The Fundamental Guidance for Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, in the practical process of promoting comprehensive and deepening reform, has scientifically summarized historical experience, profoundly grasped the laws of reform, and creatively put forward a series of new ideas, new viewpoints, and new judgments. It has clearly answered major questions such as why reform should be deepened comprehensively in the New Era and how to advance it, thereby providing fundamental guidance for further deepening reform comprehensively.

党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央在推动全面深化改革的实践进程中，科学总结历史经验，深刻把握改革规律，创造性提出一系列新思想、新观点、新论断，明确回答了新时代为什么要全面深化改革、怎样推进全面深化改革等重大问题，为进一步全面深化改革提供了根本遵循。

The Profound Practical Foundation for Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively

进一步全面深化改革的深厚实践基础

Innovative ideas originate from great practice. The series of new ideas, new viewpoints, and new judgments of General Secretary Xi Jinping on comprehensively deepening reform were formed in the magnificent practical process of General Secretary Xi Jinping leading and advancing comprehensive and deepening reform. To deeply understand these new ideas, new viewpoints, and new judgments, one must first grasp their profound practical foundation.

创新的思想源于伟大的实践。习近平总书记关于全面深化改革的一系列新思想、新观点、新论断，是在习近平总书记领导推进全面深化改革的波澜壮阔的实践进程中形成的。深入理解这些新思想、新观点、新论断，首先要把握其深厚的实践基础。

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, China's development has entered a new stage, and reform has entered a critical period and a deep-water zone. Many problems that were easy to reform have been effectively resolved, and what remains are mostly hard nuts to crack, even sensitive and major issues affecting the overall situation. On the path forward, there are obstacles in ideology and concepts, as well as barriers of entrenched interests and chronic, stubborn ailments accumulated over many years. Facing the future, to solve the difficulties encountered in development, defuse risks and challenges from all sides, and promote sustained and healthy economic and social development, there is no other way except to deepen reform and opening up.

党的十八大以来，我国发展进入新阶段，改革进入攻坚期和深水区，很多容易改的问题已经得到有效解决，留下来的大都是比较难啃的硬骨头，甚至是牵动全局的敏感问题和重大问题。在前进的道路上，既有思想观念的障碍，又有利益固化的藩篱、积存多年的顽瘴痼疾。面向未来，要破解发展中面临的难题、化解来自各方面的风险挑战，推动经济社会持续健康发展，除了深化改革开放，别无他途。

After the 18th National Congress of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping made his first trip outside Beijing to Shenzhen, issuing the mobilization order to "continue pushing reform and opening up forward." The Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee deliberated and adopted the "Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Several Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening Reform," clarifying the overall goal of comprehensively deepening reform and deploying reforms in the economic, political, cultural, social, and ecological civilization fields, achieving a transformation from partial exploration and breakthrough to systemic integration and comprehensive deepening. Thereafter, comprehensive and deepening reform continued to unfold in various important areas. The Fourth Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee deployed reforms in the rule-of-law field; the Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee deployed the implementation of the new development concept and the advancement of supply-side structural reform; the Sixth Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee deployed reforms in Party leadership and Party building; the Third Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee and the Second Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee deployed reforms in Party and state institutions; the Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee made comprehensive arrangements for upholding and developing the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and advancing the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity; the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee deployed reforms to foster a new development pattern. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee deliberated and adopted the "Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively to Advance Chinese-Path Modernization," continuing to push reform, opening up, and modernization forward.

