New Quality Productive Forces: A Major Innovation and Development of the Marxist Theory of Productive Forces

Against the backdrop of a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, the world situation, national conditions, and social conditions have undergone tremendous changes. This change urgently demands the accelerated formation and development of new productive forces, which is a pressing need for achieving high-quality development and advancing Chinese-path modernization. Accelerating the formation and development of new productive forces requires guidance from a new theory of productive forces. Xi Jinping, bearing in mind the “two overall situations”[1]1 Karl Marx, *Capital*, Vol. 1, Chapter 15, Section 10., profoundly grasping the general trend of history and the development of the times, and attaching great importance to the theoretical and practical innovation of productive forces, first creatively proposed “new quality productive forces” during an inspection tour in Heilongjiang Province in September 2023, and in subsequent speeches on various occasions emphasized the need to accelerate the formation and development of new quality productive forces. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC continued to explore how to develop new quality productive forces, emphasizing the need to accelerate the formation of relations of production that are more compatible with new quality productive forces.

在新一轮科技革命和产业变革的背景下，世情、国情、社情发生了巨大变化，这种变化迫切要求加快形成和发展新的生产力，这是实现高质量发展和推进中国式现代化的迫切需要。加快形成和发展新的生产力，需要有新的生产力理论作指导。习近平胸怀“两个大局”，深刻把握历史和时代发展大势，高度重视生产力的理论与实践创新，于2023年9月在黑龙江考察期间独创性地首次提出“新质生产力”，并在随后的多种场合讲话中强调要加快形成和发展新质生产力。党的二十届三中全会对如何发展新质生产力进行了接续探索，强调要加快形成同新质生产力更相适应的生产关系。

New quality productive forces are the real capacity of humanity to understand and transform nature at a higher stage. They take “the leap in the quality of laborers, means of labor, objects of labor, and their optimized combination as their basic connotation.” Their emphasis lies in “newness,” they are engendered by “quality,” and they manifest as a “leap.” They require the construction of corresponding new relations of production, exhibiting basic characteristics such as high technology, high efficiency, and high quality. They constitute a theoretical system of productive forces that is scientific, complete, and systematic, providing scientific guidance for the high-quality development of China’s economy. New quality productive forces represent a major innovation and development of the Marxist theory of productive forces. This major innovation and development is mainly reflected in six aspects: the theory of high-quality productive forces innovates and develops the Marxist theory of the unity of quality and quantity in productive forces; the theory of the optimization and upgrading of the elements of productive forces innovates and develops the Marxist theory of the composition of productive forces; the theory of driving the leap in productive forces through scientific and technological innovation innovates and develops the Marxist theory of the progress of productive forces; the theory of green productive forces innovates and develops the Marxist ecological theory of productive forces; the theory of the dialectical unity of new quality productive forces and new relations of production innovates and develops the Marxist theory of the two-way dynamic unity of productive forces and relations of production; and the theory of developing new quality productive forces by first establishing the new before abolishing the old, adapting measures to local conditions, and providing classified guidance innovates and develops the Marxist methodology for the development of productive forces.

新质生产力，是人类在更高阶段认识和改造自然的现实能力，“以劳动者、劳动资料、劳动对象及其优化组合的跃升为基本内涵”，其重点在“新”、催生于“质”、表现为“跃”，要求构筑与之相适应的新型生产关系，呈现出高科技、高效能、高质量等基本特征，是具有科学性、完整性和系统性的生产力理论体系，为我国经济高质量发展提供了科学指引。新质生产力是马克思主义生产力理论的重大创新与发展，这种重大创新与发展主要体现在六个方面：生产力优质论创新和发展了马克思主义生产力质量统一理论，生产力要素优化升级论创新和发展了马克思主义生产力构成理论，以科技创新驱动生产力跃升论创新和发展了马克思主义生产力进步理论，绿色生产力论创新和发展了马克思主义生产力生态论，新质生产力和新型生产关系的辩证统一理论创新和发展了马克思主义生产力和生产关系的双向动态统一理论，先立后破、因地制宜、分类指导发展新质生产力论创新和发展了马克思主义生产力发展方法论。

I. The Theory of High-Quality Productive Forces Innovates and Develops the Marxist Theory of the Unity of Quality and Quantity in Productive Forces

一、生产力优质论创新和发展了马克思主义生产力质量统一理论

In the perspective of Marx and Engels, productive forces continuously develop in the historical development of human society, possessing practicality and dynamism. New productive forces form and develop amid the constant quantitative and qualitative changes in the elements of production. In terms of their nature, productive forces have two attributes: quality and quantity. “Quality” refers to the nature and developmental requirements of productive forces, embodied in the nature of the means of labor (the quality of the elements of productive forces, their degree of advancement). As Marx stated, the distinction between various economic epochs lies in “what means of labor are used for production.” “Quantity” refers to the actual degree of development of productive forces, embodied in the scale and number of the elements of productive forces. Marx rejected the notion that the development of productive forces relies solely on the expansion of their quantity and affirmed the role of quality, pointing out that any new productive forces do not manifest as “mere quantitative expansion” but will instead manifest as a further development of the division of labor. Marx gave the example that while the development of productive forces in capitalist society increases social wealth, the blind pursuit of surplus value leads to overproduction, and “following overproduction comes an equally sharp decline in production.” In view of this, any new productive forces must focus on the unity of quality and quantity in order to further raise the level of development of productive forces. This is the core content of the Marxist theory of the unity of quality and quantity in productive forces. As new productive forces, new quality productive forces consistently emphasize the unity of quality and quantity.

在马克思恩格斯的视域中，生产力在人类社会的历史发展中是不断发展的，具有实践性、动态性，新的生产力则在生产要素质和量的不断变化中形成发展。生产力就性质来说，具有质和量两个属性。“质”指的是生产力的性质和发展要求，体现为劳动资料的性质（生产力的要素品质、先进程度），如马克思所言，各种经济时代的区别，在于“用什么劳动资料生产”；“量”指的是生产力发展的现实程度，体现为生产力要素的规模、数量。马克思否定了生产力发展仅依靠其量的扩大并肯定了质的作用，指出任何新的生产力不表现为“单纯的量的扩大”，都会使其表现为分工进一步发展。马克思举例说，资本主义社会生产力的发展在促使社会财富增加的同时，由于盲目追求剩余价值而导致生产过剩，“跟随生产过剩而来的是同样急剧的生产衰落”。鉴于此，任何新的生产力必须注重质和量的统一，才能进一步提升生产力发展水平。这就是马克思主义生产力质量统一理论的核心内容。新质生产力作为新的生产力，始终强调质与量的统一。

(1) New quality productive forces are “high-quality” productive forces that unify quality and quantity. Xi Jinping pointed out that the “key to developing new quality productive forces lies in high quality.” “High quality” is the basic manifestation of new quality productive forces; new quality productive forces must be a “high-quality” new type of productive forces. As a new qualitative form of productive forces, new quality productive forces essentially form the momentum of “innovation,” reach a “high-quality” form, and achieve the condition of “unity of quality and quantity.” The qualitative state of productive forces is not static; it continuously generates new qualitative productive forces, each era possessing its own distinct characteristics. New quality productive forces are formed in the new round of scientific, technological, and industrial revolution, are productive forces that meet the requirements of high-quality development, and are an advanced qualitative state of productive forces that conforms to the new development philosophy. They embody high quality through the optimization and upgrading of laborers, objects of labor, means of labor, and their combination. The “high quality” discussed here emphasizes both the unity of quality and quantity and the innovative development of quality and quantity. Xi Jinping clearly stated, “Take scientific and technological innovation as the guide, coordinate and promote the upgrading of traditional industries, the expansion of emerging industries, and the cultivation of future industries.” It can be seen that currently, laborers focus on the optimization and improvement of quality and quantity, and various industries focus on the optimized combination of high technology, high quality, and the expansion of scale and scope. New quality productive forces embody “high quality” in the elements of production and the production process, manifested in relying on scientific and technological progress to improve production efficiency, optimize resource allocation, and promote industrial upgrading, effectively advancing China’s economy toward high-quality development. In view of this, new quality productive forces adhere to the unity of quality and quantity in productive forces, but under new historical conditions, they exhibit new characteristics of qualitative improvement and quantitative expansion of productive forces. This is an innovation and development of the Marxist theory of the unity of quality and quantity in productive forces in the New Era.

