点领域”。作为生产力与生产关系的辩证统一，生产方式是人类社会发展的决定性力量，其内部要素的矛盾运动是推动社会经济发展的根本动力。研究数字时代生产方式变革，对于深入把握新一轮科技革命和产业革命的发展趋势，优化调整社会生产关系，解放和发展社会生产力，创造符合中国式现代化本质要求的社会主义数字文明新形态，具有重要理论意义。

I. Digital Productive Forces Are the Important Material Content of the Transformation of the Mode of Production in the Digital Age

一、数字生产力是数字时代生产方式变革的重要物质内容

The digital economy is a new type of mode of production. This mode of production is the dialectical unity of digital productive forces and the new relations of production that correspond to them. Its salient feature is the intellectualization of information production and use. Human society has experienced three different meta-paradigms of production and technology: “The first focused on the transformation of materials, including stone, bronze, and iron. The second revolution, commonly known as the Industrial Revolution, was devoted to the transformation of energy, including water, steam, electricity, and combustion power. Finally, the latest meta-paradigm aims to transform information. It began with the proliferation of communication and stored data, and has now entered the algorithmic age.” [2]2 This quotation is from an official Chinese document or statement outlining the country’s vision for global digital development. Digital productive forces are an advanced qualitative state of productive forces that use big data as a new raw material for information and artificial intelligence as a tool for information transformation. They mark a revolution in the mode of information production and the mode of social connection, and are the decisive aspect of the development of the contemporary social mode of production.

数字经济是一种新型生产方式。这种生产方式是数字生产力以及与其相适应的新型生产关系的辩证统一，它的显著特点是信息生产和使用的智能化。人类社会经历了三种不同的生产与技术的元范式：“第一个专注于材料的转化，包括石头、青铜和铁。第二种革命，通常被称为工业革命，它致力于能源的转换，包括水、蒸汽、电力和燃烧动力。最后，最新的元范式旨在转换信息。它始于通信和存储数据的激增，现在已经进入了算法时代。”数字生产力是以大数据作为新的信息原料、人工智能作为信息转化工具的先进生产力质态，标志着信息生产方式和社会连接方式的革命，是当代社会生产方式发展的决定性方面。

1. Digital Productive Forces Are the Material Carrier and Realization Form of the Digital Technology System

1.数字生产力是数字技术体系的物质载体和实现形态

Digital productive forces originated from the digital technology revolution in the early 21st century. This revolution is a transformation of the technology system generated by the integrated development of technologies such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, cloud computing, big data, 5G (6G), and the Internet of Things. Its essence is the development of artificial intelligence driven by big data. From the invention of the electronic computer in 1946, to the popularization and application of personal computers in the 1980s, and then to the rapid development of the Internet in the 1990s, these constitute three landmark nodes in the development of productive forces in the information society. The birth of the iPhone in 2007 and the launch of the iPhone 3G in 2008 marked the arrival of the mobile Internet era, officially opening the “era of big data” and serving as the starting point for the rise of digital productive forces. The formation of massive digital data has driven digital technology innovation in various fields and the application revolution of algorithm technology, promoting the development of artificial intelligence based on deep learning technology. The launch of ChatGPT 3.5 in 2022 proved the effectiveness of the technical route of large AI models, directly opening the door to the development of general artificial intelligence (AGI), enabling AI to complete a breakthrough from 0 to 1, “promoting the leap of productive forces from computing power to machine intelligence, and driving the network-driven digital economy towards a data-driven intelligent economy.” [3]3 These quotations are from speeches or writings by Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the Communist Party of China Central Committee.

数字生产力源于21世纪初期的数字技术革命。这场革命是以人工智能、区块链、云计算、大数据、5G（6G）、物联网等技术的融合发展而产生的技术体系变革，其实质是大数据驱动的人工智能发展。从1946年电子计算机发明，到20世纪80年代个人电脑普及应用，再到20世纪90年代互联网快速发展，构成信息社会生产力发展三个标志性节点。2007年iPhone诞生以及2008年iPhone 3G的推出标志着移动互联网时代的到来，正式开启“大数据时代”，成为数字生产力崛起的起点。大规模数字数据的形成推动各领域数字技术革新及算法技术的应用革命，推动以深度学习为技术基础的人工智能的发展。2022年ChatGPT 3.5推出，证明了人工智能大模型技术路线的有效性，直接打开了通用人工智能（AGI）发展的大门，使AI完成了从0到1的突破，“促进生产力从算力向机器智力跃迁，推动网络驱动的数字经济向数据驱动的智能经济突进”。

Compared with agricultural productive forces and industrial productive forces, digital productive forces are new quality productive forces formed based on the collection, processing, application, etc., of massive digital data. They are advanced productive forces of a comprehensive qualitative state that create data resources, digital products, intelligent tools, and provide information services. They mainly include fields related to data, fields related to algorithm design and intelligent tool manufacturing, fields related to “computing power,” and fields where the digital industry and traditional industries integrate with each other. The foundation of digital productive forces is the digital technology system. Its basic elements include data as the object of labor, algorithms and intelligent tools as the means of labor, and various types of digital laborers. On this basis, various information elements such as description, diagnosis, prediction, and decision-making are formed. These information elements ultimately serve various application scenarios in the manufacturing end, service end, and consumption end.

相对于农业生产力、工业生产力而言，数字生产力是基于大规模数字数据的收集、加工、处理、应用等形成的新质生产力，是创造数据资源、数字产品、智能工具以及提供信息服务的综合质态的先进生产力。其主要包括与数据相关的领域，与算法设计、智能工具制造等相关的领域，与“算力”相关的领域，以及数字产业与传统产业相互融合的领域。数字生产力的底座是数字技术体系，其基本要素包括作为劳动对象的数据，作为劳动资料的算法和智能工具，以及各类数字劳动者，在此基础上形成描述、诊断、预测、决策等各种信息要素，这些信息要素最终服务于制造端、服务端、消费端的各种应用场景。

Compared with traditional productive forces, digital productive forces have distinct characteristics such as taking data as the primary factor, platforms as the organizational mode, and the digitalization and intellectualization of information as the development goal. Regarding the object of labor, “the essence of big data is ‘online’ digital information.” [4]4 This is a famous slogan from the early Soviet period, formulated by Vladimir Lenin, emphasizing the combination of political power (the Soviets) with technological modernization (electrification) as the basis for building communism. This data is the basic element of information transformation, harboring unknown connections of the world, and has characteristics such as large scale, multiple types, high speed, low value density, as well as virtuality, real-time nature, shared value-added nature, and reproducibility. Regarding the means of labor, algorithms and intelligent tools are a new machine system based on big data, capable of replacing human mental labor, similar to what Marx called “tool machines” or “working machines.” [5]5 Platform cooperativism (平台合作主义) is a movement advocating for digital platforms to be owned and governed democratically by their users and workers, as opposed to private corporations. Regarding digital laborers, entering the mirror world of data and the virtual world of code from the material world gives rise to various new forms of labor, profoundly changing the knowledge structure, ability characteristics, and cognitive models of laborers.

数字生产力与传统生产力相比，具有以数据为第一要素、平台为组织方式、信息数据化智能化为发展目标等鲜明特征。就劳动对象而言，“大数据的本质是‘在线’的数字化信息”，这些数据是信息转化的基本元素，潜藏着世界的未知联系，具有规模大、种类多、速度快、价值密度低以及虚拟性、实时性、共享增值性、可复制性等特征；就劳动资料而言，算法和智能工具是以大数据为基础的新的机器体系，能够替代人的脑力劳动，类似于马克思所说的“工具机”或“工作机”；就数字劳动者而言，从物质世界进入数据的镜像世界和代码的虚拟世界，产生各种新型劳动形态，深刻改变劳动者的知识结构、能力特性和认知模式。

2. Digital Productive Forces Are an Important Domain of Contemporary New Quality Productive Forces

2.数字生产力是当代新质生产力的重要领域

Contemporary new quality productive forces exist in multiple domains. “Specifically, they mainly include artificial intelligence, high-end computing power and algorithms, design and production technology and equipment for high-end chips, production and application of high-end robots, 5G and 6G mobile communication technology and equipment, quantum communication technology and equipment, modern aerospace technology and equipment, deep-sea exploration and development technology and equipment, various mechanical equipment such as high-end engines and tunnel boring machines and their operation control systems, high-end renewable energy technology and equipment such as solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, ocean, and biomass energy, clean energy such as nuclear energy and hydrogen energy, ultra-high voltage transmission technology and equipment, modern biomedical technology and equipment, etc., as well as high-quality labor forces capable of innovating, developing, applying, improving, and optimizing various high-tech and developing high-tech industries, and transforming and optimizing traditional industries.” [6]6 The source of this quotation is not identified in the original text. Among them, digital productive forces are the main domain of contemporary new quality productive forces. They are the most significantly developed advanced productive forces in the contemporary productive forces system that have the most prominent impact on changing the economy and society. They possess broad generality and strong spillover effects. Their influence and radiation far exceed those of other domains, and they can be regarded as a disruptive “productive forces revolution.”

当代新质生产力存在于多个领域。“具体而言，主要包括人工智能、高端算力和算法、高端芯片的设计生产技术和设备、高端机器人的生产和运用、5G和6G移动通信技术和设备、量子通信技术和设备、现代航空航天技术和设备、深海探测和开发技术和设备、高端发动机和盾构机等各类机械设备及操作控制系统、高端太阳能风能水能地热能海洋能生物质能等可再生能源技术和设备、核能和氢能等清洁能源、特高压输电技术和设备、现代生命医药技术和设备等，以及能够创新、开发、运用、改进和优化各种高新技术和发展高新产业、改造优化传统产业的高素质的劳动力”。其中数字生产力是当代新质生产力的主要领域，是当代生产力体系中发展最为显著、改变经济社会最为突出的先进生产力，具有广泛的通用性和强溢出效应，其影响之大、辐射之广远远超过了其他领域，可以将其看作一次颠覆性的“生产力革命”。

Digital productive forces are in essence a system of new quality productive forces that transform data into digital intelligence. The first industrial revolution began with technological innovation in the cotton textile industry and was founded on the steam engine, as a new general-purpose technological device, joining the existing system of productive forces, thereby bringing about a revolution in the entire industrial system. The second industrial revolution saw electrical technology join the existing technological system, transforming the existing machine-based productive forces and generating a series of new production and living equipment primarily powered by electrical energy, driving the electrification of industry across the entire society. The third industrial revolution was a revolution in the mode of information production, primarily marked by information and communication technology, while also witnessing new technological revolutions in energy technology, space technology, biotechnology, materials technology, etc., causing the scope and space for the aggregated development of productive forces to expand dramatically. The fourth industrial revolution is an intelligent revolution primarily marked by digital technology, driving the intelligentization of the economy, society, production, and daily life. From the four industrial revolutions, it can be discovered that power and information are two key constraining factors in production and daily life, and are also key elements of productive forces. The first and second industrial revolutions mainly solved the problem of power in production and daily life (e.g., steam power, electricity), while the third and fourth industrial revolutions mainly solved the problem of information (e.g., computers, the internet, digital technology). "The core productive force of industrial society is the power system; the core productive force of information society is the information network." Digital productive forces, through a revolution in the mode of information, drive the intelligentization of production and daily life, liberating traditional productive forces from the constraints of information, making information an independent factor within productive forces that plays a powerful role, enabling "material-energy activities to be increasingly carried out through information activities," and through "the datafication of things and the materialization of data on the basis of big data," [1]1 This quotation is from a Chinese academic source discussing the regulation of platform power. forming a new type of social interaction mode with intelligent tools and intelligent services as the means of labor and content of production, thereby driving a tremendous transformation of productive forces across all fields of society.