党的十八大后，习近平总书记首次离京就来到深圳，发出“将改革开放继续推向前进”的动员令。党的十八届三中全会审议通过《中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定》，明确了全面深化改革的总目标，部署了经济、政治、文化、社会、生态文明等领域改革，实现了改革由局部探索、破冰突围到系统集成、全面深化的转变。此后，全面深化改革在各重要领域持续展开。党的十八届四中全会部署法治领域改革，党的十八届五中全会部署贯彻新发展理念、推进供给侧结构性改革，党的十八届六中全会部署党的领导和党的建设方面的改革，党的十九届三中全会、二十届二中全会部署党和国家机构改革，党的十九届四中全会就坚持和发展中国特色社会主义制度、推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化作出全面部署，党的十九届五中全会部署构建新发展格局方面的改革。党的二十届三中全会审议通过《中共中央关于进一步全面深化改革 推进中国式现代化的决定》，将改革开放和现代化建设继续推向前进。

In the 11 years from the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee to the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee, General Secretary Xi Jinping presided over 72 meetings of the Central Committee for Comprehensively Deepening Reform (Leading Group). These meetings anchored the overall goal of comprehensively deepening reform for top-level design, deliberated and adopted over 600 reform documents, guided the introduction of over 3,000 reform plans across various fields, effectively broke down institutional and mechanistic drawbacks in various aspects, promoted historic transformations, systemic reshapings, and holistic reconstructions in many areas, consolidated and developed the institutional advantages of socialism with Chinese characteristics, promoted the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics to become more mature and more定型, and provided a strong institutional guarantee for building a moderately prosperous society in all respects and realizing the Party's first centenary goal.

从党的十八届三中全会到党的二十届三中全会的11年间，习近平总书记主持召开中央全面深化改革委员会（领导小组）会议72次。会议锚定全面深化改革总目标进行顶层设计，审议通过600多份改革文件，指引各方面出台3000多项改革方案，有效破除各方面体制机制弊端，推动许多领域实现历史性变革、系统性重塑、整体性重构，巩固和发展了中国特色社会主义制度优势，推动中国特色社会主义制度更加成熟、更加定型，为全面建成小康社会、实现党的第一个百年奋斗目标提供了有力制度保障。

The Ideological and Theoretical Guidance for Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively

进一步全面深化改革的思想理论引领

Since the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee, General Secretary Xi Jinping has deployed and promoted comprehensive and deepening reform, leading practical innovation with theoretical innovation, providing both laws and methods, and offering the "bridge" and "boat" for further deepening reform comprehensively. For example, comprehensively deepening reform must adhere to Party leadership; adhere to a people-centered approach; adhere to upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground; adhere to the overall goal of comprehensively deepening reform; adhere to a problem-oriented approach; adhere to taking economic system reform as the牵引; adhere to advancing reform on the track of the rule of law; adhere to combining top-level design with crossing the river by feeling the stones; correctly handle the relationship between reform, development, and stability; and so on. On this basis, the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee clarified the "Six Adherences" major principles for further deepening reform comprehensively, which centrally embody the core essence of General Secretary Xi Jinping's series of new ideas, new viewpoints, and new judgments on comprehensively deepening reform.

党的十八届三中全会以来，习近平总书记部署和推动全面深化改革，以理论创新引领实践创新，既有规律又有方法，为进一步全面深化改革提供了“桥”与“船”。譬如，全面深化改革必须坚持党的领导；坚持以人民为中心；坚持守正创新；坚持全面深化改革的总目标；坚持问题导向；坚持以经济体制改革为牵引；坚持在法治轨道上推进改革；坚持顶层设计和摸着石头过河相结合；正确处理改革发展稳定的关系；等等。在此基础上，党的二十届三中全会明确了进一步全面深化改革“六个坚持”的重大原则，集中体现了习近平总书记关于全面深化改革的一系列新思想、新观点、新论断的核心要义。

Adhere to the comprehensive leadership of the Party. "No matter what is reformed or to what stage reform reaches, Party leadership must be upheld." Whether in the Party, the government, the military, the civilian sector, or cultural institutions, whether in the east, west, south, north, or center of the country, the Party exercises leadership over everything. Party leadership directly concerns the fundamental direction, future destiny, and ultimate success or failure of Chinese-path modernization, and is the fundamental guarantee for further deepening reform comprehensively and advancing Chinese-path modernization. Only by fully leveraging the Party's core leadership role in commanding the overall situation and coordinating all parties, and resolutely achieving the Two Upholds, can we ensure that reform advances in the correct direction, that reform anchors the overall goal and proceeds steadily and far, that we gather the mighty force to break down barriers of entrenched interests and promote the development of the cause, and that we effectively coordinate the interests of all parties. On the new journey of the New Era, we must, as General Secretary Xi Jinping requires, place Party leadership throughout the entire process and in all aspects of reform, ensuring that reform always advances along the correct political direction.

