Accelerating the Formation of Distribution Relations Compatible with the Development of New Quality Productive Forces

I. Introduction

一、引言

General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized during the 11th collective study session of the Political Bureau of the 20th Central Committee: "Relations of production must be compatible with the requirements of productive forces. To develop new quality productive forces, we must further deepen reform comprehensively and form new types of production relations compatible with them." [1]1 The 11th collective study session of the Political Bureau of the 20th Central Committee was held on January 31, 2024, focusing on the development of new quality productive forces. According to Marxist political economy theory, relations of production refer to the social and economic relations formed by people through production and distribution under a given social system, including ownership relations, distribution relations, and forms of labor organization, among other aspects. They influence the mode of resource allocation, power relations among members of society, and the economic structure of society. Productive forces determine relations of production, and relations of production react upon productive forces. It follows that distribution relations are an important component of relations of production. The transformation of distribution relations and the improvement of the distribution system directly affect the development of new quality productive forces, while the leap in new quality productive forces will also reconstruct distribution relations and reshape the distribution pattern.

习近平总书记在主持二十届中央政治局第十一次集体学习时强调：“生产关系必须与生产力发展要求相适应。发展新质生产力，必须进一步全面深化改革，形成与之相适应的新型生产关系。”依据马克思主义政治经济学理论，生产关系是指人们在一定社会制度下，通过生产和分配所形成的社会与经济关系，包括所有权关系、分配关系以及劳动组织形式等多个方面，影响着资源的分配方式、社会成员之间的权力关系以及社会的经济结构；生产力决定生产关系，生产关系反作用于生产力。由此可见，分配关系是生产关系的重要组成部分，分配关系的转型和分配制度的完善会直接影响新质生产力的发展，而新质生产力的跃迁亦会重构分配关系和重塑分配格局。

Forming distribution relations compatible with new quality productive forces helps create a positive interaction between promoting the development of new quality productive forces and improving the income distribution system. On the one hand, forming distribution relations that promote the development of new quality productive forces can provide sufficient economic incentives for developing new quality productive forces. From the supply side, the development of new quality productive forces is inseparable from the support of talent, science and technology, and education. Improving the income distribution system helps provide ample space for talent who have made great contributions to promoting the development of new quality productive forces to display their abilities and sufficient material treatment guarantees, thereby releasing the innovative and creative vitality of talent and assisting in the output of major scientific and technological achievements and a high level of self-reliance and self-strengthening. At the same time, fully reflecting the value of innovative factors such as knowledge and technology in the distribution mechanism can not only provide sufficient incentives for the scarce talent needed for the development of new quality productive forces, but also encourage more young people and workers to receive school education and re-education to become talent with outstanding qualities and professional skills, thus forming a virtuous cycle of talent reserves, scientific and technological innovation, and educational development. From the demand side, improving the distribution system can effectively increase the proportion of residents' income in national income distribution. Along with the expansion of the middle-income group and the increase in income of low-income groups, residents' willingness and ability to consume rise, and the increase in consumption scale will in turn stimulate the enrichment of the variety of market product supply, thus forming an economic development pattern of a virtuous cycle between supply and demand and mutual promotion between investment and consumption.

形成与新质生产力相适应的分配关系，有助于形成促进新质生产力发展与收入分配制度完善的良性互动。一方面，形成促进新质生产力发展的分配关系可以为发展新质生产力提供足够的经济激励。从供给侧来看，新质生产力发展离不开人才、科技和教育的支撑。收入分配制度的完善有助于为促进新质生产力发展作出巨大贡献的人才提供广阔的才华施展空间和充足的物质待遇保障，从而释放人才的创新创造活力，助力重大科技成果产出和高水平的自立自强。同时，在分配机制中充分体现知识、技术等创新要素价值，不仅可以为新质生产力发展所需的紧缺人才提供足够的激励，还可以激励更多青年群体和劳动者接受学校教育和再教育成为具有卓越素质和专业技能的人才，从而形成人才储备、科技创新和教育发展的良性循环。从需求侧来看，分配制度完善可以有效提高居民收入在国民收入分配中的比重，伴随着中等收入群体规模扩大和低收入群体收入增长，居民消费意愿和消费能力得以上升，而消费规模的增加又会激励市场产品种类供给的丰富，从而形成供给和需求良性循环、投资和消费相互促进的经济发展格局。

On the other hand, the development of new quality productive forces provides good reform soil for improving the distribution system. New quality productive forces take the leap in laborers, means of labor, subjects of labor, and their optimized combination as their basic connotation, emphasizing comprehensive innovation at the levels of technology, business models, management, and institutions, thereby ensuring the smooth circulation of education, science and technology, and talent, as well as stimulating the vitality of production factors such as labor, knowledge, technology, and management. This has positive significance for optimizing the income distribution pattern and improving the income distribution system. From the perspective of making the "cake" of common prosperity bigger, new quality productive forces empower high-quality development, lead the construction of a modern industrial system, promote the emergence of new industries and the accelerated upgrading of traditional industries, thereby enhancing the wealth-creating and wealth-acquiring abilities of all the people, providing strong support for a modernization that coordinates material civilization and cultural-ethical progress, and offering powerful assistance for the "dual prosperity" of the people's material life and spiritual life. From the perspective of dividing the "cake" of common prosperity well, the development of new quality productive forces values advanced and high-quality production factors, helps form a good atmosphere of getting rich through hard work and innovation, thereby promoting the continuous improvement of the market evaluation contribution mechanism and the mechanism for determining remuneration according to contribution. At the same time, new quality productive forces further promote the deep integration of the digital economy and the real economy, use innovative means to solve the problem of unbalanced and inadequate development, so that the role of redistribution and social security can be actively demonstrated, and the fruits of high-quality development can benefit all the people more and more fairly.

另一方面，新质生产力的发展为分配制度完善提供了良好的改革土壤。新质生产力以劳动者、劳动资料、劳动对象及其优化组合的跃升为基本内涵，强调技术、业态模式、管理和制度层面的全面创新，从而保障教育、科技、人才的良性循环畅通，以及劳动、知识、技术、管理等生产要素活力的激发，这对于收入分配格局的优化和收入分配制度的完善具有积极意义。从做大共同富裕的“蛋糕”来看，新质生产力赋能高质量发展，引领现代化产业体系建设，促进了新产业涌现和传统产业加快升级，从而提升了全体人民的创富能力与致富能力，为物质文明和精神文明相协调的现代化提供了有力支撑，对于人民群众物质生活和精神生活的“双富裕”提供了强劲助力。从分好共同富裕的“蛋糕”来看，新质生产力的发展重视先进优质生产要素，有助于形成勤劳致富、创新致富的良好氛围，从而促进市场评价贡献机制和按贡献决定报酬机制不断完善；同时，新质生产力进一步推进了数字经济与实体经济深度融合，以创新手段解决发展不平衡不充分的问题，使得再分配和社会保障的作用得以积极呈现，高质量发展成果可以更多更公平惠及全体人民。

Thus, developing new quality productive forces is not only an inherent requirement of high-quality development but also an important foundation for common prosperity. However, while seeing this bright prospect of positive interaction between the development of new quality productive forces and the improvement of the income distribution system, it is also necessary to see the risks and challenges faced by the formation of new distribution relations. Under the changes unseen in a century in the world, the impact of the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation on social income distribution relations has a dual nature, and the income distribution order will inevitably face negative shocks. While developing new quality productive forces and seizing the strategic opportunities brought by the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation, we must pay attention to its possible negative impacts on income and wealth distribution, give full play to the role of the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation in promoting coordinated urban-rural and regional development, improve employment promotion policies and employment security policies, optimize the education and training system that promotes the development of new quality productive forces, guide technology for good, avoid algorithms doing evil, continuously improve distribution relations more compatible with the development of new quality productive forces, strive to achieve coordination between developing new quality productive forces and optimizing the income distribution structure, and solidly promote the mutual integration and mutual promotion of the goals of high-quality development and common prosperity.

由此，发展新质生产力不仅是高质量发展的内在要求，亦是共同富裕的重要基础。然而，在看到新质生产力发展与收入分配制度完善良性互动这一光明前景的同时，亦需要看到新型分配关系形成所面临的风险与挑战。在世界百年未有之大变局下，新一轮科技革命和产业变革对于社会收入分配关系的影响具有双面性，收入分配秩序在所难免地面临负向冲击。发展新质生产力，在抢抓新一轮科技革命和产业变革带来的战略机遇的同时，必须注意其对收入和财富分配可能产生的负面影响，充分发挥新一轮科技革命和产业变革促进城乡和区域协调发展的作用，完善就业促进政策和就业保障政策，优化促进新质生产力发展的教育和培训体系，引导科技向善，避免算法作恶，不断完善与新质生产力发展更相适应的分配关系，努力实现发展新质生产力与优化收入分配结构相协调，扎实推动高质量发展和共同富裕目标实现的相互融合和相互促进。

II. The Impact of the New Round of Technological Revolution and Industrial Transformation on the Income Distribution Order

二、新一轮科技革命和产业变革对收入分配秩序的冲击

The new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation is marked by revolutionary breakthroughs in technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things, characterized by the innovative allocation of production factors such as data, knowledge, and technology, and trending toward the deep digital, green, and intelligent transformation of industries. It has driven a huge increase in productive forces and an accelerated evolution of production methods, providing conditions for the emergence of new quality productive forces. To develop new quality productive forces, we must firmly grasp the opportunities of the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation, and use scientific and technological innovation to spawn new industries, new models, and new drivers of growth. However, in recent years, the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation has not only brought further economic development but also had a profound impact on the income distribution pattern and social equity. Many scholars at home and abroad have expressed concerns that the new generation of technological revolution and industrial transformation will exacerbate income distribution inequality. The new quality productive forces, which are gestated in the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation, place greater emphasis on the role of innovation in improving productive forces and economic development. The original and disruptive scientific and technological innovations they lead will have a huge impact on the original factor allocation and factor prices, and distribution relations and distribution structures may also undergo profound changes as a result. Therefore, under the strategic background of developing new quality productive forces, it is necessary to deeply study the laws of the impact of the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation on issues such as employment and income. This article divides the possible impacts of the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation into four aspects: employment structure, income distribution, equality of opportunity, and balanced development, and discusses them.