（一）新质生产力是质量统一的“优质”生产力。习近平指出，发展新质生产力的“关键在质优”。“质优”是新质生产力的基本表现，新质生产力必须是“优质”的新型生产力。新质生产力作为新质化生产力形态，实质上是形成“创新”动能，达至“质优”形态，达到“质量统一”条件。生产力的质态不是静止不变的，而是会源源不断产生新质化的生产力，在每个时代都具有各自的鲜明特征。新质生产力是在新一轮科技和产业革命中形成，符合高质量发展要求的生产力，符合新发展理念的先进生产力质态，以劳动者、劳动对象、劳动资料及其组合优化升级而体现出优质性。这里讲的“优质”，既强调质和量的统一，又注重质和量的创新发展。习近平明确指出，“以科技创新为引领，统筹推进传统产业升级、新兴产业壮大、未来产业培育”。可见，当前劳动者注重素质和数量的优化提高，各产业注重高科技、高质量与规模范围扩大的优化结合。新质生产力在生产要素和生产过程中体现出“优质”，表现在依靠科技进步提高生产效能、优化资源配置和推动产业升级，有力推进我国经济向高质量发展。鉴于此，新质生产力坚持生产力质和量的统一，但在新的历史条件下呈现出生产力质的提升和量的扩大的新特点，它是对马克思主义生产力质量统一理论在新时代的创新和发展。

(2) The characteristics of high technology, high quality, and high efficiency are unified in the manifestation of “high quality.” Marxism holds that the movement of matter always follows the law of the transformation of quantity into quality. Therefore, the quantitative change of social productive forces as matter lays the foundation for their qualitative change, thereby forming a new qualitative state of productive forces that unifies quality and quantity. As advanced productive forces, the “high quality” of new quality productive forces is an important manifestation of this new qualitative state of productive forces that unifies quality and quantity. Specifically, new quality productive forces are “high-quality” productive forces supported by high and new technology, with a significant increase in total factor productivity as the core indicator, and with the satisfaction of the people’s needs for a better life as the development goal.

（二）高科技、高质量、高效能特征统一体现为“质优”。马克思主义认为，物质的运动始终遵循质量互变规律。因此，作为物质的社会生产力的量变为其质变打下基础，从而形成新的质量统一的生产力质态。新质生产力作为先进生产力，其“质优”则是新的质量统一的生产力质态的重要体现。具体来看，新质生产力是以高新科技为支撑、以全要素生产率大幅提升为核心标志、以美好生活需要为发展目的的“质优”生产力。

First, “high-quality” productive forces are supported by high and new technology, exhibiting the characteristic of high technology. Each era engages in the production practices it inherits under new environments and conditions, while simultaneously changing the old environments and conditions in the course of this activity. As production practices deepen, the new productive forces generated by the application of science and technology in the production process become increasingly high-tech. New quality productive forces are formed in the context of the new round of scientific, technological, and industrial revolution through the reconstruction of the mode of combination of labor with high and new technology, endowing them with the attribute of technological modernization, which specifically manifests as the characteristic of high technology.

第一，“质优”生产力以高新科技为支撑，呈现出高科技特征。各时代在新的环境和条件下从事其所继承的生产实践活动，同时在这种活动中去改变旧的环境和条件。随着生产实践活动的不断深入，科学技术应用在生产过程中所产生的新增生产力更加高科技化。新质生产力在新一轮科技和产业革命背景下与高新科技重构劳动结合方式中所形成，赋予其科技现代化属性，其具体表现出高科技特征。

Second, “high-quality” productive forces take the satisfaction of the people’s needs for a better life as their development goal, exhibiting the characteristic of high quality. Marxism holds that labor is the mode of human existence and development. The capacity to satisfy human needs through labor is productive forces. Through labor and production practice, people’s primary needs can be satisfied, and this need, along with its practical activities and the tools used, will in turn give rise to “new needs.” It can be seen that productive forces take satisfying people’s needs through their development as their fundamental purpose. High-quality economic development, as digital, intelligent, green, and technology-driven development, is the direct goal of productive forces achieving “high quality,” and can provide abundant material conditions for satisfying the people’s needs for a better life. Entering the New Era, the people’s needs have moved from the pursuit of material life needs to a new stage of pursuing a high-quality better life. New quality productive forces take the satisfaction of the people’s needs for a better life as their development goal, manifested in satisfying the people’s needs for digital, intelligent, and networked daily life, for self-directed scientific and technological innovation and development, and for a green and low-carbon lifestyle.

第二，“质优”生产力以人的美好生活需要为发展目的，呈现出高质量特征。马克思主义认为，劳动是人的存在和发展的方式。通过劳动满足人的需要的能力就是生产力，通过劳动生产实践可以满足人的第一需要，而这一需要及其实践活动和所用工具再一次引起“新的需要”。可见，生产力以其发展满足人的需要为根本目的。经济高质量发展作为数智化、绿色化、科技化发展，是生产力实现“质优”的直接目的，能够为满足人民对美好生活的需要提供丰富的物质条件。进入新时代，人民的需要从追求物质生活需要走向追求高品质美好生活需要的新阶段。新质生产力以人的美好生活需要为发展目的，表现在满足人民对数字化、智能化、网络化的日常生活需要，对自我科技创新发展的需要，对绿色低碳生活的需要。

Third, “high-quality” productive forces take the substantial increase in total factor productivity as their core indicator, exhibiting the characteristic of high efficiency. According to the level of productive forces, Marx distinguished between “material productive forces” and “spiritual productive forces.” “Spiritual productive forces” are indirect productive forces; the sole condition for their creation of value is their application in the actual production process and their transformation into “material productive forces.” Science and technology, as spiritual productive forces, develop and progress in a way that shortens labor time and substantially raises labor productivity and efficiency, thereby raising the level of development of the productive forces. The total-factor enhancement of new quality productive forces lies in scientific and technological innovation and its application. The new quality productive forces engendered by the new round of scientific and technological and industrial revolution take scientific technology, scientific knowledge and other spiritual productive forces and their application as their core driving force. Their formation and development are manifested in original and disruptive innovation in science and technology, and their formation and development will continuously shorten the labor process and raise labor productivity and efficiency by leaps and bounds.

第三，“质优”生产力以全要素生产率大幅提升为核心标志，呈现出高效能特征。按照生产力层次，马克思将生产力区分为“物质生产力”和“精神生产力”。“精神生产力”是间接的生产力，其创造价值的唯一条件是通过在实际生产过程中的应用并转化为“物质生产力”。科学技术作为精神生产力，它的发展进步会缩短劳动时间，大幅提高劳动生产效能，从而提升生产力发展水平。新质生产力的全要素提升在于科技创新及其应用。新一轮科技和产业革命所催生的新质生产力，是以科学技术、科学知识等精神生产力及其应用为核心动力，其形成和发展表现在科学技术的原创性、颠覆性创新，其形成和发展会不断缩短劳动过程，跃升式提高劳动生产效能。

II. The Theory of the Optimization and Upgrading of the Factors of Productive Forces Innovates and Develops the Marxist Theory of the Composition of Productive Forces

二、生产力要素优化升级论创新和发展了马克思主义生产力构成理论

Marx clearly set forth that labor productivity is constituted by multiple factors. This encompasses both the basic factors of “purposeful activity or labor itself, the subject of labor and the instruments of labor” and important factors such as science and technology, management, and the division of labor and cooperation. At the same time, “the productivity of labor is determined by multiple circumstances.” The “multiple circumstances” referred to here include the state of development of each of the above factors of production. It can be seen that the productive forces are an organic whole constituted by multiple factors. Among them, science and technology, education, management and cooperation possess the quality of permeation and integration; they can permeate and integrate into the labor force, the instruments of labor and the subject of labor in the labor process, causing changes in their quality, and thereby forming actual productive forces. The development and progress of each factor of production and its combination will drive the optimization and adjustment of the structure of the productive forces, substantially raise production efficiency, continuously raise the level of development of the productive forces, and thereby continuously form new productive forces.

马克思明确阐述劳动生产力是由多重要素构成，既涵盖了“有目的的活动或劳动本身，劳动对象和劳动资料”等基本要素，也包括了科学技术、管理、分工协作等重要要素，同时“劳动生产力是由多种情况决定的”。这里所指的多种情况包括以上各生产要素的发展状况。可见，生产力是由多重要素构成的有机整体。其中，科学技术、教育、管理、协作具有渗透性、融合性，能够在劳动过程中渗透、融入劳动力、劳动资料和劳动对象中，引起它们素质的变化，进而形成现实的生产力。各生产力要素及其组合的发展进步会带动生产力结构的优化调整，大大提升生产效能，不断提高生产力发展水平，从而不断形成新的生产力。

(i) The constituent factors of new quality productive forces and the resultant resultant force are new in quality. Grasping the general trend of the times in development and basing himself on the overall work of the Party and the state, Xi Jinping, in his report to the 20th National Congress of the CPC, clearly pointed out how to solve the problems in China’s economic development: “We must adhere to the principle that science and technology are the primary productive force, talent is the primary resource, and innovation is the primary driving force.” Innovation, as the primary driving force leading development, is always inherent in the factors of the laborer, the instruments of labor and the subject of labor and exerts a profound influence on them. Subsequently, Xi Jinping gave a clear explanation of the formation of new quality productive forces: “New quality productive forces are engendered by revolutionary breakthroughs in technology, innovative allocation of factors of production, and deep industrial transformation and upgrading.” It can be seen that driving the formation and development of new quality productive forces with innovation must closely adhere to the internal requirement of optimizing and upgrading each factor of production and its structure. From the dimension of the laborer, the formation and development of new quality productive forces require actively cultivating strategic scientists, outstanding engineers, great country craftsmen and a large number of other knowledge-based, skill-based and innovation-based laborers. From the dimension of the instruments of labor, digital technology has greatly enriched the forms of manifestation of the means of production; it can link, permeate and empower all things, endowing the instruments of labor with digital attributes. Digital instruments of labor act directly on data, a new type of subject of labor, realizing the deep integration of all links in production and reproduction, breaking the limits of time and space, promoting the flow and matching of resource factors, and supporting the formation and development of new quality productive forces. From the dimension of the subject of labor, scientific and technological progress has caused great changes in the scope and category of the subject of labor, such as the current new types of subject of labor, including digital materials, new energy sources and new raw materials produced through technological transformation and new output. From the perspective of the resultant force of the constituent factors of production, in accordance with the requirements for the development of new quality productive forces, it is necessary to “create a new pattern of development” and “establish a high-standard market system.” New quality productive forces require raising the level of knowledge and technology of laborers, enriching the structural content of the instruments of labor, expanding the scope and field of the subject of labor, effectively expanding the spatial scope of the development of the productive forces, and at the same time paying attention to scientific and technological innovation, educational innovation, management and cooperation innovation, as well as the optimization and innovation of the combination of each factor, thereby shaping new quality productive forces with the resultant force of the factors formed, and thus realizing a rapid increase in the level and tier of development of the productive forces.