坚持党的全面领导。“无论改什么、改到哪一步，都要坚持党的领导。”党政军民学，东西南北中，党是领导一切的。党的领导直接关系中国式现代化的根本方向、前途命运、最终成败，是进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化的根本保证。只有充分发挥党总揽全局、协调各方的领导核心作用，坚决做到“两个维护”，才能保证改革沿着正确的方向前进，才能确保改革锚定总目标行稳致远，才能凝聚起打破利益固化藩篱、推动事业发展的磅礴力量，才能有效协调各方利益关系。新时代新征程上，我们要按照习近平总书记的要求，把党的领导贯穿改革各方面全过程，确保改革始终沿着正确政治方向前进。

Adhere to a people-centered approach. "Reform is meaningful only when it is for the people; reform has momentum only when it relies on the people." Grasping reform and promoting development ultimately aim to enable the people to live better lives. Comprehensively deepening reform must respect the principal position and pioneering spirit of the people, plan and advance reform from the perspective of the people's overall interests, fundamental interests, and long-term interests, introduce more reform measures that address urgent livelihood concerns and popular aspirations, and do more practical things that benefit people's livelihoods, warm people's hearts, and conform to public opinion, ensuring that wherever the people call, reform responds, and that whatever the people care about and hope for, reform seizes upon and advances. On the new journey of the New Era, we must take the people's sense of gain, happiness, and security as important criteria for testing the effectiveness of reform, be adept at pooling popular wisdom and gathering popular support, always ensure that reform is for the people, reform relies on the people, and the fruits of reform are shared by the people, and continuously meet the people's new expectations for a better life.

坚持以人民为中心。“为了人民而改革，改革才有意义；依靠人民而改革，改革才有动力。”抓改革、促发展，归根到底就是为了让人民过上更好的日子。全面深化改革必须尊重人民的主体地位和首创精神，从人民整体利益、根本利益、长远利益出发谋划和推进改革，多推出一些民生所急、民心所向的改革举措，多办一些惠民生、暖民心、顺民意的实事，做到人民有所呼、改革有所应，老百姓关心什么、期盼什么，改革就要抓住什么、推进什么。新时代新征程上，我们要以人民群众的获得感、幸福感、安全感作为改革成效的重要检验标准，善于汇集民智、凝聚民心，始终做到改革为了人民、改革依靠人民、改革成果由人民共享，不断满足人民对美好生活的新期待。

Adhere to upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground. "Only by upholding fundamental principles can we avoid losing our direction and committing subversive mistakes; only by breaking new ground can we keep up with the times and lead the times." We must have both the strong determination to keep the path unchanged and the aspiration unchanged, and the sharpness and boldness to dare to innovate and bravely tackle difficulties, promoting continuous new breakthroughs in reform. "Upholding fundamental principles" means adhering to the comprehensive leadership of the Party, adhering to Marxism, adhering to socialism with Chinese characteristics, adhering to the people's democratic dictatorship, and taking promoting social fairness and justice and enhancing people's welfare as the starting point and落脚点. These are fundamental, directional, and long-term matters, reflecting the Party's nature and purpose, conforming to China's national conditions, and aligning with the people's fundamental interests; they must not be shaken in the slightest at any time or under any circumstances. At the same time, resolutely reform what should be reformed, reform well and thoroughly what should and can be reformed, and unswervingly grasp it once it is seen clearly. We must conform to the new trends of the times, the new requirements of practical development, and the new expectations of the people, focus on solving the major institutional and mechanistic problems that need to be cracked to advance Chinese-path modernization, focus on solving the bottlenecks and blockages that constrain the construction of a new development pattern and high-quality development, the pain points and difficulties in the development environment and people's livelihood fields, and the focal and hot issues that contradict social fairness and justice, and resolutely eliminate the ideological concepts and institutional mechanistic drawbacks that hinder the advancement of Chinese-path modernization. We must highlight the focus on economic system reform, comprehensively and coordinately advance reforms in all aspects, vigorously promote theoretical innovation, practical innovation, institutional innovation, cultural innovation, and innovations in other fields, and provide strong momentum and institutional guarantees for Chinese-path modernization.

