The Philosophical Foundation of the Theory of Chinese-Path Modernization

At the opening ceremony of the study and training class on the spirit of the 20th National Congress of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping clearly pointed out that “the theory of Chinese-path modernization is a major theoretical innovation of the 20th National Congress of the CPC and the latest major achievement of scientific socialism,” and emphasized that “the unique world outlook, values, view of history, view of civilization, view of democracy, and view of ecology contained in Chinese-path modernization, along with its great practice, represent a major innovation in the world’s modernization theory and practice.” It can be seen from this that innovating and developing the theory of Chinese-path modernization has become a key theme in opening up new horizons for adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times. Since modern times, China’s leap from a poor and weak country to the world’s second-largest economy and a major industrial power has been inseparable from the Communist Party of China’s profound summation of practical experience, and even more inseparable from the CPC’s arduous exploration of the theory of Chinese-path modernization. However, if one limits oneself to a superficial interpretation of the relevant viewpoints of the theory of Chinese-path modernization, it is difficult to touch upon the deep-seated foundation of this theory. The many risks and challenges emerging in the process of world modernization urgently need to be addressed, which also urgently requires us to deeply interpret the valuable essence of the theory of Chinese-path modernization from a philosophical level. Therefore, focusing on the overall development of socialist modernization, further elucidating that the “six outlooks” [1]1 The “six perspectives” (六观) refer to the six aspects of worldview, values, view of history, view of civilization, view of democracy, and view of ecology that the author argues are embedded in Chinese-path modernization. contained in Chinese-path modernization constitute the philosophical foundation of the theory of Chinese-path modernization has its necessity and importance for the times. To deeply grasp the philosophical foundation of the theory of Chinese-path modernization, on the one hand, we must deeply understand its profound implications and core essence; on the other hand, we must accurately grasp its internal mechanism and the internal consistency of its various elements. Only in this way can we ensure that the path of Chinese-path modernization always advances in the correct direction, can we greatly expand the innovative development landscape of world modernization, and provide Chinese wisdom and Chinese solutions for creating a new form of human civilization.

在党的二十大精神学习研讨班开班式上，习近平总书记明确指出，“中国式现代化理论是党的二十大的一个重大理论创新，是科学社会主义的最新重大成果”，并强调，“中国式现代化蕴含的独特世界观、价值观、历史观、文明观、民主观、生态观等及其伟大实践，是对世界现代化理论和实践的重大创新”。由此可见，创新发展中国式现代化理论，已成为开辟马克思主义中国化时代化新境界的关键主题。近代以来，中国从积贫积弱的国家一跃成为世界第二大经济体和重要工业国，离不开中国共产党对实践经验的深刻总结，更离不开中国共产党对中国式现代化理论的艰辛探索。然而，若仅限于对中国式现代化理论相关观点进行表层阐释，则难以触及该理论的深层根基。世界现代化进程中涌现的诸多风险与挑战亟待解决，这也迫切要求我们从哲学层面深入解读中国式现代化理论的价值精髓。因此，着眼于社会主义现代化建设总体发展全局，进一步阐明中国式现代化蕴含的“六观”是中国式现代化理论的哲学根基，有其时代必要性和重要性。深刻把握中国式现代化理论的哲学根基，一方面要深入理解其深层意蕴与核心要义，另一方面要准确把握其内在机理及其各要素的内在一致性。只有这样，才能保证中国式现代化道路始终朝着正确方向前进，才能大大拓展世界现代化的创新发展版图，为创造人类文明新形态提供中国智慧和中国方案。

I. The Importance of Deeply Grasping the Philosophical Foundation of the Theory of Chinese-Path Modernization

一、 深刻把握中国式现代化理论哲学根基的重要性

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Modernization is concrete, historical, and diverse. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “There is no single modernization model that is set in stone, nor is there a one-size-fits-all modernization standard.” Chinese-path modernization has completely broken the single world historical interpretation model dominated by Western countries. It not only possesses the common features of modernization in countries around the world but also highlights its own distinct Chinese characteristics. To deeply grasp the philosophical foundation of the theory of Chinese-path modernization and its importance, we must not only clarify the creative construction of the theory of Chinese-path modernization at the philosophical level but also return to concrete practice to delve into its practical guiding significance.

现代化是具体的、历史的、多样的。习近平总书记指出：“世界上既不存在定于一尊的现代化模式，也不存在放之四海而皆准的现代化标准。”中国式现代化彻底打破了由西方国家主导的单一的世界历史解释模式，既具有世界各国现代化的共同特征，也彰显出自身鲜明的中国特色。深入把握中国式现代化理论的哲学根基及其重要性，既要明确中国式现代化理论在哲学层面上的创造性建构，还要回归具体实践去深究其现实指导意义。

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1. It helps to deepen the study of the laws of the unique development path of Chinese-path modernization

1.有助于深化中国式现代化独特发展道路的规律性研究

In the context of changes unseen in a century, the key reason why China has been able to achieve sustained and stable development lies in the fact that Chinese-path modernization has successfully broken the long-standing constraints and limitations of Western modernization and correctly understood the relationship between the modernization movement and the shared future of mankind. The most significant difference between the theory of Chinese-path modernization and Western modernization theory lies in its strong subjective originality at the philosophical level. The theory of Chinese-path modernization has always adhered to the Two Integrations as its foundation, highlighting the theoretical core and value appeal of the “six outlooks” contained in Chinese-path modernization.

在世界百年未有之大变局中，中国之所以能够实现持续稳定的发展，关键在于中国式现代化成功打破了西方现代化长期以来的束缚与局限，正确理解了现代化运动与人类命运休戚与共的关系。中国式现代化理论与西方现代化理论最显著的差异，在于其在哲学层面展现出强烈的主体原创性。中国式现代化理论始终坚持以“两个结合”为基础，凸显中国式现代化蕴含的“六观”这一理论内核和价值诉求。

The unique philosophical implications of the theory of Chinese-path modernization have been continuously condensed and deepened in China’s modern historical practice. After the Opium War of 1840, due to the aggression of foreign powers, the feudal imperial power system model characterized by endogenous self-sufficiency gradually disintegrated. The deep-seated drawbacks accumulated by this model over a thousand years aggravated the difficulty of China’s transition from a traditional society to a modern society. Subsequently, various revolutionary movements organized by China’s advanced intellectuals suffered repeated setbacks. Since Marxism was introduced into China, the Communist Party of China, under the scientific guidance of Marxism, has radiated unprecedented progressive power and revolutionary enthusiasm. In his “Introduction to A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right,” Marx pointed out: “Philosophy makes the proletariat its material weapon, just as the proletariat makes philosophy its spiritual weapon.” This assertion not only reveals the close relationship of mutual dependence and mutual promotion between philosophy and the proletariat but also emphasizes the core guiding role of Marxism in the proletarian revolution. As early as in “On Our Revolution,” Lenin made a correct theoretical prediction about the development models of the East and China: “The general laws of world historical development not only do not in the least exclude the possibility of individual stages of development exhibiting peculiarities in form or order, but, on the contrary, presuppose them... These peculiarities will produce certain partial new things in the Eastern countries as well.” Today, Chinese-path modernization has achieved great historical accomplishments that have attracted worldwide attention, demonstrating the unique advantages and strong vitality of socialism with Chinese characteristics. The theory of Chinese-path modernization constantly advances with the times, integrating with the constantly developing and changing historical reality, and continuously realizing the creative development of Marxist modernization theory.

中国式现代化理论的独特哲学意蕴在中国近代历史实践中不断凝练和深化。1840年鸦片战争以后，由于列强侵略，以内源性自足为特征的封建皇权制度模式逐渐解体。这一模式历经千载所累积的深重弊端，加重了中国从传统社会向现代社会转型的艰难性。此后，中国先进知识分子组织的各项革命运动接连受挫。自从马克思主义传入中国，中国共产党在马克思主义的科学指引下焕发出前所未有的进步力量与革命热情。马克思在《〈黑格尔法哲学批判〉导言》中指出，“哲学把无产阶级当做自己的物质武器，同样，无产阶级也把哲学当做自己的精神武器”。这一论断不仅揭示了哲学与无产阶级相互依存、相互促进的紧密关系，而且强调了马克思主义在无产阶级革命中的核心指导作用。列宁早在《论我国革命》中就对东方与中国的发展模式作出正确的理论预见，“世界历史发展的一般规律，不仅丝毫不排斥个别发展阶段在发展的形式或顺序上表现出特殊性，反而是以此为前提的……这些特殊性到了东方国家又会产生某些局部的新东西”。而今，中国式现代化已取得举世瞩目的伟大历史成就，彰显了中国特色社会主义的独特优势和强大生命力。中国式现代化理论不断与时俱进，结合不断发展变化的历史现实，不断实现对马克思主义现代化理论的创造性发展。

Philosophy is a systematized and theorized world outlook. Delving into the philosophical foundation of the theory of Chinese-path modernization helps our Party to deeply study objective laws in practice and consciously apply objective laws, especially in playing a key role in constructing a theoretical system of Chinese-path modernization with realistic explanatory power. In June 2023, when presiding over the sixth collective study session of the Political Bureau of the Party Central Committee, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized: “Promoting the systematization and theorization of theory is an inherent requirement and an important pathway for theoretical innovation.” It can be seen from this that only by deepening the study of the philosophical foundation of the theory of Chinese-path modernization and continuously promoting the development of theory towards greater systematization and theorization can theoretical innovation continuously achieve fruitful results in the process of “practice, cognition, re-practice, and re-cognition.”