数字生产力在本质上是将数据转化为数字智能的新质生产力体系。第一次产业革命起始于棉纺织业的技术革新，奠基于蒸汽机作为一种新的通用技术设备加入原有的生产力体系，从而带来整个产业体系的革命；第二次产业革命是电力技术加入原有的技术体系，改造原有的机器生产力，产生一系列新的以电能为主要动力的生产生活设备，推动整个社会的产业电气化；第三次产业革命是以信息通信技术为主要标志的信息生产方式革命，同时也发生了能源技术、空间技术、生物技术、材料技术等新技术革命，生产力聚合发展的范围和空间急剧扩展；第四次产业革命是以数字技术为主要标志的智能革命，推动经济社会、生产生活智能化。从四次产业革命可以发现，动力和信息是生产生活中的两个关键性制约因素，也是关键的生产力要素，第一次、第二次产业革命解决的主要是生产生活中的动力问题（如蒸汽动力、电力等），而第三次、第四次产业革命解决的主要是信息问题（如计算机、互联网、数字技术等）。“工业社会的核心生产力是动力系统，信息社会的核心生产力是信息网络。”数字生产力以信息方式革命推动生产生活的智能化，解放了传统生产力受到的信息制约，使信息成为生产力中的独立因素发挥强大作用，使“物能活动日益通过信息活动进行”，通过“大数据基础上物的数据化和数据的物化”，形成以智能工具、智能服务为劳动资料和生产内容的新型社会交往方式，带动全社会各领域的生产力巨变。

3. Digital productive forces are an important driving force for the overall leap in the level of social productive forces

3.数字生产力是推动社会生产力水平总体跃升的重要动力

Digital productive forces drive the development of labor productivity. Setting aside natural differences, the development of labor productivity "ultimately always reduces to the social character of the labor in action, to the division of labor within society, to the development of intellectual labor, especially the natural sciences." [2]2 This quotation is from an official Chinese document or statement outlining the country’s vision for global digital development. The rise of digital productive forces increases the complexity of labor across the entire society, enabling the intelligentization of market coordination and planned regulation of the social division of labor, reducing transaction costs, saving circulation expenses, shrinking the scope of time and space, increasing the speed of capital circulation and turnover, promoting intellectual emancipation, and directing social labor towards a more creative, intelligent direction. The effect of digital productive forces on the overall productive forces of society is comprehensive, encompassing not only profound changes in each element of the productive forces but also major changes in the combination mode and historical form of these elements; it includes not only new applications of natural forces but also the comprehensive enhancement of individual productive forces and social productive forces, while also profoundly changing the nature and structure of society's consumption power, promoting the continuous improvement of total factor productivity, and presenting a new pattern of synergistic action among the "three forces" of natural forces, productive forces, and consumption power.

数字生产力推动劳动生产力发展。撇开自然差异，劳动生产力的发展“最终总是归结为发挥作用的劳动的社会性质，归结为社会内部的分工，归结为脑力劳动特别是自然科学的发展”。数字生产力的崛起，促使整个社会的劳动复杂程度提高，使得社会分工的市场协调和计划调节实现智能化，降低交易成本、节约流通费用、缩减时空范围，提高资本循环和周转速度，推动智能解放，使社会劳动向着更具创造性的智能化方向发展。数字生产力对社会总体生产力的作用是全方位的，既包括生产力各要素的深刻变化，也包括各要素组合方式和历史形态的重大改变；不仅包括自然力的新应用，还包括个人生产力和社会生产力的全面提升，同时也深刻改变社会消费力的性质和结构，推动全要素生产率不断提升，使自然力、生产力、消费力“三力”协同作用呈现新样态。

Digital productive forces drive the expansion and deepening of the social division of labor. "Any new productive force, insofar as it is not merely a quantitative extension of productive forces already known (e.g., the bringing into cultivation of new land), causes a further development of the division of labor." [3]3 These quotations are from speeches or writings by Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the Communist Party of China Central Committee. The expansion of the division of labor means the emergence of new labor sectors and fields; the deepening of the division of labor is mainly manifested in the refinement of labor categories and their specialization. In the digital age, digital labor expands the traditional field of labor, promoting the formation of a new type of division of labor system, shaping industrial chains, value chains, and innovation chains associated with data, algorithms, computing power, etc., giving rise to new forms of labor such as "hardware production" type digital labor, which uses digital tools for material production; "software production" type digital labor, which constructs and maintains digital tools as software; and "content production" type digital labor, which uses digital tools for spiritual and cultural activities. The emergence of new industrial chains and the transformation of original industrial chains is a process of the continuous expansion of the social division of labor and the creation of new industrial sectors, as well as a process of the continuous deepening of the social division of labor and the promotion of specialization through the reduction of transaction costs. The transformation, upgrading, and quality improvement of traditional productive forces such as industry and agriculture by digital productive forces, driving the qualitative change of the forms of traditional productive force elements and their optimized combination and renewal, comprehensively enhances the degree of socialization of division of labor and cooperation, and its impact far exceeds that of the previous major social divisions of labor.

数字生产力推动社会劳动分工的扩展和深化。“任何新的生产力，只要它不是迄今已知的生产力单纯的量的扩大（例如，开垦土地），都会引起分工的进一步发展”。分工扩展即产生新的劳动部门和领域，分工深化主要表现为劳动类别的细化及其专业化。在数字时代，数字劳动扩展了传统劳动领域，推动形成新型劳动分工体系，塑造与数据、算法、算力等相关联的产业链价值链创新链，产生了用数字化工具进行物质生产的“硬件生产”类数字劳动，建构和维护作为软件的数字化工具的“软件生产”类数字劳动，以及用数字化工具进行精神文化活动的“内容生产”类数字劳动等新型劳动形态。新产业链产生并改造原有产业链，既是社会劳动分工不断扩展、创造新兴产业部门的过程，也是社会分工不断深化、通过降低交易成本促进专业化不断发展的过程。数字生产力对工业、农业等传统生产力改造升级提质，推动传统生产力要素形态质变以及优化组合更新，全方位提升分工和协作的社会化程度，其影响远远大于前几次社会大分工。

Digital productive forces generate a multiplier effect of innovation. Digital technology is a general-purpose technology (GPT), possessing prominent characteristics such as technological independence, continuous improvement across the board, wide-ranging applicability, and strong spillover effects. Like electrical technology, it can be universally combined with traditional productive forces, thereby generating multiplier effects, doubling effects, clustering effects, synergy effects, and creative destruction effects of innovation, stimulating digitalization, networking, and intelligentization across various industries. From the perspective of technological development and social application, in the early stages of the development of digital productive forces, it was mainly applied to the consumer internet (platforms), used to coordinate information communication between commodity producers and consumers, thereby changing the relationship between production and consumption, giving rise to new business models such as on-demand production and personalized production. Subsequently, digital productive forces began to combine with social media, media, education, healthcare, transportation, elderly care, government affairs, banking, entertainment, etc., changing people's lifestyles. Then, digital productive forces combined with industrial productive forces, providing digitalized and intelligent personalized services for enterprises on industrial chains, value chains, and innovation chains, promoting the intelligent development of industry and changing the mode of social production.

数字生产力产生创新的乘数效应。数字技术是一种通用目的技术（GPT）,具有技术独立性、全程改进性、广泛多用性和强溢出效应等突出特征，与电力技术一样，能够普遍地与传统生产力相结合，从而产生创新的乘数效应、倍增效应、蜂聚效应、协同效应、创造性破坏效应，激发各行业数字化、网络化、智能化。从技术发展和社会应用来看，数字生产力发展的早期主要应用于消费互联网（平台），用于协调商品生产者与消费者之间的信息沟通，从而使生产与消费的关系发生变化，形成按需生产、个性化生产等新型商业模式；紧接着数字生产力开始与社交、媒体、教育、医疗、交通、养老、政务、银行、娱乐等结合，改变人们的生活方式；然后数字生产力与产业生产力相结合，为产业链价值链创新链上的企业提供数字化、智能化的个性服务，推进产业智能化发展，改变社会的生产方式。

Digital productive forces expand the spatiotemporal scope of capital movement. The development of digital productive forces can be divided into three stages: digitalization, networking, and intelligentization. In the digitalization stage, the platform is the main business model. The rise of digital productive forces, primarily marked by digital platforms, expands the space for capital movement, providing new fields for capital movement, including not only emerging industries and future industries but also new geographical spaces and virtual spaces (e.g., the metaverse). At the temporal level, it shortens society's "production time" and "circulation time," changes the "social time structure," [4]4 This is a famous slogan from the early Soviet period, formulated by Vladimir Lenin, emphasizing the combination of political power (the Soviets) with technological modernization (electrification) as the basis for building communism. and expands the space for individual and social development. The saving of time provides new possibilities and conditions for the development of productive forces, conducive to improving production efficiency and the speed of capital turnover, and reducing production costs and transaction costs. Unlike the digitalization stage, in the networking stage, the Internet of Things becomes an important means of labor; while in the intelligentization stage, general artificial intelligence becomes the dominant productive force. These two stages will propel human society comprehensively into the intelligent age, completing the intelligent transformation of social productive forces. From digitalization to networking to intelligentization, this is a path of subversive qualitative state evolution of the social mode of production.

数字生产力扩展资本运动的时空范围。数字生产力发展可以分为数字化、网络化、智能化三个阶段。在数字化阶段，平台是主要的商业模式。以数字平台为主要标志的数字生产力崛起，扩展了资本运动的空间，为资本运动提供了新领域，既包括新兴产业和未来产业，也包括新地理空间和虚拟空间（如元宇宙等）。在时间层面，缩短了社会的“生产时间”“流通时间”，改变“社会时间结构”，扩大个人和社会发展的空间，时间的节约为生产力发展提供了新的可能和条件，有利于提高生产效率和资本周转速度，降低生产成本和交易成本。与数字化阶段不同，在网络化阶段，物联网成为重要劳动资料；而在智能化阶段，通用人工智能成为主导生产力。这两个阶段将推动人类社会全面迈进智能时代，使社会生产力完成智能化转变。从数字化、网络化到智能化，是社会生产方式的颠覆性质态演变路径。

The application of digital technology promotes the networking of production. This is a production mode that connects individual labor and "combined labor" [5]5 Platform cooperativism (平台合作主义) is a movement advocating for digital platforms to be owned and governed democratically by their users and workers, as opposed to private corporations. through digital platforms, giving rise to new business models relying on digital platforms such as crowdsourcing, crowdfunding, collective intelligence, online medical consultations, distance education, intelligent account opening, and online entertainment. Through the coordination of the social division of labor of individual labor, combined labor, etc., via digital platforms and networks, market uncertainty will increasingly decrease due to the application of information. New production modes such as consumer-to-business (C2B), business-to-business (B2B), consumer-to-manufacturer (C2M), on-demand production, personalized production, and flexible production occupy an increasingly important position. Society coordinates the relationship between the supply side and the demand side to a greater extent through digital platforms, adopting an organizational model of the cloud system (large platform + small front-end). [6]6 The source of this quotation is not identified in the original text. At the same time, society's information and communication facilities, digital infrastructure (e.g., big data centers), and other digital means of production are used on a large scale in a centralized manner, becoming the means of production commonly used by digital labor as well as traditional labor. The networking of production promotes labor to a higher degree of socialization and the centralized use of digital means of production, thereby greatly increasing the degree of socialization of production.