新一轮科技革命和产业变革以人工智能、大数据、云计算、物联网等技术革命性突破为标志，以数据、知识、技术等生产要素创新性配置为特征，以产业的数字化、绿色化、智能化深度转型为趋势，带动了生产力的巨大提升和生产方式的加速演变，为新质生产力提供了催生条件。发展新质生产力要牢牢抓住新一轮科技革命和产业变革机遇，以科技创新催生新产业、新模式、新动能。然而，近年来新一轮科技革命和产业变革不仅带来了经济的进一步发展，也对收入分配格局和社会公平产生了深远影响。国内外有不少学者都产生了对新一代技术革命与产业变革加剧收入分配不平等的担忧。而孕育于新一轮科技革命和产业变革的新质生产力，更加强调创新在生产力提高和经济发展中的作用，其所主导的原创性、颠覆性科技创新会对原有的要素配置、要素价格产生巨大影响，分配关系和分配结构亦可能由此发生深刻改变。因此，在发展新质生产力的战略背景下，必须深入研究新一轮科技革命和产业变革对就业、收入等问题的影响规律。本文把新一轮科技革命和产业变革的可能影响分为就业结构、收入分布、机会均等和均衡发展四个方面展开讨论。

(1) Imbalance in Employment Structure, Widespread Technological Unemployment

(一)就业结构失衡，技术性失业广泛存在

Since the "Luddite movement," [2]2 The Luddite movement was a protest by English textile workers in the early 19th century against the introduction of machinery that threatened their jobs, often involving the destruction of machines. academic debate on how technological change threatens labor employment has never ceased. Fortunately, in the previous rounds of the technological revolution, although in the short term, there was a reduction in jobs in some industries and triggered panic about technological unemployment, in the long run, the "crowding-in" effect of technological change on employment far outweighed the "crowding-out" effect. While driving economic prosperity, technological innovation also creates more jobs (Mokyr et al., 2015). However, the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation is quite different from the past. The linkage between science and industry, and between industries, is continuously strengthening. Technology has evolved from previous single-point progress to clustered breakthroughs. The new generation of technology represented by artificial intelligence has transformed from discriminative small models to generative large models, which has not only become a milestone in the field of artificial intelligence but also driven the innovation of the intelligent economy business model. The "artificial intelligence threat theory" has received widespread attention. Some scholars believe that the creative destruction produced by the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation is stronger than that of previous rounds, and therefore the employment impact it produces may be much higher than before (Nübler, 2016).

从“卢德运动”开始，学术界对于技术变革如何威胁劳动力就业的争论从未停止。值得庆幸的是，在前几轮的科技革命中，尽管短期来看，出现了部分行业的岗位缩减并引发了技术性失业的恐慌，但从长期来看，科技变革为就业带来的“挤入”效应远大于“挤出”效应，技术创新在带动经济繁荣的同时亦会创造出更多工作岗位（Mokyr et al., 2015）。然而，新一轮的技术革命和产业变革与以往存在较大不同，科学与产业、产业与产业间的联动性不断增强，技术由以往的单点进步向群发性突破演变，以人工智能为代表的新一代技术已经由判别式小模型向生成式大模型突破转型，不仅成为人工智能领域的里程碑，也带动了智能经济业态的革新，“人工智能威胁论”被广泛关注。有学者认为，新一轮的技术革命与产业变革所产生的创造性破坏强于前几轮的变革，因此所产生的就业冲击或远高于从前（Nübler,2016）。

Domestic and international academic circles have engaged in heated debate over the potential negative impacts of the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation on the labor force. Some scholars argue that technological unemployment is occurring comprehensively across industries, with many workers struggling to obtain income sources and income distribution inequality intensifying. Among these, Frey and Osborne (2017) represent one of the most representative studies. This research, combining subjective and objective criteria to calculate the probability of automation substitution for various occupations, found that 47% of jobs in the United States face a high risk of substitution over the coming decades. Building on the methodology of Frey and Osborne (2017), scholars have conducted extensive research on developed regions such as Europe, Japan, and Singapore, finding that 25% to 55% of jobs are at high risk of automation substitution (Bowles, 2014; David, 2017; Fuei, 2017). International organizations have also adopted this method to assess potential unemployment rates in developing countries. The World Bank, for instance, calculated for 40 developing countries and determined that two-thirds of jobs are susceptible to automation substitution (World Bank, 2016). The International Labour Organization (ILO) conducted research on several ASEAN countries with labor surpluses and found that approximately 56% of jobs are at high risk of substitution (Chang and Huynh, 2016). Zhou Guangsu et al. (2021) also used this method to calculate the theoretical maximum substitution rate for various occupations in China and aggregated individual worker substitution rates to the city level, finding that the average employment substitution rate at the city level from 2000 to 2010 was 62% to 64%. The impact of technological unemployment on the income structure is not merely a short-term pain; unemployed workers, lacking the new skills compatible with technological change, find it difficult to re-employ. Even if they manage to find new jobs, their lack of skills prevents them from restoring their original income levels, leading to long-term income decline (Braxton and Taska, 2023) and even livelihood difficulties.

国内外学界就新一轮的技术革命与产业变革对劳动力产生的潜在负向影响展开了激烈的争论，一部分学者认为技术性失业现象在各行业全面发生，较多劳动者难以获得收入来源，收入分配不平等加剧。其中，Frey和Osborne（2017）为最具代表性的研究之一，该研究通过主客观标准相结合的方式计算出各岗位易被自动化替代的概率，发现在未来几十年间美国47%的岗位处于被替代的高风险中。基于Frey和Osborne（2017）的方法，学界对欧洲、日本、新加坡等发达地区展开广泛研究，发现25%~55%的工作岗位处于被自动化替代的高风险中（Bowles,2014;David,2017;Fuei,2017）。国际组织亦借鉴该方法对发展中国家的潜在失业率进行评估。其中，世界银行对40个发展中国家进行了测算，判定2/3的工作岗位易被自动化替代（World Bank,2016）。国际劳工组织（ILO）对多个劳动力富余的东盟国家展开研究，发现约有56%的工作岗位处于被替代的高风险中（Chang and Huynh,2016）。周广肃等（2021）亦根据该方法计算了中国各职业被替代率的理论最高值，并将个体就业者被替代率加总到城市层面，计算发现2000—2010年城市层面的平均就业被替代率为62%~64%。而技术性失业对于收入格局的影响并非仅为短期阵痛，失业者因缺乏与技术变革相适应的新型技能难以再就业，即便勉强找到新的工作，也因技能缺失而无法恢复原有收入，造成了长期的收入下滑（Braxton and Taska,2023），甚至面临生计困境。

(2) Intensification of Income Polarization, Prominent Skill Deficiency Issues

(二)收入极化现象加剧，技能缺失问题突出

Compared with the view that technological unemployment is widespread across all industries, the more mainstream literature holds that the impact of technological innovation on employment for different groups is partial. Arntz et al. (2016, 2017) modified the research method of Frey and Osborne (2017). When calculating the probability of automation substitution, they used work tasks rather than entire occupations as the research unit, fully considering the heterogeneity of tasks within occupations and the adaptability of work tasks. Their research on 21 OECD countries and the United States found that the proportion of easily substitutable jobs was 6% to 12%. Wang Yongqin and Dong Wen (2020), using data from listed companies in China's manufacturing sector, found that the substitution effect of robot application on employment is more significant in industries characterized by high market concentration and high external financing dependence.

相较于上述技术性失业广泛存在于各行各业的观点，更主流文献认为技术革新对于不同群体的就业影响是局部的。Arntz等（2016,2017）对Frey和Osborne（2017）的研究方法进行了修改，在计算被自动化替代概率时，以工作任务而非整个岗位作为研究单元，充分考虑了岗位内部工作任务的异质性和工作任务的自适应性，对21个OECD国家和美国展开的研究发现，易被替代的工作比例为6%~12%。王永钦和董雯（2020）应用中国制造业上市公司数据研究发现，机器人应用对就业的替代效应，在具有高市场集中度、高外部融资依赖度等特征的行业更为显著。

This asymmetric impact on employment groups has caused income polarization. Automation makes jobs with strong repetitive elements more susceptible to substitution, while jobs requiring strong adaptability are less easily substituted. Therefore, medium-skilled workers engaged in routine jobs are more likely to face unemployment, while high-skilled jobs requiring creativity and many low-skilled service-oriented jobs offer more recruitment opportunities. Due to their limited skills, medium-skilled workers cannot match high-skilled job positions and thus turn to low-skilled job positions for employment, exacerbating the labor surplus problem in the low-end market, leading to employment polarization and income distribution polarization (Acemoglu and Autor, 2011). In recent years, internationally renowned scholars have found that the proliferation of industrial robots, automation, and digitalization has led to adjustments in workers' comparative advantages, thereby significantly impacting the income structure (Acemoglu and Restrepo, 2020a, 2022; Barth et al., 2023). Wang Linhui et al. (2020), using national and provincial-level data, further studied the impact mechanisms through which the new generation of technological revolution and industrial transformation induce labor income inequality. They found that the impact of artificial intelligence technology on productivity in different technology sectors is asymmetric, leading to more job substitution in low-tech sectors and more job creation in high-tech sectors, thus generating income distribution inequality.