哲学是系统化、理论化的世界观。深究中国式现代化理论的哲学根基，有助于我们党深入实际研究客观规律并自觉运用客观规律，特别是在构建具有现实解释力的中国式现代化理论体系方面发挥关键作用。2023年6月，习近平总书记在主持中共中央政治局第六次集体学习时强调：“推进理论的体系化、学理化，是理论创新的内在要求和重要途径。”由此可知，唯有深化对中国式现代化理论哲学根基的研究，不断推动理论向更加体系化、学理化的方向发展，才能让理论创新在“实践、认识，再实践、再认识”的过程中不断取得丰硕成果。

The importance of the philosophical foundation of the theory of Chinese-path modernization in deepening theoretical research can be analyzed from the characteristics of the “six outlooks” contained in Chinese-path modernization. First, the world outlook of Chinese-path modernization adheres to the distinct foundation of dialectical materialism and historical materialism, reflecting China’s overall view and general method regarding world modernization. This enables China to always stand on the correct side of history, guide the construction of socialist modernization by grasping universal laws and then combining them with China’s specific realities. Second, the values of Chinese-path modernization follow the fundamental propositions of scientific socialist values, using core socialist values and the common values of all mankind as value norms. This enables the Communist Party of China to unswervingly strive for the free and comprehensive development of human beings and lead the future trend of world modernization development. Third, the view of history of Chinese-path modernization adheres to the fundamental stance of historical materialism, emphasizing grasping various major issues in China’s social development from the perspectives of practice and contradiction. This enables China to seize the opportunity of historical change and prepare for a historic leap. Fourth, the view of civilization of Chinese-path modernization insists on drawing nourishment from the over 5,000 years of Chinese civilization, emphasizing the coordinated development of material civilization and cultural-ethical progress, and breaking the situation where capital logic dominates people through things. This enables China to make original contributions to creating a new form of human civilization. Fifth, the view of democracy of Chinese-path modernization emphasizes that the people are the subjects of democracy, and its concept of whole-process people’s democracy represents the development direction of human political civilization. This not only highlights the superiority of socialist democracy with Chinese characteristics but also enriches and develops the theory of socialist democratic politics. Sixth, the view of ecology of Chinese-path modernization has insightfully perceived that the Western traditional development model is unsustainable, elevating the understanding of the relationship between environment and development to a new height. The problems behind environment and development have led China to optimize and adjust the relationship between economic development and environmental protection from a systematic and comprehensive perspective. In summary, the philosophical foundation of the theory of Chinese-path modernization provides important ideological support from multiple levels and angles for enriching its academic theoretical research and achieving a thorough understanding of the internal logic of the theory of Chinese-path modernization.

中国式现代化理论的哲学根基在深化理论研究中的重要性，可从中国式现代化蕴含的“六观”的品格进行分析。其一，中国式现代化的世界观坚持辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义的鲜明底色，反映中国对世界现代化总的看法和总的方法。这使得中国始终站在历史正确的一方，通过掌握普遍规律，再结合中国具体实际来指导社会主义现代化建设。其二，中国式现代化的价值观遵循科学社会主义价值观的根本主张，以社会主义核心价值观和全人类共同价值作为价值规范。这使得中国共产党能坚定不移地为实现人的自由全面发展奋斗，引领世界现代化发展的未来趋势。其三，中国式现代化的历史观坚持唯物史观的根本立场，强调从实践观点和矛盾观点把握中国社会发展中的各项重大问题。这使得中国能抓住历史变革时机，为实现历史性跨越做好准备。其四，中国式现代化的文明观坚持从5000多年的中华文明中汲取养分，强调物质文明和精神文明协调发展，打破资本逻辑以物支配人的局面。这使得中国能够在创造人类文明新形态方面作出原创性贡献。其五，中国式现代化的民主观强调人民是民主的主体，其全过程人民民主理念更是代表着人类政治文明的发展方向。这不仅凸显中国特色社会主义民主的优越性，而且丰富和发展了社会主义民主政治理论。其六，中国式现代化的生态观前瞻性地洞察到西方传统发展模式难以为继，将对环境与发展的关系认知提升至全新高度。环境与发展背后的问题使得中国从系统全面的角度优化调整经济发展与环境保护之间的关系。总而言之，中国式现代化理论的哲学根基，从多个层面和角度为丰富其学术理论研究、实现中国式现代化理论内在逻辑的融会贯通提供了重要的思想支撑。

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2. It helps to expand the practical space of the theory of Chinese-path modernization on the new great journey

2.有助于在新的伟大征程中拓展中国式现代化理论的实践空间

To speak abstractly of theoretical guidance divorced from concrete spatiotemporal conditions is meaningless. Whether a theory is scientific must be repeatedly tested in practice. Marx proposed in his *Theses on Feuerbach*: “The philosophers have only interpreted the world in various ways; the point is to change it.” This reveals that Marxist philosophy must face the real world and cannot remain at the level of abstract intuition or false construction of the real world. Chinese-path modernization theory, as a great innovation proven by practice, contains profound philosophical thought that helps correctly handle the major relationships between tradition and modernity, the part and the whole, and current development and long-term development, and plays a crucial role in guiding the great practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

离开具体的时空条件去空谈理论的指导是无意义的。一种理论是否科学，必须要在实践中反复检验。马克思在《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》中提出：“哲学家们只是用不同的方式解释世界，问题在于改变世界。”这就揭示了马克思主义哲学要面向现实世界，而不能停留在对现实世界的抽象直观或虚假构造的理解上。中国式现代化理论作为被实践证明了的伟大创新，其内蕴的深刻哲学思想有助于正确处理传统与现代、局部与整体、当前发展与长远发展的重大关系问题，对于引领中国特色社会主义伟大实践具有至关重要的作用。

Chinese-path modernization theory correctly handles the relationship between tradition and modernity through integration and innovation. Looking back at the evolutionary process of Chinese-path modernization, it can be seen that China’s path toward modernization unfolded in a relatively passive manner against the backdrop of encountering a profound national crisis. However, through arduous exploration, China gradually broke free from the binary thinking that “achieving modernization necessarily means negating tradition” and instead adopted a dialectical perspective on the relationship between tradition and modernity. “Tradition is not something waiting to disappear on its own, but something with great elasticity. Under given historical conditions, it can be considerably changed, created, and shaped to suit current needs and desires.” This indicates that tradition and modernity are not opposed to each other but are mutually integrated. By transforming elements of tradition that still have reference value according to the characteristics of the times, their inherent vitality can be continuously activated. From a practical perspective, the issue of properly handling the relationship between tradition and modernity permeates multiple levels of society. For example, in the process of economic development, the rapid advancement of industrialization and urbanization has enabled digital technology to empower traditional industries in an all-round, multi-angle, and whole-chain manner. The deep integration of digitalization with traditional industries can not only promote the high-quality development of traditional industries but also contribute to solving the problem of insufficient supply-side structural reform. In terms of cultural heritage and development, to ensure that the root and soul of the Chinese nation are not lost in the process of Chinese-path modernization, the complementary and symbiotic nature of tradition and modernity must be clarified, and efforts must be made to deeply excavate and inherit the excellent traditional Chinese culture, building a solid ideological pillar for the process of Chinese-path modernization.

中国式现代化理论在融合与创新中正确处理传统与现代的关系问题。回溯中国式现代化的演进历程可以发现，中国迈向现代化的道路是在遭遇深重民族危机的背景下，以一种较为被动的方式展开的。但中国在艰难求索中逐渐摆脱了“实现现代化必须否定传统”的二元论思维局限，转而从辩证视角看待传统与现代的关系问题。“传统并非是某种等待着自行消亡的东西，而是具有极大的伸缩性物。在既定历史条件下，它能被相当程度地改变、创造和形塑以适应当前的需求和愿望。”这表明传统与现代并不是相互对立的，而是相互融通的。按照时代特点对传统中仍然具有借鉴价值的因素加以改造，可以源源不断地激活其内在的生命力。从实践意义上看，妥善处理传统与现代之间的关系这一议题广泛渗透于社会的多个层面。例如，在经济发展的过程中，工业化与城镇化的快速推进促使数字技术全方位、多角度、全链条地赋能传统产业。数字化与传统产业的深度融合不仅能推动传统产业高质量发展，而且能为破解供给侧结构性不足这一难题贡献力量。在文化传承发展方面，为确保在中国式现代化进程中不丢失中华民族的根与魂，必须明确传统与现代之间的互补共生性，注重深入挖掘并传承中华优秀传统文化，为中国式现代化进程构筑坚实的思想支柱。

Chinese-path modernization theory grasps the relationship between China and the world from a global perspective. In Marxist philosophy, the part and the whole are an important pair of categories, revealing the dialectical relationship of interdependence and mutual influence between things. On this, Mao Zedong clearly pointed out, “The whole cannot be independent of the parts; the whole is composed of all its parts,” and “Parts are subordinate to the whole.” It can be seen that the world’s prosperity and progress cannot be separated from China’s active contributions, and China’s development process must never be “decoupled” from the world’s development process. Facing the surging tide of the world modernization process, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Deng Xiaoping at its core deeply realized that no country could develop alone in the era of economic globalization. Based on this, the Party Central Committee made the farsighted historical decision at the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee to implement reform and opening up, continuously promoting the market-oriented reform of the domestic economy. From then on, China’s pace of opening up to the outside world grew ever larger, and the process of Chinese-path modernization greatly accelerated. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has always coordinated domestic and international development affairs from the strategic height of global development, demonstrating long-term strategic vision and profound political foresight. China not only actively participates in global governance on a global scale but also practically promotes international cooperation projects such as the Belt and Road Initiative, planning development and cooperation between countries, and achieving both “bringing in” and “going global.” Under the guidance of the Party’s innovative theories in the New Era, the Party Central Committee has consistently proceeded from a holistic, systematic, and synergistic perspective, promoting the smooth progress of the country’s various tasks in an orderly manner.