数字技术的应用促进生产的网络化。这是一种通过数字平台连接个体劳动和“结合劳动”的生产模式，产生了众包、众筹、众智、在线问诊、远程教育、智能开户、在线娱乐等新的依托于数字平台的商业模式。通过数字平台和网络来协调个人劳动、结合劳动等的社会分工，市场的不确定性由于信息应用将越来越降低，消费者对企业（C2B）、企业对企业（B2B）、消费者对生产者（C2M）、按需生产、个性化生产、柔性生产等新生产模式占据越来越重要的地位。社会在更大程度上由数字平台来协调供给侧和需求侧的关系，采用云端制（大平台+小前端）的组织模式。同时，社会的信息通信设施、数字基础设施（如大数据中心）等数字生产资料得到规模化集中使用，成为数字劳动以及传统劳动共同使用的生产资料。生产的网络化促进了劳动在更高程度上的社会化和数字生产资料的集中使用，从而极大地提高了生产的社会化程度。

The rise of digital productive forces has profoundly altered the forms of the various elements of traditional productive forces and the functions of different elements, greatly highlighting the independent and enormous role that data elements or information elements play in production and daily life. At the same time, it has changed the organization, structure, scale, and distribution of social productive forces, leading to major changes in the technical and social modes of combination of the various elements of productive forces. In the digitalization stage, the new industries formed by the widespread application of digital technology, as well as the technological transformation of traditional industries, have changed the relative scale, market structure, and comparative advantages of industrial structures. The "creative destruction" effect [1]1 This quotation is from a Chinese academic source discussing the regulation of platform power. this brings about plays a huge role in promoting the restructuring of the social division of labor. The changes in technological structure, industrial structure, and product structure that bring about changes in employment structure, educational structure, and knowledge structure also cause enormous changes in the quantity, structure, and quality of the labor force. A study by Tyna Eloundou and others on the potential impact of large language models (LLMs) on different occupations and industries in the United States indicates that "approximately 80% of the U.S. workforce could have at least 10% of their work tasks affected by LLMs, and about 19% of workers may see at least 50% of their tasks impacted."

数字生产力的崛起深刻地改变传统生产力各要素形态和不同要素的功能，极大地凸显了数据要素或信息要素在生产生活中独立发挥的巨大作用，同时也改变了社会生产力的组织、结构、规模和分布，引起了生产力各要素技术和社会结合方式的重大变化。在数字化阶段，数字技术的广泛应用所形成的新产业以及对传统产业的技术改造，改变了产业结构的相对规模、市场结构和比较优势，其所引起的“创造性破坏”效应对社会分工的重构起到巨大推动作用。由技术结构、产业结构、产品结构的改变所带来的就业结构、教育结构和知识结构的改变，也使得劳动力的数量、结构和质量发生巨大变化。泰娜·埃隆杜（Tyna Eloundou）等关于大语言模型（LLM）对美国不同职业和行业的潜在影响的一项研究表明，“大约80%的美国劳动力可能有至少10%的工作任务会受到大语言模型的影响，约19%的工人可能至少50%的工作任务受到影响”。

II. New Relations of Production Are the Principal Social Form of the Transformation of the Mode of Production in the Digital Age

二、新型生产关系是数字时代生产方式变革的主要社会形式

Productive forces and relations of production are two inseparable aspects of the social mode of production. "The social relations within which individuals produce, the social relations of production, change and transform with the change and development of the material means of production, of the productive forces." [2]2 This quotation is from an official Chinese document or statement outlining the country’s vision for global digital development. The rise of digital productive forces and their penetration and integration into traditional productive forces have led to important changes in the ownership of the means of production, the mode of production organization, the form of production regulation, and social-economic relations. The continuous aggregation of these changes is profoundly altering the basic structures of the economy, politics, and culture. With the ongoing advancement of digitalization, networking, and intelligence, even more profound and disruptive impacts will emerge, driving systemic changes in social structure.

生产力与生产关系是社会生产方式不可分割的两个方面。“各个人借以进行生产的社会关系，即社会生产关系，是随着物质生产资料、生产力的变化和发展而变化和改变的。”数字生产力的崛起及其对传统生产力的渗透和融合，使得生产要素所有制、生产组织方式、生产规制形式以及社会经济关系发生了重要变化，这些变化的不断聚合正在深刻改变经济、政治和文化的基本结构。随着数字化、网络化、智能化的不断推进，将进一步产生更深刻的颠覆性影响，推动社会结构的系统性变革。

1. A New Type of Rights Structure for Data Ownership

1.数据所有制的新型权利结构

In the digital age, data has become a new type of wealth, alongside tangible objects and intellectual achievements, that can be controlled and utilized by humans, forming a third category of new property rights objects parallel to property rights and intellectual property rights. With the advent of the post-mobile internet era, data has grown explosively at a geometric rate. Unlike natural forces, most of this data is generated on digital platforms, consisting of the usage footprints or activity content left by users on the platforms. For this type of asset, if the digital platform is privately owned, and users do not have the purpose or ability to use this data (as large-scale data aggregation is necessary for it to have use value), its right of use is naturally appropriated by the platform without compensation. By virtue of this appropriation, digital platforms can sell data assets to technology companies, process data to form digital products and provide information services, or use it for technological research and development. The profits thus obtained are, in effect, a form of "data rent." Data rent arises from the platform company's monopoly over the right to use data. This monopoly over natural forces—that is, the monopoly over the labor productivity facilitated by gratuitous natural forces—exists not only in the capital of the water-powered spinning mule driven by waterfalls in the era of manufacture but also in capital utilizing steam engines for production, and in capital using water, wind, solar, and other forces to generate electricity. [3]3 These quotations are from speeches or writings by Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the Communist Party of China Central Committee. In the absence of a clear definition of data ownership (ownership in the ultimate sense), data is effectively controlled and held by platform companies. That is, digital platforms actually possess the right to possess data. This right of possession manifests as an actual economic relationship. Through the monopoly on the right of use formed by this exclusive possession, platform companies are able to extract excess profits over the long term.

在数字时代，数据成为继有体物和智力成果之后可供人类支配和利用的新型财富，成为与物权、知识产权相并列的第三类新型财产权客体。随着后移动互联网时代的到来，数据以几何级数爆发式增长。与天然的自然力相比，这类数据多数产生于数字平台，是用户在平台上留下的使用足迹或活动内容。对于这一类资产来讲，如果数字平台是私有的，而用户并没有使用这类数据的目的和能力（大量数据聚合才有使用价值），其使用权就自然地被平台无偿占有。凭借这种占有，数字平台可以将数据资产出售给科技公司，也可以进行数据加工形成数字产品、提供信息服务，还可以用于科技研发，由此获得的利润实际上是一种“数据租”。数据租产生于平台公司对于数据使用权的垄断，对自然力的这种垄断，也就是对于无偿的自然力促成的劳动生产力的垄断，不仅存在于工场手工业时代用瀑布的动力推动的水力纺纱机的资本中，也存在于利用蒸汽机进行生产的资本中，还存在于利用水力、风能、太阳能等生产电力所使用的资本中。在数据所有权（终极意义上的所有权）没有明确的情况下，数据实际上为平台公司掌握和控制，即数字平台实际上拥有了数据占有权，这种占有权表现为实际的经济关系，通过这种独占而形成的使用权的垄断，使平台公司能够长期获取超额利润。

Since the current data ownership system is a new phenomenon emerging alongside the new quality productive forces of digitalization, the legal system related to data is not yet well-established. In some countries, incidents such as data breaches, violations of user privacy, and manipulation of political elections are not uncommon. Consequently, many research institutions and scholars have proposed views such as "public ownership of data" and "nationalization of data." Correspondingly, there are also many opposing views against platform nationalization and public ownership of data. Some scholars point out that "on the chain of data flow, personal data exhibits the characteristics of a drifting resource with multi-directional, zero-permission flow and nested proliferation, containing attributes of public resource endowment, collective personality interests, and open property interests. It should logically be owned by the entire society, and its ownership configuration should adopt a dual-track approach of 'state trusteeship—social usufruct'." [4]4 This is a famous slogan from the early Soviet period, formulated by Vladimir Lenin, emphasizing the combination of political power (the Soviets) with technological modernization (electrification) as the basis for building communism. In reality, from the perspective of established facts of economic relations, data ownership manifests as the nominalization of ultimate ownership, while the rights of possession and use are held by digital platforms. The huge data rent or artificial transaction restrictions generated by this monopoly create obstacles to the large-scale circulation of data. To resolve this contradiction, consideration can be given to institutional design and innovation, such as data cooperatives, data unions, defining usufructuary rights, data trusts, etc. The emerging trend of platform cooperativism in the West, for instance, has the "mission of combining the cooperative movement, which has lasted for nearly 170 years, with commons-based peer production." [5]5 Platform cooperativism (平台合作主义) is a movement advocating for digital platforms to be owned and governed democratically by their users and workers, as opposed to private corporations. Solutions can also be achieved through technical means; for example, Web3.0 uses blockchain to establish data rights, thereby defining users' identity rights, and privacy computing enables data usability while protecting data and privacy security.

由于当前的数据所有制是伴随着数字化新质生产力出现而产生的新现象，与数据相关的法律制度并不健全，在一些国家，数据泄露、侵犯用户隐私、操纵政治选举等事件屡见不鲜。因此，不少研究机构和学者提出了“数据公有制”“数据国有化”等观点。相应地，也有很多反对平台国有化、数据公有制的观点。有学者指出，“在数据流动的链条上，个人数据表现出一种多向度、零许可流动和嵌套式增殖的漂流资源特性，蕴含着公共资源禀赋、集体人格利益和开放性财产利益，理应由全社会公有，其权属配置应采取‘国家受托—社会用益’的二元分置思路”。实际上，对于数据所有制从经济关系的既定事实角度来看，表现为终极所有权的虚置，而占有权和使用权被数字平台拥有，这种垄断所产生的巨额数据租或人为交易限制对于数据大规模流通形成了阻碍。这种矛盾的解决，可以考虑在制度上设定和创新，例如数据合作社、数据工会、界定用益物权、数据信托等，当前西方已经出现的平台合作主义新思潮，其“使命是将持续了近170年的合作化运动与基于共有资源的同侪生产相结合”；也可以通过技术手段来解决，例如，Web3.0以区块链来确立数权从而界定用户的身份权利，隐私计算在保护数据和隐私安全前提下实现数据可用目的。

2. A New Type of Coordination Mode for the National Economic Cycle

2.国民经济循环的新型协调方式

The national economic cycle includes the dialectical movement process of the four links: production, distribution, exchange, and consumption. In the digitalization stage, the "digital economy entity," primarily in the form of platforms, has become the main mode for social resource allocation, information exchange, and market coordination. New trends have emerged, such as the miniaturization of organizational scale, the cloudification of organizational carriers, and the liquefaction of organizational structures, giving rise to new organizational forms like individual enterprises, crowdsourcing, virtual factories, and super-markets. The penetration, absorption, and integration of digital productive forces have gradually platformized the four links of the national economic cycle, achieving intelligence through algorithmic embedding and automatic control. Initially, it was the platformization of the exchange and service consumption links. The rise of numerous platforms—e-commerce platforms, social platforms, media platforms, marketing platforms, live-streaming platforms, short video platforms, etc.—achieves coordination of the national economic cycle by coordinating the relationship between the supply side and demand side in the exchange sphere and directly providing service consumption content. The platform itself is both a means of production and a mode of production; the mode of production is already embedded within the algorithm. With the development from the consumer internet to the industrial internet, the entire production sphere is also gradually becoming platformized, forming new organizational forms such as industrial internet platforms, big data platforms, the Internet of Things platforms, and cloud platforms that act on the production platform, making the production sphere increasingly networked and intelligent. In the digital age, "platform enterprises always occupy a central position in bilateral markets. By relying on their ownership monopoly over key digital infrastructure, they continuously strengthen their resource attributes, connection attributes, and network attributes to promote and realize 'value co-creation'." [6]6 The source of this quotation is not identified in the original text. Because platforms coordinate the national economic cycle through algorithms, and the definition of actual relations of production is embedded in the design of the algorithms, platforms also intervene in the distribution sphere. They obtain monopoly rents by providing public infrastructure, capture a portion of social surplus by providing market coordination that shortens capital turnover time, gain economic profits by further optimizing the social division of labor and improving resource allocation efficiency in the labor process, and become the makers of distribution rules, the supervisors of labor discipline, and the coordinators of exchange relations through algorithmic definition of distribution relations and automated management of the labor process.