坚持守正创新。“守正才能不迷失方向、不犯颠覆性错误，创新才能把握时代、引领时代。”既要有道不变、志不改的强大定力，又要有敢创新、勇攻坚的锐气胆魄，推动改革不断取得新突破。“守正”就是坚持党的全面领导、坚持马克思主义、坚持中国特色社会主义、坚持人民民主专政，以促进社会公平正义、增进人民福祉为出发点和落脚点，这些都是管根本、管方向、管长远的，体现党的性质和宗旨，符合我国国情，符合人民根本利益，任何时候任何情况下都不能有丝毫动摇。同时，该改的坚决改，把该改的、能改的改好、改到位，看准了就坚定不移抓。要顺应时代发展新趋势、实践发展新要求、人民群众新期待，着力解决推进中国式现代化需要破解的重大体制机制问题，着力解决制约构建新发展格局和推动高质量发展的卡点堵点问题、发展环境和民生领域的痛点难点问题、有悖社会公平正义的焦点热点问题，坚决破除妨碍推进中国式现代化的思想观念和体制机制弊端。要突出经济体制改革这个重点，全面协调推进各方面改革，大力推进理论创新、实践创新、制度创新、文化创新以及其他各方面创新，为中国式现代化提供强大动力和制度保障。

Adhere to taking institutional development as the main thread. The national governance system and governance capacity are the concentrated embodiment of a country’s institutions and their implementation capacity. Both history and reality show that institutional advantage is a country’s greatest advantage, and institutional competition is the most fundamental competition between countries. In governing a country, institutions play a fundamental, overarching, and long-term role. We must adhere to the general reform goal of continuing to improve and develop the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and advancing the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity, always moving forward in the direction guided by this general goal. We must strengthen top-level design and overall planning, promote both the abolition and establishment of institutions while prioritizing establishment over abolition, consolidate foundations, enhance strengths, shore up weaknesses, and strengthen weak areas. We must consolidate fundamental institutions, improve basic institutions, and innovate important institutions, continue to improve institutional mechanisms in all areas, and better align relations of production with productive forces, the superstructure with the economic base, and national governance with social development.

坚持以制度建设为主线。国家治理体系和治理能力是一个国家的制度和制度执行能力的集中体现。历史和现实都表明，制度优势是一个国家的最大优势，制度竞争是国家间最根本的竞争。治理国家，制度是起根本性、全局性、长远性作用的。要坚持继续完善和发展中国特色社会主义制度、推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的改革总目标，始终朝着总目标指引的方向前进。要加强顶层设计、总体谋划，破立并举、先立后破，固根基、扬优势、补短板、强弱项，筑牢根本制度，完善基本制度，创新重要制度，继续完善各方面制度机制，推动生产关系和生产力、上层建筑和经济基础、国家治理和社会发展更好相适应。