中国式现代化理论以全球视野把握中国与世界的关系问题。在马克思主义哲学中，部分与整体是一对重要的范畴，揭示了事物之间相互依存、相互影响的辩证关系。对此，毛泽东明确指出，“全局性的东西，不能脱离局部而独立，全局是由它的一切局部构成的”，“局部性的东西是隶属于全局性的东西的”。由此可见，世界的繁荣进步离不开中国的积极贡献，中国的发展进程也绝不能与世界发展进程“脱钩”。面对世界现代化进程的汹涌浪潮，以邓小平同志为核心的党中央深刻意识到，任何国家都无法在经济全球化时代独自发展。基于此，党中央在十一届三中全会上高瞻远瞩地作出实行改革开放的历史性决策，不断推动国内经济的市场化改革。至此，我国对外开放的脚步越迈越大，中国式现代化进程大大加速。党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央始终从全球发展的战略高度出发，统筹国内外发展事务，展现出长远的战略视野和深邃的政治远见。我国不仅在全球范围内积极参与全球治理，还切实推动“一带一路”倡议等国际合作项目，谋划国家间的发展与合作，做到“引进来”和“走出去”并举。在新时代党的创新理论的指引下，党中央一以贯之地从全局、系统、协同的角度出发，有条不紊地推动国家各项工作顺利开展。

Chinese-path modernization theory focuses on interpreting the relationship between China’s current development and long-term development. China has now completed the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects and has begun to steadily advance toward the second centenary goal. [1]1 The “six perspectives” (六观) refer to the six aspects of worldview, values, view of history, view of civilization, view of democracy, and view of ecology that the author argues are embedded in Chinese-path modernization. Compared with the exploratory reforms of the early period of reform and opening up, which were like “crossing the river by feeling for stones,” the difficulty of current reforms is even greater, because comprehensively deepening reform touches more on major areas and key links of social development, often requiring multi-faceted coordination for smooth implementation. In this context, Western countries spare no effort in promoting the “China collapse theory” and the “China threat theory.” These are not only serious misreadings of the facts of China’s development but also attempts by Western countries to cover up the profound crises and contradictions accumulated in their own modernization processes by diverting international attention. These theories ignore the remarkable achievements, valuable experience, and great wisdom China has gained in dealing with complex social contradictions, promoting economic transformation and upgrading, advancing social fairness and justice, and strengthening international cooperation. Therefore, on the one hand, we should critically examine Western modernization and, from a long-term perspective, provide more comprehensive theoretical support for promoting mutual understanding and common development on a global scale. On the other hand, we should deeply investigate the philosophical foundations of Chinese-path modernization theory, enhance the recognition of countries around the world of China’s development path, theoretical system, institutions, and culture, and jointly explore new paths for building a community with a shared future for mankind.

中国式现代化理论注重解读中国当前发展与长远发展的关系问题。当前我国已全面建成小康社会，开始朝着第二个百年奋斗目标稳步迈进。相比于改革开放初期“摸着石头过河”的探索性改革，当前改革的难度更加艰巨，因为全面深化改革更多触及社会发展的重大领域和关键环节，往往需要多方面联动才能得以顺利实施。在这个背景下，西方国家不遗余力地鼓吹“中国崩溃论”与“中国威胁论”等论调，这不仅是对中国发展事实的严重误读，更是西方国家通过转移国际视线来掩盖自身现代化进程中累积的深刻危机与矛盾的企图。这些论调忽略了中国在应对复杂社会矛盾、推动经济转型升级、促进社会公平正义以及加强国际合作等方面取得的显著成就、宝贵经验与巨大智慧。因此，我们一方面应当批判性地审视西方现代化，从长远角度出发，为促进全球范围内的相互理解和共同发展提供更全面的理论支撑；另一方面应当深究中国式现代化理论的哲学根基，增进世界各国对中国发展道路、理论体系、制度和文化的认同，共同探索构建人类命运共同体的新路径。

II. The Profound Connotation and Main Content of the Philosophical Foundations of Chinese-Path Modernization Theory

二、 中国式现代化理论哲学根基的深刻内涵与主要内容

Chinese-path modernization theory profoundly reveals the essence and laws of socialist modernization and is a enrichment and development of the theory of scientific socialism. Scientifically understanding and grasping the profound connotation and main content of the philosophical foundations of Chinese-path modernization theory can help us more clearly understand the historical context and logical starting point of Chinese-path modernization development, clarify the Chinese characteristics and Chinese wisdom contained therein, and provide a solid theoretical foundation and clear directional guidance for reflecting on the value advantages of Chinese-path modernization and envisioning its development prospects from a higher level.

中国式现代化理论深刻揭示了社会主义现代化建设的本质和规律，是对科学社会主义理论的丰富与发展。科学认识和把握中国式现代化理论哲学根基的深刻内涵与主要内容，能够帮助我们更加清晰地理解中国式现代化发展的历史脉络与逻辑起点，明确蕴含在其中的中国特色与中国智慧，为站在更高层次上反映中国式现代化的价值优势和展望中国式现代化的发展前景，提供坚实的理论基础和明确的方向指引。

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1. The Profound Connotation of the Philosophical Foundations of Chinese-Path Modernization Theory

1.中国式现代化理论哲学根基的深刻内涵

What exactly is “modernization”? Luo Rongqu traced the origins of the term “modernization” and conducted a comprehensive and profound analysis of its connotation and evolutionary process based on different criteria for dividing historical periods in the East and West. [2]2 The “clash of civilizations” theory is a thesis popularized by political scientist Samuel Huntington in the 1990s, arguing that cultural and religious identities will be the primary source of conflict in the post-Cold War world. He believed that modernization is a “broad, multi-layered, and multi-stage historical process.” In a broad sense, modernization refers to a great social transformation driven by industrialization that has permeated all fields since the Industrial Revolution in human society. In a narrow sense, modernization refers to the process by which a country or region accelerates its catch-up with advanced industrial countries and integrates into world development in order to escape its underdeveloped state. Western academia has also offered various interpretations of the term “modernization.” Among them, R. Bendix argued that the role of government in modernization in relatively backward societies is greater than in developed societies, but this is premised on the existence of an effective government. Some scholars also believe that an effective government is a characteristic of relative modernity or development. It can be seen that modernization is a complex and multi-dimensional process of social change, and the continuous evolution of modernization means that the structures and norms of traditional society are constantly being challenged.

“现代化”究竟是什么？罗荣渠曾对“现代化”一词追本溯源，以东西方不同的历史分期划分标准对“现代化”的内涵及其演进历程作过全面深刻的剖析。他认为，现代化是一个“包罗宏富、多层次、多阶段的历史过程”。从广义上看，现代化是指自工业革命以来人类社会所经历的一场由工业化驱动的、渗透至各领域的社会大变革；从狭义上看，现代化是指一个国家或地区为摆脱不发达状态加速追赶先进工业国并融入世界发展的进程。西方学术界也对“现代化”一词作过多种阐释，其中R.本迪克斯认为，政府在相对落后社会的现代化中的作用比在发达社会大，但这是以有效政府的存在为前提，也有学者认为有效政府是相对现代性或发展的一个特征。可见，现代化是一个复杂且多维的社会变迁过程，现代化的不断演进意味着传统社会的结构和规范不断面临挑战。

Modernization theory originates from modernization practice. The study of modernization theory truly began only after the Second World War, undergoing three stages of development: early modernization theory, classical modernization theory, and new modernization theory. It can be said that the study of modernization theory has been continuously refined and revised as the times have evolved, generally presenting a trend of becoming more scientific and comprehensive. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, our country gradually explored a unique path of modernization development suited to China's national conditions and with Chinese characteristics, profoundly influencing the pattern of world modernization and also breaking the long-dominant theoretical pattern of modernization centered on "Western-centrism." Western scholar Lawrence Henry Summers, in evaluating China's modernization achievements, pointed out that they are "comparable in impact to the Industrial Revolution." So, what essential differences exist between the theory of Chinese-path modernization and Western modernization theory? The key to distinguishing them lies in the difference in their philosophical foundations. "From its inception, philosophy has taken the contemplation of the totality as its fundamental characteristic." [1]1 The “six perspectives” (六观) refer to the six aspects of worldview, values, view of history, view of civilization, view of democracy, and view of ecology that the author argues are embedded in Chinese-path modernization. The contemplation of the highest and ultimate questions must be grounded in a philosophical foundation; this is the fundamental basis for the existence of the theory of Chinese-path modernization. To explore the profound connotation of the philosophical foundation of the theory of Chinese-path modernization, we can proceed from three aspects: "people-centered," "independence and self-reliance," and "embracing the world with a broad vision."