国民经济循环包括生产、分配、交换、消费四个环节的辩证运动过程。在数字化阶段，以平台为主要形式的“数字经济体”成为社会资源配置、信息交互以及市场协调的主要方式，出现了组织规模小型化、组织载体云端化、组织结构液态化等新趋势，产生了个人企业、众包、虚拟工厂、超级市场等新的组织形式。数字生产力的渗透、吸收、融合使得国民经济循环的四个环节逐渐平台化，通过算法嵌入和自动控制实现智能化。最初是交换和服务消费环节的平台化，电商平台、社交平台、媒体平台、营销平台、直播平台、短视频平台等众多平台的兴起，通过协调交换领域供给侧与需求侧的关系以及直接提供服务消费内容等形式，实现国民经济循环的协调。平台本身是生产资料，也是生产方式，生产方式已经嵌入算法之中。随着消费互联网向产业互联网的发展，整个生产领域也逐渐平台化，形成工业互联网平台、大数据平台、物联网平台、云平台等作用于生产平台的新型组织形式，使得生产领域逐渐网络化、智能化。在数字时代，“平台企业在双边市场中始终占据中心地位，凭借对关键数字基础设施的所有制垄断，不断强化其资源属性、连接属性和网络属性，来推动和实现‘价值共创’”。由于平台通过算法协调国民经济循环，在算法的设计中融入了对于现实生产关系的界定，因而平台也介入了分配领域，通过提供公共基础设施获取垄断租金，通过提供市场协调缩短资本周转时间获得一部分社会剩余，通过在劳动过程中进一步优化社会分工、提高资源配置效率而获得经济利润，通过算法界定分配关系和对劳动过程的自动化管理而成为分配规则的制定者、劳动纪律的监管者和交换关系的协调者。

The platformization of the circulation of the national economy not only gives rise to digital labor as a new form of labor, but also reconstructs the mode of human-machine collaboration, changes the mutual relations among laborers, and reshapes the labor process of reproduction. In the process of transformation from digitalization to networking and intelligentization, the use of intelligent tools makes traditional labor technically adapt to the development of the tool system to a greater extent. This technical subordination and the necessity of technical division of labor cause the labor process to shift from dependence on factories to dependence on networks and platforms, and social production to shift from large-scale centralization to network-based distribution. The freedom of laborers on platforms is defined and controlled by code. For example, on "crowdsourcing" platforms, although it appears that laborers have more freedom in terms of time, the intensity of labor may actually increase, and the duration of labor may also be extended.

国民经济循环的平台化，不仅催生出数字劳动这一新的劳动形式，而且重构人机协作模式，改变劳动者之间的相互关系，重塑再生产的劳动过程。在从数字化向网络化和智能化转变过程中，智能工具的使用使得传统劳动在技术上更大程度地去适应工具体系的发展。这种技术上的从属性和技术分工的必要性，使得劳动过程从依赖工厂到依赖网络和平台、社会生产从大规模集中化向网络分发式转变。劳动者在平台上的自由被代码限定和控制，例如，在“众包”平台上，虽然看起来劳动者的时间自由了，但是劳动的强度可能反而增加了，劳动时间也可能延长。

3. New Forms of Regulation of Social Relations of Production

3.社会生产关系的新型规制形式

Algorithms and their corresponding programs are the core means of labor in the digital age. Their impact on the elements of digital productive forces and their modes of combination mainly takes two paths: first, algorithms use intelligent tools as their carriers and change relations of production through intelligent tools—for example, industrial intelligentization changes the mode of labor in traditional factories, and smartphones change the modes of interaction between people and the information patterns of society; second, algorithms themselves are not completely neutral entities like traditional material means of production. Algorithms can define the relationships among laborers, between laborers and the means of labor, between laborers and consumers, and between labor and capital within the labor process. For example, the algorithms on ride-hailing platforms control the competitive and cooperative relationships among different drivers, also control the distribution relationship between the platform and drivers regarding revenue, and also control the relationship of users supervising the quality of driver service. If the data used to train algorithms has selection bias, then the resulting algorithms will also carry bias (such as algorithmic discrimination). Beyond this, algorithms also involve ethical and moral issues such as the right to informed consent in human decision-making, individual privacy, and freedom. "When collecting, storing, and analyzing data through technologies like machine learning, and then making automated decisions, the stance of the subjects who design and write the algorithms, the source and accuracy of the data supporting and training the algorithms, the value loads and value choices inherent in the algorithms, the behavioral tendencies of specific value subjects based on the algorithms, and the autonomous evaluation and decision-making of intelligent systems can all lead to a certain degree of algorithmic discrimination, affecting the realization of social justice." [1]1 This quotation is from a Chinese academic source discussing the regulation of platform power.

算法以及相应的程序是数字时代的核心劳动资料，其对数字生产力要素及其结合方式的影响主要有两种途径：一是算法以智能工具为载体，通过智能工具改变生产关系，例如工业智能化改变传统工厂的劳动方式，智能手机改变人们之间的交往方式和社会的信息方式；二是算法本身并不是像传统物质生产工具那样是完全中立的存在，算法能够界定劳动过程中劳动者之间、劳动者与劳动工具、劳动者与消费者、劳资之间的关系。例如，网约车平台上的算法控制着不同司机之间的竞合关系，也控制着平台与司机在收益上的分配关系，还控制着用户对司机服务质量的监督关系。训练算法的数据如果有选择偏向性，那么产生的算法也会带有偏向性（如算法歧视等）。除此之外，算法还涉及人类决策知情权、个体隐私和自由等伦理道德问题。“在通过机器学习之类技术采集、存储、分析数据，进而进行自动化决策时，算法设计、编写的主体立场，支撑和训练算法的数据的来源和准确性，算法内蕴的价值负荷和价值选择，特定价值主体基于算法的行为倾向性，以及智能系统的自主评价和决策，都可能导致一定程度的算法歧视，影响社会公正的实现。”

When digital platforms function as privately owned public utilities, profit is the main goal of platform companies. The design of algorithms reflects the inherent requirements of these relations of production, "containing the 'interest' expectations of the designers." Algorithms define relations of production because the programs are created by code laborers under the control of the platform owners, data is selective, and algorithms perform the functions of stipulating labor systems and distribution systems, as well as defining residual control rights and residual claims. In the 1990s, Professor Joel Reidenberg of Fordham University in the United States proposed the proposition that "code is law." This means that the rules of the network world are defined by code; whoever masters the formulation of code, architecture, and protocols can achieve control over the network world. Moreover, through the connection between network rules and real-world rules, this control can be extended to the real world, making the operation of the real world subordinate to the regulation of cyberspace. It can be seen that digital platforms are akin to independent kingdoms, where code not only stipulates the behavioral norms of all actors in the business ecosystem, but also acquires management rights and a "taxation power" similar to that of a government. Based on this, from the perspective of techno-feudalism, capitalism is undergoing a "re-feudalization." Giant technology companies (cloud capital), through "digital enclosure," acquire "digital territories" (cloud territories), becoming the "feudal lords" of the digital age, forming a new exploitative mechanism between "cloud lords" and "cloud serfs" with rent as the main mode of distribution. Greek economist Yanis Varoufakis believes that "today, capitalism—just like feudalism in the 1780s—is being usurped by a more exploitative and very unique new system of extraction/exploitation (which I call techno-feudalism), which is arriving with the emergence of a new ruling class."

在数字平台作为私有的公共设施时，利润是平台公司的主要目标，算法的设计反映这种生产关系的内在要求，“蕴含了设计者的‘利益’预期”。算法界定生产关系是因为程序是由平台所有者控制下的代码劳动者创造的，数据是具有选择性的，算法执行着规定劳动制度和分配制度以及界定剩余控制权和剩余索取权的功能。20世纪90年代美国福特汉姆大学教授雷登伯格（Joel Reidenberg）提出“代码即法律”的命题，这意味着网络世界的规则是由代码规定的，谁掌握了代码、架构、协议的制定，谁就能够实现对网络世界的控制，不仅如此，通过网络规则与现实规则的衔接，还能将这种控制延伸到现实世界，使现实世界的运行从属于网络空间的规制。可以看到，数字平台类似于独立王国，在这里代码不仅规定了所有商业生态中行为主体的行为规范，而且还取得了管理权和类似于政府的“征税权”。基于此，在技术封建主义看来，资本主义正在经历“再封建化”，巨型科技公司（云资本）通过“数字圈地”，获取“数字领地”（领云），成为数字时代的“封建领主”，形成“云领主”与“云农奴”之间以租金为主要分配方式的新型剥削机制。希腊经济学家雅尼斯·瓦鲁法基斯（Yanis Varoufakis）认为，“在今天，资本主义——就像18世纪80年代的封建主义一样——正在被一种更具剥削性和非常独特的新榨取/剥削制度（我称之为技术封建主义）所篡夺，这种制度正在随着一个新统治阶级的出现而到来”。

4. Systemic Transformation of the Socio-Economic Structure and New Forms of the Superstructure

4.社会经济结构系统性变革及上层建筑新形态

Digital productive forces, along with the traditional productive forces they pull and transform, constitute a system of new quality productive forces. This will gradually digitize, network, and intelligentize all links and parts of economic operation, thereby, through changes in the relationship between laborers and the means of production, the relationship among laborers, and the relationship between laborers and the owners of the means of production, generally transform the entire structure of the economic community. This "systemic transformation" of economic relations is, on the one hand, manifested in the transformation of the industrial structure of the division of labor and the employment structure. It is a process of "creative destruction" in the Schumpeterian sense, meaning a transformation of the quality of the labor force and an upgrading of labor forms. A large number of traditional industries disappear, and a large number of new industries related to digital labor and R&D labor emerge. Social transformation is achieved through the industrial flow and substitution of labor, and even through large-scale employment elimination. This transformation triggered by digital productive forces also implies a reconstruction of capital relations. The industrial organization relations of platform enterprises in the digital economy tend towards winner-takes-all or super-monopoly. Each field, due to network effects, increasing marginal returns, and increasing returns to scale, gives rise to one or several digital platform empires. These platform empires not only engage in horizontal mergers but also exhibit the typical characteristics of vertical control, enabling them to establish jurisdiction and "taxation power" over various two-sided or multi-sided markets. Traditional enterprises or small enterprise platforms become subordinate economic organizations under the platform empires, becoming part of the entire ecological chain of the "digital economy entity." Furthermore, the internal relations within traditional production organizations—whether the relationship between humans and machines in the era of machine-based large-scale industry, the relationship between humans and the assembly line in Fordist mass standardized production, or the production organization and management methods in lean production—will all be replaced by intelligent control, intelligent decision-making, and intelligent production. The traditional mode of production centered on capital management and coordination will also disappear accordingly. The new mode of production organization will increasingly center on the socialized use of the means of production for planned coordination.