这种对于就业群体的不对称冲击造成了收入极化。自动化使得重复性强的工作岗位更易被替代，而应变性强的工作岗位则不易被替代，因此，从事惯例性工作的中等技能劳动力易面临失业，而创造性强的高技能岗位和服务化多的低技能岗位则具有更多招聘机遇。中等技能劳动者由于自身技能有限，无法匹配高技能就业岗位，从而转向低技能就业岗位求职，加剧了低端市场的劳动力过剩问题，进而出现了就业两极分化和收入分配极化（Acemoglu and Autor,2011）。近年来，国际知名学者研究发现，工业机器人的普及、自动化和数字化的推广，导致劳动者比较优势的调整，进而对收入结构产生了较大冲击（Acemoglu and Restrepo, 2020a、 2022; Barthet al., 2023）。王林辉等（2020）使用全国及省级层面数据，进一步研究了新一代技术革命与产业变革诱发劳动收入不平等的影响机制，发现人工智能技术对于不同技术部门的生产率影响是非对称的，进而使得低技术部门面临更多的岗位替代，高技术部门面临更多的岗位创造，从而产生了收入分配的不平等。

At the same time, different groups have different initial endowments, and there are gaps in the difficulty of mastering new skills. The difficulty in bridging relative skill disadvantages leads to income inequality between groups. From the perspective of education level, the skills possessed by highly educated individuals typically become complements to new technologies, while the skills possessed by low-education individuals become substitutes for new technologies. Low-education individuals find it difficult to enjoy the employment opportunities brought by technological revolution (Hjort and Poulsen, 2019). From the perspective of age, compared with the "digital native" youth, middle-aged and elderly people face certain obstacles in learning digital skills, placing them in a disadvantaged position in the labor market, unable to enjoy the digital dividends brought by industrial transformation (Barth et al., 2023). From the perspective of gender, women in developing countries have difficulty accessing new types of infrastructure, while women in developed countries also face the problem of limited affordability for using new technologies (Acilar and Sæbø, 2023), thereby affecting employment and wages. Furthermore, non-technological discrimination triggered by technological change may also worsen women's workplace situation, causing a decline in relative income (Cortes et al., 2020).

同时，不同群体的初始禀赋不同，掌握新型技能的难易程度存在差距，技能相对劣势的难以弥合引发群体间的收入不平等。从教育水平来看，高教育水平者所具备的技能通常成为新技术的互补品，而低教育水平者所具备的技能则成为新技术的替代品，低教育水平者难以享受到技术革命所带来的就业机遇（Hjort and Poulsen,2019）。从年龄阶段来看，相较于“数字原住民”的青少年，中老年学习数字技能具有一定阻碍，在劳动力市场上处于弱势地位，无法享受到产业变革所带来的数字红利（Barth et al., 2023）。从性别来看，发展中国家的女性难以接触到新型基础设施，而发达国家的女性也会面临使用新技术费用受限的问题（Acilar and Sæbø,2023），进而影响就业与薪资。此外，技术变革引发的非技术性歧视也可能恶化女性的职场处境，造成相对收入的下降（Cortes et al., 2020）。

(3) Increased Labor-Capital Conflicts, Threats to Equality of Opportunity

(三)劳资关系冲突增加，机会均等面临威胁

In the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, accompanied by adjustments in industrial structure and changes in market forces, enterprises occupying a dominant market position are prone to abuse their market position and information advantages for unfair competition, harming workers' rights and interests and leading to unequal distribution relations.

在新一轮科技革命和产业变革中，伴随着产业结构的调整和市场力量的变化，占据市场主导地位的企业易滥用市场地位和信息优势进行不正当竞争，损害了劳动者权益，导致分配关系不平等。

On the one hand, with the rapid development of the platform economy, enterprise recruitment needs have shifted from hiring full-time employees to hiring flexible workers, making the de-employerization and high-mobility employment model more prevalent. Original job positions are decomposed into fragmented work tasks, workers' substitutability increases, job stability decreases, and workers find it difficult to obtain sufficient employment security (ILO, 2024). Given that the construction of an employment supervision system for flexible employment models is still in an exploratory phase, enterprises, in the absence of supervision, are prone to transfer operational risks and safety management responsibilities to flexible workers. Moreover, flexible workers in big cities are mostly migrants from other regions and cannot enjoy the same basic old-age insurance, basic medical insurance, work-related injury insurance, and other protections as local residents, exposing flexible workers to higher labor safety risks and personal safety risks (Yan Huihui, Yang Xiaoyong, 2022). The employment costs of flexible workers are forced to increase, and their actual income subsequently declines. Additionally, platform enterprises can leverage their advantages in algorithms, data, and models to redistribute control over the labor process, strengthening digital control over workers' employment processes, thereby achieving the dilution of employer responsibility and the transfer of labor-capital conflicts in their own interests. This leads to an increase in workers' implicit work input and deterioration of physical and mental health (Chen Long, 2020), while the profits generated by workers' overwork are mostly appropriated by platform enterprises, further worsening income distribution.

一方面，伴随着平台经济快速发展，企业的招聘需求从招聘全职员工向招聘灵活就业者转变，去雇主化和高流动性的就业模式更为普及。原有的工作岗位被分解为零散的工作任务，劳动者的可替代性增强，工作的稳定性降低，劳动者难以获得充足的就业保障（ILO,2024）。鉴于针对灵活用工模式的就业监管体系建设尚处于摸索期，企业在缺乏监管情况下易将经营风险和安全管理责任转移给灵活就业者；加之，在大城市打工的灵活就业者多为外地移民，无法与当地居民享受同样的基本养老保险、基本医疗保险、工伤保险等保障，使得灵活就业者面临更高的劳动安全风险和人身安全风险（闫慧慧、杨小勇，2022），灵活就业者的就业成本被迫增加，实际收入随之下滑。此外，平台企业可凭借算法、数据和模型优势重新分配劳动过程的控制权，强化对劳动者就业过程的数字控制，从而实现符合自身利益的雇主责任淡化和劳资冲突转移，导致劳动者的隐性工作付出增加和身心健康的恶化（陈龙，2020），而劳动者超负荷工作所产生的利润则多被平台企业占据，导致收入分配进一步恶化。

On the other hand, employers and merchants occupying an advantageous position in information are more likely to use algorithms and data to profit, squeezing the living space of vulnerable groups. Sensitive characteristics such as gender, age, and race are input into algorithmic systems for employers and merchants to use in scoring decisions in areas such as employment, housing, credit, and education. The algorithmic feedback system, continuously trained, leads to the reinforcement of discriminatory biases. Vulnerable groups receive lower system scores and thus obtain fewer resources, making their situation more difficult (Zheng Zhihang, Xu Zhaoxi, 2019). Traditional regulatory models have found it difficult to avoid data discrimination and algorithmic bias. Even if enterprises comply with regulations and no longer collect sensitive information such as race, age, and gender, highly correlated implicit variables will still be used in algorithmic models, thereby amplifying discriminatory outcomes. Furthermore, due to information collection bias, data related to vulnerable groups may be under-represented or over-represented in the database, causing these groups to receive further attention and disproportionate scrutiny, leading to unfair treatment for this group (Favaretto et al., 2019).

另一方面，占据信息优势地位的雇主和商家更容易利用算法和数据获利，挤占弱势群体生存空间。性别、年龄、种族等敏感特征被输入算法系统，用于雇主和商家在就业、住房、信贷、教育等领域的评分决策，算法反馈系统不断被训练后导致歧视性偏见被强化，弱势群体获得较低的系统评分，获得的资源由此更少，处境更为艰难（郑智航、徐昭曦，2019）。传统的监管模式已经难以规避数据歧视和算法偏见。即便企业为合规不再采集种族、年龄、性别等敏感信息，与之高度关联的隐含变量亦会被用于算法模型从而放大歧视结果；而由于信息采集偏误，弱势群体相关数据在数据库中可能呈现代表性不足或代表性过高的现象，使得这部分群体被进一步关注和不成比例的审查，导致该群体面临不公平待遇（Favaretto et al., 2019）。

(4) Decline in the Share of Labor Income, Prominent Issues of Imbalanced Development

(四)劳动收入份额下滑，发展失衡问题突出

The knowledge spillover effects and industrial agglomeration effects generated by the new generation of technological revolution and industrial transformation have driven the emergence of a large number of "superstar" enterprises, also bringing hidden dangers of imbalanced development. From the perspective of enterprises, rising industry concentration has led to inequality in income distribution and a decline in the share of labor income. The income growth rate of high-wage employees in large enterprises is far higher than the average income growth rate of the company, exacerbating inequality within enterprises. Moreover, because high-wage employees are more likely to enter the classification mechanisms of large enterprises and due to the segregation mechanism where high-wage employees are more likely to cooperate with each other, income inequality between enterprises intensifies (Song et al., 2019). At the same time, "superstar" enterprises often have ultra-high profit margins and a relatively small share of labor income. The increase in such enterprises leads to a decline in the share of labor income across the entire industry (Autor et al., 2020). From a regional perspective, "superstar" enterprises mostly appear in economically developed areas, causing the concentration of talent, resources, and innovation capacity. The economic gap between regions with first-mover advantages and other regions continues to widen. Innovation resources are not only highly concentrated at the enterprise level but also highly concentrated geographically (Forman and Goldfarb, 2020). Regions with higher education institutions and talent clusters easily become the birthplaces of disruptive technologies, subsequently leading to the concentration of job opportunities. Although, as technology matures and related new jobs increase, job opportunities will show a trend of geographical diffusion, the birthplace can still disproportionately occupy a larger share of job opportunities, especially maintaining a leading position in the share of high-income jobs for decades (Bloom et al., 2020).