现代化理论来源于现代化实践。现代化理论研究直至第二次世界大战以后才真正开启，经历了早期现代化理论、经典现代化理论、新现代化理论三个发展阶段。可以说，现代化理论研究随着时代发展变化不断完善和修正，总体上呈现出更为科学全面的发展态势。新中国成立后，我国逐步探索出符合中国国情的、具有中国特色的独特现代化发展道路，深刻影响了世界现代化的发展格局，也打破了长期以来以“西方中心论”为主导的现代化理论格局。西方学者劳伦斯·亨利·萨默斯在评价中国的现代化成就时指出，其“足以和工业革命的影响相媲美”。那么，中国式现代化理论与西方现代化理论存在什么样的本质差异？区分的关键便在于二者哲学根基的不同。“哲学从其诞生之日起，就以思考大全为根本特征。”对最高问题和终极性问题的思考必须落脚于哲学根基，这是中国式现代化理论之所以存在的根本依据。探究中国式现代化理论哲学根基的深刻内涵，可以从“人民至上”“独立自主”“胸怀天下”三方面入手。

First, responding to the people's questions is manifested in the philosophical foundation of the theory of Chinese-path modernization as adhering to "people-centered." Every historic achievement of Chinese-path modernization is inseparable from the labor and creativity of the masses. The adherence to the "people-centered" concept has been continuously verified and deepened in the practical process of the Party leading the people in socialist revolution, construction, and reform. The theory of Chinese-path modernization is a holistic theory studying the essence and driving forces of Chinese-path modernization; it makes original contributions to historical materialism at a new historical juncture. The reason is that, from the perspective of historical materialism, the masses are the creators of society's material and spiritual wealth and the decisive force driving historical progress. Although the Western logic of capital supremacy freed people from traditional dependencies, it also reduced people to appendages of capital, ultimately causing the dual alienation of humanity in material and spiritual terms. Since its founding, the Communist Party of China has absorbed the people-oriented thought from fine traditional Chinese culture, established the original aspiration and founding mission of seeking happiness for the people, and shouldered the historical task of realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Chinese-path modernization truly safeguards the fundamental interests of the people. From "serving the people" to "people-centered" to "people-first," the evolution of this series of discourses demonstrates that the CPC fully values the subjective agency of the masses. In the final analysis, Chinese-path modernization takes people as the fundamental purpose and ultimate destination of modernization.

第一，回应人民之问体现在中国式现代化理论的哲学根基方面，就是坚持“人民至上”。中国式现代化取得的每一个历史性成就，都离不开人民群众的劳动和创造。坚持“人民至上”理念在党领导人民进行社会主义革命、建设和改革的实践过程中得到不断验证与深化。中国式现代化理论是研究中国式现代化本质和动力问题的整体性理论，它在新的历史节点上对历史唯物主义作出了原创性贡献。其原因在于，在历史唯物主义的视阈下人民群众是社会物质财富和精神财富的创造者，是推动历史进步的决定力量。西方资本至上逻辑尽管让人们从传统的依赖关系中解脱出来，但也使人沦为资本的附庸，最终造成人在物质和精神上的双重异化。中国共产党自成立伊始便汲取了中华优秀传统文化中的民本思想，确立为人民谋幸福的初心使命，承担起实现中华民族伟大复兴的历史重任。中国式现代化真正做到了维护人民的根本利益，从“为人民服务”到“以人民为中心”再到“人民至上”，这一系列话语的演进彰显了中国共产党充分重视人民的主观能动性作用。归根结底，中国式现代化就是将人作为现代化的根本目的和最终归宿。

Second, emphasizing subjective agency is manifested in the philosophical foundation of the theory of Chinese-path modernization as adhering to "independence and self-reliance." The philosophical foundation of the theory of Chinese-path modernization upholds the principle of independence and self-reliance, emphasizing taking one's own path. Independence and self-reliance are valuable historical experiences accumulated by the CPC over its more than 100-year journey. The "Resolution on the Major Achievements and Historical Experience of the Party over the Past Century" adopted at the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC [2]2 The “clash of civilizations” theory is a thesis popularized by political scientist Samuel Huntington in the 1990s, arguing that cultural and religious identities will be the primary source of conflict in the post-Cold War world. further elevated the status of independence and self-reliance. This Resolution states: "Independence and self-reliance are the soul of the Chinese nation and an important principle upon which our Party and country were founded and developed." A country, a nation, or a political party, if lacking the spirit of independence and self-reliance, will lose control over its own destiny and find it difficult to escape poverty and backwardness. During the period of the New Democratic Revolution, the CPC, learning profound lessons from the failure of the Great Revolution, recognized the extreme importance of leading armed struggle independently. The convening of the Zunyi Conference [3]3 “Lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets” (绿水青山就是金山银山) is a well-known slogan associated with Xi Jinping, encapsulating the idea that ecological protection is compatible with, and essential for, economic development. further enabled our Party to break free from excessive dependence on the Communist International and begin to independently contemplate a revolutionary path suited to China's actual conditions, which was further developed and refined during the War of Resistance Against Japan. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the CPC actively engaged in the cause of socialist transformation and construction, exploring a path of socialist development suited to our country's national conditions. History and practice have repeatedly proven that only by independently and self-reliantly taking the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics can the CPC continuously advance from victory to new victories.

第二，强调主体意识体现在中国式现代化理论的哲学根基方面，就是坚持“独立自主”。中国式现代化理论的哲学根基秉持独立自主原则，强调走自己的路。独立自主是中国共产党100多年历程中积累的宝贵历史经验，党的十九届六中全会通过的《中共中央关于党的百年奋斗重大成就和历史经验的决议》更是赋予独立自主更高的地位。这一《决议》指出：“独立自主是中华民族精神之魂，是我们立党立国的重要原则。”一个国家、一个民族、一个政党，若没有独立自主精神，就会失去对自身命运的掌控权，难以摆脱贫困落后的困境。在新民主主义革命时期，中国共产党在大革命失败的深刻教训中认识到独立领导武装斗争的极端重要性。遵义会议的召开更是使我们党摆脱了对共产国际的过度依赖，开始独立思考符合中国实际的革命道路，这在抗日战争期间得到了进一步的发展和完善。中华人民共和国成立后，中国共产党积极投身于社会主义改造和建设事业，探索出一条符合我国国情的社会主义发展道路。历史和实践反复证明，只有独立自主地走中国特色社会主义道路，中国共产党才能不断地从胜利走向新的胜利。

Third, grasping the laws of world development is manifested in the theory of Chinese-path modernization as adhering to "embracing the world with a broad vision." Since ancient times, China has regarded the realization of a "world of great harmony" (tianxia datong) as the highest ideal of the Chinese nation. Whether it is "When the Great Way prevails, the world is for the common good" from the Book of Rites, or "The people are illustrious, and all states live in harmony" from the Book of Documents, [4]4 Marx, “The Poverty of Philosophy,” *Collected Works of Marx and Engels*, Vol. 4, p. 132. (Translator’s note: The English translation of the original French text is given as “every organism is composed of various different constituent parts; each constituent part has a special function, and the interacting organs are tightly bound together” in the standard English edition.) both embody China's profound vision for harmonious coexistence and peace for all nations. Nourished by fine traditional Chinese culture, China has always cultivated a global vision of benefiting the whole world. This vision coincides with the lofty ideal upheld by Marxism of "seeking progress for humanity and great harmony for the world." Marx pointed out: "What a nation does as a nation, it does for human society." [5]5 A paraphrase of a passage from Marx's early writings, specifically from his comments on the historical role of nations. Both are the crystallization of human civilization wisdom that transcends time and space and shares common ideas. Just as the ocean does not reject any stream, so greatness is achieved by embracing all currents. Currently, the uncertainties and destabilizing factors facing global development have greatly increased. China always adopts an open and inclusive attitude to absorb and learn from outstanding achievements of foreign civilizations. At the same time, China actively responds to the legitimate concerns of other countries in the world, resolutely opposes hegemonism, strengthens international cooperation, promotes the transformation of the world from turbulence towards stability, and makes significant contributions to promoting the common values of all humanity and building a community with a shared future for mankind.