数字生产力以及由数字生产力牵引和改造的传统生产力，构成了新质生产力体系，将逐步使经济运行各环节各部分数字化、网络化、智能化，从而通过劳动者与生产资料的关系、劳动者之间的关系、劳动者与生产资料占有者之间的关系等的变化，在总体上使经济共同体的全部结构发生变革。这种经济关系的“系统性变革”，一方面表现在分工的产业结构和就业结构的变革上，是一种熊彼特意义上的“创造性破坏”过程，这意味着劳动力素质的变革和劳动形态的升级，大量传统行业消失，大量与数字劳动、研发劳动相关的新行业产生，并通过劳动力的产业流动和替代，甚至通过大规模的就业淘汰而实现社会变革。这种由数字生产力引发的变革还意味着资本关系的重构，数字经济中的平台企业的产业组织关系更倾向于赢家通吃或超级垄断，每一个领域都会由于网络效应、边际收益递增效应、规模报酬递增效应等而产生一个或几个数字平台帝国，这些平台帝国不仅进行横向兼并，而且呈现纵向控制的典型特征，从而能够为各种双边市场或多边市场制定管辖权和“征税权”，而传统企业或小型企业平台成为平台帝国之下的居于从属地位的经济组织，成为“数字经济体”整个生态链的一部分。另外，传统生产组织内部的关系，不管是机器大工业时代人与机器的关系，还是福特主义大规模标准化生产中人与流水线的关系，或者精益生产中生产组织和管理方式，都将通过智能控制、智能决策、智能生产而被取代，传统的以资本的管理和组织协调为核心的生产方式也将随之消失，新的生产组织方式将越来越以生产资料社会化使用为核心进行有计划的协调。

The systemic transformation of relations among laborers, among capitals, and within production organizations constitutes three important aspects of the comprehensive transformation of society's economic structure. Their changes drive the emergence of new political and legal forms. This involves the legal definition of the ownership of data as means of production, the state's regulation of social contradictions arising from the development of digital productive forces, the transformation of the political process based on digital new quality productive forces, the reconstruction of the status of people in production and politics, and new models of the relationship between capital and the state—all systemic changes in the entire superstructure. With the development of digital productive forces, intelligent tools replace human physical labor and most mental labor, and the fields in which labor time is utilized continuously expand and deepen. For example, with the development of the digital economy, more flexible laborers, SOHO employment, flexible working hours, "slash youth," [2]2 This quotation is from an official Chinese document or statement outlining the country’s vision for global digital development. and "USB-style employment" [3]3 These quotations are from speeches or writings by Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the Communist Party of China Central Committee. have emerged. This increase in free time will enable people to engage more in scientific research, sports, spiritual activities, and cultural creation, thereby changing the forms of social consciousness. At the same time, digital productive forces create new social spaces. People engage in various new social interactions in the virtual "cyberspace," produce new digital products, create various forms of digital wealth, and form various digital cultures. The integration of the traditional field of spiritual activity with spiritual life in "cyberspace" will cause significant changes in the forms of social consciousness.

劳动者之间、资本之间以及生产组织内部关系的系统性变革，是社会的经济结构全面变革的三个重要方面，其变化推动产生新的政治和法律形式。这涉及对数据生产资料所有制的法律界定、国家对于由数字生产力发展引致的社会矛盾的调控、以数字化新质生产力为基础的政治过程的变革、人在生产中和政治中地位的重构、资本与国家关系的新模式等全部上层建筑的系统性变化。随着数字生产力的发展，智能工具取代人的体力劳动和大部分脑力劳动，劳动时间利用的领域不断扩展和深化。例如，随着数字经济发展，出现了更多的灵活劳动者、SOHO就业、弹性工作制、斜杠青年、U盘式就业等。这种自由时间的增长，将使人们更多从事于科学研究、体育事业、精神活动、文化创造等，从而改变社会意识形式。与此同时，数字生产力创造了新的社会空间，人们在虚拟的“赛博空间”进行各种新的社会交往，产生了新的数字产品，创造各种形式的数字财富，形成各种数字文化，传统的精神活动领域与“赛博空间”中的精神生活相融合，将使社会意识形式发生重大变化。

III. The Inherent Contradictions of the Transformation of the Mode of Production in the Digital Age and Their Coordination

三、数字时代生产方式变革的内在矛盾及其协调

The development of digital productive forces gives rise to changes in social relations of production, and the contradictory movement between the two constitutes the basic driving force behind the transformation of the social mode of production in the digital age. The degree of socialization of digital means of production such as big data and digital platforms is continuously increasing, yet the transformation of the new relations of production and social relations that correspond to them lags behind, forming the internal contradiction of the transformation of the mode of production in the digital age. This is mainly manifested in the contradiction between the socialized nature of big data and the private monopoly of its right to use, and between the public attribute of digital platforms as infrastructure and their private appropriation. These contradictions take on various derived forms in the relationship between the state and the market, national interests, and other aspects. The governance of the digital economy essentially involves optimizing and adjusting the socio-economic system and the economic governance system, promoting the coordinated development and operation of new relations of production and digital productive forces, driving high-quality development of digital productive forces, and creating a new form of socialist digital civilization.

数字生产力的发展引起社会生产关系的变化，以及二者之间的矛盾运动，构成了数字时代社会生产方式变革的基本动力。大数据、数字平台等数字生产资料社会化程度不断提高，但与之相适应的新型生产关系和社会关系的变革相对滞后，构成数字时代生产方式变革的内在矛盾，主要表现为大数据的社会化属性与其使用权私人垄断之间，以及数字平台作为基础设施的公共属性与其私人占有之间的矛盾，这些矛盾在国家与市场关系、国家利益关系等方面呈现出各种派生形式。对数字经济的治理，实质上就是要优化调整社会经济制度和经济治理体系，促进新型生产关系与数字生产力协同发展、协调运作，推动数字生产力高质量发展，创造社会主义数字文明新形态。

1. The contradiction between the socialized nature of big data and the private monopoly of its right to use

1.大数据的社会化属性与其使用权私人垄断之间的矛盾

The major part of big data is generated by users in activities such as entertainment, shopping, leisure, and communication. This activity itself is not a purposeful "useful labor that produces use-value," and therefore does not belong to the means of production created by labor that possess value. Internet enterprises and digital platforms collect and integrate this data, effectively utilizing public resources generated by a large number of users in the digital world. These public resources are akin to "natural products," entering production "as the gratuitous natural productive force of labor." [1]1 This quotation is from a Chinese academic source discussing the regulation of platform power. As the role of the data factor in production and reproduction becomes increasingly significant, digital platforms, by virtue of their monopolistic possession of the right to use data, are able to obtain substantial rents. The contradiction between the private monopoly of digital platforms over the right to use data, on the one hand, and the mass origin of data generation and the use-value produced by large-scale data aggregation, on the other—that is, the non-coordination between the social nature of big data as a core means of production and the inherent requirement for large-scale centralized use, and the private monopoly of its right to use—this contradiction, as the scope of data's role expands, becomes a constraint on the development of digital productive forces. The reason is that the private monopoly of the right to use data, with the continuous rise of digital rents, hinders the optimal allocation of the data factor. The use of the data factor requires an aggregation effect: the larger the data volume, the wider the scope, and the higher the density, the greater its use-value. The private monopoly of the right to use data will restrict this large-scale aggregation of data within society. If a public data pool were formed across the whole of society, the use-value it could generate would far exceed the volume of data monopolistically used by a single data platform, thereby enabling the use-value of data to be developed and utilized to a greater extent and at a deeper level.

大数据的主要部分是用户在娱乐、购物、休闲、交流等活动中产生的，这种活动本身并不是有目的地“生产使用价值的有用劳动”，因而不属于劳动创造的具有价值的生产资料。互联网企业和数字平台采集和集成这些数据，实际上是利用了大量用户在数字世界中生成的公共资源，这些公共资源类似于“自然产物”、是“作为劳动的无偿的自然生产力加入生产的”。随着数据要素在生产和再生产中的作用越来越显著，数字平台凭借对数据使用权的垄断性占有，能够获得大量租金。数字平台对于数据使用权的私人垄断，与数据生成过程中的大众来源以及数据大规模聚合所产生的使用价值之间的矛盾，即大数据作为核心生产资料生成的社会性和大规模集中使用的内在要求，与其使用权的私人垄断之间的非协调性，这一矛盾随着数据作用范围的扩大，成为数字生产力发展的束缚。其原因在于，数据使用权私人垄断会随着数字租的不断上涨而阻碍数据要素的最优配置。数据要素的使用需要聚合效应，即数据量越大、范围越广、密度越高，其使用价值越大，而数据使用权的私人垄断将限制这种社会范围内大规模数据的聚合。如果形成全社会范围内的公共数据池，其能够形成的使用价值将远远超过单一数据平台垄断性使用的数据量，从而使数据的使用价值能够更大程度、更深层次地得到开发利用。

2. The contradiction between the public attribute of digital platforms as infrastructure and their private appropriation

2.数字平台作为基础设施的公共属性与其私人占有之间的矛盾

The platform is a new form of enterprise and business model in the digital age. As social infrastructure, digital platforms are not only public carriers for users but also public carriers for digital labor, which is increasingly broadly divided. Their degree of socialization far exceeds that of the industrial age. At the same time, the platform is also "a new type of subject organizing productive forces in the era of the digital economy, integrating multiple 'powers' such as rule-making, rule-interpreting, and dispute resolution, and performing the public function of regulating the network market." [2]2 This quotation is from an official Chinese document or statement outlining the country’s vision for global digital development. "Platforms are digital infrastructures that enable two or more groups to interact." "Platforms do not fundamentally build a market; they provide the infrastructure to mediate between different groups." [3]3 These quotations are from speeches or writings by Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the Communist Party of China Central Committee. However, most of these large-scale infrastructures are privately owned, and digital platforms are business entities pursuing the maximization of commercial profit. For example, social apps often attract a large number of users by building social service platforms, then channel traffic to other enterprises (platforms) in telecommunications, finance, gaming, etc., or provide services as integrated platforms for mini-programs or public accounts, such as VIP services and value-added services, thereby profiting and achieving a win-win situation. It is precisely this powerful profit-making ability derived from private rights based on publicness that makes digital platforms the dominant force in the economy of the Web 2.0 era, with the socio-economy presenting a situation of co-governance by large digital platform enterprises. There is a significant non-coordination between the immense social power of digital platforms and the private nature of their productive forces, on the one hand, and their social function as public infrastructure, on the other. This is the root cause of a series of adverse socio-economic phenomena associated with digital capital, such as data abuse, price discrimination, big data-enabled price discrimination against existing customers, and privacy breaches. [4]4 This is a famous slogan from the early Soviet period, formulated by Vladimir Lenin, emphasizing the combination of political power (the Soviets) with technological modernization (electrification) as the basis for building communism.

平台是数字时代新的企业形式和商业模式。数字平台作为社会基础设施，不仅是用户的公共载体，也是分工日益广泛的数字劳动的公共载体，其社会化程度远远超过了工业时代。同时，平台也是“数字经济时代组织生产力的新型主体，集制定规则、解释规则、解决纠纷等多项‘权力’于一身，履行着规制网络市场的公共职能”。“平台是数字化的基础设施，使两个或两个以上的群体能够进行互动。”“平台不是从根本上建立一个市场，而是提供基础设施来调解不同的群体。”但是，这些大型基础设施大多为私人所有，数字平台是追求商业利润最大化的经营主体。例如，社交APP常常通过搭建社交服务平台，吸引大量用户，然后导流给电信、金融、游戏等其他企业（平台），或者作为小程序或公众号的集成平台提供服务，如VIP服务、增值服务等，由此获利并实现双赢。正是这种基于公共性的私人权利所产生的强大获利能力，使得数字平台成为Web2.0时代经济中的主导力量，社会经济呈现出大型数字平台企业共治局面。数字平台巨大的社会权力及其生产力的私人属性，与其公共基础设施的社会功能之间存在显著的非协调性，这是一系列与数字资本有关的不良社会经济现象的根源，如数据滥用、价格歧视、大数据杀熟、隐私泄露等。

3. The contradiction between digital monopoly power and state power

3.数字垄断力量与国家权力之间的矛盾

The large-scale rise of various digital platforms also impacts the traditional relationship between the state and the market. As organizers and coordinators of productive forces, digital platforms hold the power to formulate rules for market operation and a similar "taxation power" (through traffic taxation, monopoly franchise taxation, etc.), becoming an important economic force situated between the state and enterprises. For example, a large e-commerce platform is an ecosystem composed of a "super platform + hundreds of millions of users + a vast number of merchants + a vast number of service providers," which endows these enormous digital empires with numerous public powers. Under the conditions of digital technology, the scope of state governance is also changing, mainly manifested in: cyberattacks becoming a new form of violence; digital space becoming a new field of violence, a new space for sovereign states beyond territory, territorial waters, territorial seas, and territorial airspace; the government governance environment shifting from physical space to both physical and digital space, with digital governance becoming an important area of state governance. The rise of digital platforms indicates that the socio-economic base has undergone significant changes, and with the advent of the intelligent age, it will undergo subversive and massive changes. However, the superstructure corresponding to these changes has not yet been established; regulatory laws, the configuration of political power, cultural forms, etc., have not yet adapted to these changes. The new relations of production brought about by the development of digital productive forces require timely adaptive adjustments in the political and legal superstructure.