新一代技术革命与产业变革所产生的知识溢出效应和产业集聚效应，带动了“超级明星”企业大量涌现，亦为发展失衡带来隐患。从企业角度看，行业集中度上升带来了收入分配不平等和劳动收入份额下滑。大型企业的高薪员工收入增速远高于公司平均收入增速，企业内部不平等加剧；并且，由于高薪员工更大概率进入大型企业的分类机制以及高薪员工更大概率协同合作的隔离机制，使得企业间收入不平等加剧（Song et al., 2019）。同时，“超级明星”企业多具有超高的利润率和相对小的劳动收入份额，该类企业的增加会导致全行业劳动收入份额下滑（Autor et al., 2020）。从地区角度看，“超级明星”企业多出现在经济发达地区，造成人才、资源和创新能力集中，具有先发优势的地区与其他地区的经济差距持续扩大。创新资源不仅在企业层面高度集中，在地理上亦高度集中（Forman and Goldfarb,2020），具有高等院校和人才聚集的地区易成为颠覆性技术的发源地，随之产生就业岗位的集中，尽管伴随着技术成熟和与之相关的新工作增加，就业岗位会在地理上呈现扩散趋势，但发源地依然可以不成比例地占据更多的就业岗位份额，特别是在高收入岗位份额上保持领先地位达数十年之久（Bloom et al., 2020）。

Furthermore, imbalanced development also stems from the unreasonable distribution of factor rewards. On the one hand, in the wave of technological change, capital returns tend to be high, with the rate of return on capital exceeding the economic growth rate, while the rate of return on labor shows a declining trend. Acemoglu and Restrepo (2020b) argue that the new generation of technological change, represented by artificial intelligence, accelerates the innovation of production organization methods. Its development trend lies in promoting automation processes to replace human labor, rather than creating a human-machine collaborative working environment, which leads to a decline in the share of labor income in national income and increased inequality. Moll et al. (2022) argue that automation increases the demand for capital relative to labor. This shift in demand permanently increases the return on wealth, and the productivity gains brought about by automation do not flow to workers but instead flow to capital owners in the form of higher returns on wealth, leading to inequality in the distribution of income and wealth. On the other hand, the importance of intangible assets such as patents, software, and data is increasingly prominent, and the unreasonable distribution of their returns can also disrupt the order of income distribution. Crouzet et al. (2022) argue that the rents from intangible assets are more likely to be captured by investors and entrepreneurs, or enjoyed by workers in key positions, causing income and wealth gaps between these groups and ordinary labor. Intangible assets can also increase the complementarity between capital and skills, enhance the substitutability of labor, and increase income inequality. Moreover, the returns on data factors are asymmetric between large and small enterprises. Large enterprises find it easier to use data monopolies to form scale advantages, achieve cost reduction, efficiency improvement, and market expansion (Shen Kunrong, Lin Jianwei, 2024), thereby widening income inequality between enterprises.

此外，发展失衡还来自要素报酬分配的不合理。一方面，科技变革的浪潮中资本回报往往偏高，资本收益率大于经济的增长率，而劳动回报率呈现下降趋势。Acemoglu和Restrepo（2020b）认为，以人工智能为代表的新一代技术变革加快了生产组织方式的革新，其发展趋势在于推动自动化进程替代人力工作，而非产生人机协同的工作环境，这导致国民收入中劳动收入份额下降和不平等加剧。Moll等（2022）认为，自动化增加了相对于劳动力的资本需求，这种需求转移永久性地增加了财富回报，并且自动化提升生产率所带来的收益并没有流向劳动者，而是以更高的财富回报形式流向资本所有者，导致收入和财富的分配不平等。另一方面，专利、软件和数据等无形资产的重要性日益凸显，其收益分配的不合理亦会破坏收入分配秩序。Crouzet等（2022）认为，无形资产的租金更可能会被投资者和企业家获得，或者被身处要职的劳动者享用，造成这些群体与普通劳动力之间的收入及财富差距，无形资产亦可提高资本与技能的互补性，增强劳动力的可替代性，增强收入不平等性。并且，数据要素的收益回报在大企业和小企业之间呈现不对称性，大企业更容易利用数据垄断形成规模优势，实现降本增效和市场拓展（沈坤荣、林剑威，2024），进而拉大企业间的收入不平等性。

3. Potential Pathways for New Quality Productive Forces to Optimize the Income Distribution Pattern

三、新质生产力优化收入分配格局的潜在路径

Although academic concerns persist that the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation will exacerbate income distribution inequality, dialectically viewed, the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation can also have a positive effect on distributional equity through specific channels and mechanisms. Its ultimate impact on income distribution is not necessarily negative. Seizing the opportunities of the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation, guided by the new development philosophy, and developing new quality productive forces can provide new possibilities for optimizing the income distribution pattern. Specifically, at the individual level, new quality productive forces emphasize the comprehensive development of people and adhere to the new development concepts of innovation and green development. This can help workers create greater labor value in an environment conducive to physical and mental health, build an employment-friendly development model, and, within a people-oriented employment ecosystem, allow workers' abilities to be fully utilized and continuously improved, innovating the allocation method of labor as a factor of production. At the market level, new quality productive forces adhere to the new development concepts of innovation and openness, achieving comprehensive innovation at the technological, managerial, and institutional levels. This not only helps innovate the allocation methods of production factors related to talent, such as knowledge, technology, management, and data, and the mechanisms for their participation in income distribution, providing sufficient incentives for talent to participate in production, but also helps build a high-standard market system, providing a guarantee for fair competition. At the regional level, new quality productive forces adhere to the new development concepts of coordination and sharing, using innovation to empower underdeveloped regions to break free from traditional economic growth models and paths of productive forces development, promoting integrated urban-rural and regional development.

虽然新一轮科技革命和产业变革会加剧收入分配不平等的学界担忧仍然存在，但辩证地看，新一轮科技革命和产业变革也可通过一些特定渠道和机制对分配公平产生积极作用，其对收入分配的最终影响并不必然是负向的。把握新一轮科技革命和产业变革机遇，以新发展理念为引领，发展新质生产力，可以为收入分配格局优化提供新的可能。具体来看，在个体层面上，新质生产力强调人的全面发展，坚持创新和绿色的新发展理念，可以促成劳动者在有益身心健康的环境下创造更大的劳动价值，构建就业友好型发展方式，而在以人为本的就业生态下，劳动者的能力得以充分发挥和持续提升，劳动作为生产要素的配置方式得以创新。在市场层面上，新质生产力坚持创新和开放的新发展理念，在技术层面、管理层面和制度层面等实现全面创新，既有助于知识、技术、管理、数据等人才相关的生产要素配置方式和参与收入分配机制的创新，为人才参与生产提供充足激励；又有助于搭建高标准市场体系，为公平竞争提供保障。在区域层面，新质生产力坚持协调和共享的新发展理念，以创新赋能欠发达地区摆脱传统经济增长方式和生产力发展路径，推进城乡和区域一体化发展。

(1) Building an Employment-Friendly Development Model, Forming a People-Oriented Employment Ecosystem

(一)构建就业友好型发展方式，形成以人为本的就业生态

Although technological progress and industrial innovation can exacerbate the risk of structural unemployment, research also shows that the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation can stimulate the enormous potential of economic growth and industrial expansion. When the job creation effect generated by this is stronger than the job displacement effect caused by the adjustment of the employment structure, the demand for labor in the job market will increase (Autor and Salomons, 2018). Furthermore, high-quality innovation often has more labor-friendly characteristics, producing widespread and profound positive impacts on the employment ecosystem (Van Roy et al., 2018). New quality productive forces emphasize people's creative production and comprehensive development. While promoting the transformation of production organization towards efficiency, openness, and flexibility through innovation, it can also empower the labor process through innovation (Zhou Wen, Zhang Yihan, 2024), improve the employment environment, optimize the employment ecosystem, and provide workers with more high-quality job opportunities.