Adhere to comprehensive law-based governance. Reform and the rule of law are like the two wings of a bird and the two wheels of a chariot. We must adhere to the unity of reform and the rule of law, use the force of reform to improve the rule of law, further deepen reforms in the field of the rule of law, and continuously improve the socialist legal system with Chinese characteristics. We must better leverage the positive role of the rule of law in removing obstacles to reform and consolidating reform achievements, be adept at using legal thinking and legal methods to advance reform, ensure that major reforms have a legal basis, and equally protect the legitimate rights and interests of all citizens and legal persons. Throughout the entire reform process, we must attach great importance to using legal thinking and legal methods, give full play to the guiding and driving role of the rule of law, strengthen coordination of relevant legislative work, and ensure that reform is advanced on the track of the rule of law. For reform achievements proven effective in practice, they should be promptly elevated to the level of legal institutions; for practices where conditions are not yet mature and require piloting, authorization should be granted in accordance with legal procedures; for laws and regulations that no longer meet the requirements of reform, they should be promptly revised or abolished.

坚持全面依法治国。改革与法治如鸟之两翼、车之两轮。要坚持改革和法治相统一，以改革之力完善法治，进一步深化法治领域改革，不断完善中国特色社会主义法治体系；更好发挥法治在排除改革阻力、巩固改革成果中的积极作用，善于运用法治思维和法治方式推进改革，做到重大改革于法有据，平等保护全体公民和法人的合法权益。在整个改革过程中，都要高度重视运用法治思维和法治方式，发挥法治的引领和推动作用，加强对相关立法工作的协调，确保在法治轨道上推进改革。对于实践证明行之有效的改革成果，及时上升为法律制度；实践条件还不成熟、需要先行先试的，按照法定程序作出授权；对不适应改革要求的法律法规，及时修改或废止。

Adhere to a systems perspective. We must take into account all factors and adopt dialectical measures, properly handle major relationships such as those between the economy and society, the government and the market, efficiency and fairness, vitality and order, and development and security, and enhance the systemic, holistic, and synergistic nature of reform, making comprehensive deepening of reform more scientific, orderly, and efficient, and promoting high-quality economic and social development. On the new journey, we must adhere to unifying the intensity of reform, the speed of development, and the degree of social acceptability, use reform to activate the driving force for high-quality development, use reform to provide guarantees for social governance, use reform to improve the people’s living standards, correctly handle and resolve problems and difficulties encountered in reform, better navigate complex situations and respond to risks and challenges, and advance Chinese-path modernization.

坚持系统观念。要统筹兼顾、辩证施策，处理好经济和社会、政府和市场、效率和公平、活力和秩序、发展和安全等重大关系，增强改革系统性、整体性、协同性，使全面深化改革更加科学、有序、高效，推动经济社会高质量发展。新征程上，要坚持把改革的力度、发展的速度和社会可承受的程度统一起来，以改革激活高质量发展动力，以改革为社会治理提供保障，以改革提高人民生活水平，正确处理和解决好改革中遇到的问题和困难，更好地驾驭复杂局面、应对风险挑战，推进中国式现代化。

The major principles of the “Six Adherences”[n] are a scientific summary of the valuable experience of reform and opening up, especially the comprehensive deepening of reform in the New Era. They are a major achievement of our Party’s continuous deepening of its understanding of the laws of reform. They have significant guiding significance for enhancing the scientific nature, foresight, initiative, and creativity of further comprehensive deepening of reform and for promoting the steady and long-term progress of reform.

“六个坚持”的重大原则，是对改革开放以来特别是新时代全面深化改革宝贵经验的科学总结，是我们党不断深化对改革的规律性认识的重大成果，对于增强进一步全面深化改革的科学性、预见性、主动性、创造性，推动改革行稳致远，具有重大指导意义。

Implementing the Arrangements for Further Comprehensive Deepening of Reform

把进一步全面深化改革部署落到实处

Reform is a systematic project that requires scientific methods. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC emphasized the “Three More Focuses,”[n] which are both a scientific summary of practical experience in reform and a need to solve practical problems. They embody the Marxist worldview and methodology and provide scientific methodological guidance for implementing General Secretary Xi Jinping’s series of new ideas, viewpoints, and conclusions on comprehensively deepening reform, and for implementing the arrangements for further comprehensively deepening reform and advancing Chinese-path modernization.