各类数字平台的大规模崛起，也冲击着传统的国家与市场之间的关系。数字平台作为生产力的组织者和协调者，掌握着市场运行的规则制定权和类似的“征税权”（通过流量收税、专卖专营税等途径），成为介于国家和企业之间的重要经济力量。例如，大型电商平台是由“超级平台+数亿用户+海量商家+海量服务商”构成的生态系统，这赋予了这些庞大的数字帝国众多公权力。在数字技术条件下，国家治理范围也在发生变化，主要体现在：网络攻击成为新的暴力形式；数字空间成为暴力的新场域，成为主权国家在领土、领水、领海和领空之外的全新空间；政府治理环境由物理空间转向物理空间和数字空间并重，数字治理成为国家治理的重要领域。数字平台的崛起表明社会经济基础已经发生了重大变化，而随着智能时代的到来，其将会发生颠覆性巨变，但与之相适应的上层建筑还没有建立起来，监管法律、政治权力配置、文化形态等都还没有适应这些变化。数字生产力的发展带来的新型生产关系，需要政治的、法律的上层建筑作出及时的适应性调整。

4. The contradiction in national interests caused by the internationalization of digital productive forces

4.数字生产力的国际化引起的国家利益矛盾

Against the backdrop of economic globalization, the socialization trend of digital production will inevitably exceed national boundaries, thereby causing the internationalization of digital productive forces and giving rise to contradictions in national interests. The internationalization of digital productive forces includes the cross-border flow of data, the cross-border sharing or paid use of various platforms, international trade in digital products, the internationalization of employment, international direct investment in the digital industry, and the global sharing of digital space. As a new quality productive force in today's world, digital productive forces will inevitably become a national productive force that countries protect, cultivate, and develop. The competition among countries for competitive advantage in digital productive forces is increasingly becoming an important area triggering national competition and conflict. The internationalization of digital productive forces is also manifested in national digital security, international digital monopolies, and other aspects. With the formation of competitive advantages in various countries, the differentiated distribution of digital productive forces across countries will form a new international division of digital labor, producing international digital industry chains, value chains, and innovation chains, and dominating numerous industrial chains including traditional industries. Digital capital becomes a new form of capital that dominates industrial capital and financial capital. The industrial security of digital productive forces is directly related to the overall economic security, political security, and ideological security of the entire country. Data security, internet security, and the security of the underlying structure of digital platforms become important components of national security.

在经济全球化背景下，数字化生产的社会化趋势必将超出国家范围，从而引起数字生产力的国际化，产生国家利益之间的矛盾。数字生产力的国际化包括数据的跨境流动、各类平台的跨国共享或有偿使用、数字产品的国际贸易、就业的国际化、数字产业国际直接投资、数字空间的全球共享等。数字生产力作为当今世界的新质生产力，必将成为各国保护、培育和发展的国家生产力，各国对于数字生产力竞争优势的争夺越来越成为引发国家竞争和冲突的重要领域。数字生产力的国际化还表现为国家数字安全、国际数字垄断等方面。随着各国竞争优势的形成，数字生产力在各国的分布差异化将形成新的数字劳动国际分工，产生国际数字产业链、价值链、创新链，并主导包括传统产业在内的众多产业链条，数字资本成为主导产业资本和金融资本的新型资本形态。数字生产力的产业安全直接关涉整个国家的经济安全、政治安全和意识形态安全，数据安全、互联网安全、数字平台底层结构安全等成为国家安全的重要组成部分。

The inherent contradictions in the transformation of the social mode of production in the digital era are the contemporary manifestation of the fundamental contradictions of society. Different social systems determine the nature of these contradictions and the methods of their resolution. Under the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, promoting the adaptive adjustment of social relations of production to the development of digital productive forces, and protecting, liberating, and developing digital productive forces, fundamentally lies in improving the national governance system and enhancing national governance capacity. Through reform, it is necessary to continuously resolve the various coordinative contradictions that arise with the development of new quality productive forces. General Secretary Xi Jinping profoundly pointed out: “Relations of production must adapt to the requirements of the development of productive forces. To develop new quality productive forces, it is necessary to further comprehensively deepen reform and form new types of relations of production that are compatible with them.” [7]7 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Eleventh Collective Study Session of the Political Bureau of the 20th Central Committee” (January 31, 2024). The construction of new types of relations of production in the digital era mainly includes the basic data system, the governance system for digital platforms and digital capital, the new distribution system, the international digital trade system, and the economic system, science and technology system, and talent work mechanism that are compatible with the development of the digital economy. Among these, the basic data system mainly includes the data property rights system, the data element circulation and trading system, the data element income distribution system, and the data element governance system. Currently, China’s development of digital productive forces has achieved historic accomplishments, and the socio-economic institutional system compatible with the development of digital productive forces is being established and improved. However, there are still shortcomings in areas such as core technology research and development, the integration of science and technology with the economy, and the governance of digital capital. The fundamental reason is that the science and technology system and the economic system cannot yet meet the needs of the development of new quality productive forces. There are still many obstacles to the growth and development of new quality productive forces elements such as digital ones. It is necessary to better leverage the national subject’s initiative and the role of the government, comprehensively deepen reform, gather high-end innovative talents, smooth the cycles of science and technology, education, and talent, smooth the cycles of science and technology, industry, and finance, deeply promote the deep integration of the “four chains” of the innovation chain, industrial chain, capital chain, and talent chain, and continuously promote the efficient synergy of innovation fields such as scientific and technological innovation, industrial innovation, institutional innovation, and development mode innovation, thereby forming a high-standard new type of relations of production system that supports the high-quality development of the digital economy.

数字时代社会生产方式变革的内在矛盾是社会基本矛盾的当代表现。不同的社会制度决定着矛盾的性质和解决方式。在中国特色社会主义制度下，推动社会生产关系对数字生产力发展作适应性调整，保护、解放、发展数字生产力，根本在于完善国家治理体系、提高国家治理能力，通过改革的方式，不断解决随新质生产力发展而产生的各种协调性矛盾。习近平总书记深刻指出：“生产关系必须与生产力发展要求相适应。发展新质生产力，必须进一步全面深化改革，形成与之相适应的新型生产关系。”数字时代新型生产关系的构建，主要包括数据基础制度、数字平台与数字资本治理制度、新型分配制度、国际数字贸易制度以及与数字经济发展相适应的经济体制、科技体制、人才工作机制等。其中，数据基础制度主要包括数据产权制度、数据要素流通和交易制度、数据要素收益分配制度、数据要素治理制度等。当前我国数字生产力发展取得历史性成就，与数字生产力发展相适应的社会经济制度体系正在建立和完善，但在核心技术研发、科技与经济结合、数字资本治理等方面还存在短板，根本原因在于科技体制和经济体制还不能适应新质生产力发展需要，数字等新质生产力要素的发育成长还存在诸多障碍，需要更好发挥国家主体性能动性和政府作用，全面深化改革，集聚高端创新人才，畅通科技、教育、人才循环，畅通科技、产业、金融循环，深入推进创新链、产业链、资金链、人才链“四链”深度融合，不断推动科技创新、产业创新、制度创新、发展方式创新等创新领域的高效协同，形成高标准的支撑数字经济高质量发展的新型生产关系体系。

IV. Actively Promoting the Transformation of the Mode of Production to Facilitate the High-Quality Development of China’s Digital Economy

四、积极推动生产方式变革促进我国数字经济高质量发展

The new types of relations of production in the digital era are the forms of development of digital productive forces within different socio-economic systems. The combination of digital productive forces elements with the basic economic system of socialism with Chinese characteristics has promoted the formation of a digital mode of production with Chinese characteristics. This is mainly reflected in aspects such as data ownership, the digital wealth distribution system, and the systems and mechanisms of the socialist digital market. The transformation of the mode of production in the digital era is essentially a process of synergistic promotion, coordinated operation, and mutual interaction between the development of digital productive forces and changes in the socio-economic structure. Developing the digital economy fundamentally means developing the digital mode of production with Chinese characteristics, promoting the high-quality development of digital productive forces, establishing and improving a new system for digital economy governance, building a unified national market for the digital economy, and creating a new form of socialist digital civilization in the process of Chinese-path modernization.

数字时代的新型生产关系是数字生产力在不同社会经济制度中的发展形式。数字生产力要素与中国特色社会主义基本经济制度的结合，推动形成了中国特色数字生产方式。这主要体现在数据所有制、数字财富分配制度以及社会主义数字市场的体制机制等方面。数字时代生产方式变革实际上是数字生产力发展与社会经济结构变动协同互促、协调运作、相互作用的过程。发展数字经济从根本上就是发展中国特色数字生产方式，推进数字生产力高质量发展，建立和完善数字经济治理新体系，建设数字经济全国统一大市场，在中国式现代化进程中创造社会主义数字文明新形态。

1. Promoting the High-Quality Development of Digital Productive Forces

1.推进数字生产力高质量发展

Promoting the high-quality development of digital productive forces and building a high-standard, high-quality modern digital economy are important components of comprehensively building a modern socialist country, playing a pioneering and leading role in the overall situation of Chinese-path modernization. First, the rise of digital productive forces provides a new track for China to develop new quality productive forces. On the one hand, for the world, this round of digital technology revolution signifies the opening of a wave of the fourth industrial revolution represented by “data-driven artificial intelligence.” The digital economy has become the main arena for international competition. Digitalization, networking, and intelligence have become important characteristics of contemporary world modernization, exerting a significant historical impact on the accelerated evolution of changes unseen in a century. On the other hand, China’s promotion of Chinese-path modernization will coincide with the digital revolution and the new round of industrial revolution. The digital economy has become the core area of China’s economic modernization landscape. Digital technology innovation has become an important window of opportunity for China to participate in international competition and achieve parallel running or leading. Building a Digital China has become an important engine for promoting Chinese-path modernization in the digital era. Second, the rise of digital productive forces provides new advantages for China to participate in international competition. China has the advantage of an ultra-large-scale market, capable of rapidly aggregating and forming large-scale digital data, providing a high-quality big data foundation for the development of artificial intelligence. China has the most complete industrial chain in the world, providing broad application scenarios and economies of scale for the widespread use of digital technology, enabling a deeper integration of the digital economy and the real economy to a higher degree. China has the advantage of a socialist new-type system for mobilizing resources nationwide [8]8 The “socialist new-type system for mobilizing resources nationwide” (新型举国体制) refers to a state-led institutional mechanism that concentrates resources and coordinates efforts across sectors to achieve strategic national goals, particularly in science and technology., providing better institutional guarantees for promoting digital infrastructure construction and undertaking major digital technology breakthroughs at the national level. Third, the rise of digital productive forces provides new momentum for China’s economic development. Digital productive forces are an important industrial growth pole and economic growth point, capable of generating broad multiplier effects on other industries. The collaboration and integration of digital productive forces with traditional productive forces can deeply promote industrial innovation, enhancing the total factor productivity of the entire society through the exertion of information functions. Digital productive forces constitute the main domain of innovation-driven development. Their creative destruction effect will promote the overall leap in social productive forces, thereby providing the material foundation for promoting high-quality economic development.