（一）新质生产力的构成要素及其构成合力新质化。习近平把握时代发展大势，立足党和国家工作全局，就如何破解我国经济发展难题，在党的二十大报告中明确指出，“必须坚持科技是第一生产力、人才是第一资源、创新是第一动力”。创新作为引领发展的第一动力，始终内含于劳动者、劳动资料、劳动对象等要素中并对其产生极深影响。其后，习近平就新质生产力的形成问题加以明确阐释，“新质生产力是由技术革命性突破、生产要素创新性配置、产业深度转型升级而催生”。可见，以创新驱动新质生产力的形成发展，要紧扣各生产要素及其结构优化升级这一内在要求。从劳动者维度来看，新质生产力的形成和发展要求积极培育战略科学家、卓越工程师、大国工匠等一大批知识型、技能型、创新型劳动者。从劳动资料维度来看，数字技术使生产工具的表现形态极大丰富，它能够链接、渗透、赋能万物，赋予劳动资料数字化属性。数字化劳动资料直接作用于数据这一新型劳动对象，实现了生产与再生产中各环节的深度融合，打破时空限制，推动资源要素流动和匹配，支撑新质生产力的形成发展。从劳动对象维度来看，科技进步使得劳动对象的范围和领域发生了极大变化，如当前因新技术改造和新产出的数字化材料、新能源和新原料这种新型劳动对象。从生产要素的构成合力来看，按照新质生产力的发展要求，要“构建新发展格局”，“建立高标准市场体系”。新质生产力要求提升劳动者的知识技术水平，丰富劳动资料的结构内容，扩大劳动对象的范围领域，有效扩展生产力发展的空间范围，同时注重科技创新、教育创新、管理协作创新，以及各要素组合优化创新，从而以形成的要素合力形塑新质生产力，由此实现生产力发展水平和层次的飞速提升。

(ii) The foundation for the optimization and upgrading of the factors of production lies in industrial structural innovation. Marxism holds that the distinction between different economic epochs lies in what instruments of labor are used for production. Therefore, compared with the “hand mill,” the “steam mill” can engender an industrial society with more advanced productive forces. In the present era, the aggregate of what Marx referred to as the “collective worker” and the “instruments of labor” is industry, which, in a higher form of social production, becomes an important carrier for the development of new quality productive forces. It can be said that promoting the development of new quality productive forces through the optimization and upgrading of the factors of production has its foundation in industrial structural innovation. Innovating the industrial structure and promoting the development of new quality productive forces should focus on the following aspects.

（二）生产力要素优化升级的根基在于产业结构创新。马克思主义认为，各种经济时代的区别，在于用什么劳动资料的生产。因此，与“手推磨”相比，“蒸汽磨”能催生生产力更为先进的工业社会。当今时代，马克思所指的“总体工人”与“劳动资料”的集合体就是产业，它以更高的社会生产形式成为新质生产力发展的重要载体。可以说，以生产力要素优化升级推进新质生产力发展，其根基在于产业结构创新。创新产业结构，推进新质生产力发展，主要应从如下方面着力。

First, focus on traditional industries, strategic emerging industries and future industries. Traditional industries possess large scale, multiple categories, broad markets and high output value; they are the base of the modern industrial system and also the stabilizer for developing strategic emerging industries and future industries. The first is to accelerate the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries. Attention should be paid to the transformation and upgrading of manufacturing towards high-end, digital-intelligent, green and service-oriented directions, using innovation to drive enterprises to increase product variety, improve quality and create brands, carry out an “artificial intelligence + manufacturing” action, develop green energy, promote the integrated development of manufacturing and modern service industries, and, guided by the *Action Plan for Promoting Large-Scale Equipment Renewal and the Replacement of Consumer Goods with New Ones* [2]2 Karl Marx, *Capital*, Vol. 1, Chapter 7, Section 1., focus on the key content of the supply side of manufacturing, accelerate the application of advanced and suitable equipment, thereby achieving major technological transformation and upgrading of manufacturing and large-scale equipment renewal. The second is to strengthen strategic emerging industries and actively develop future industries. Strategic emerging industries have huge potential and high efficiency; they are advanced industries including modern information technology, biotechnology and new energy, and have a major leading and driving role. Future industries represent the new direction of future science and technology and industrial development; they can seize the initiative in the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, and are an important lever for promoting innovation-led development. Attention should be paid to the integrated innovation of vertical and cross-sectoral fields of each industrial chain, constructing a future industrial technology innovation system with hierarchy and leadership; promoting the deep integration of strategic emerging industries and future industries, thereby effectively expanding the scale of capital, integrating innovation resources, and strengthening the force for tackling key technologies, making them a powerful support for the development of new quality productive forces.

第一，聚焦传统产业、战略性新兴产业和未来产业。传统产业拥有大体量、多类别、广市场、高产值，是现代化产业体系的基底，也是发展战略性新兴产业、未来产业的稳定器。一是加快传统产业转型升级，应注重制造业向高端化、数智化、绿色化、服务化转型升级，以创新驱动企业增品种、提品质、创品牌，开展“人工智能+制造业”行动，发展绿色能源，推进制造业和现代服务业融合发展，以《推动大规模设备更新和消费品以旧换新行动方案》为指导，聚焦制造业供给侧重点内容，加快应用先进适用设备，从而实现制造业重大技术改造升级和大规模设备更新。二是壮大战略性新兴产业和积极发展未来产业。战略性新兴产业潜力巨大且效益高，是包括现代信息技术、生物技术、新能源等的先进产业，具有重大引领带动作用。未来产业代表未来科技和产业发展新方向，能在新一轮科技革命和产业变革中占据先手，是推进创新引领发展的重要抓手。注重各产业链垂直领域和跨领域的融合创新，构建具有层次性和引领性的未来产业技术创新体系；推进战略性新兴产业和未来产业深度融合，从而有效扩大资本规模、整合创新资源、壮大技术攻坚力量，使其成为新质生产力发展的有力支撑。

Second, accelerate the construction of a modern industrial system. Take industrial intelligence, digitalization, and integration as entry points to advance the building of a modern industrial system. First, deeply implement the strategy of building a manufacturing powerhouse, taking cost reduction and burden alleviation as important tasks for manufacturing development. To enhance the basic production capacity of industry, attention should be paid to driving industrial digital transformation and industrial organizational innovation with digital technology, constructing a digital ecosystem and an industrial ecosystem; to optimize and upgrade manufacturing, attention should be paid to empowering advanced manufacturing, high-end equipment manufacturing, service-oriented manufacturing, and other modern manufacturing industries with digital technology; to build a modern industrial chain and supply chain, attention should be paid to rationally distributing the industrial value of different links in the industrial chain, promoting the collaborative cooperation of upstream and downstream enterprises in the industrial chain and supply chain, and fostering an industrial organizational structure where upstream and downstream enterprises create value together and develop in coordination. Second, coordinate development and security to build a modern infrastructure system. Strengthen support for digital transformation, intelligent upgrading, and integrated innovation; optimize the overall layout of new types of infrastructure in categories such as information, integration, and innovation; accelerate the digital construction of infrastructure in transportation, energy, logistics, water conservancy, and other fields; and promote the holistic development of the Internet of Things in all directions. Third, actively develop the modern service industry. To promote the quality development of consumer services, strengthen the supply of basic and public-interest services, reinforce basic public service guarantees, and expand the supply of inclusive services; to accelerate the integrated progress of producer services, vigorously support the accelerated development of knowledge- and technology-intensive producer services, cultivate innovative enterprises in the field of producer services, promote collaborative innovation in products, technology, design, and management between service enterprises and manufacturing enterprises, establish an international service industry standard system, and at the same time, use government policies and regulations to legally and reasonably deregulate and relieve pressure to broaden the service sector.