尽管技术进步和产业创新会加剧结构性失业风险，但亦有研究表明，新一轮技术革命与产业变革会激发经济增长和产业扩张的巨大潜力，当由此所产生的岗位创造效应强于就业结构调整所引发的岗位替代效应时，就业市场的劳动力需求会增加（Autor and Salomons,2018）。并且，高质量的创新往往更具劳动力友好型特质，对就业生态产生普遍且深远的正向影响（Van Roy et al., 2018）。新质生产力强调人的创造性生产和全面发展，在以创新推进生产组织向高效、开放、灵活转型的同时，亦可以创新赋能劳动过程（周文、张奕涵，2024），提升就业环境和优化就业生态，为劳动者提供更多高质量的就业岗位。

First, new quality productive forces adhere to the concept of green development and can liberate workers from high-risk working environments and labor that threatens physical and mental health, enabling them to engage in work with higher production efficiency and greater value-creating potential. For example, using new quality productive forces to lead the transformation of the mining industry can accelerate the shift of production management models from extensive to intelligent, build intelligent prevention-and-control and emergency-rescue command systems, and use intelligent equipment or robots to replace workers in completing dangerous and heavy tasks, thereby enhancing emergency rescue capabilities and the personal safety guarantees for workers. At the same time, with the application of intelligent equipment and systems, new types of positions such as intelligent equipment operation and maintenance, remote safety monitoring, and production data tracking and analysis have emerged accordingly. These new positions offer considerable improvements in safety and work intensity, can safeguard workers' physical and mental health, and prompt workers to create greater labor value. Moreover, the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries such as smart mines has also increased market demand in fields such as cloud computing, intelligent equipment, network communications, integrated circuits, and applied electronics, thereby creating more high-security, high-income digital economy employment positions. Second, new quality productive forces cause labor methods to evolve toward diversification and can provide disadvantaged groups with new employment channels that "play to strengths and avoid weaknesses." The new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation has accelerated changes in the original organizational forms, thereby realizing the diversification of work positions, the distribution of work locations, and the flexibility of working hours. Alongside the evolution of auxiliary office systems toward intelligence and convenience, unlike traditional positions' demands for skills, the new positions spawned by industrial transformation feature better human-machine collaboration mechanisms. These new positions not only do not require workers to engage in heavy physical labor, but also lower the requirements for hard skills such as language ability and knowledge memorization, while soft strengths such as interpersonal skills, communication ability, creativity, and decision-making capacity become workers' core competitiveness (Black and Spitz-Oener, 2010; Barth et al., 2023), enabling disadvantaged groups such as middle-aged and elderly people, women, and those with low educational attainment to gain comparative advantages in the labor market. Thus, under the major trend of new quality productive forces development, workers who originally faced disadvantages in physical strength and educational background can also achieve creative production by relying on continuous learning and the accumulation of soft strengths. Finally, the development of new quality productive forces is conducive to establishing a people-centered employment ecosystem. Existing research shows that, from the experience of long-term development, revolutionary technological breakthroughs bring economic prosperity and shorten the average working hours of the labor force, and high-quality leisure time for humanity is expected to increase (Mokyr et al., 2015). Therefore, seizing the development opportunities of new quality productive forces, enhancing work efficiency and reshaping work tasks through technological and model innovation, can liberate workers from highly repetitive and high-risk work, giving them the energy to enrich their spiritual and cultural lives and to nurture inspiration for creative output.

首先，新质生产力坚持绿色发展理念，可以将劳动者从高风险工作环境和威胁身心健康的劳作中解放出来，从事生产效率更高和更富有创造价值的工作。例如，以新质生产力引领矿业转型，可以加快生产管理模式从粗放式向智慧化转变，建设智能防控和紧急救援指挥系统，以智能装备或机器人代替劳动者完成危险繁重的工作，提升应急救援能力和劳动者的人身安全保障能力。而智能化设备和系统的应用，智能设备操作与维护、远程安全监测、生产数据追踪分析等新型岗位也应运而生，新型岗位在安全性和工作强度上均有较大改善，可以保障劳动者身心健康并促使劳动者创造更大的劳动价值。而智慧矿山等传统产业的转型升级亦增加了云计算、智慧设备、网络通信、集成电路及应用电子等领域的市场需求，进而创造出更多高保障、高收入的数字经济就业岗位。其次，新质生产力使得劳动方式向多元化演进，可以为弱势群体提供“扬长避短”的新型就业渠道。新一轮科技革命和产业变革加快了原有组织形态变革，进而实现工作岗位的多样化、工作地点的分布化、工作时间的灵活化。伴随着辅助办公系统向智能化、便捷化演进，不同于传统工作岗位对于技能的需求，产业变革所催生的新型岗位具有更好的人机协同机制，新型岗位不仅不要求劳动者从事繁重体力劳动，亦降低了对于劳动者语言能力、知识记忆等硬技能的要求，交际能力、沟通能力、创造力、决策力等软实力成为劳动者的核心竞争力（Black and Spitz-Oener,2010;Barth et al., 2023），使得中老年、女性、低学历者等弱势群体在劳动力市场获得比较优势。由此，在新质生产力发展的大趋势下，原本在体力和学历等方面存在劣势的劳动者，也可凭借持续学习和软实力积累，实现创造性生产。最后，新质生产力发展有利于建立以人为本的就业生态。已有研究表明，从长期发展经验来看，技术的革命性突破会带来经济繁荣并缩短劳动力的平均工作时长，人类高质量休闲时间有望增加（Mokyr et al., 2015）。由此，把握新质生产力发展机遇，以技术创新和模式创新提升工作效率和重塑工作任务，可以将劳动者从高重复性、高风险性的工作中解放出来，有精力丰富精神文化生活，酝酿创造性产出的灵感。

(2) Innovate the allocation methods of production factors and improve the mechanism for factors to participate in income distribution

(二)创新生产要素配置方式，完善要素参与收入分配机制

The new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation has inevitably triggered adjustments in supply and demand in the production factor market, brought about changes in the rates of return on production factors, and laid hidden dangers for the decline in the share of labor income and for income inequality. New quality productive forces, however, attach importance to talent, emphasize innovation in the allocation methods of production factors and the improvement of the mechanism for factors to participate in income distribution, and can thereby promote the redefinition of the connotations of production factors and the reassessment of their value, resolving the above hidden dangers.

新一轮科技革命和产业变革不可避免地引发了生产要素市场的供需调整，带来了生产要素回报率的变化，为劳动收入份额下降和收入不平等埋下隐患。而新质生产力重视人才，强调生产要素配置方式的创新和要素参与收入分配机制的健全，则可以推动生产要素的定义重塑和价值重估，解决上述隐患。

New quality productive forces regard labor as an important production factor of advanced productive forces and take the innovation of the talent work mechanism as a key lever for development. Under a people-centered employment ecosystem, workers can fully develop and bring into play their own skills, and value creation can be maximally applied in economic and social construction. The phenomenon of capital replacing labor in industrial transformation is common, and capital-biased technological progress has become one of the main causes of the decline in the share of labor income (Alvarez-Cuadrado et al., 2018), causing the growth rate of capital to exceed the economic growth rate and widening the income gap between the labor-force groups that mainly rely on labor income and the investor groups that mainly rely on investment returns. New quality productive forces, however, emphasize the role of talent, focus on cultivating, attracting, and employing a large number of professional and technical personnel, and expand the high-skilled talent team centered on outstanding engineers, skilled craftsmen, and master craftsmen of the nation. The development of new quality productive forces can not only catch up with the frontiers of international scientific and technological innovation, enhance China's international influence, and help achieve the country's long-term goals, but can also form a social outlook that respects labor and respects talent, promote the continuous improvement of the talent evaluation system, rights and interests protection mechanisms, and vocational incentive measures, so that workers can obtain reasonable economic returns and due professional respect in their work. In addition, the emerging technologies arising from new quality productive forces can also assist in talent cultivation and skills training. Taking artificial intelligence, a representative technology of new quality productive forces, as an example, existing research shows that artificial intelligence can not only improve the efficiency of matching workers' skills with work tasks and avoid the idling of talent resources and the waste of skills, but can also provide workers in their jobs with rich personalized and adaptive services and professional knowledge for problem-solving, assist workers in enhancing their decision-making capabilities, and safeguard workers' output efficiency and work performance (Pereira et al., 2023).

新质生产力将劳动视为先进生产力的重要生产要素，将创新人才工作机制作为发展的重要抓手。劳动者在以人为本的就业生态下，可以充分发展和发挥自身技能作用，价值创造在经济社会建设中得以最大化应用。产业变革中资本替代劳动力的现象屡见不鲜，资本偏向型技术进步成为劳动力收入份额下降的主要成因之一（Alvarez-Cuadrado et al., 2018），使得资本增长率大于经济增长率，主要依赖劳动收入的劳动力群体和主要依赖投资收益的投资者群体之间收入差距扩大。而新质生产力强调人才的作用，注重培育、吸引、使用一大批专业技术人才，壮大以卓越工程师、能工巧匠、大国工匠为主的高技能人才队伍。新质生产力的发展不仅可以追赶国际科技创新前沿，提升我国国际影响力，助力国家长远目标实现，还可以形成尊重劳动、尊重人才的社会观，推动人才评价体系、权益保障机制、职业激励办法持续完善，劳动者在工作中可以获得合理的经济回报和应有的职业尊重。此外，新质生产力中涌现出来的新兴技术亦可以辅助人才培养和技能培育。以人工智能这一新质生产力的代表性技术为例，已有研究表明，人工智能不仅可以提高劳动者技能与工作任务匹配效率，避免人才资源闲置和技能浪费，还可以为工作中的劳动者提供丰富的个性化和适应性服务以及解决问题的专业知识，协助劳动者提升决策能力，保障劳动者的产出效率和工作绩效（Pereira et al., 2023）。

The development of new quality productive forces advocates improving the mechanism for factors to participate in income distribution and exploring pathways for production factors such as knowledge, technology, management, and data to participate in the distribution of social income, which also helps to find new channels for improving the income distribution mechanism. First, production factors such as knowledge, technology, and management can be closely combined with the labor force, equipping the labor force with more advanced production tools, opening up broader work horizons, and building more efficient work platforms, thereby advancing the optimized combination and upgraded leap of the means of labor and the objects of labor. Second, attaching importance to the value of knowledge accumulation, technological development, and management improvement further affirms the value of talent, and exploring distribution methods oriented toward increasing the value of technology and the value of knowledge can enhance workers' enthusiasm and creativity, thereby creating a fairer working environment for workers with improved incentives and sufficient safeguards. Finally, the collection, processing, circulation, and application of data factors remain relatively opaque, and the uncompensated use of personal data remains common. In the process of developing new quality productive forces, focusing on exploring the value of data factors and designing schemes for the distribution of returns on data factors can provide new channels for income fairness and assistance to disadvantaged groups.