改革是一项系统工程，需要讲求科学方法。党的二十届三中全会强调“三个更加注重”，既是改革实践经验的科学总结，也是解决现实问题的需要，体现了马克思主义的世界观和方法论，为贯彻好习近平总书记关于全面深化改革的一系列新思想、新观点、新论断，落实好进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化的部署提供了科学方法指引。

More focus on systemic integration. As reform progresses further, the interconnectedness and interactivity of reforms will become stronger, and the interests touched will become deeper, placing higher demands on systemic integration. We must adhere to planning and advancing reform with an overall perspective and systematic thinking, properly handle major relationships such as those between the economy and society, the government and the market, efficiency and fairness, vitality and order, and development and security, promote the mutual compatibility of reform goals, the mutual coordination of reform measures, and the consistency of policy orientations, drive reform measures in all fields and aspects to work in the same direction and form synergy, enhance overall effectiveness, and prevent and overcome phenomena of each going its own way and mutual obstruction.

更加注重系统集成。改革越往后推进，改革的关联性互动性就会越强，触及利益也会越深，对系统集成要求越来越高。要坚持以全局观念和系统思维谋划推进改革，处理好经济和社会、政府和市场、效率和公平、活力和秩序、发展和安全等重大关系，促进改革目标相互兼容、改革举措相互配合、政策取向协同一致，推动各领域各方面改革举措同向发力、形成合力，增强整体效能，防止和克服各行其是、相互掣肘的现象。

More focus on highlighting key points. Reform requires both grasping the “bull’s nose”[n] and “playing the piano,”[n] both keeping the overall situation in mind and having a clear understanding of various contradictions and problems, and also grasping the principal contradiction and the principal aspect of the contradiction. We must firmly grasp the key point of deepening economic system reform, focus on advancing reform measures in state-owned assets and enterprises, fiscal and taxation, finance, science and technology, land, people’s livelihood security, and ecological civilization construction, and use this to lead and drive reforms in other fields. Reforms in other fields must also highlight key points to prevent attacking on all fronts and dispersing efforts.

更加注重突出重点。改革既要牵“牛鼻子”，也要“弹钢琴”，既要胸怀全局，对各种矛盾和问题做到心中有数，又要抓主要矛盾和矛盾的主要方面。要紧紧抓住深化经济体制改革这个重点，重点推进国资国企、财税、金融、科技、土地、民生保障、生态文明建设等改革举措，以此牵引和带动其他领域改革。其他领域改革也要突出重点，防止四面出击、分散用力。

More focus on reform effectiveness. We must establish and improve a working mechanism with clear responsibilities, a complete chain, and interlocking links, strengthen tracking and accountability, and ensure that reform measures are implemented, detailed, and carried through to completion. We must implement reforms with the spirit of driving a nail,[n] being both proactive and solid and steady, clarifying priorities, grasping the timing, intensity, and effect, doing our best within our capabilities, not seeking sensational effects, not engaging in superficial work, and letting only actual performance and results speak.

更加注重改革实效。要建立健全责任明晰、链条完整、环环相扣的工作机制，强化跟踪问效，推动改革举措落实落细落到位。要以钉钉子精神抓改革落实，既要积极主动，更要扎实稳健，明确优先序，把握时度效，尽力而为、量力而行，不求轰动效应，不做表面文章，只以实绩实效说话。

To further comprehensively deepen reform, we must thoroughly study and implement General Secretary Xi Jinping’s series of new ideas, viewpoints, and conclusions on comprehensively deepening reform, grasp scientific methods, broadly build consensus, fully mobilize all positive factors, unite all forces that can be united, and make greater contributions to the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

进一步全面深化改革，必须深入学习贯彻习近平总书记关于全面深化改革的一系列新思想、新观点、新论断，把握科学方法，广泛凝聚共识，最充分地调动一切积极因素，团结一切可以团结的力量，为中华民族伟大复兴作出更大贡献。

Online Editor: Paul

网络编辑：保罗