第二，加快构建现代产业体系。以产业智能化、数字化、融合化为切入点，推进现代产业体系建设。一是深入实施制造强国战略，以降成本、减负担作为制造业发展的重要任务。提升产业基础生产能力，应注重以数字技术驱动产业数字化转型和产业组织创新，构建数字生态体系和产业生态体系；优化升级制造业，应注重以数字技术赋能先进制造业、高端装备制造业、服务型制造等现代制造业；建设现代化产业链供应链，应注重合理分配产业链中不同环节的产业价值，促进产业链供应链上下游企业的协同合作，推动形成上下游企业共创价值、协同发展的产业组织结构。二是统筹发展和安全，建设现代化基础设施体系。强化数字转型、智能升级、融合创新支撑，优化信息、融合、创新等类别的新型基础设施总体布局；加快交通、能源、物流、水利等基础设施数字化建设，推进全方位物联网整体性发展。三是积极发展现代服务业。推进生活性服务业品质化发展，应加强基础性公益性服务供给，强化基础公共服务保障，扩大普惠性服务供给；加快生产性服务业融合化进步，大力支持知识技术密集型生产性服务业加快发展，培育生产性服务业领域创新型企业，推动服务企业与制造企业实现产品、技术、设计、管理协同创新，建立国际化服务业标准体系，同时以政府相关政策规定合法合理松绑解压来拓宽服务领域。

III. The Theory of Driving a Leap in Productive Forces through Scientific and Technological Innovation Innovates and Develops the Marxist Theory of Progress in Productive Forces

三、以科技创新驱动生产力跃升论创新和发展了马克思主义生产力进步理论

In examining the capitalist mode of production and the process of capital accumulation, Marx noted the important role of science and technology as productive forces, placing science and technology and their application within the production process, and believed that breakthroughs in science and technology could drive the progress of social productive forces, and that breaking free from the fetters of capitalist relations of production could create new productive forces. In *Capital*, Marx pointed out that with the progress of science and technology, labor productivity is continuously developed, and it is precisely “after the invention of machinery that the division of labor made great progress.” New breakthroughs in scientific discovery and technological invention can promote the progress of social productive forces, manifested as the development of the social division of labor. The relations of production in capitalist society will fetter the development and progress of social productive forces; breaking free from these fetters allows productive forces “to stride forward with greater strides.” This gives rise to a brand-new society in which producers not only possess scientific production knowledge but also practically experience the entire continuous operation process of the production sector, “so such a society will create new productive forces.”

马克思在考察资本主义生产方式和资本积累的过程中注意到了科学技术作为生产力的重要作用，把科学技术及其应用置于生产过程中，并认为科学技术的突破可以推动社会生产力进步，摆脱资本主义生产关系的束缚就可以创造出新的生产力。马克思在《资本论》中指出，伴随科学技术进步，劳动生产力得到不断发展，正是“机器发明之后分工才有了巨大进步”。科学发现和技术发明的新突破，能够促使表现为社会分工发展的社会生产力的进步。资本主义社会生产关系将会束缚社会生产力的发展进步，摆脱其束缚使生产力“可以更大踏步地前进”。由此产生这样一个崭新的社会，其中生产者不仅拥有科学生产知识，还实践体验了整个生产部门的持续运转过程，“所以这样的社会将创造新的生产力”。

(I) The Core Driving Force of a Leap in Productive Forces Lies in Scientific and Technological Innovation. On the basis of inheriting the Marxist theory of progress in productive forces, and integrating the current reality of the development of new quality productive forces, Xi Jinping clearly pointed out that “scientific and technological innovation can give rise to new industries, new models, and new drivers of growth, and is the core element for developing new quality productive forces.” It can be said that scientific and technological innovation, as the core driving force, can empower and expand the basic elements of productive forces such as laborers, means of labor, and objects of labor, enabling the development of old quality productive forces to leap into new quality productive forces. Laborers empowered by scientific and technological innovation are the core subjective force promoting the development of new quality productive forces. Scientific and technological innovation can endow laborers with a large knowledge reserve, outstanding professional skills, and strong innovative capabilities, prompting a leapfrog improvement in laborers’ innovative consciousness, theoretical application, and practical abilities. Based on a profound understanding of the issues in advancing Chinese-path modernization, Xi Jinping comprehensively considered the “four urgent imperatives” [3]3 Karl Marx, “Critique of the Gotha Programme.” and clearly stated at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee [4]4 Karl Marx, *Capital*, Vol. 3, Chapter 5. that “the forces of scientific and technological innovation, the allocation of elements, and the talent team should be systematized, institutionalized, and coordinated.” This is precisely an innovative application of the Marxist theory of progress in productive forces concerning the empowerment of laborers by scientific and technological innovation. At the same time, scientific and technological innovation can promote the optimized transformation of means of labor and the deep expansion and broad extension of objects of labor. Means of labor, especially traditional means of labor, rely on digital technology to continuously transform in the direction of comprehensive digital-intelligence, such as artificial intelligence, high-end manufacturing robots, and new energy vehicles; means of labor, based on intelligent optimization and precise operation, operate continuously under human preset instructions, greatly enhancing production efficiency. Based on a profound understanding of the Marxist theory of progress in productive forces concerning the empowerment of means of labor by scientific and technological innovation, and fully integrating the current requirements for developing new quality productive forces, Xi Jinping made the incisive exposition of “strengthening the deep integration of scientific and technological innovation and industrial innovation.” Objects of labor include both the objects of labor in traditional productive forces and new digital-intelligent objects of labor. Among these, new objects of labor, precisely under the empowerment of scientific and technological innovation, exhibit new characteristics such as high technology, high efficiency, high quality, and green development that conform to the development of new quality productive forces. Based on this, the theory of new quality productive forces emphasizes that the core driving force of a leap in productive forces lies in scientific and technological innovation, achieving an innovative development of the Marxist theory of progress in productive forces in the New Era.

（一）生产力跃升的核心动力在于科技创新。习近平在继承马克思主义生产力进步理论的基础上，结合当前新质生产力发展实际，明确指出，“科技创新能够催生新产业、新模式、新动能，是发展新质生产力的核心要素”。可以说，科技创新作为核心动力，能够赋能和拓展生产力中劳动者、劳动资料、劳动对象等基本要素，使得旧质生产力发展跃升为新质生产力。科技创新赋能下的劳动者是促进新质生产力发展的核心主体力。科技创新能够赋予劳动者以大量知识储备、突出专业技能、强大创新能力，促使劳动者的创新意识、理论应用和实践能力得到越级提升。习近平基于对推进中国式现代化问题的深刻认识，全面考量“四个迫切需要”，在党的二十届三中全会中明确指出，“推动科技创新力量、要素配置、人才队伍体系化、建制化、协同化”，这正是对马克思主义生产力进步理论关于科技创新赋能劳动者理论的创新运用。同时，科技创新能够助推劳动资料优化转型和劳动对象的深度拓展、广度延伸。劳动资料尤其是传统劳动资料依托数字技术向全方位数智化方向不断转型，如人工智能、高端制造机器人和新能源汽车；劳动资料基于智能优化和精准操作在人类预设指令下持续运转，促进生产效率大幅提升。习近平基于对马克思主义生产力进步论关于科技创新赋能劳动资料理论的深邃理解，并全面结合当前新质生产力发展要求，作出了“强化科技创新和产业创新深度融合”的精辟论述。劳动对象包括传统生产力中的劳动对象，也包括数智化新型劳动对象。其中，新型劳动对象正是在科技创新的赋能下，展现出高科技、高效能、高质量、绿色化等符合新质生产力发展的新特点。基于此，新质生产力理论强调生产力跃升的核心动力在于科技创新，实现了对马克思主义生产力进步理论在新时代的创新发展。

(II) The Key to Developing New Quality Productive Forces Lies in Strengthening Scientific and Technological Innovation. Marxism holds that to develop social productive forces, one must first grasp the power of science. In the process of social and historical development, productive forces are continuously iterated and upgraded. First, science and technology play a core driving role; breakthroughs and innovations in science and technology can empower laborers and means of labor, continuously extending and expanding the fields and scope of objects of labor, thereby greatly improving labor productivity and promoting a qualitative change and leap in productive forces. To this end, Xi Jinping, based on the current reality of China’s social and economic development, focusing on the development of new quality productive forces, and regarding the issue of strengthening scientific and technological innovation to drive the development of new quality productive forces, clearly emphasized that “scientific and technological innovation can give rise to new industries, new models, and new drivers of growth,” and “strengthen basic research and applied basic research, and fight the tough battle for key core technologies.” Xi Jinping’s series of important expositions on driving a leap in productive forces through scientific and technological innovation directly point out that strengthening scientific and technological innovation is the key to developing new quality productive forces, providing an innovative and feasible path for the Marxist theory of progress in productive forces. Based on this, developing new quality productive forces lies in empowering new industries and creating new models through scientific and technological innovation, and its breakthrough point lies in strengthening basic research and applied basic research, and strengthening the tackling of key core technologies. First, strengthen basic research and applied basic research. Optimize the layout of basic disciplines, promote interdisciplinary integration and the systematic, holistic, and coordinated development of cross-disciplines; enhance independent innovation capabilities and initial innovation capabilities in high-precision and cutting-edge fields, building an important base for breakthroughs in science and technology; meet research funding needs, attract enterprises to support scientific research through forms such as tax reductions and exemptions; establish science funds and science donations while increasing investment in the National Natural Science Foundation of China and its joint funds, to establish a funding mechanism integrating stability, development, and competition to guarantee scientific research. Second, strengthen the tackling of key core technologies. Adhere to a problem-oriented approach based on frontier issues and major demand orientation, grasp and handle the major relationship between the country’s immediate requirements and long-term requirements, thereby identifying the correct research direction; explore emerging technology fields, expand the fields and scale of emerging industries, especially strategic emerging industries, and plan and lay out future industries in advance; strengthen joint tackling of key core technologies, through breakthroughs and innovations in key generic technologies, frontier leading technologies, modern engineering technologies, and disruptive technology fields, promote key disruptive technological innovations and the efficient transformation of their achievements.