新质生产力的发展倡导健全要素参与收入分配机制，探索知识、技术、管理、数据等生产要素参与社会收益分配的相关路径，亦有助于为收入分配机制完善找到新的渠道。首先，知识、技术、管理等生产要素可以与劳动力紧密结合，为劳动力配备更先进的生产工具、开拓更广阔的工作视野和搭建更高效的工作平台，推进劳动资料、劳动对象优化组合和更新跃升。其次，重视知识积累、技术发展和管理提升的价值进一步肯定了人才的价值，探索以增加技术价值和知识价值为导向的分配办法，可以提升劳动者的积极性和创造力，进而为劳动者创造更加公平、激励完善和保障充分的工作环境。最后，数据要素的采集、加工、流通、应用仍相对不透明，个人数据被无偿应用的情况仍屡见不鲜。在新质生产力发展过程中，注重发掘数据要素价值和数据要素收益分配方案设计，可以为收入公平和弱势群体帮扶提供新渠道。

(3) Improve the institutional framework for fair competition and build a high-standard market system

(三)健全公平竞争制度框架，搭建高标准市场体系

Large enterprises often rely on first-mover advantages in industrial transformation and competitive efficiency to obtain market monopoly positions through industry mergers, resource restructuring, and other means (Jiang Feitao, 2022). The emergence of "superstar" enterprises and the consolidation of the "winner-takes-all" model have, to a certain extent, worsened the survival environment of small and medium-sized enterprises and widened the income gap among enterprises. At the same time, many large enterprises occupy dominant market positions not through technological innovation but by relying on platforms for capital operations and the development of the virtual economy, and the prosperity of the virtual economy brings more wealth transfer than wealth creation. The process of wealth transfer even comes at the cost of harming the relevant rights and interests of workers and consumers, and can also exacerbate income inequality.

大型企业往往凭借产业变革中的先发优势和竞争效率通过行业兼并、资源重组等方式获得市场垄断地位（江飞涛，2022）。而“超级明星”企业的出现和“赢者通吃”模式的巩固又在一定程度上恶化了中小企业的生存环境，拉大了企业间收入差距。同时，较多大型企业占据市场主导地位并非通过技术革新，而是依托平台进行资本运作和发展虚拟经济而实现的，而虚拟经济繁荣带来的更多是财富转移而非财富创造，财富转移的过程甚至以损害劳动者、消费者的相关权益为代价，亦会加剧收入不平等。

New quality productive forces cannot be separated from the joint cultivation and driving of the government's "visible hand" and the market's "invisible hand," which plays a positive role in establishing a fair and orderly market competition order. The development of new quality productive forces emphasizes the leading role of scientific and technological innovation, which can enable enterprises to abandon backward business concepts that pursue short-term investment and short-term returns, promote industrial innovation through scientific and technological innovation, and help the economy "shift from virtual to real." At the same time, the development of new quality productive forces emphasizes a virtuous cycle of education, science and technology, and talent. When enterprises focus on scientific and technological innovation, the autonomy and creativity of workers can be brought into play. Workers can enhance their bargaining power in the labor market by virtue of their own skills, obtain higher labor returns, and also have the motivation to continuously improve their knowledge reserves and professional quality. They can rely on online education platforms supported by new quality productive forces to receive re-education and achieve their own all-round development.

新质生产力离不开政府“有形之手”和市场“无形之手”的共同培育与驱动形成，这对于建立公平有序的市场竞争秩序具有积极作用。新质生产力的发展强调科技创新的主导作用，可以使企业摒弃追逐短期投资、短期收益的落后经营理念，以科技创新推动产业创新，助力经济“脱虚向实”。同时，新质生产力发展强调教育、科技、人才的良性循环，企业关注科技创新，则劳动者的自主性和创造力得以发挥，劳动者可以凭借自身技能提升劳动力市场的议价能力，获得更高的劳动回报，亦有动力不断提升知识储备水平和职业素养，并依托以新质生产力为支撑的网络教育平台接受再教育，实现自身的全面发展。

New quality productive forces emphasize open development and focus on solving the problem of internal and external linkage in development, pointing the way for building a high-standard market system. Moreover, the innovation emphasized by new quality productive forces is not only innovation at the technological level, but also includes innovation at the management level and the institutional level, thereby providing new technological support, regulatory paths, and institutional guarantees for the construction of a high-standard market system. A high-standard market system takes the removal of obstacles hindering market fairness, the regulation of improper competitive behavior, and the improvement of the property rights protection system as its main directions. It can effectively prevent the infringement or imitation of small and medium-sized enterprises' technologies and brands, ensure that small and medium-sized enterprises' R&D investment receives reasonable returns, consolidate the favorable position of small and medium-sized enterprises in market competition, and thus ensure the fairness of income distribution. In particular, given that large enterprises tend to be satisfied with and accustomed to existing successful models, lack the spirit of exploration and adventure, bear heavy bureaucratic culture under the hierarchical system, have low organizational efficiency, respond slowly to the market, and face the problem that "a large ship is hard to turn around"; the institutional and mechanism innovation carried out by new quality productive forces can also take solving the "disease of big enterprises" as one of the reform directions, stimulate the vitality of various production and operation entities, provide opportunities for emerging enterprises to enter the market, and break the original monopoly pattern of the market. Small and micro enterprises can transform the disadvantage of small scale into the advantage of strong decision-making flexibility, quickly respond to market dynamics and user needs, become a new force in the development of new quality productive forces, break the market situation of "one dominant player," narrow income inequality among enterprises, and thus break the existing enterprise competition order and distribution pattern, improving the mobility of social income and wealth. In a fairer and more orderly market environment, the people have more choices in material consumption, their diverse, multi-level, and multi-faceted spiritual and cultural needs are more easily satisfied, and common prosperity in both material life and cultural-ethical progress is more easily guaranteed.

新质生产力强调开放发展，注重解决发展中的内外联动问题，为构建高标准市场体系指明了方向。并且，新质生产力所强调的创新不仅是技术层面的创新，还包括管理层面和制度层面的创新，从而为高标准市场体系的建设提供崭新的技术支撑、监管路径和制度保障。高标准市场体系以清除妨碍市场公平的相关障碍、规范不当竞争行为、完善产权保护制度为主要方向，可有效避免中小企业的技术和品牌被侵权或模仿，保障中小企业的研发投入获得合理回报，巩固中小企业在市场竞争中的有利地位，从而保证收入分配的公平性。特别是，鉴于大型企业易满足和习惯于已有的成功模式，缺乏开拓和冒险精神，科层制下官僚文化沉重，组织效率低下，对市场反应迟缓，存在“船大掉头难”的问题；新质生产力所进行的体制机制创新亦可将解决“大企业病”作为改革方向之一，激发各类生产经营主体活力，为新兴企业提供入场机会，打破原有市场的垄断格局。小微企业可以将规模小的劣势转变为决策灵活性强的优势，快速响应市场动态和用户需求，成为新质生产力发展的生力军，破解“一家独大”市场局面，缩小企业间的收入不平等，从而打破现有的企业竞争秩序和分配格局，提高社会收入和财富的流动性。而在更公平有序的市场环境下，人民群众则更具有物质消费的选择权，其多样化、多层次、多方面的精神文化需求更易被满足，物质生活和精神生活的共同富裕更易得到保障。

(4) Eliminating the development gap through innovation, promoting integrated development of urban and rural areas and coordinated regional development

(四)以创新消弭发展鸿沟，推进城乡和区域一体化发展

Although the academic community worries that technological change may trigger income inequality between groups and regions, we should also optimistically see the positive role that seizing opportunities for scientific and technological innovation plays in solving the development gap between groups and regions. As a leap in productive forces, new quality productive forces can bring high-quality and sustainable economic development, enabling some people to get rich first; new quality productive forces also bring about changes in relations of production. New relations of production characterized by collaboration, cooperation, and shared development bring fair distribution methods, realizing the situation where those who get rich first help those who get rich later and assist those who get rich later (Yan Lianfu, Niu Ganggang, 2024). From past practice and the general trend of development, seizing the opportunities of the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation can realize the leading role of new quality productive forces in promoting urban-rural integration and regional coordinated development.