推动数字生产力高质量发展，建设高标准、高质量的现代化数字经济，是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的重要内容，在中国式现代化建设全局中具有先导和引领作用。第一，数字生产力的崛起为我国发展新质生产力提供了新赛道。一方面，这一轮的数字技术革命对于世界而言，意味着开启了以“数据驱动的人工智能”为代表的第四次产业革命浪潮，数字经济成为国际竞争的主要领域，数字化、网络化、智能化成为当代世界现代化的重要特征，对世界百年未有之大变局加速演进具有重大历史影响；另一方面，我国推进中国式现代化将与数字革命和新一轮产业革命处于同一时期，数字经济成为我国经济现代化版图的核心领域，数字科技创新成为我国参与国际竞争、实现并跑领跑的重要机会窗口，建设数字中国成为数字时代推进中国式现代化的重要引擎。第二，数字生产力的崛起为我国参与国际竞争提供了新优势。我国具有超大规模市场优势，能够快速汇聚形成大规模数字数据，为人工智能发展提供高质量的大数据基础；我国具有世界上最完整的产业链，为数字技术的大范围使用提供了广阔的应用场景和规模化效能，能够在更高程度上推进数字经济与实体经济的深度融合；我国具有社会主义新型举国体制优势，为全国层面推进数字基础设施建设、开展重大数字技术攻关提供更好制度保证。第三，数字生产力的崛起为我国经济发展提供了新动能。数字生产力是重要的产业增长极和经济增长点，能够对其他产业产生广泛乘数效应；数字生产力与传统生产力的协作和融合，能够深度推进产业创新，通过信息功能的发挥提升整个社会的全要素生产率；数字生产力构成了创新驱动发展的主要领域，其创造性破坏效应将推动社会生产力的总体跃升，从而为推动经济高质量发展提供物质基础。

High-quality development of digital productive forces is development that implements the new development philosophy, is people-centered development, and is the core domain and distinct theme of the development of new quality productive forces in the contemporary era. At present, the advantages and shortcomings of China’s development of digital productive forces are both quite prominent; the key is to overcome the shortcomings and deficiencies and achieve technological catch-up. First, strengthen the protection and cultivation of digital productive forces by state power. Digital productive forces are a key domain of competition among major powers. The major developed countries are all formulating and implementing strategic plans, striving to seize the initiative in the new round of international technological competition. Although China has advantages such as the socialist new-type system for mobilizing resources nationwide [1]1 This quotation is from a Chinese academic source discussing the regulation of platform power., an ultra-large-scale market, a complete industrial chain, extensive application scenarios, and development advantages in areas like 5G, it still has shortcomings and weaknesses in areas such as chip manufacturing, operating systems, and industrial software, and some key core technologies and key components face “bottleneck” problems [2]2 This quotation is from an official Chinese document or statement outlining the country’s vision for global digital development.. Second, build a national innovation system and institutional infrastructure conducive to the progress of digital technology. The penetration of digital productive forces into traditional industries will trigger a series of innovations. It is necessary to build a national innovation system adapted to this broad innovation spillover effect, forming an innovation ecosystem with positive interaction among institutions such as the government, enterprises, universities, and research institutes. The institutional infrastructure adapted to the development of the digital mode of production includes the data property rights system, the data factor market system, the digital product production and trading system, the data openness and protection system, the social credit investigation system, etc. The construction of this institutional infrastructure is a basic requirement for regulating the internal operational mechanisms of the digital mode of production and plays an important supporting role in the development of the digital economy. Third, cultivate new-type digital laborers, promote the upgrading of labor forms, and form a new-type labor force adapted to the development of the digital economy. Economic development manifests as the continuous transfer of industries from low added value to high added value. This is actually a process of continuously increasing the complexity of social labor, manifested in the continuous improvement of the quality of the labor force in the entire society and the proportion of complex labor in the total social labor force. In the process of digital development, using state power to alleviate the contradiction between the transformation of the labor force in old and new sectors caused by the creative destruction of digital technology requires increasing efforts to adjust the educational structure, continuously improving the ability of the educational structure to adapt to changes in the industrial structure and technological structure. Fourth, establish extensive digital infrastructure. Digital infrastructure is not only an important component of digital productive forces but also the basic condition supporting the construction of a digital society. Strengthening the construction of digital infrastructure can not only exert the multiplier effect of investment in the short term, better expand domestic demand, and stimulate economic growth, but also optimize the investment structure, providing a material foundation for the development of the digital economy and the upgrading of the industrial structure. In the construction of digital infrastructure, it is necessary to organically combine demand-side regulation with supply-side structural reform, giving full play to the dual function of digital infrastructure investment in driving the expansion of domestic demand and optimizing the supply structure.

数字生产力高质量发展是贯彻新发展理念的发展，是以人民为中心的发展，是当代新质生产力发展的核心领域和鲜明主题。当前我国数字生产力发展的优势和短板都比较突出，重点是要克服短板和不足、实现技术追赶。第一，加强国家力量对于数字生产力的保护和培育。数字生产力是大国竞争的关键领域。主要发达国家都在制定实施战略规划，力争在新一轮国际科技竞争中掌握主动。我国虽然有社会主义新型举国体制、超大规模市场、全产业链、广泛应用场景以及在5G等领域的发展优势，但是仍然在芯片制造、操作系统、工业软件等领域存在短板弱项，一些关键核心技术和关键部件存在卡脖子问题。第二，构建有利于数字技术进步的国家创新体系和制度基础设施。数字生产力对传统产业的渗透将引发一系列创新，需要构建与这种广泛创新溢出效应相适应的国家创新体系，形成政府、企业、大学、科研院所等机构之间良性互动的创新生态。适应数字生产方式发展的制度基础设施包括数据产权制度、数据要素市场制度、数字产品生产交易制度、数据开放和保护制度、社会征信系统等，这些制度基础设施的构建是规范数字生产方式内部运行机制的基本要求，对数字经济发展起着重要支撑作用。第三，培育新型数字劳动者，推进劳动形态升级，形成适应数字经济发展的新型劳动力。经济发展表现为产业不断从低附加值向高附加值转移，这实际上是一个社会劳动复杂程度不断提高的过程，表现为整个社会的劳动力质量以及复杂劳动力在社会总劳动力中比例的不断提高。在数字化发展过程中，运用国家力量缓解数字技术的创造性破坏引起的新旧部门劳动力转化之间的矛盾，要加大力度调整教育结构，不断提高教育结构与产业结构和技术结构变化相适应的能力。第四，建立广泛的数字基础设施。数字基础设施既是数字生产力的重要组成部分，也是支撑数字社会建设的基础条件。加强数字基础设施建设，不仅能够在短期内发挥投资的乘数效应，更好扩大内需、拉动经济增长，而且能够优化投资结构，为数字经济发展、产业结构升级提供物质基础。在数字基础设施建设中，要把需求侧调控与供给侧结构性改革有机结合起来，发挥数字基础设施投资带动扩大内需和优化供给结构的双重功能。

2. Constructing a New System for Digital Economy Governance

2.构建数字经济治理新体系

The development of digital productive forces causes major changes in the social mode of production. The existing institutional system finds it difficult to quickly adapt to these new changes, making it necessary to accelerate the construction of a new-type governance system for the digital economy. This new-type governance system, including the digital economy institutional system and management system, must on the one hand play the role of liberating and developing digital productive forces, and on the other hand regulate the operation of the digital economy so that it better serves the purposes of socialist production. First, establish a new-type structure of ownership in the digital economy. Establish and improve an ownership structure in the digital economy with public ownership as the mainstay and diverse forms of ownership developing together, strengthen the controlling power and influence of the state-owned economy in key links and key areas of the digital economy, establish extensive public digital platforms, and increase efforts to promote the development of state-owned enterprises and collective economic organizations in the digital economy. Explore new forms of data ownership, accelerate the establishment of a legal rights system for different types of digital data, protect user privacy rights, promote the social sharing of usufructuary rights, prevent data monopoly, and establish a social protection mechanism for national data security. Second, establish a new mechanism for algorithm regulation. In regulating economic activities and defining relations of production, the role of algorithms is not neutral. Algorithmic bias and algorithmic discrimination are widespread, and algorithms also contain a large number of implicit deprivation mechanisms and monitoring mechanisms. Since algorithms belong to the core assets of enterprises, similar to a black box, the difficulty of regulating algorithms is relatively high. “The logical starting point of platform algorithm regulation stems from the non-neutrality of algorithm operation, the riskiness of algorithm technology development, the ambiguity of platform regulation, and the responsibility embeddedness of underlying technologies.” Algorithm regulation should consider two routes, technology and law, establish an algorithm standardization mechanism, form a professional regulatory talent team, and establish and improve a new regulatory system from three aspects: source, process, and result. Third, strengthen the regulation and guidance of digital capital and the platform economy. Digital capital plays an important role in incentivizing and aggregating in the development of digital productive forces. It is the social form of the development of digital productive forces and plays an important role in promoting civilization. However, digital capital also has problems such as “winner-takes-all,” “new-type monopoly,” “disorderly expansion,” “extreme profit orientation,” “digital pollution,” “digital divide,” etc. Under the conditions of the socialist market economy, it is necessary to better play the role of the government, regulate the operation of capital, prevent the disorderly expansion and unbridled growth of capital, and both give play to the positive role of digital capital as a new-type factor of production while also effectively controlling its negative impacts and adverse effects. Fourth, build a new-type social safety net to cope with the systemic transformation of the socio-economic structure. The systemic transformation of the economic structure brought about by the development of digital productive forces will produce widespread “creative destruction” effects. The great transformation, great adjustment, and great change of the social economy will have a major impact on the social structure and social stability, and will also affect all aspects of people’s production and life, requiring a long-term process of adaptation and adjustment. To cope with this major social transformation, it is necessary to establish a set of new-type social safety nets adapted to change, forming a set of resilient adaptive adjustment mechanisms, so that the broad masses of the people can better obtain the technological dividends and social welfare brought by the development of digital productive forces, and maintain public security and social stability.

数字生产力的发展引起社会生产方式的重大变革，现有的制度体系难以快速适应这种新变化，需要加快构建数字经济新型治理体系。这种新型治理体系，包括数字经济制度体系和管理体系，一方面要起到解放和发展数字生产力的作用，另一方面要规范数字经济运行，使其更好服务于社会主义生产目的。第一，建立数字经济所有制新型结构。在数字经济领域建立和完善公有制为主体、多种所有制共同发展的所有制结构，强化国有经济在数字经济关键环节、重点领域的控制力和影响力，建立广泛的公共数字平台，加大力度推动国有企业、集体经济组织在数字经济领域的发展。探索数据所有制的新形式，加快建立不同类型数字数据的法权体系，保护用户隐私权，推动用益物权的社会共享，防止数据垄断，建立国家数据安全的社会保护机制。第二，建立算法监管新机制。在规制经济活动和界定生产关系中，算法的作用并不是中立的。算法偏向和算法歧视广泛存在，算法也存在大量隐性剥夺机制和监控机制，由于算法属于企业核心资产，类似于黑箱，对算法的监管难度较大。“平台算法监管的逻辑起点源于算法运行的非中立性、算法技术发展的风险性、平台监管的模糊性和底层技术的责任嵌入性。”算法监管应考虑技术和法律两条路线，建立算法规范机制，形成专业的监管人才队伍，从源头、过程和结果三个方面建立健全监管制度新体系。第三，加强对数字资本和平台经济的规范和引导。数字资本在数字生产力发展中发挥着重要的激励和聚合作用，是数字生产力发展的社会形式，起着重要的文明推动作用，但是数字资本也存在“赢家通吃”“新型垄断”“无序扩张”“极端利润导向”“数字污染”“数字鸿沟”等问题，在社会主义市场经济条件下，要更好发挥政府作用，规范资本运行，防止资本无序扩张、野蛮生长，既要发挥数字资本作为新型生产要素的积极作用，同时也要有效控制其消极影响和负面效应。第四，构建应对社会经济结构系统性变革的新型社会安全网。数字生产力发展带来的经济结构的系统性变革，会产生广泛的“创造性破坏”效应。社会经济的大转型、大调整、大变革会对社会结构、社会稳定造成重大冲击，也会影响到人们生产生活的各个方面，需要经历长期的适应和调整过程。为应对这种重大社会转型，要建立一套适应变化的新型社会安全网，形成一套具有韧性的适应性调整机制，使广大人民群众能够更好地获得数字生产力发展带来的技术红利和社会福利，维护公共安全和社会稳定。