（二）发展新质生产力的关键在于加强科技创新。马克思主义认为发展社会生产力，首先要抓住科学的力量。在社会历史发展过程中，生产力不断迭代升级，首先是科学技术发挥着核心驱动作用，科学技术的突破创新能够赋能劳动者和劳动资料，不断延伸、拓展劳动对象的领域、范围，从而大幅提高劳动生产效率，促进生产力发生质的变化跃迁。为此，习近平立足当前我国社会经济发展实际，聚焦新质生产力发展并就加强科技创新驱动新质生产力发展问题明确强调，“科技创新能够催生新产业、新模式、新动能”，“加强基础研究和应用基础研究，打好关键核心技术攻坚战”。习近平关于以科技创新驱动生产力跃升的一系列重要论述，直指加强科技创新是发展新质生产力的关键，为马克思主义生产力进步理论提供了创新性的可行路径。基于此，发展新质生产力在于以科技创新赋能新产业、创造新模式，其突破点在于加强基础研究和应用基础研究、加强关键核心技术攻关。第一，加强基础研究和应用基础研究。优化基础学科建设布局，推进学科交叉融合和跨学科的系统化、整体化、协同化发展；增强在高精尖领域中的自主创新能力和初始创新能力，打造以科学和技术突破创新的重要根据地；满足研究资金需求，以减税降税等形式吸引企业援助科研；设立科学基金、科学捐赠的同时加大国家自然科学基金及其联合基金投入，以建立稳定性、发展性和竞争性一体化结合的投入机制保障科研。第二，加强关键核心技术攻关。坚持前沿问题导向和重大需求导向，把握和处理好国家现实要求和长远要求的重大关系，从而找准正确的研究方向；探索新兴科技领域，壮大新兴产业特别是战略性新兴产业的领域和规模，超前谋篇布局未来产业；加强关键核心技术联合攻关，以关键共性技术、前沿引领技术、现代工程技术、颠覆性技 术领域突破创新，推进关键性颠覆性技术创新及成果高效转化。

IV. The Theory of Green Productive Forces Innovates and Develops the Marxist Theory of Productive Forces and Ecology

四、绿色生产力论创新和发展了马克思主义生产力生态论

In *Capital*, Marx critiques “the productive forces of capital” from an ecological perspective, thereby revealing the interactive relationship between humanity and nature, and further developing the theory of productive forces from an ecological standpoint in terms of the logical starting point, constituent elements, and developmental purpose of productive forces. From the logical starting point of productive forces, capitalist production “disturbs the metabolic interaction between man and the earth, i.e., it prevents the return to the soil of its constituent elements consumed by man in the form of food and clothing; hence it hinders the operation of the eternal natural condition for the lasting fertility of the soil.” [1]1 Karl Marx, *Capital*, Vol. 1, Chapter 15, Section 10. This indicates that “the productive forces of capital” are the capitalist manifestation of social productive forces, which, taking capital’s boundless pursuit of profit as the fundamental purpose of production, cause irreversible damage to natural resources, endanger the natural foundation of human existence, result in the dual alienation of humanity and nature, and give rise to a dual crisis for both humanity and nature. On this basis, Marx further affirms the primacy of nature, holding that in the process of labor and production, when humanity “acts upon external nature and changes it, he at the same time changes his own nature,” [2]2 Karl Marx, *Capital*, Vol. 1, Chapter 7, Section 1. thereby establishing the interactive relationship between humanity and nature. From the perspective of the constituent elements of productive forces, Marx and Engels, within the context of capitalist society, take humanity and nature as the main constituent elements of productive forces, pointing out that “labor is not the source of all wealth. Nature is just as much the source of use values (and it is surely of such that material wealth consists!) as labor.” [3]3 Karl Marx, “Critique of the Gotha Programme.” On this basis, while further affirming the existence of “natural productive forces,” they note that the natural productive forces of labor, “like the social productive forces of labor, appear as the productive forces of capital.” [4]4 Karl Marx, *Capital*, Vol. 3, Chapter 5. As Marx states, “what can be provided by these natural conditions often decreases in proportion as the productivity determined by social conditions increases.” [5]5 Karl Marx, *Capital*, Vol. 3, Chapter 5. From the perspective of the developmental purpose of productive forces, Engels takes the liberation of nature and the free and comprehensive development of each individual as the purpose of the development of productive forces. Social productive forces develop on the premise of nature’s carrying capacity and are strictly limited by the conditions of the ecological natural environment. If ecological thresholds are breached, the ecological balance will inevitably be disrupted, causing irreversible harm. Only by relying on natural productive forces can humanity “for the first time speak of a truly human freedom, of a life in harmony with the laws of nature that have been recognized,” [6]6 Friedrich Engels, *Anti-Dühring*, Part 1, Chapter 11. thereby endowing the Marxist theory of productive forces with profound ecological implications.

马克思在《资本论》中从生态角度对“资本的生产力”进行批判，由此揭示了人与自然双向互动的关系，进而从生态视角在生产力的逻辑起点、构成要素和发展目的等方面发展了生产力理论。从生产力的逻辑起点看，资本主义生产“使人以衣食形式消费掉的土地的组成部分不能回归土地，从而破坏土地持久肥力的永恒的自然条件”。这表明，“资本的生产力”是社会生产力的资本主义表现，它以资本无止境逐利为根本生产目的而导致自然资源遭受不可逆破坏，危及人类生存的自然根基，造成人与自然的双重异化，引起人类和自然的双重危机。基于此，马克思进一步肯定了自然的先在地位，认为人类在劳动生产过程中“作用于他身外的自然并改变自然时，也就是同时改变他自身的自然”，从而确定了人与自然的双向互动关系。从生产力的构成要素看，马克思恩格斯在资本主义社会背景下将人和自然作为生产力的主要构成要素，指出“劳动和自然界在一起才是一切财富的源泉”，并以此进一步肯定“自然生产力”存在的同时，指出劳动的自然生产力和“劳动的社会生产力一样，表现为资本的生产力”。正如马克思所讲，“这些自然条件所能提供的东西往往随着由社会条件决定的生产率的提高而相应地减少”。从生产力的发展目的看，恩格斯将解放自然和每个人的自由全面发展作为生产力的发展目的，而社会生产力的发展以自然承载力为前提，受生态自然环境的严格条件限制，若突破生态阈值必定会打破生态平衡而造成不可逆的伤害。唯有借助自然生产力，才能使人“第一次能够谈到真正的人的自由，谈到那种同己被认识的自然规律和谐一致的生活”，由此赋予马克思主义生产力理论以深厚生态意蕴。

(I) “Green productive forces” focus on promoting a high-level positive interaction and sustained harmonious coexistence between humanity and nature, innovating and developing the Marxist ecological theory of productive forces from the logical starting point. Xi Jinping, deeply grasping the objective trends of human social development, taking the Marxist theory of productive forces as a guide and closely adhering to the current reality of China’s productive forces development, has clearly proposed from an ecological dimension that “protecting the ecological environment means protecting productive forces, and improving the ecological environment means developing productive forces,” and emphasized that “new quality productive forces are themselves green productive forces.” [7]7 Xi Jinping, speech at the 11th Collective Study Session of the Politburo of the 20th CPC Central Committee, January 31, 2024. By integrating ecological environmental protection throughout the process of productive forces development, it emphatically stresses enhancing the capacity for harmonious coexistence between humanity and nature, enriching the ecological implications of the Marxist theory of productive forces. Compared with capital’s productive forces, which exchange massive resource waste for vast social wealth, new quality productive forces, as green productive forces, embed the correct view of wealth that “a sound ecological environment is both a natural asset and an economic asset,” [8]8 Xi Jinping, speech at the Leaders Summit of the 15th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, October 12, 2021. greatly extending and expanding the time and space for creating social wealth, allowing the social economy to advance steadily on a healthy and stable development track. “Green productive forces” contain the “Two Mountains” theory, [9]9 The “Two Mountains” theory refers to Xi Jinping’s formulation that “lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets” (绿水青山就是金山银山), emphasizing the unity of ecological protection and economic development. align with the concept of green development, deeply respond to the actual demands of the people, promote ecological benefits for the people, ecological advantages for the people, and ecological services for the people, enabling people to tangibly reap the ecological benefits of development in a sound ecological environment of blue skies, green land, and clean water, achieving a high-level positive interaction between humanity and nature. “Green productive forces” consistently require “accelerating green technological innovation and the promotion and application of advanced green technologies,” [10]10 Xi Jinping, speech at the 11th Collective Study Session of the Politburo of the 20th CPC Central Committee, January 31, 2024. low resource consumption, low emissions, and environmental protection, while also taking into account the carrying capacity of the ecological environment and intra- and inter-generational equity, achieving sustained harmonious coexistence between humanity and nature. “Green productive forces” contain a green culture, which can greatly enhance and expand people’s systematic understanding of green development and confidence in green culture, forming a social atmosphere where the whole society advocates ecological civilization.