第三，把握世界发展规律体现在中国式现代化理论方面，就是坚持“胸怀天下”。中国自古以来便将实现“天下大同”作为中华民族的最高理想。无论是《礼记》中的“大道之行也，天下为公”，还是《尚书》中的“百姓昭明，协和万邦”，都体现了中国对和谐共处、万国咸宁的深远愿景。在中华优秀传统文化的滋养下，中国始终涵养着兼济天下的世界情怀，此等情怀同马克思主义秉持的“为人类谋进步、为世界谋大同”的崇高理念不谋而合。马克思指出：“凡是民族作为民族所做的事情，都是他们为人类社会而做的事情。”二者都是跨越时空、理念相通的人类文明智慧的结晶。不拒众流，方为江海。当前，全球发展面临的不确定性、不稳定性因素大大增加，中国始终以开放包容的心态吸收借鉴外来优秀文明成果。与此同时，中国还积极回应世界其他国家的合理关切，坚决反对霸权主义，加强国际合作，推动世界从动荡逐渐向稳定转变，为弘扬全人类共同价值、构建人类命运共同体作出重大贡献。

2. Main Content of the Philosophical Foundation of the Theory of Chinese-Path Modernization

2.中国式现代化理论哲学根基的主要内容

First, the theory of Chinese-path modernization has its unique worldview. A worldview is the overall view and fundamental perspective on the entire world. How one views and handles the relationship between one's country and the world fundamentally determines the development direction and path choice of a country's modernization. Currently, all countries in the world are in the torrent of modernization development. How to solve the universal problems of world modernization has become a common challenge faced by people of all countries. "The worldview of Chinese-path modernization is not only a modernization worldview that answers 'how to see,' but also a modernization worldview that answers 'how to act,' surpassing general modernization worldviews and their definitions." On the one hand, it responds to the questions of world modernization, advocating benefiting the world while developing oneself, and proposing practical solutions for world development through win-win cooperation initiatives such as the Belt and Road Initiative and building a community with a shared future for mankind. On the other hand, the worldview of Chinese-path modernization consistently adheres to the theoretical essence of dialectical materialism and historical materialism, continuously develops and innovates the Marxist worldview, and endows fine traditional Chinese culture with new contemporary connotations, achieving a historic transcendence over the Western modernization worldview and providing new ideas for world modernization construction.

第一，中国式现代化理论有其独特的世界观。世界观是对整个世界的总体看法和根本观点。如何看待和处理本国与世界的关系，会从根本上决定国家现代化的发展走向和道路选择。当前世界各国都处在现代化发展的洪流之中，如何破解现代化的世界性难题成为各国人民普遍面临的挑战。“中国式现代化世界观不仅是回答‘怎么看’的现代化世界观，而且是回答‘怎么办’的现代化世界观，超出一般的现代化世界观及其定义。”一方面，它回应了世界现代化之问，主张在自身发展的同时造福世界，在共建“一带一路”、构建人类命运共同体等合作共赢的倡议中为世界发展提出现实方案；另一方面，中国式现代化的世界观始终坚持辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义的理论本色，不断发展和创新马克思主义世界观，并赋予中华优秀传统文化以新的时代内涵，实现了对西方现代化世界观的历史性超越，为世界现代化建设提供了新思路。

Second, the theory of Chinese-path modernization has its unique values. Values, as the spiritual orientation of a nation, profoundly influence the interest choices of individuals, nations, and states. The values of Chinese-path modernization "determine the nature and direction of Chinese-path modernization, and their essence is socialist values." The values of Chinese-path modernization regard all the people as the subject of value, consistently adhere to the value concept of "development for the people, development relying on the people, and development achievements shared by the people," reflecting the interests and will of the broadest masses of the people. In contrast, the so-called universal values promoted by the West essentially serve only the freedom, democracy, and rights of the minority who own capital, resulting in the exacerbation of social polarization and hindering the development of modernization. The values of Chinese-path modernization are deeply rooted in the fertile soil of fine traditional Chinese culture and have been refined and elevated in the practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Precisely because Chinese-path modernization consistently promotes core socialist values with Chinese characteristics, the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics can be stable, far-reaching, and ever-widening.

第二，中国式现代化理论有其独特的价值观。价值观作为民族的精神导向，深刻影响着个人、国家和民族的利益抉择。中国式现代化的价值观“决定中国式现代化的性质和方向，本质是社会主义价值观”。中国式现代化的价值观将全体人民视为价值主体，始终坚持“发展为了人民，发展依靠人民，发展成果由人民共享”的价值理念，反映最广大人民群众的利益和意志。与之相反，西方宣扬的普世价值实质上仅仅服务于少数资本占有者的自由、民主与权利，其结果是加剧社会的两极分化，阻碍现代化的发展。中国式现代化的价值观深深植根于中华优秀传统文化的沃土，并在中国特色社会主义的实践中得到提炼与升华。正是因为中国式现代化始终弘扬具有中国特色的社会主义核心价值观，中国特色社会主义道路才能行稳致远、越走越宽。

Third, the theory of Chinese-path modernization has its distinctive view of history. The view of history essentially explores the questions of "where we come from" and "where we are going." So, from what standpoint, with what viewpoints, and by what methods should we view history? The answer is: while adhering to, applying, and developing the basic viewpoints of Marxist historical materialism, we must also establish a correct view of Party history. This is the key to responding to the new situations and new problems that arise in the historical process of Chinese-path modernization. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out at the Party History Study and Education Mobilization Conference: "Establish a grand view of history, analyze the mechanisms of evolution and explore the laws of history from the long river of history, the tide of the times, and the global landscape, propose corresponding strategies and tactics, and enhance the systematic, forward-looking, and creative nature of work." [1]1 The “six perspectives” (六观) refer to the six aspects of worldview, values, view of history, view of civilization, view of democracy, and view of ecology that the author argues are embedded in Chinese-path modernization. In the turbulent and unpredictable world landscape, only by adhering to historical materialism and a grand view of history, and continuously improving the CPC's capacity for long-term governance, can we, on the basis of scientifically judging the international situation, provide effective solutions to global problems and China's practical issues.

第三，中国式现代化理论有其独特的历史观。历史观从本质上探讨“从哪里来”和“到哪里去”的问题。那么，究竟要以何种立场、观点和方法看待历史？那就是在坚持、运用和发展马克思主义唯物史观基本观点的同时树立正确党史观。这是回应中国式现代化历史进程中出现的新情况、新问题的关键所在。习近平总书记在党史学习教育动员大会上指出：“树立大历史观，从历史长河、时代大潮、全球风云中分析演变机理、探究历史规律，提出因应的战略策略，增强工作的系统性、预见性、创造性。”在波诡云谲的世界版图中，只有坚持唯物史观和大历史观，不断提升中国共产党的长期执政水平，才能在科学判断国际局势的基础上为解决世界性难题和中国实际问题提供有效解决方案。

Fourth, the theory of Chinese-path modernization has its distinctive view of civilization. The view of civilization in Chinese-path modernization provides a new perspective for handling the relationship between its own civilizational form and other civilizations. This is specifically embodied in four dimensions: equality, mutual learning, inclusiveness, and dialogue. Regarding "equality," the view of civilization in Chinese-path modernization holds that civilizations of different regions and ethnic groups have no hierarchy of superiority or inferiority, and it fully respects the diversity of world civilizations. Regarding "mutual learning," it advocates using civilizational exchange to eliminate civilizational estrangement, replacing civilizational conflict with civilizational mutual learning, and transcending civilizational superiority through civilizational coexistence, actively absorbing the outstanding civilizational achievements of different nations to achieve overall progress. Regarding "inclusiveness," the inclusive nature inherent in traditional Chinese philosophy endows Chinese civilization with a grand ethos. The view of civilization in Chinese-path modernization integrates the ancient and the modern, connects China and the West, and, on the basis of sublating Western modernization, promotes the coordinated development of material civilization, political civilization, cultural-ethical progress, social civilization, and ecological civilization, enriching and developing a new form of human civilization. Regarding "dialogue," facing the challenge of civilizational conflict, the view of civilization in Chinese-path modernization advocates replacing conflict and coercion with dialogue and consultation, thereby jointly addressing the challenges of economic globalization.

第四，中国式现代化理论有其独特的文明观。中国式现代化文明观为处理自身文明形态与其他文明之间的关系提供新视野，这具体体现在平等性、互鉴性、包容性、对话性等四个维度上。于“平等”而言，中国式现代化文明观认为，不同地域、不同民族的文明没有高低优劣之分，充分尊重世界文明的多样性；于“互鉴”而言，中国式现代化文明观倡导以文明交流消弭文明隔阂，以文明互鉴替代文明冲突，以文明共存超越文明优越，积极汲取不同民族优秀文明成果以实现整体进步；于“包容”而言，中国传统哲学所具备的包容性特质，赋予中华文明宏大的气象，中国式现代化文明观更是熔铸古今、汇通中西，在扬弃西方现代化的基础上，推动物质文明、政治文明、精神文明、社会文明和生态文明协调发展，丰富和发展了人类文明新形态；于“对话”而言，面对文明冲突的挑战，中国式现代化文明观倡导以对话协商代替冲突胁迫，以此共同应对经济全球化的挑战。

Fifth, the theory of Chinese-path modernization has its distinctive view of democracy. The view of democracy in Chinese-path modernization inherits and develops Marx's thought on democracy, creatively proposing whole-process people's democracy, making an outstanding contribution to the richness of the forms of human political civilization. This view of democracy has four distinct characteristics: taking the people as the subject of democracy, a full-chain democratic process, all-round channels for participation, and full-coverage democratic rights. The democracy of Chinese-path modernization is the broadest, most genuine, and most effective democracy. It overcomes the shortcomings of the Western democratic model. The people not only have the right to vote and the right to participate, but can also guarantee their right to be masters of the country through systems and laws. In the process of advancing socialist modernization, the Party Central Committee continuously enriches democratic forms and unblocks democratic channels, striving to build a more mature and well-established institutional system for the people to be masters of the country, fundamentally realizing the unity of people's democracy and the will of the state.