尽管学界担忧科技变革会引发群体间和地区间的收入不平等，但同时应乐观看到把握科技创新机遇为解决群体间和地区间的发展鸿沟问题所带来的积极作用。新质生产力作为生产力的跃迁，可带来高质量、可持续的经济发展，使得一部分人先富起来；新质生产力亦带来了生产关系的变革，以协同合作、共享发展为核心特征的新型生产关系带来了公平的分配方式，实现先富带后富、帮后富（燕连福、牛刚刚，2024）。从过往实践和发展大势来看，把握新一轮科技革命和产业变革机遇，可以实现以新质生产力引领推进城乡融合和区域协调发展。

The new development concept of sharing upheld by new quality productive forces can enable rural areas to break free from traditional economic growth models and paths of productive forces development, realizing rural revitalization. First, new quality productive forces, driven by innovation, can provide advanced technological means and brand-new management models for the modernization transformation of agriculture and the optimization of rural industrial structure, guarantee the efficient integration and efficient production of the primary, secondary, and tertiary industries in rural areas, stimulate the innovation vitality of the rural economy, and provide new channels for farmers to increase income and become prosperous. Second, exploring innovative methods for the talent work mechanism of new quality productive forces in rural areas can drive the improvement of the rural talent management network, thereby attracting talent to rural areas, retaining talent, and accumulating talent, promoting the balance of urban and rural talent reserves. Third, new quality productive forces contribute to the construction of Digital China, providing assistance for the improvement of the rural living environment and the enhancement of living convenience. Rural new infrastructure is gradually becoming widespread, and the urban-rural "digital divide" continues to narrow; public service applications such as online shopping, smart healthcare, and digital education are being promoted, the gap in urban and rural public services is narrowing, and the production and living environment of farmers is further improved. Finally, the innovation at the management and institutional level contained in new quality productive forces also drives the transformation of rural governance models. Along with the application of digital technology, smart devices, and intelligent systems in public management, the efficiency of rural governance is improved, which not only enhances farmers' sense of gain, happiness, and security, but also contributes to promoting the integration of urban and rural governance.

新质生产力坚持的共享新发展理念，可以使农村地区摆脱传统经济增长方式和生产力发展路径，实现乡村振兴。首先，新质生产力以创新为驱动可为农业现代化转型和农村产业结构优化提供先进的技术手段和全新的管理模式，保障农村一、二、三产的高效融合和高效生产，激发乡村经济的创新活力，为农民群体增收致富提供新渠道。其次，探索新质生产力在农村地区的人才工作机制创新办法，可以带动完善乡村人才管理网络，从而实现为农村吸引人才、留住人才、积累人才，促进城乡人才储备的均衡化。再次，新质生产力助力数字中国建设，为农村人居环境改善和生活便利程度提高提供助力。农村新型基础设施逐步普及，城乡“数字鸿沟”持续缩小；在线购物、智慧医疗、数字教育等公共服务类应用得以推广，城乡公共服务差距得以缩小，农民群体的生产生活环境得到进一步的改善。最后，新质生产力所蕴含的管理和制度层面的创新也带动农村治理模式的变革。伴随着数字技术、智能设备和智慧系统在公共管理中的应用，农村治理效能得以提高，不仅增强了农民群体的获得感、幸福感、安全感，也为推动城乡治理一体化作出贡献。

Implementing the new development concept and developing new quality productive forces provide a brand-new path for coordinated regional development. Technological innovation easily produces first-mover advantages and the "Matthew effect,"[6]6 The Matthew effect refers to the phenomenon whereby the rich get richer and the poor get poorer, a term derived from the biblical Gospel of Matthew and widely used in sociology and economics to describe cumulative advantage. and late-developing regions often find it difficult to catch up and enjoy the dividends brought by technological progress. New quality productive forces adhere to the concept of coordinated development, break the time and space limitations of traditional regional cooperation, provide new links for regions with different industrial foundations and development advantages, and eliminate the hidden dangers of regional imbalance caused by the "Matthew effect." Taking the "East Data, West Computing" project[7]7 The "East Data, West Computing" project is a Chinese national initiative launched in 2022 to channel data processing and computing power demands from the economically developed eastern regions to the resource-rich western regions, where land and energy are more abundant. as an example, the eastern region has huge potential demand for computing power in the market, but constrained by land resources and energy resources, it is difficult for the east to build large-scale data centers to guarantee the supply of computing power resources. Building a new intelligent computing network system with cloud computing, big data, artificial intelligence, and other new quality productive forces as technological support can give play to the natural endowment advantages of the west, guide the computing power demand of the east to the west in an orderly manner, realize the coordinated linkage of the east and west in data, computing power, energy, land, and other resources, and alleviate the current situation of insufficient natural resources and shortage of computing power resources in the east. In this process, new quality productive forces also inject development vitality into the west. Factors such as technology, capital, talent, and knowledge accelerate the flow from the east to the west, enabling the west to break free from its original late-development disadvantage, participate in the R&D of disruptive technologies and the transformation of frontier science and technology industries, thereby increasing the supply of high-quality employment positions and further narrowing the gap between the east and the west.

贯彻新发展理念、发展新质生产力为区域协调发展提供崭新路径。技术创新易产生先发优势和“马太效应”，后发地区往往难以赶超和享受到技术进步带来的红利。新质生产力坚持协调发展的理念，打破传统区域合作的时空限制，为不同产业基础和发展优势的地区提供新型链接，消除“马太效应”所产生的区域不平衡隐患。以“东数西算”工程为例，东部地区的算力市场需求潜力巨大，但受制于土地资源和能源资源，东部难以建设大规模的数据中心保障算力资源供应。以云计算、大数据、人工智能等新质生产力为技术支撑进行新型智算网络体系搭建，可以发挥西部的自然禀赋优势，将东部算力需求有序引导到西部，实现东西部在数据、算力、能源、土地等资源上的协同联动，缓解东部自然资源不足和算力资源短缺的现状。而在这一过程中，新质生产力亦为西部注入发展活力，技术、资金、人才、知识等要素从东部加速向西部流动，使西部从原有的后发劣势中摆脱出来，参与到颠覆性技术的研发和前沿科技产业的变革中，高质量就业岗位供给由此增加，东西部差距得以进一步缩小。

4. Accelerating the formation of distribution relations more compatible with the development of new quality productive forces

四、加快形成与新质生产力发展更相适应的分配关系

Distribution relations compatible with the development of new quality productive forces should take incentivizing innovation as the core feature, take respecting labor, respecting knowledge, respecting talent, and respecting creation as the basic connotation, take promoting the mutual integration and mutual promotion of high-quality development and the realization of the goal of common prosperity as the distribution orientation, and continuously stimulate the vitality of production factors such as labor, knowledge, technology, management, and data. Accelerating the formation of distribution relations compatible with the development of new quality productive forces, on the one hand, requires deeply cultivating the development advantages of new quality productive forces, providing reform soil for the improvement of the distribution system, applying new quality productive forces to innovate distribution models, creating incentive mechanisms matching new quality productive forces, and cultivating the demand support of new quality productive forces; on the other hand, it requires taking measures to avoid the adverse impact of the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation on the distribution pattern, allowing society to share the opportunities and benefits brought by the development of new quality productive forces, ensuring that the fruits of development benefit all the people more and more fairly, ultimately realizing the mutual integration and mutual promotion of developing new quality productive forces and optimizing the income distribution structure, and solidly promoting high-quality development and common prosperity.

与新质生产力发展相适应的分配关系要以激励创新为核心特征，以尊重劳动、尊重知识、尊重人才、尊重创造为基本内涵，以推动高质量发展和共同富裕目标实现的相互融合和相互促进为分配导向，持续激发劳动、知识、技术、管理和数据等生产要素活力。加快形成与新质生产力发展相适应的分配关系，一方面，要深耕新质生产力的发展优势，为分配制度完善提供的改革土壤，应用新质生产力创新分配模式，打造与新质生产力相匹配的激励机制，培育新质生产力的需求支撑；另一方面，要采取措施避免新一轮科技革命和产业变革对分配格局的不利影响，让社会共享新质生产力发展带来的机遇和益处，确保发展成果更多更公平地惠及全体人民，最终实现发展新质生产力与优化收入分配结构的相互融合和相互促进，扎实推动高质量发展和共同富裕。

(1) Improving the guarantee mechanism for new forms of employment, innovating the employment service mechanism

(一)完善新就业形态保障机制，创新就业服务机制

Given that new quality productive forces will give rise to new forms of employment, it is necessary to accelerate the improvement of safeguard mechanisms for new forms of employment. Starting with the protection of rights and interests, reform the work injury insurance system and the unemployment insurance system, allowing workers in new forms of employment to participate in insurance as individuals and obtain more flexible payment methods and insurance periods; develop new types of labor insurance products, leveraging the convenience of internet platforms to provide online purchase and claims services for workers in new forms of employment. Starting with labor arbitration, build and improve platforms for the protection of workers' rights and interests, providing low-cost labor arbitration guidance for workers in new forms of employment, shifting the burden of proof to enterprises and platforms to reduce workers' burden of investigation and evidence collection; strengthen the protection of private data in labor arbitration to avoid workers facing discrimination in subsequent recruitment due to involvement in labor arbitration. At the same time, further innovate employment service mechanisms, fully applying big data, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and mobile internet to employment monitoring, analyzing the causes of and solutions to technological unemployment, employment discrimination, and income inequality; and establish digital employment service platforms to quickly and accurately match the needs of workers and employers, promoting the free flow of labor. To better serve the employment of disadvantaged groups such as persons with disabilities, the elderly, and women, explore flexible work mechanisms and employment discrimination relief mechanisms, tap into the employment advantages of disadvantaged groups in terms of work experience and soft skills, and create office environments and employment opportunities that balance work and life for them.