（一）“绿色生产力”重在促进人与自然的高阶良性互动、持续和谐共生关系，从逻辑起点上创新和发展了马克思主义生产力生态论。习近平深刻把握人类社会发展的客观趋势，以马克思主义生产力理论为指导并紧扣当前我国生产力发展实际，从生态维度上鲜明提出“保护生态环境就是保护生产力、改善生态环境就是发展生产力”，并强调“新质生产力本身就是绿色生产力”，将生态环境保护贯穿生产力发展过程中，着重强调提高人与自然和谐共生的能力，丰富了马克思主义生产力理论的生态意蕴。相较于以资源极大浪费换取大量社会财富的资本生产力，新质生产力作为绿色生产力，内嵌“良好生态环境既是自然财富，也是经济财富”的正确财富观，能够极大延伸和扩展创造社会财富的时间空间，让社会经济在平稳健康的发展轨道上稳步前进；“绿色生产力”内蕴“两山”理论，符合绿色发展理念，深切回应民众实际诉求，推进生态惠民、生态利民、生态为民，让人们在天蓝、地绿、水清的良好生态环境中，切实收获发展带来的生态效益，实现人与自然的高阶良性互动；“绿色生产力”始终要求“加快绿色科技创新和先进绿色技术推广应用”、资源低耗、低排放及环境保护的同时，兼顾生态环境的承载能力和代内代际公平，实现人与自然的持续和谐共生；“绿色生产力”蕴含绿色文化，能大力提升和扩展人们对绿色发展的系统认知和绿色文化自信，形成全民崇尚生态文明的社会氛围。

(II) “Green productive forces” are a unity of coexistence and mutual advancement between social productive forces and natural productive forces, innovating and developing the Marxist ecological theory of productive forces from the perspective of constituent elements. Natural productive forces are the foundation of social productive forces and play a constraining role on them. In a given process of productive forces development, natural conditions have a decisive effect on the means of labor and the objects of labor, determining and constraining the level and quality of productive forces. The generation of actual productive forces can only rely on human labor to promote the combination and mutual promotion of social productive forces and natural productive forces. On this basis, the level of social productive forces, i.e., the level of technological application and labor socialization, serves as the “determinant” for the role of natural productive forces. Compared with traditional productive forces, which rely on the simple additive input of factors such as resources and low-cost labor, leading to extensive and crude economic growth, new quality productive forces emphatically require the coexistence and mutual integration of economy and environmental protection, combining natural productive forces with social productive forces and advancing them systematically as a whole, truly realizing the integrated effect of reproduction and meeting the requirements of green, high-quality development. In short, new quality productive forces, as “green productive forces,” imprint the attribute of greenness on the development of productive forces, representing the inheritance, application, and contemporary innovation of the Marxist ecological theory of productive forces.

（二）“绿色生产力”是社会生产力与自然生产力共存互进的统一体，从构成要素上创新和发展了马克思主义生产力生态论。自然生产力是社会生产力的基础，对社会生产力起着制约作用。在一定的生产力发展过程中，自然条件对劳动资料和劳动对象有着决定性作用，使得生产力水平及生产力的质量状态受此决定和制约。而现实生产力的产生，只能依靠人的劳动来推进社会生产力和自然生产力共同结合、相互促进。基于此，社会生产力水平即科技应用和劳动社会化水平，其高低是发挥自然生产力作用的“决定器”。较之于依靠资源和低成本劳动力等要素简单叠加投入而导致经济增长呈现外延粗放特点的传统生产力，新质生产力重点要求经济与环保共进共生、互为一体，将自然生产力与社会生产力相互结合、系统整体推进，真正实现再生产的一体化效应，达到绿色高质量发展的要求条件。简言之，新质生产力作为“绿色生产力”，以绿色属性烙印于生产力发展中，是对马克思主义生产力生态论的继承运用和当代创新。

(III) “Green productive forces” thicken and consolidate the “green foundation” of high-quality economic development by promoting the green transformation of the development model, innovating and developing the Marxist ecological theory of productive forces from the perspective of developmental purpose. Xi Jinping emphasizes that “green development is the defining feature of high-quality development, and new quality productive forces are themselves green productive forces. We must accelerate the green transformation of the development model.” [11]11 Xi Jinping, speech at the 11th Collective Study Session of the Politburo of the 20th CPC Central Committee, January 31, 2024. It can be said that the development of new quality productive forces essentially proceeds in the same direction as green development, using the acceleration of the green transformation of the development model to achieve mutual promotion between economic development and ecological protection, thereby thickening and consolidating the “green foundation” of high-quality economic development. By promoting the green transformation of the development model, strong support is provided for the development of new quality productive forces, thereby offering sustained impetus for high-quality economic development.

（三）“绿色生产力”以推进发展方式绿色转型增厚夯实经济高质量发展的“绿色家底”，从发展目的上创新和发展了马克思主义生产力生态论。习近平强调，“绿色发展是高质量发展的底色，新质生产力本身就是绿色生产力。必须加快发展方式绿色转型”。可以说，新质生产力发展实质上与绿色发展同向并行，以加快发展方式绿色转型来实现经济发展和生态保护相互促进，从而增厚夯实经济高质量发展的“绿色家底”。通过推进发展方式绿色转型，为发展新质生产力提供强力支撑，从而为经济高质量发展提供持续动力。

The promotion of the green transformation of the development model can be advanced from the following aspects. First, coordinate the harmonious development of humanity and nature, establish and practice the “Two Mountains” concept, closely follow the themes of carbon reduction, pollution reduction, greening, and growth, adhere to the coordinated, systematic, and efficient protection and governance of mountains, waters, forests, farmlands, lakes, grasslands, and deserts, strengthen source control, coordinated control of multiple pollutants, and coordinated regional pollution governance, coordinate the governance of water resources, water environments, and water ecosystems, adhere to the integrated protection and systematic governance of rivers, lakes, and seas, and in the process of adhering to ecological priority and green development, transform the “Two Mountains” theory into new quality productive forces, ensuring the continuous improvement of the people’s quality of life. Second, conform to the development trends of the modern technological revolution and the transformation of emerging industries, seize opportunities for technological innovation, especially green technological innovation, follow the laws of natural development, rely on technological innovation to break through economic development difficulties related to high energy consumption and massive natural resource consumption, empower green manufacturing, green services, and the green energy industry with green technological innovation and advanced green technologies, use increased close linkage to promote the coordinated advancement of various industries and sectors, accelerate the integrated development of green, low-carbon industries and supply chains, and provide strong carrier support for the development of new quality productive forces. Third, the government should further play a leading role, provide policy support and guarantees for cutting-edge innovation on the basis of grasping the laws of formation and development of emerging industries, strengthen the high-quality and efficient development of green financial products and services, and guide social funds to support green development; focus on the integration, high efficiency, and greening of upgrading traditional industries and strengthening emerging industries, promoting the efficient ecological and integrated development of industrial clusters; at the same time, the whole society should take the concept of green development as an important guide, vigorously advocate a simple, civilized, green, low-carbon, and physically and mentally healthy lifestyle.

推进发展方式绿色转型，可从如下方面发力。第一，统筹人与自然和谐发展，树立并践行“两山”理念，紧扣降碳、减污、扩绿、增长主题，坚持山水林田湖草沙保护和治理协同化、系统化、高效化，强化源头管控、多污染物协同控制和区域污染协同治理，统筹水资源、水环境、水生态治理，坚持江河湖海一体化保护和系统治理，在坚持生态优先、绿色发展的过程中使“两山”理论转化为新质生产力，确保人民群众生活质量不断提升。第二，顺应现代科技革命和新兴产业变革的发展趋势，抓住科技创新机遇尤其是绿色科技创新机遇，遵循自然发展规律，依靠科技创新突破关于高能源消耗和大量自然消耗的经济发展难题，以绿色科技创新和先进绿色技术赋能绿色制造业、绿色服务业、绿色能源产业，以加大紧密联动性促进各行业产业协同推进，加快实现绿色低碳产业和供应链一体化发展，为发展新质生产力提供强大载体支撑。第三，政府进一步发挥好引领作用，在重点掌握新兴产业形成发展规律的基础上对前沿创新方面予以政策支持和保障，加强绿色金融产品高质量和服务高效化发展，引导社会资金支持绿色发展；把提升传统产业和壮大新兴产业的重点聚焦于整体化、高效能、绿色化，促进产业集群实现高效生态化、整体化发展；同时，全社会应以绿色发展理念为重要遵循，大力倡导简约文明、绿色低碳、身心健康的生活方式。

V. The Dialectical Unity of New Quality Productive Forces and New-Type Relations of Production: Innovating and Developing the Marxist Theory of the Two-Way Dynamic Unity of Productive Forces and Relations of Production

五、新质生产力和新型生产关系的辩证统一理论创新和发展了马克思主义生产力和生产关系的双向动态统一理论

Marxism holds that old forms of intercourse become fetters on the development of more highly developed productive forces and are replaced by new forms of intercourse suited to those more highly developed productive forces. The forms of intercourse referred to here are the relations of production. This fully demonstrates that the relations of production are “constrained by the productive forces while in turn constraining the productive forces.” The development of society’s productive forces demands the constant renovation of the old relations of production, and through their transformation and innovation, “relations of production suited to a given stage of development of the productive forces” are formed. Thus, new relations of production corresponding to the new productive forces emerge on the basis of the development of the productive forces and promote the development of the productive forces, then gradually hinder the development of the even newer productive forces that have arisen from that development, and so on in a recurring cycle. In the process of social production and life, the contradictory movement of the productive forces and the relations of production achieves an organic unity of mutual promotion and dynamic matching between the two, jointly propelling society forward. At the same time, the propelling role of the constant renovation of the relations of production is manifested in the development of society’s productive forces.