3. Creating a New Form of Socialist Digital Civilization

3.创造社会主义数字文明新形态

Chinese-path modernization guides the direction of economic development, endows economic modernization with new connotations, and provides the fundamental principles for creating a new form of socialist digital civilization. In terms of institutions, the basic socialist economic system with Chinese characteristics is the underlying logic of the operation of the digital economy, determines the fundamental character of China’s digital mode of production, and is the basic institutional guarantee for ensuring the people-centered development direction of the digital economy and realizing digital common prosperity. From the perspective of the subjects and driving forces of reform, advancing digitalization, networking, and intelligence in a country with a “huge population size” like China cannot be separated from the active role of a capable government. Whether it is the protection and cultivation of digital productive forces or the conscious and autonomous adaptive adjustment of relations of production and the superstructure, it is necessary to uphold the centralized and unified leadership of the Party over the development of the digital economy and to leverage the government’s role in carrying out top-level design and institutional mechanism construction. The basic characteristics of a mission-oriented political party and a catch-up economy determine the autonomy, orderliness, and subjectivity of the development path of the digital economy with Chinese characteristics. From the perspective of a comparison of world civilizational forms, digital civilization is a new form of the innovative aggregation of material civilization, cultural-ethical progress, and ecological civilization. Western digital civilization cannot resolve the inherent contradictions of the capitalist digital mode of production, which inevitably leads to various insurmountable “digital problems.” “Chinese-path modernization is the modernization of material civilization and cultural-ethical progress in harmony,” and “is the modernization of harmony between humanity and nature.” It can overcome problems such as material desire inflation, spiritual crisis, energy bottlenecks, and environmental pollution arising from the development of the digital economy, and transcend the old Western development path of materialism, one-sided development, and unidirectional expansion. In coordinating the internationalization of digital productive forces and international interests, in the digital age, countries face both competition in digital resources, digital space, and development interests, and cooperation in digital technology and digital production. Seeking common ground while reserving differences, common development, and mutual benefit and win-win outcomes are the internationalization paths for the development of the digital economy. China advocates modernization on the path of peaceful development, transcending the development models of digital colonialism, digital hegemony, digital plunder, and digital unilateralism of Western digital capitalism.

中国式现代化指引经济发展方向，赋予了经济现代化新的内涵，为创造社会主义数字文明新形态提供根本遵循。在制度方面，中国特色社会主义基本经济制度是数字经济运行的底层逻辑，决定着我国数字生产方式的底色，是确保数字经济以人民为中心的发展方向、实现数字共同富裕的基本制度保障。从改革主体和推动力量来看，在中国这样一个“人口规模巨大”的国家推进数字化、网络化、智能化，离不开有为政府的积极作用。无论是对数字生产力的保护和培育，还是对生产关系和上层建筑进行自觉自主的适应性调整，都需要坚持党对数字经济发展的集中统一领导，发挥政府作用进行顶层设计和体制机制建设。使命型政党和追赶型经济的基本特征决定了中国特色数字经济发展道路的自主性有序性主体性。从世界文明形态比较来看，数字文明是物质文明、精神文明、生态文明创新聚合的新形态。西方数字文明无法解决资本主义数字生产方式的内在矛盾，必然导致各种难以克服的“数字问题”。“中国式现代化是物质文明和精神文明相协调的现代化”，“是人与自然和谐共生的现代化”，能够克服数字经济发展中物欲膨胀、精神危机、能源瓶颈、环境污染等问题，超越西方物质主义、片面发展、单向度扩张的旧式发展道路。在协调数字生产力国际化与国际利益方面，数字时代各国既存在数字资源、数字空间、发展利益等方面的竞争，也存在数字技术、数字生产等方面的合作，求同存异、共同发展、互利共赢是数字经济发展的国际化路径。我国主张走和平发展道路的现代化，超越了西方数字资本主义的数字殖民、数字霸权、数字掠夺、数字单边主义发展模式。

The “new form of socialist digital civilization,” as an important component of the new form of human civilization, follows the essential requirements of Chinese-path modernization and is a new developmental form of socialist civilization in the digital age. To create a new form of socialist digital civilization, the high-quality development of productive forces and the top-level design and systematic construction of the economic system are the core, and leveraging the conscious and active role of the superstructure is fundamental. First, strengthen the centralized and unified leadership of the Party over the development of the digital economy. Strengthen the political guidance of digital development, establish a new type of government-business relationship between the government and digital platforms, and carry out more reasonable power delimitation in areas such as regulatory boundaries, property rights boundaries, and market boundaries. Clarify the power attributes of platform enterprises, “use market competition mechanisms and traditional private law norms to constrain platform private power,” and “introduce public law principles and their value requirements to moderately intervene in platform private power.” [1]1 This quotation is from a Chinese academic source discussing the regulation of platform power. Second, leverage the guiding role of socialist cultural-ethical progress, especially fine traditional Chinese culture, in the development of the digital economy. Digital space and the virtual world are new spaces for people’s production and life in the digital age. They not only map and relate to the real world but also play an increasingly important role in shaping the spiritual culture of real society and the comprehensive development of individuals. It is necessary to introduce socialist cultural-ethical progress into this new domain, fully leverage the guiding role of fine traditional Chinese culture in digital space, realize a positive interaction between the new zeitgeist of the digital world and the development of the digital economy, and continuously enrich the people’s spiritual and cultural life. Third, continuously promote “digital common prosperity.” The development of the digital mode of production has expanded the connotation of common prosperity. Common prosperity in the digital age is not only reflected in the traditional material and spiritual dimensions but, more importantly, also in aspects such as the possession of digital resources, the acquisition of digital dividends, digital utilization capabilities, digital rights, and fairness and justice in digital space. Currently, with the rapid development of the digital economy, a “digital divide” has emerged between developed countries and third-world countries, with a trend of intensification, and significant differentiation in digital capabilities has also appeared between generations. It is necessary to pay more attention to the development gap of the digital economy between urban and rural areas, regions, and generations, incorporate digital literacy and digital capabilities into the regulatory scope of common prosperity, and realize the social ownership of digital resources, the common use of digital space, and the social sharing of digital achievements. Fourth, accelerate the construction of a community with a shared future in cyberspace. The community in cyberspace is an important component of a community with a shared future for mankind and is the main spatial form and mode of communication for the world-historical existence of human beings. China advocates “a global digital development path featuring the joint construction and sharing of digital resources, vibrant digital economy, precise and efficient digital governance, flourishing digital culture, strong digital security guarantees, and mutually beneficial digital cooperation.” [2]2 This quotation is from an official Chinese document or statement outlining the country’s vision for global digital development. This development path advocates the joint construction and sharing of digital resources and mutually beneficial digital cooperation, requires the establishment of a multilateral, democratic, and transparent global internet governance system, and transcends the traditional development paths promoted by some Western countries, such as digital hegemony, digital colonialism, digital technology decoupling, digital unilateralism, and digital imperialism. It is an important contribution to the new form of world digital civilization.

作为人类文明新形态重要组成部分的“社会主义数字文明新形态”，遵循中国式现代化的本质要求，是社会主义文明在数字时代的新型发展形式。创造社会主义数字文明新形态，生产力的高质量发展以及经济制度的顶层设计和系统构建是核心，发挥上层建筑的自觉能动作用是根本。第一，加强党对数字经济发展的集中统一领导。强化数字化发展的政治引领，建立政府与数字平台的新型政商关系，在监管边界、产权边界、市场边界等领域进行更加合理的权力界定。明确平台企业的权力属性，“借助市场竞争机制和传统私法规范约束平台私权力”，“引入公法原理及其价值要求，对平台私权力进行适度干预”。第二，发挥社会主义精神文明特别是中华优秀传统文化对数字经济发展的引导作用。数字空间和虚拟世界是数字时代人们新的生产生活空间，不仅与现实世界进行映射和关联，而且对现实社会的精神文化塑造和人的全面发展起着越来越重要的作用。要将社会主义精神文明引入这一新的领域，充分发挥中华优秀传统文化在数字空间的引导作用，实现数字世界新的时代精神与数字经济发展的良性互动，不断丰富人民精神文化生活。第三，不断推动“数字共同富裕”。数字生产方式的发展扩展了共同富裕的内涵，数字时代的共同富裕不仅体现在传统的物质和精神两个层面，更重要的还体现在数字资源的占有、数字红利获取、数字利用能力、数字权利、数字空间公平正义等方面。当前数字经济快速发展，在发达国家与第三世界国家之间出现“数字鸿沟”，并且有不断加剧的趋势，在代与代之间也出现显著的数字能力分化。要更加重视数字经济在城乡、区域和代际的发展差距，将数字素养、数字能力纳入共同富裕的调控范围，实现数字资源的社会共有、数字空间的共同利用、数字成果的社会共享。第四，加快构建网络空间命运共同体。网络空间共同体是人类命运共同体的重要组成部分，是人的世界历史性存在的主要空间形式和交往方式。我国提倡“数字资源共建共享、数字经济活力迸发、数字治理精准高效、数字文化繁荣发展、数字安全保障有力、数字合作互利共赢的全球数字发展道路”。这一发展路径主张数字资源共建共享、数字合作互利共赢，要求建立多边、民主、透明的全球互联网治理体系，超越了一些西方国家所推行的数字霸权、数字殖民、数字技术脱钩、数字单边主义、数字帝国主义等传统发展路径，是对世界数字文明新形态的重要贡献。

Conclusion

结 语

The development of digital productive forces triggers major changes in the social mode of production, is impacting all aspects of human social production and life, and is driving a major transformation of human society. As General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, “The digital economy is a major issue concerning the overall development of the country,” and “Data, as a new type of production factor, has a significant impact on the transformation of traditional modes of production.” [3]3 These quotations are from speeches or writings by Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the Communist Party of China Central Committee. The development direction of the digital economy guided by Chinese-path modernization endows human modernization with new connotations and is creating a new form of socialist digital civilization. Over a hundred years ago, Lenin proposed the famous formula – “Communism is Soviet power plus the electrification of the whole country” [4]4 This is a famous slogan from the early Soviet period, formulated by Vladimir Lenin, emphasizing the combination of political power (the Soviets) with technological modernization (electrification) as the basis for building communism. – and reached the important conclusion that imperialism is the highest stage of capitalism. Today’s development from digitalization to networking to intelligence is reshaping, on a new basis, the new material conditions for the higher stage of communism, thereby redefining the evolutionary direction and development mode of world communism. Constructing a high-level digital mode of production with Chinese characteristics and promoting the development of contemporary digital new quality productive forces will provide important material support for comprehensively building a modern socialist country. The temporal and spatial intersection of the enormous driving force of the transformation of the digital mode of production on world civilization and China’s comprehensive promotion of Chinese-path modernization in the new development stage at the level of world history will provide the material foundation for the development of a higher social form.

数字生产力的发展引发社会生产方式的重大变革，正在冲击人类社会生产生活的各个方面，推动人类社会发生重大转型。正如习近平总书记所指出的，“数字经济事关国家发展大局”，“数据作为新型生产要素，对传统生产方式变革具有重大影响”。中国式现代化所指引的数字经济发展方向，赋予了人类现代化新的内涵，正在创造社会主义数字文明新形态。百余年前，列宁提出了著名的公式——“共产主义就是苏维埃政权加全国电气化”，并得出帝国主义是资本主义最高阶段的重要论断。当今世界从数字化、网络化到智能化的发展正在新的基础之上重塑共产主义高级阶段的新的物质条件，进而重新界定世界共产主义的演进方向和发展方式。构建高水平中国特色数字生产方式，推动当代数字化新质生产力发展，将为全面建设社会主义现代化国家提供重要物质支撑。数字生产方式变革对世界文明的巨大推动作用与新发展阶段我国全面推进中国式现代化在世界历史维度的时空交汇，将为更高社会形态的发展提供物质基础。

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