第五，中国式现代化理论有其独特的民主观。中国式现代化民主观继承和发展马克思关于民主的思想，创造性地提出全过程人民民主，为人类政治文明形态的丰富性作出突出贡献。中国式现代化民主观具有四个鲜明特点，包括以人民为民主主体、全链条的民主环节、全方位的参与渠道、全覆盖的民主权利。中国式现代化的民主是最广泛、最真实、最管用的民主，它克服了西方民主模式的弊端，人民不仅有投票权、参与权，而且还能通过制度和法律来保障人民当家作主的权利。在推进社会主义现代化的进程中，党中央不断丰富民主形式、畅通民主渠道，致力于构建更加成熟完备的人民当家作主的制度体系，从根本上实现人民民主与国家意志的统一。

Sixth, the theory of Chinese-path modernization has its distinctive view of ecology. Correctly handling the relationship between humanity and nature is the top priority in building an ecological civilization. The view of ecology in Chinese-path modernization adheres to the scientific view of nature that humanity and nature coexist harmoniously. "Lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets" is the core concept of the thought on ecological civilization. [2]2 The “clash of civilizations” theory is a thesis popularized by political scientist Samuel Huntington in the 1990s, arguing that cultural and religious identities will be the primary source of conflict in the post-Cold War world. In this sense, economic development and environmental protection are not opposed but mutually reinforcing. As long as opportunities are grasped well, the transformation of ecological advantages into economic advantages can be realized. The view of ecology in Chinese-path modernization insists on guiding ecological practice with the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind, vigorously promotes the reform of the ecological civilization system and mechanism, scientifically coordinates natural systems and various social factors, and is committed to simultaneously advancing material civilization construction and ecological civilization construction. Furthermore, in practicing multilateralism, actively participating in global climate governance, and promoting biodiversity governance, the view of ecology in Chinese-path modernization consistently plays a pivotal role.

第六，中国式现代化理论有其独特的生态观。正确处理人与自然的关系是生态文明建设的重中之重。中国式现代化生态观坚持人与自然和谐共生的科学自然观，“绿水青山就是金山银山”是生态文明思想的核心理念。在这个意义上，经济发展与环境保护不是对立的，而是相互促进的，只要把握好机遇，便能实现生态优势向经济优势的转变。中国式现代化的生态观坚持以人类命运共同体的理念引领生态实践，大力推动生态文明体制机制改革，科学统筹自然系统和社会各方面要素，致力于同步推进物质文明建设和生态文明建设。此外，在践行多边主义、积极参与全球气候治理以及推进生物多样性治理等方面，中国式现代化的生态观始终发挥着举足轻重的作用。

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III. Accurately Grasping the Organic Unity of the Philosophical Foundations of the Theory of Chinese-Path Modernization

三、 准确把握中国式现代化理论哲学根基的有机统一性

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The philosophical foundations of the theory of Chinese-path modernization are profound in connotation and rigorous in logic. They form an organic whole that is interconnected, mutually influential, and mutually reinforcing, unified in the great practice of socialist modernization. The philosophical foundations of the theory of Chinese-path modernization are an organic integration of multiple elements. This includes not only vertical interconnections, i.e., the interaction between the worldview of Chinese-path modernization, which plays a leading role, and the other five views of Chinese-path modernization, which exhibit subordinate characteristics, but also horizontal interconnections, i.e., the interaction among the elements of the "six views" [3]3 “Lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets” (绿水青山就是金山银山) is a well-known slogan associated with Xi Jinping, encapsulating the idea that ecological protection is compatible with, and essential for, economic development. inherent in Chinese-path modernization at the same level.

中国式现代化理论的哲学根基内涵深刻，逻辑严密，是相互联系、相互影响、相互促进的有机整体，统一于社会主义现代化的伟大实践之中。中国式现代化理论的哲学根基是多要素的有机融合，不仅有纵向的相互关联，即发挥主导作用的中国式现代化世界观同表现为从属特点的中国式现代化其他五观的相互作用，而且有横向的相互联系，即在同一层次上中国式现代化蕴含的“六观”各要素之间的相互作用。

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1. The Worldview of Chinese-Path Modernization Determines the View of Values, View of History, View of Civilization, View of Democracy, and View of Ecology of Chinese-Path Modernization

1.中国式现代化的世界观决定中国式现代化的价值观、历史观、文明观、民主观、生态观

From the perspective of Marxist philosophy, a worldview refers to the overall view and fundamental perspective on the world as a whole, encompassing nature, human society, human thought, and their interrelations. Different angles and methods of understanding the world lead to different worldviews. However, in any case, the worldview is the most basic and fundamental existence, occupying a core position among many concepts. Whatever worldview one holds, one will correspondingly hold certain views of values, history, civilization, democracy, and ecology. The worldview of Chinese-path modernization, as a guiding force, runs through the entire process of the theory and practice of Chinese-path modernization, determining and governing the development of the other five views. The worldview of Chinese-path modernization determines the view of values of Chinese-path modernization. The view of values of Chinese-path modernization reflects the fundamental positions and viewpoints on value formed by people in the practice of socialist modernization. The worldview of Chinese-path modernization is an inheritance, enrichment, and development of the Marxist worldview. It not only answers the question of "how to view" modernization but further answers the question of "how to act" regarding modernization. According to the Marxist philosophical understanding, thinking and being share identity. Changing objective reality requires the worldview to continuously extend towards the deep essence of concrete reality. China actively integrates into the process of world historical development, insists on understanding complex social phenomena from the perspective of dialectical materialism and historical materialism, and fully grasps the objective laws of world development in the process of integrating with China's specific realities. On this basis, Chinese-path modernization distills value standards, value principles, and value norms with Chinese characteristics, which together constitute the basic elements of the view of values of Chinese-path modernization.

在马克思主义哲学视阈下，世界观是指对整体世界的总体看法和根本观点，涵盖自然界、人类社会、人的思维及其关系等。认识世界的角度和方式不同，形成的世界观也会不同。但无论如何，世界观都是最基础、最根本的存在，在众多观念中处于核心地位。有什么样的世界观，就有什么样的价值观、历史观、文明观、民主观和生态观。中国式现代化的世界观作为引领性力量，贯穿于中国式现代化理论与实践的全过程，决定并支配着其他五观的发展。中国式现代化的世界观决定中国式现代化的价值观。中国式现代化的价值观反映人们在社会主义现代化实践中形成的关于价值的根本立场和观点。中国式现代化的世界观是对马克思主义世界观的继承、丰富和发展，不仅仅回答现代化“怎么看”的问题，更进一步回答现代化“怎么办”的问题。按照马克思主义哲学的理解，思维与存在具有同一性。变化的客观现实要求世界观不断朝具体实际的深层本质延伸。中国积极融入世界历史发展进程，坚持从辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义出发认识纷繁复杂的社会现象，在与中国具体实际相结合的过程中充分把握世界发展的客观规律。在此基础上，中国式现代化凝练出具有中国特色的价值标准、价值原则与价值规范，共同构成中国式现代化价值观的基本元素。

The worldview of Chinese-path modernization determines the view of history of Chinese-path modernization. History is the perceptual practical activity of human beings, and for a long time, its understanding was shrouded in the veil of idealism. Before the birth of Marxism, the dominant idealist view of history only examined the ideological motives of historical activities, subjectively fabricating artificial connections, and failing to delve into the profound material roots behind these activities. It was not until the birth of the Marxist worldview that a great transformation occurred in the field of history. In the context of the worldview of Chinese-path modernization, modernization is "formed and unfolded in the process of national history turning into world history," [4]4 Marx, “The Poverty of Philosophy,” *Collected Works of Marx and Engels*, Vol. 4, p. 132. (Translator’s note: The English translation of the original French text is given as “every organism is composed of various different constituent parts; each constituent part has a special function, and the interacting organs are tightly bound together” in the standard English edition.) achieving the unity of nationality and globality. China's path to modernization cannot be isolated from world history; it must inevitably be closely integrated into the process of world history. The worldview of Chinese-path modernization takes materialist dialectics as the theoretical cornerstone for interpreting and transforming the world, while the view of history of Chinese-path modernization examines and studies the internal mechanisms of historical development from the perspective of historical materialism and a grand view of history. It can be said that the foundation and premise of the view of history of Chinese-path modernization is the worldview of Chinese-path modernization.