马克思主义认为，旧的交往形式成为阻碍较为发达生产力发展的桎梏，而被新的适应较为发达生产力的交往形式所代替。这里所指的交往形式就是生产关系。这充分表明，生产关系受到“生产力制约同时又反过来制约生产力”。社会生产力发展要求旧的生产关系不断革新，并通过其变革创新而形成“生产力的一定发展阶段相适合的生产关系”。由此，与新的生产力相适应的新的生产关系基于生产力发展而产生并推动生产力发展，随后逐步阻碍因发展而形成的更新的生产力发展并如此循环往复。生产力和生产关系的矛盾运动在社会生产生活过程中达到了两者之间的互相促进、动态匹配的有机统一，共同推进社会不断向前发展。与此同时，生产关系不断革新的推进作用在社会生产力发展中得以体现。

(1) An overall examination of new quality productive forces and the new type of relations of production based on the principle of the struggle and identity of opposites. On the basis of the fundamental principles of Marxism and the concrete reality of China’s productive forces development, Xi Jinping, in the course of scientifically analyzing the real process of action and reaction between the productive forces and the relations of production, stresses that they cannot be viewed as “a simple, linear logic of determination and being determined.” This indicates that new quality productive forces and the relations of production corresponding to them are a relationship of the unity of opposites, embodying the dialectical unity of the struggle and identity of opposites. This requires that, in accordance with the dialectical unity of opposites, we must base ourselves on reality to examine China’s productive forces and relations of production as a whole. In the process of advancing Chinese-path modernization, the new type of productive forces and the new type of relations of production are currently being formed through mutual promotion and developing through opposition in the overall movement of China’s social mode of production

（一）以矛盾的斗争性和同一性原理整体考察新质生产力和新型生产关系。习近平基于马克思主义基本原理与我国生产力发展具体实际，在科学分析生产力和生产关系之间作用和反作用的现实过程中，强调不能将其看作“单线式的简单决定和被决定逻辑”，这表明新质生产力和与之相适应的生产关系是对立统一关系，体现了矛盾的斗争性与同一性的辩证统一，这就要求必须根据矛盾的辩证统一原理立足实际来整体考察我国生产力和生产关系。在推进中国式现代化的发展过程中，新型生产力和新型生产关系正在当前我国社会生产方式总运动中互促形成、对立发展。习近平对唯物辩证法的创造性运用与时代脉搏的精准紧扣，生动阐释了新型生产力和新型生产关系之间辩证关系的内在逻辑，使得两者关系由抽象变为具体，为新质生产力的提出提供了系统、科学、完整的理论基础。基于此，习近平正当其时地提出了“新质生产力”。其后，为推进发展新质生产力，以习近平同志为核心的党中央作出重要战略部署，提出严格工作要求并形成明确工作布局，强调要构建与新质生产力更相适应的生产关系，统筹推进教育科技人才体制机制一体改革，以工作实践使新质生产力与新型生产关系的作用、反作用具体化、可检验，从而在工作实践中实现新质生产力与新型生产关系相互作用、动态匹配。

(2) It requires the formation of new relations of production that are compatible with new quality productive forces. “We must deepen reform comprehensively to form new relations of production that are compatible with them,” “taking the reform of the economic system as the lever,” and “ensuring that the relations of production are better adapted to the productive forces, the superstructure to the economic base, and national governance to social development.” These are the important strategies for establishing new relations of production that Xi Jinping has explicitly put forward based on the current state of economic and social development. This fully demonstrates that the new relations of production themselves are the driving force for innovation in new quality productive forces. Innovation is the primary driving force for advancing high-quality development, and since the relations of production are the most fundamental social relations, their innovation is the most fundamental innovation. In fact, the process by which the innovative allocation of factors of production realizes their optimal combination and thereby gives rise to new quality productive forces is also the process of establishing new relations of production. The innovative allocation of factors of production to form new relations of production requires advancing market-oriented reform of factors, accelerating the construction of a unified national market, ensuring that the guarantee mechanism for factors of production forms a systematic and scientific system, truly realizing that the market evaluates contributions and determines remuneration according to contributions, promoting the smooth flow of all types of high-quality factors of production toward the development of new quality productive forces, comprehensively improving the efficiency of factor allocation, with particular attention to perfecting the price mechanism and market guarantees for data factors; vigorously promoting the combination of an effective market and a competent government, enhancing the synergy of industrial policies; and accelerating the formation of new mechanisms for the smooth flow of all types of high-quality, advanced, and new factors of production toward industrial clusters in the field of new quality productive forces.

（二）要求形成与新质生产力相适应的新型生产关系。“必须全面深化改革，形成与之相适应的新型生产关系”，“以经济体制改革为牵引”，“推动生产关系和生产力、上层建筑和经济基础、国家治理和社会发展更好相适应”，这是习近平基于当前经济社会发展状况而明确提出的建立新型生产关系的重要方略。这充分表明，新型生产关系本身是新质生产力的创新动力。创新是推进高质量发展的第一动力，而生产关系作为最根本的社会关系，其创新则是最根本的创新。事实上，生产要素创新性配置实现其优化组合进而催生新质生产力的过程，也是建立新型生产关系的过程。生产要素创新性配置，形成新型生产关系，要推进要素市场化改革，加快建设全国统一大市场，确保生产要素的保障机制形成系统性、科学性体系，真正实现由市场评价贡献、按贡献决定报酬，促使各类优质生产要素向发展新质生产力顺畅流动，全面提升生产要素配置效率，尤其注重完善数据要素的价格机制和市场保障；大力推动有效市场和有为政府结合，增强产业政策协同性；加快形成各类优质先进新型生产要素向新质生产力领域产业集群顺畅流动的新机制。

In the process of socio-historical development, the transformation of science and technology into actual productive forces necessarily relies on the intermediary of the relations of production. Therefore, based on the essence of the contradictory movement between the two, in the process where the relations of production are unified with the formation and development of the productive forces, the relations of production provide institutional guarantees for the development of the productive forces, and the development of the productive forces also provides the material foundation for the renovation of the relations of production. Facing the current important period of high-quality development of China’s economy, to leverage the driving role of new relations of production to develop new quality productive forces, it is necessary to deepen reform comprehensively, and the key lies in seeking breakthroughs within comprehensive deepening of reform. First, deepen the reform of the science and technology system: accelerate the establishment and improvement of the new nationwide system for mobilizing resources nationwide [12]12 Seeking truth from facts (实事求是): A core principle of the CPC's ideological line, derived from Mao Zedong's interpretation of a classical Chinese phrase, meaning to proceed from reality and base one's actions on objective facts. and leverage its advantages, taking the enhancement of resource coordination capacity as the key task of reform, and further optimizing the collaborative innovation mechanism. Second, improve the overall coordination mechanism: smooth the virtuous cycle of education, talent, and science and technology, with the focus on constructing a uniquely advantageous mechanism integrating government, industry, academia, research, and application; strengthen the synergy and linkage of policies on science and technology, industry, and talent, and perfect the relevant laws and regulations guaranteeing scientific and technological innovation; establish a coordinated development mechanism for industrial clusters, firmly grasp the integration, coordination, and innovative development among various industrial chains, among enterprises within each industrial chain, and among enterprises within each industrial chain, vigorously support emerging industries and future industries in driving the development of traditional industries, and have traditional industries underpin emerging industries and future industries according to national standards, forming a new pattern of industrial development that is innovative, coordinated, green, open, and shared.