鉴于新质生产力会引发新就业形态，需加快完善新型就业形态保障机制。从权益保障入手，改革工伤保险体系和失业保障体系，允许新就业形态劳动者以个人身份参保，获得更灵活的缴费方式和保险期限；开发新型劳动保险产品，利用互联网平台的便捷性为新就业形态劳动者提供在线购买和理赔服务。从劳动仲裁入手，建设和完善劳动者权益保障平台，为新就业形态劳动者提供低成本的劳动仲裁指导，将举证的责任转移至企业和平台，以减轻劳动者的调查举证负担；加强劳动仲裁的隐私数据保护，避免劳动者因涉入劳动仲裁而在之后招聘中遭遇歧视。同时，应进一步创新就业服务机制，将大数据、云计算、人工智能、移动互联网充分运用到就业监测中，分析技术性失业、就业歧视、收入不平等的成因和解决举措；并建立数字化就业服务平台，快速准确地匹配劳动者与用人单位的需求，促进劳动力自由流动。为更好地服务残疾人、老年人、妇女等就业弱势群体就业，可探索灵活办公机制和就业歧视救济机制，挖掘弱势群体在工作经验、软技能等方面的就业优势，为其创造平衡工作和生活的办公环境和就业机遇。

(II) Strengthen diversified talent incentive mechanisms, establishing distribution mechanisms that encourage innovation while tolerating failure

(二)强化多元化人才激励机制，建立鼓励创新又容忍失败的分配机制

Following the inherent requirements of the development of new quality productive forces, improve the mechanism whereby labor, knowledge, technology, management, and other talent-related factors of production are evaluated by the market for their contributions and remunerated according to contribution, strengthen the publicity of relevant distribution cases, and form a social atmosphere that respects labor, knowledge, talent, and creativity. In tackling key technologies of new quality productive forces, implement "posting challenges and claiming rewards" [8]8 "Posting challenges and claiming rewards" (揭榜挂帅) refers to a mechanism in which the government or enterprises publicly post technological challenges and allow teams or individuals to claim the task and lead the research, rather than assigning it through traditional administrative channels., strengthen the construction of talent incentive mechanisms that balance career development and livelihood security, and build highlands for the aggregation of talent in new quality productive forces. Establish distribution systems and mechanisms that both encourage innovation and tolerate failure, adapted to high-risk innovative and creative activities. Expand patient capital in the field of new quality productive forces, accelerate the cultivation of high-quality venture capital institutions, and leverage the role of various financing methods and tools such as risk capital. Establish and improve legal systems for personal and enterprise bankruptcy, fairly clarify creditor-debt relationships, protect the legitimate rights and interests of creditors and debtors, and to the greatest extent remove the worries of entrepreneurs. Establish a social security safety-net system matched with high-risk innovative and creative activities, so that people do not lose their means of livelihood when innovation and entrepreneurship fail; provide compensation for trial-and-error investment in new ideas, new products, and new technologies, to reduce market risks for emerging enterprises, especially small and medium-sized enterprises.

遵循新质生产力发展的内在要求，健全劳动、知识、技术、管理等人才相关生产要素由市场评价贡献、按贡献决定报酬的机制，加强相关分配案例的宣传，形成尊重劳动、尊重知识、尊重人才、尊重创造的社会氛围。在新质生产力关键技术攻关上推行“揭榜挂帅”，强化职业发展与生活保障相平衡的人才激励机制建设，打造新质生产力人才集聚高地。建立既鼓励创新又容忍失败的分配体制机制，与高风险的创新创造活动相适应。壮大新质生产力领域的耐心资本，加快培育高质量创业投资机构，发挥风险资本等多种融资方式和融资工具的作用。建立和完善企业与个人破产法律制度，公平厘清债权债务关系，保护债权人和债务人的合法权益，最大限度解除创业者的后顾之忧。建立与高风险的创新创造活动相匹配的社会保障托底制度，让人们在创新创业失败时不至于生活无以为继；为新想法、新产品、新技术投资试错提供补偿，以降低新兴企业特别是中小企业的市场风险。

(III) Improve mechanisms for precise implementation of technology benefiting the poor, building a pattern of public services with diversified supply

(三)完善科技益贫精准施策机制，构建多元供给的公共服务格局

Construct correct value ethics, social responsibilities, and behavioral norms in the digital era, jointly build a healthy, inclusive, trustworthy, and sustainable smart society, break down barriers in government data, and further promote the precise implementation of poverty-alleviation measures such as poverty alleviation and subsistence allowances. Explore the digital transformation of the public welfare sector, deeply implement "Internet + public welfare and charity," and pool social forces to create digital public welfare innovation spaces. Strengthen the cultivation of corporate social responsibility, encourage leading enterprises and large enterprises to integrate the concept of "technology benefiting the people" into their practice of corporate social responsibility, empower social assistance work with technology, regularly organize the collection of cases of technology benefiting the people, and carry out publicity and commendation. At the same time, use innovative technologies such as big data, artificial intelligence, and cloud computing to reform the public service management system, and expand the inclusive supply of public services in key areas such as elderly care, childcare, education, and medical care. To narrow regional gaps and the urban-rural technology divide, accelerate the construction of balanced and accessible new infrastructure. Advance the construction of a national integrated computing network, realizing the coordinated linkage of new productive materials such as computing power, networks, data, and green energy, providing new economic growth points and employment opportunities for the western region. Strengthen the construction of information infrastructure and logistics infrastructure in rural areas, empower agriculture and rural development with intelligence, and reduce the costs of rural management and agricultural monitoring.

构建数字时代正确的价值伦理、社会责任和行为规范，共建健康包容、可信赖、可持续的智慧社会，打通政务数据壁垒，进一步推进扶贫、低保等益贫措施的精准实施。探索公益领域数字化转型，深入实施“互联网+公益慈善”，凝聚社会力量打造数字公益创新空间。加强企业社会责任培育，鼓励龙头企业、大型企业将“科技惠民”理念融入企业社会责任的实践之中，以技术赋能社会救助工作，定期组织科技惠民案例征集，进行宣传和表彰。同时，应借助大数据、人工智能、云计算等创新科技革新公共服务管理体系，扩大养老、托育、教育、医疗等重点领域的公共服务普惠化供给。为缩小区域差距和城乡科技鸿沟，应加快建设均衡可及的新型基础设施。推进全国一体化算力网搭建，实现算力、网络、数据、绿色能源等新型生产资料的协同联动，为西部地区提供新的经济增长点和就业机遇。加强农村地区信息基础设施、物流基础设施建设，智慧赋能农业、农村发展，降低农村管理和农业监测的成本。

(IV) Strengthen the digital construction of social governance, exploring new mechanisms for the distribution of factor remuneration

(四)加强社会治理数字化建设，探索新型要素报酬分配机制

In strengthening the digital construction of social governance, to ensure equal opportunity and avoid bias and discrimination arising from algorithms, an audit system for artificial intelligence algorithms can be established, dynamically adjusting audit strategies in links such as classification, sorting, filtering, search, recommendation, prediction, and evaluation, and balancing the rights and interests of all parties involved in algorithms. To promote market fairness, a national unified large-market digital platform with interconnected information and mutually recognized credit can be built, implementing the market access system of "one national list" [9]9 "One national list" (全国一张清单) refers to a unified national negative list for market access, meaning that all market access restrictions are specified in a single list applied uniformly across the country, with anything not on the list being open to entry., conducting online evaluations of market access effectiveness, setting up online windows for social supervision, continuously cleaning up regulations in the bidding and procurement field that violate unified market construction, and maintaining fair market competition order. To bridge the development gap, new technologies can be used to further improve the redistribution and tertiary distribution systems, enhancing both horizontal and vertical fairness of redistribution, applying technologies such as artificial intelligence and big data to achieve "precise taxation," investigating issues such as income concealment and tax rebates related to high-income groups, conducting online pilots to gradually explore an income tax declaration system combining family and individual, and using digital transformation to simplify the pre-tax deduction process for public welfare donations. In constructing distribution mechanisms for new factors such as data, at the stage of primary distribution, follow the principle of "whoever invests, whoever contributes, whoever benefits," tilting toward the creators of data value and enriching the people's direct sources of income; at the stages of secondary and tertiary distribution of income, focus on the principle of "taken from the people, used for the people," regulating excessively high incomes through means such as data taxes, and using the monetary returns generated by public data for public services, so that the people share in the dividends of development.

在加强社会治理数字化建设上，为保障机会均等，规避因算法产生的偏见和歧视，可建立人工智能算法审核系统，动态调整分类、排序、过滤、搜索、推荐、预测、评估等环节的审核策略，平衡算法所涉及的各方的权益。为推动市场公平，可搭建信息互通和信用互认的全国统一大市场数字平台，落实“全国一张清单”的市场准入制度，开展市场准入效能的线上评估，设置社会监督线上窗口，持续清理招标采购领域违反统一市场建设的规定，维护市场公平竞争秩序。为消弭发展鸿沟，可利用新技术进一步完善再分配和第三次分配体系，增强再分配的横向公平和纵向公平，应用人工智能、大数据等技术实现“精准税收”，核查与高收入群体相关的收入隐匿、税收返还等问题，开展线上试点逐步探索家庭与个人相结合的所得税申报制度，利用数字化转型简化公益捐赠的税前扣除流程。在构建数据等新型要素分配机制时，可在初次分配时按照“谁投入、谁贡献、谁受益”的原则，向数据价值创造者倾斜，丰富人民群众的直接收益来源；在收益二次分配和三次分配时，注重“取之于民，用之于民”的原则，通过数据税等方式调节过高收益，将公共数据所产生的货币收益用于公共服务，使人民群众共享发展红利。

Online editor: Paul

网络编辑：保罗