中国式现代化的世界观决定中国式现代化的历史观。历史是人的感性实践活动，长期以来对其认识都被蒙上唯心主义的面纱。在马克思主义诞生之前，占主流的唯心史观仅仅考察历史活动的思想动机，主观臆造出人为的联系，未能深入探究这些活动背后深刻的物质根源。直到马克思主义世界观诞生，历史领域才迎来了伟大变革。在中国式现代化世界观的语境中，现代化是“在民族史转向世界史的过程中形成、铺展的”，实现了民族性与世界性的统一。中国的现代化之路无法孤立于世界历史之外，势必要紧密融入世界历史进程。中国式现代化的世界观以唯物辩证法作为解释世界和改造世界的理论基石，中国式现代化的历史观则从唯物史观和大历史观的视角看待和研究历史发展的内在机理。可以说，中国式现代化历史观的基础和前提是中国式现代化世界观。

The worldview of Chinese-path modernization determines the view of civilization of Chinese-path modernization. For a considerable period, idealism understood and interpreted civilization only through objects or intuitive forms. Although Marx and Engels’ early understanding of civilization differed from historical idealism, it had not yet risen to the level of practice for comprehension. In fact, civilization is likewise a product of human perceptual practical activity. Marx’s materialist turn in the view of civilization began with his proposal to understand civilization as practice. In *The Condition of England*, Engels made an important judgment on civilization with a historical materialist character, namely that “civilization is a matter of practice, a quality of society.” [1]1 The “six perspectives” (六观) refer to the six aspects of worldview, values, view of history, view of civilization, view of democracy, and view of ecology that the author argues are embedded in Chinese-path modernization. Therefore, the concept of civilization is essentially closely linked to material practical life. Similarly, the fundamental guiding principle of the view of civilization of Chinese-path modernization must necessarily be the worldview of Chinese-path modernization.

中国式现代化的世界观决定中国式现代化的文明观。在相当长一段时间里，唯心主义只是通过客体或直观的形式认识和理解文明，马克思恩格斯早期对文明的认识虽不同于唯心史观，但也还没有上升到实践高度来理解。事实上，文明同样是人的感性实践活动。马克思在文明观上实现唯物主义转向，始于其提出将文明当作实践来理解。恩格斯在《英国状况》中更是对文明作出一个具有历史唯物主义色彩的重要论断，即“文明是实践的事情，是社会的素质”。因此，文明这一概念本质上与物质生活实践紧密相连。同理，中国式现代化文明观的根本指导原则必然是中国式现代化的世界观。

The worldview of Chinese-path modernization determines the view of democracy of Chinese-path modernization. The central issue of the view of democracy is to explore how to realize the people being the masters of the country through scientific concepts, reasonable policies, and effective institutions. “The new worldview, namely historical materialism, provides people with a scientific ideological weapon for understanding nature and human society.” [2]2 The “clash of civilizations” theory is a thesis popularized by political scientist Samuel Huntington in the 1990s, arguing that cultural and religious identities will be the primary source of conflict in the post-Cold War world. The worldview of Chinese-path modernization profoundly grasps the essence of historical materialism, scientifically reveals the objective existence of the material world and its laws of motion, and clearly points out that the masses of the people are the main force driving the development of human society. It is precisely on this basis that the view of democracy of Chinese-path modernization achieves a transcendence of traditional Western democratic theory. It is no longer confined to the narrow perspective of electoral democracy but deeply roots the concept of democracy in the practice of the masses of the people, safeguarding both the people’s right to extensive participation in social and political life and the interests of the masses of the people themselves. It can be said that the view of democracy of Chinese-path modernization is precisely the concrete embodiment and deepening development of the worldview of Chinese-path modernization in the field of democratic practice. The worldview of Chinese-path modernization determines the view of ecology of Chinese-path modernization. The world is a unity of nature and human society; nature is a part of the world. Human society is a product of the long-term development of nature, and there exists a close and complex interactive relationship with the natural environment, which demonstrates the extreme importance of protecting the ecological environment. Facing challenges in the ecological environment, how to properly handle the relationship between humans and nature has become a contemporary issue that Chinese-path modernization urgently needs to address. By systematically thinking about the ecological field from the perspective of the worldview of Chinese-path modernization, we extract the core essence of the view of ecology of Chinese-path modernization, namely the harmonious coexistence of humans and nature. This concept is not only a transcendence of traditional development models but also a profound insight into future development paths. Thus, the worldview of Chinese-path modernization endows the view of ecology of Chinese-path modernization with rich contemporary connotations.

中国式现代化的世界观决定中国式现代化的民主观。民主观的中心议题在于探讨如何以科学的理念、合理的政策和有效的制度来实现人民当家作主。“新的世界观，即唯物史观，为人们提供了认识自然、认识人类社会的科学思想武器。”中国式现代化的世界观深刻洞察历史唯物主义的本质，科学揭示物质世界的客观存在及其运动规律，明确指出人民群众是推动人类社会发展的主体力量。正是在这一基础上，中国式现代化的民主观实现了对西方传统民主理论的超越。它不再局限于选举民主的狭隘视野，而是将民主理念深深植根于人民群众的实践之中，既保障人民广泛参与社会政治生活的权利，也维护人民群众自身的利益。可以说，中国式现代化民主观正是中国式现代化世界观在民主实践领域的具体体现和深化发展。中国式现代化的世界观决定中国式现代化的生态观。世界是自然界与人类社会的统一体，自然界是世界的一部分。人类社会是自然界长期发展的产物，与自然环境之间存在着密切而又复杂的互动关系，这说明了保护生态环境的极端重要性。面对生态环境方面的挑战，如何妥善处理人与自然的关系成为中国式现代化亟待解答的时代课题。从中国式现代化的世界观出发对生态领域进行系统思考，我们提炼出中国式现代化生态观的核心要义，即人与自然和谐共生。这一理念不仅是对传统发展模式的超越，更是对未来发展路径的深刻洞察。由此可见，中国式现代化的世界观赋予中国式现代化的生态观丰富的时代内涵。

2. The “Six Views” contained in Chinese-path modernization interact with each other and each has its own emphasis

2.中国式现代化蕴含的“六观”相互作用又各有侧重

In the New Era of socialism with Chinese characteristics, the “Six Views” contained in Chinese-path modernization, as an organic and unified whole, have a deep interactive and coupled relationship with each other. The “Six Views” contained in Chinese-path modernization complement, promote, and enhance each other. Grasping the logical correlation between them can promote the comprehensive leap of the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Because there are extremely diverse interactive relationships among the “Six Views” contained in Chinese-path modernization, here we only take the interactive relationship between the view of civilization and the view of history as an example for discussion. On the one hand, the view of history shapes the view of civilization. The view of history of Chinese-path modernization is a scientific view of history. Its understanding of the concept of “history” transcends the narrow sense of “the past,” viewing it as a constantly developing, dynamic category interwoven with time and space. The view of history of Chinese-path modernization promotes more objective and in-depth historical research, providing sufficient intellectual material for the development of the view of civilization of Chinese-path modernization. At the same time, in the process of historical inheritance, Chinese-path modernization not only inherits the essence of fine traditional Chinese culture but also, on the basis of respecting the different historical traditions of various countries, actively absorbs and draws lessons from other outstanding achievements of civilization, fully demonstrating the characteristic of Chinese civilization keeping pace with the times, and realizing the innovation and development of the view of civilization of Chinese-path modernization. On the other hand, the view of civilization influences the view of history. In the process of exploring the Chinese path, the Communist Party of China fully promotes the spiritual characteristics of Chinese civilization. The civilization system that “advocates harmony and seeks common ground while reserving differences” [3]3 “Lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets” (绿水青山就是金山银山) is a well-known slogan associated with Xi Jinping, encapsulating the idea that ecological protection is compatible with, and essential for, economic development. helps to understand the differences in historical background, cultural traditions, and value concepts between different civilizations, deepening the objective cognition and scientific evaluation of historical events.