在社会历史发展过程中，科学技术转化为现实生产力，必然依托生产关系这一介体。因此，基于两者矛盾运动的本质，在生产关系统一于生产力的形成和发展的过程中，生产关系为生产力的发展提供制度保证，生产力的发展也为生产关系的革新提供物质基础。面对当前我国经济高质量发展的重要时期，发挥新型生产关系的推动作用来发展新质生产力，就必须全面深化改革，关键在全面深化改革中探寻突破口。第一，深化科技体制改革，应加快建立健全新型举国体制并发挥好其优势，以提高资源统筹能力为改革的重点任务，进一步优化协同创新机制。第二，完善统筹协调机制，应畅通教育、人才、科技的良性循环，重点在构建独具优势的政产学研贯通式机制；应强化科技、产业、人才等政策协同联动性，完善保障科技创新的相关法律法规；应建立产业集群协调发展机制，紧抓各产业链间、产业链间各企业及产业链中各企业融通、协调、创新发展，以国家标准来大力支持新兴产业和未来产业带动传统产业发展、传统产业托底新兴产业和未来产业，形成创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的新型产业发展格局。

VI. The Theory of Developing New Quality Productive Forces by “Establishing the New Before Abolishing the Old, Adapting Measures to Local Conditions, and Providing Guidance by Category” Innovates and Develops the Marxist Methodology for Developing Productive Forces

六、先立后破、因地制宜、分类指导发展新质生产力论创新和发展了马克思主义生产力发展方法论

The method of contradiction analysis is the fundamental method for people to understand and transform the world, including methods such as seeking truth from facts, the unity of critique and inheritance, and concrete analysis of concrete conditions. Marx once said of the method for developing productive forces: “Men make their own history, but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly encountered, given and transmitted from the past.” [13]13 The "new four modernizations" (新四化): A policy framework referring to the simultaneous advancement of new industrialization, informatization, urbanization, and agricultural modernization, distinct from the earlier "four modernizations" (industry, agriculture, national defense, science and technology) proposed by Zhou Enlai in 1964. Marx precisely used the method of the unity of critique and inheritance to expound and clarify that any productive forces are continuously formed and developed on the basis of inheriting the productive forces of the previous generation. Xi Jinping, based on the actual development of productive forces in various regions of China, has proposed the development mode for new quality productive forces of “establishing the new before abolishing the old, adapting measures to local conditions, and providing guidance by category.” The theory of developing new quality productive forces by establishing the new before abolishing the old, adapting measures to local conditions, and providing guidance by category is a scientific methodology that Xi Jinping has

矛盾分析法是人们认识世界和改造世界的根本方法，包括实事求是、批判与继承相统一的方法、具体问题具体分析等方法。马克思对于生产力发展方法曾这样讲，“人们不能自由选择自己的生产力——这是他们的全部历史的基础，因为任何生产力都是一种既得的力量，是以往活动的产物。”马克思正是运用批判与继承相统一的方法论述阐明，任何生产力都在继承其上一代的生产力基础上不断形成和发展。习近平立足于我国各地的生产力发展实际，提出了“先立后破、因地制宜、分类指导”这一新质生产力的发展方式。先立后破、因地制宜、分类指导发展新质生产力理论，是习近平面对国内外的复杂变局，立足于马克思主义生产力发展方法论并紧扣我国经济社会发展实际，为加快发展新质生产力而提出的科学方法论，实现了对马克思主义生产力发展方法论中国化时代化的创新与发展。

(1) Adhere to establishing the new before abolishing the old. Developing new quality productive forces by establishing the new before abolishing the old is a flexible application of the Marxist basic method of seeking truth from facts [n] in the development of productive forces, and it innovates and develops the Marxist methodology for the development of productive forces. Adhering to establishing the new before abolishing the old requires coordinating the overall situation: in "establishing the new," strengthen the supporting force of the real economy, the synergistic driving force of the "new four modernizations," [n] the leading force of scientific and technological innovation, and the safeguarding force of institutions and mechanisms, so as to accelerate the establishment and improvement of a modern economic system; in "abolishing the old," ensure the matching and continuity of reform policies, and adhere to the consistency of macro- and micro-policy guidance; seek to establish the new and abolish the old in the cycle of establishing the new before abolishing the old and of establishing and abolishing. From this perspective, we should base ourselves on the actual conditions of development, flexibly utilize China's various resource endowments, and formulate and improve phased and overall plans for reform implementation; proceeding from the overall development situation, establish the new before abolishing the old, have both establishment and abolition, and not throw away the tool in hand for eating before the new tool for eating is obtained, [n] so as to effectively link up and precisely implement reform measures, thereby promoting the accelerated development of new quality productive forces.

（一）坚持先立后破。先立后破发展新质生产力是在生产力发展中对马克思主义实事求是基本方法的灵活运用，创新和发展了马克思主义生产力发展方法论。坚持先立后破，应统筹全局，在“先立”中强化实体经济支撑力、“新四化”协同推进力、科技创新引领力、机制体制保障力，加快建立和完善现代化经济体系；在“后破”中保证改革政策的匹配性和连贯性，坚持宏微观政策指导的一致性；在先立后破和立破循环中寻求立新破旧。从这个角度来讲，应立足发展实际，灵活运用我国的各方面资源禀赋，制定和完善改革实施的阶段性方案和总体性方案；从发展全局出发，先立后破，有立有破，不能把手里吃饭的家伙先扔了，结果新的吃饭家伙还没拿到手，有效衔接、精准实施改革措施，从而促进新质生产力加速发展。

(2) Adhering to adaptation to local conditions. Adapting the development of new quality productive forces to local conditions is a flexible application of the Marxist basic method of concrete analysis of concrete conditions in the development of productive forces, and it innovates and develops the Marxist methodology for the development of productive forces. Specifically, adhering to adaptation to local conditions means basing oneself on the resource endowments and advantageous conditions of each locality, accurately grasping and firmly seizing the direction of differentiated development, and while focusing on developing characteristic high-quality industries, also driving along relatively backward industries; adhering to adaptation to local conditions means using scientific and technological innovation to lead the integration of various high-quality factor resources, forming a favorable trend in which all kinds of advanced production factors converge toward the development of new quality productive forces; adhering to adaptation to local conditions means utilizing the natural resources of each locality on the basic principles of resource conservation and environmental protection, continuously broadening the economic channels for green development; adhering to adaptation to local conditions means, while continuously raising the level of scientific and technological innovation and building an advanced, complete, and safe modern industrial system, strengthening high-level opening up to the outside world; adhering to adaptation to local conditions means “perfecting the institutional mechanisms for developing new quality productive forces in light of local conditions,” using the upgrading of national standards to lead the optimization and upgrading of traditional industries, improving strategic emerging industry development policies and governance systems, establishing a growth mechanism for investment in future industries, and providing strong institutional and mechanism guarantees for the development of new quality productive forces.

（二）坚持因地制宜。因地制宜发展新质生产力是在生产力发展中对马克思主义具体问题具体分析基本方法的灵活运用，创新和发展了马克思主义生产力发展方法论。具体来看，坚持因地制宜，在于坚持立足各地的资源禀赋和优势条件，把准、紧抓错位发展方向，在重点发展特色优质产业的同时联带相对落后产业；坚持因地制宜，在于以科技创新引领各优质要素资源整合，形成各类先进生产要素向发展新质生产力集聚的良好态势；坚持因地制宜，在于以资源节约、环境保护为基本原则来利用好各地自然资源，不断拓宽绿色发展的经济通道；坚持因地制宜，在于不断提升科技创新水平、构建先进完整安全的现代化产业体系的同时，加强高水平对外开放；坚持因地制宜，在于“健全因地制宜发展新质生产力体制机制”，以国家标准提升引领传统产业优化升级，完善战略性产业发展政策和治理体系，建立未来产业投入增长机制，为发展新质生产力提供有力体制机制保障。

(3) Adhering to classified guidance. Classified guidance for the development of new quality productive forces is a flexible application of the Marxist basic method of the universality and particularity of contradictions in the development of productive forces, and it innovates and develops the Marxist methodology for the development of productive forces. Adhering to classified guidance means, based on the specific conditions of the advantages of each region and each industry, following the laws of development of different industries and the laws of spatial growth of different regions, and providing classified guidance for different regions and different enterprises. Regarding different regions, the free flow of production factors between regions should be promoted, avoiding the low efficiency of resource allocation caused by homogenization and involution [15]15 Involution (内卷, *neijuan*): A term widely used in contemporary Chinese public discourse to describe excessive, zero-sum competition within a closed system that leads to no genuine progress or innovation, often applied to economic development, education, and labor markets. of industries between regions. Regarding different industries, the basic policy of structural upgrading, chain extension, and product renewal should be adopted to transform and upgrade traditional industries; the core task of enhancing scientific and technological innovation capacity should be adopted to cultivate and strengthen emerging industries; the latest trends in industry development should be grasped to lay out and build future industries; and the integrated development of all industries should be coordinated and advanced.

（三）坚持分类指导。分类指导发展新质生产力是在生产力发展中对马克思主义矛盾普遍性和特殊性基本方法的灵活运用，创新和发展了马克思主义生产力发展方法论。坚持分类指导，在于根据各地区、各产业优势的具体情况，遵循不同产业的发展规律、不同地区的空间成长规律，针对不同地区、不同企业进行分类指导。关于不同地区，应推动生产要素在区域之间自由流动，避免区域间产业同质化内卷化导致的资源配置低效率。关于不同产业，要以结构升级、链条延伸、产品更新为基本方针来改造提升传统产业，以增强科技创新能力为核心任务来培育壮大新兴产业，把握行业最新发展趋势来布局建设未来产业，统筹推进各产业一体化发展。

Online editor: Paul

网络编辑：保罗