在中国特色社会主义新时代，中国式现代化蕴含的“六观”作为有机统一的整体，彼此之间存在着深度的互动耦合关系。中国式现代化蕴含的“六观”之间相辅相成、相互促进、相得益彰。把握它们之间的逻辑关联性，能够推动中国特色社会主义事业实现全面跃迁。由于中国式现代化蕴含的“六观”之间存在极其多样的相互作用关系，在此仅以文明观与历史观之间的相互作用关系为例进行探讨。一方面，历史观塑造文明观。中国式现代化的历史观是科学的历史观，对“历史”概念的理解超越了狭义上的“过去”，而是将其视为一个不断发展的、时空交织的动态范畴。中国式现代化的历史观推动历史研究更加客观深入，为中国式现代化的文明观的发展提供充分的思想材料。与此同时，中国式现代化在历史传承中既继承中华优秀传统文化的精髓，又能在尊重各国不同历史传统的基础上，积极吸收借鉴其他优秀文明成果，充分彰显中华文明与时俱进的特质，实现中国式现代化的文明观的创新与发展。另一方面，文明观影响历史观。中国共产党在探索中国道路的过程中充分发扬中华文明的精神特质，“尚和合，求大同”的文明体系有助于认识和理解不同文明之间历史背景、文化传统和价值观念的差异，深化对历史事件的客观认知和科学评价。

It needs to be clarified that each of the “Six Views” contained in Chinese-path modernization plays a special role, and they each have their own emphasis. Marx and Engels once used the “machine system” as an entry point to vividly illustrate the similarity between the interconnected work of the “machine system” and the interaction among the components of an organic unity, reaching an important conclusion: “Every organism is composed of various different constituent parts; each constituent part has a special function, and the interacting organs are tightly bound together.” [4]4 Marx, “The Poverty of Philosophy,” *Collected Works of Marx and Engels*, Vol. 4, p. 132. (Translator’s note: The English translation of the original French text is given as “every organism is composed of various different constituent parts; each constituent part has a special function, and the interacting organs are tightly bound together” in the standard English edition.) This indicates that each constituent part of an organic unity possesses a special function in the process of interaction. The worldview of Chinese-path modernization focuses on how to position China’s development within a global perspective. From the height of the overall world situation, it indicates that China must actively participate in international affairs and promote the building of a community with a shared future for mankind, while also adhering to independence and taking a development path that suits its own national conditions. The view of values of Chinese-path modernization focuses on how to internalize core socialist values in the mind and externalize them in action. Vigorously promoting core socialist values is an inevitable requirement for enhancing the cohesion and centripetal force of the Chinese nation and is the spiritual pillar of the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics. The view of history of Chinese-path modernization focuses on how to draw development wisdom and solid strength from history, emphasizing the inheritance and innovation of fine traditional Chinese culture, a profound understanding of the history of revolution, construction, and reform led by the Communist Party of China, and a clear grasp of the future development direction. The view of civilization of Chinese-path modernization focuses on how to promote the international dissemination of Chinese civilization, advocating for promoting exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations on the basis of respecting the differences between civilizations of various countries, and jointly building a community with a shared future for mankind. The view of democracy of Chinese-path modernization focuses on what systems and mechanisms to use to guarantee the people’s democratic rights, emphasizing the people being the masters of the country, and adhering to the organic unity of the Party’s leadership, the people being the masters of the country, and law-based governance. The view of ecology of Chinese-path modernization focuses on how to achieve harmonious coexistence between humans and nature, emphasizing respecting, conforming to, and protecting nature, promoting green development, circular development, and low-carbon development, and contributing to the construction of a beautiful China.

需要明确的是，中国式现代化蕴含的“六观”中的各个观都扮演着特殊的角色，彼此之间各有侧重。马克思恩格斯曾以“机器系统”为切入点，来生动阐明“机器系统”互相交接工作同有机统一体各组成部分之间相互作用之间的相似性，得出一个重要论断，即“每一个有机体都由各种不同的组成部分构成；每一个组成部分都有特殊的作用，而相互作用的各个器官则紧紧地结合在一起”。这表明，有机统一体的各个组成部分在相互作用的过程中具备特殊的职能。中国式现代化的世界观侧重于如何在全球视野中定位中国发展，从世界全局的高度出发，表明中国既要积极参与国际事务，推动构建人类命运共同体，又要坚持独立自主，走符合本国国情的发展道路。中国式现代化的价值观侧重于如何将社会主义核心价值观内化于心、外化于行，大力弘扬社会主义核心价值观是增强中华民族凝聚力和向心力的必然要求，是中国特色社会主义事业的精神支柱。中国式现代化的历史观侧重于如何从历史中汲取发展智慧和坚实力量，强调对中华优秀传统文化的传承与创新，对中国共产党领导革命、建设和改革历史的深刻认识，以及对未来发展方向的清晰把握。中国式现代化的文明观侧重于如何推动中华文明国际传播，主张在尊重各国文明差异的基础上推动文明交流互鉴，共同构建人类命运共同体。中国式现代化的民主观侧重于以何种体制机制来保障人民的民主权利，强调人民当家作主，坚持党的领导、人民当家作主、依法治国有机统一。中国式现代化的生态观侧重于如何实现人与自然和谐共生，强调尊重自然、顺应自然、保护自然，推动绿色发展、循环发展、低碳发展，为建设美丽中国添砖加瓦。

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3. The “Six Views” contained in Chinese-path modernization together constitute the philosophical foundation of the theory of Chinese-path modernization

3.中国式现代化蕴含的“六观”共同构成中国式现代化理论的哲学根基

The “Six Views” contained in Chinese-path modernization advance layer by layer, forming a rigorous and complete theoretical logic system. They not only reflect China’s unique cultural traditions, historical environment, and requirements of the times but also provide a solid philosophical foundation for Chinese-path modernization. The dynamic process of the “Six Views” contained in Chinese-path modernization is manifested in their continuous development along with the development of practice. This development is not a simple linear evolution, but rather a process of self-renewal and evolution achieved through continuously solving real social contradictions and problems. This dynamism is precisely the embodiment of the vitality of the theory of Chinese-path modernization, enabling this theory to reflect the actual situation of the development of Chinese-path modernization more vividly and comprehensively.

中国式现代化蕴含的“六观”层层推进，构成严密完整的理论逻辑体系。它们不仅反映了中国独特的文化传统、历史环境和时代要求，而且为中国式现代化提供了坚实的哲学根基。中国式现代化蕴含的“六观”的动态作用过程体现在它们随着实践的发展而不断发展。这种发展不是简单的线性演进，而是在不断解决社会现实矛盾和问题中实现自我更新和演进。这种动态性正是中国式现代化理论生命力的体现，使得这一理论能够更生动、更全面地反映中国式现代化发展的实际状况。

The “six perspectives” [1]1 The “six perspectives” (六观) refer to the six aspects of worldview, values, view of history, view of civilization, view of democracy, and view of ecology that the author argues are embedded in Chinese-path modernization. contained in Chinese-path modernization interact and promote each other at the innovative level, forming the philosophical foundation of the theory of Chinese-path modernization. First, the worldview of Chinese-path modernization transcends the zero-sum game thinking in traditional international relations theory, emphasizing the importance of multilateral cooperation and mutual benefit. Second, the values of Chinese-path modernization manifest the core socialist values and the common values of all humanity, not only focusing on collective interests and social harmony but also emphasizing the organic integration of the individual and society. Third, the view of history in Chinese-path modernization emphasizes the continuity of history and the regularity of development, avoiding the cultural rupture and tendency toward historical nihilism that may appear in the process of Western modernization. Fourth, the view of civilization in Chinese-path modernization discards the narrow vision of social Darwinism and breaks through the limitations of the “clash of civilizations” theory [2]2 The “clash of civilizations” theory is a thesis popularized by political scientist Samuel Huntington in the 1990s, arguing that cultural and religious identities will be the primary source of conflict in the post-Cold War world. that emerged in the process of Western modernization. Fifth, the innovation in the view of democracy in Chinese-path modernization stems from adhering to the principal position of the people and promoting the practical exploration of whole-process people’s democracy. Sixth, the view of ecology in Chinese-path modernization emphasizes the concept that “lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets” [3]3 “Lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets” (绿水青山就是金山银山) is a well-known slogan associated with Xi Jinping, encapsulating the idea that ecological protection is compatible with, and essential for, economic development., providing a powerful correction to the neglect of environmental protection in the traditional process of Western modernization.

中国式现代化蕴含的“六观”在创新层面上相互影响、相互促进，形成了中国式现代化理论的哲学根基。第一，中国式现代化的世界观超越了传统国际关系理论中的零和博弈思维，强调多边合作与共赢的重要性；第二，中国式现代化的价值观彰显了社会主义核心价值观和全人类共同价值，不仅注重集体利益和社会和谐，还强调个体与社会的有机结合；第三，中国式现代化的历史观强调历史的传承性和发展的规律性，避免了西方现代化进程中可能出现的文化断裂和历史虚无主义倾向；第四，中国式现代化的文明观摒弃了社会达尔文主义的狭隘视野，突破了西方现代化进程中“文明冲突论”的局限；第五，中国式现代化民主观的创新源自坚持人民主体地位，推动全过程人民民主的实践探索；第六，中国式现代化的生态观强调“绿水青山就是金山银山”的理念，对西方传统现代化进程中忽视环境保护的问题进行了有力矫正。

In summary, the “six perspectives” contained in Chinese-path modernization together constitute the philosophical foundation of the theory of Chinese-path modernization, reflecting the Chinese Communists’ profound understanding and unique insights into the laws of world modernization development and the theory of Chinese-path modernization. A deep understanding of the philosophical foundation of the theory of Chinese-path modernization is conducive to profoundly grasping the reasoning, principles, and philosophy of the theory of Chinese-path modernization, providing theoretical guidance for continuously advancing Chinese-path modernization, and offering Chinese wisdom for the development of world modernization.

综上所述，中国式现代化蕴含的“六观”共同构成中国式现代化理论的哲学根基，体现了中国共产党人对世界现代化发展规律和中国式现代化理论的深刻认识和独到见解。深入理解中国式现代化理论的哲学根基，有利于深刻把握中国式现代化理论的道理学理哲理，为不断推进中国式现代化提供理论指导，为世界现代化发展提供中国智慧。

Online editor: Paul

网络编辑：保罗