Adhering to the Systems Concept: The Basic Principle and Methodology of Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively

The "Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively to Advance Chinese-Path Modernization" (hereinafter referred to as the "Decision"), adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th National Congress of the CPC, emphasizes that in further deepening reform comprehensively, the principle of the systems concept must be upheld. The systems concept emphasizes proceeding from the whole, focusing on the coordination and linkage among the parts of a system, and analyzing and solving problems from a comprehensive, connected, and developmental perspective. In the process of further deepening reform comprehensively, adhering to the basic principle and methodology of the systems concept and continuously enhancing the systematic, holistic, and coordinated nature of reform carries important theoretical and practical significance.

党的二十届三中全会通过的《中共中央关于进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化的决定》（以下简称“《决定》”）强调，进一步全面深化改革，要坚持系统观念这一原则。系统观念强调从整体出发，注重系统各部分的配合联动，以全面的、联系的、发展的观点来分析和解决问题。在进一步全面深化改革的过程中，坚持系统观念的基本原则和方法论，不断增强改革的系统性、整体性和协同性，具有重要的理论和现实意义。

I. The Systems Concept Runs Through the Theory and Practice of Comprehensively Deepening Reform in the New Era

一、系统观念贯穿新时代全面深化改革的理论和实践

Xi Jinping pointed out: "Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee has adhered to systematic planning and coordinated advancement of all Party and national undertakings, and in accordance with the needs of new practice, has formed a series of new layouts and new strategies, leading the entire Party and the people of all ethnic groups in the country to achieve historic accomplishments. In this process, the systems concept has been a foundational way of thinking and working method."

习近平指出：“党的十八大以来，党中央坚持系统谋划、统筹推进党和国家各项事业，根据新的实践需要，形成一系列新布局和新方略，带领全党全国各族人民取得了历史性成就。在这个过程中，系统观念是具有基础性的思想和工作方法。”

Only by adhering to the systems concept as the basic principle and methodology can further deepening reform comprehensively advance to a new stage, and can the great "essay" of reform and opening up be continued to be written well.

只有坚持系统观念这一基本原则和方法论，才能推动进一步全面深化改革更进一步，才能接续写好改革开放这篇“大文章”。

(1) The Systems Concept Originates from the Basic Principles of Marxism and Is Rooted in the Excellent Traditional Culture of China

（一）系统观念源于马克思主义基本原理，植根于中华优秀传统文化

As the basic principle and methodology guiding the Communist Party of China in advancing comprehensive deepening of reform in the New Era, the systems concept is by no means water without a source or a tree without roots. Tracing its theoretical origins, the systems concept originates from the basic principles of Marxism and is an important manifestation of the Marxist worldview and methodology; tracing its cultural origins, the systems concept inherits and develops the systematic thought embedded in the excellent traditional culture of China.

作为指导中国共产党推进新时代全面深化改革的基本原则和方法论，系统观念并非无源之水、无本之木。从理论溯源来看，系统观念源于马克思主义基本原理，是马克思主义世界观和方法论的重要体现；从文化渊源来看，系统观念继承、发展了中华优秀传统文化蕴含的系统思想。

The basic principles of Marxism contain the fundamental viewpoints of the systems concept. "The Marxist theory and methodology incorporate the principle of systematicity as an important component within themselves." Marxism emphasizes that things are interconnected and interact with one another, and that the entire world is an organic, interconnected, and dynamically changing whole, which in fact contains the core idea of the systems concept. Engels profoundly elaborated on this idea in *Anti-Dühring*: "When we contemplate nature, or the history of mankind, or our own spiritual activity, the first picture presented to us is of an endless maze of relations and interactions, in which nothing remains what, where, and as it was, but everything moves, changes, comes into being, and passes away." The holistic, connected, and developmental viewpoints embedded in the basic principles of Marxism are in essence the embodiment of the systems concept. Chinese Communists inherited and developed the systems concept embedded in the basic principles of Marxism and applied it to the historical process of China's revolution, construction, and reform. During the period of the New Democratic Revolution, Mao Zedong emphasized the working method of "playing the piano," pointing out that "to play the piano, all ten fingers must move; it cannot be that some move and others do not." During the period of socialist revolution and construction, Mao Zedong proposed: "Our policy is to make overall plans and take all factors into consideration, with appropriate arrangements." During the new period of reform and opening up and socialist modernization, Deng Xiaoping pointed out: "The tasks of modernization are multifaceted, and all aspects require comprehensive balance; one cannot go it alone." Jiang Zemin emphasized: "In advancing the process of socialist modernization, it is necessary to handle various relationships well, especially certain major relationships of an overall nature." Hu Jintao put forward a people-oriented scientific outlook on development, emphasizing that "the fundamental method is overall consideration and coordination." In the New Era of socialism with Chinese characteristics, Xi Jinping pointed out: "To fully, accurately, and comprehensively implement the new development philosophy, it is necessary to adhere to the systems concept." He profoundly elaborated on the connotation of the systems concept from multiple aspects, including strengthening forward-looking thinking, overall planning, strategic layout, and holistic advancement, forming an important methodology guiding the comprehensive deepening of reform in the New Era. The excellent traditional culture of China contains simple yet profound systematic thought. Grasping things from the whole was an important method by which ancient Chinese sages understood nature and human society, and this thought runs through multiple fields of ancient Chinese philosophy, literature, art, and medicine. For example, the *I Ching* regards the universe as a multi-level, dynamically evolving systemic whole, combining the eight trigrams—Qian, Kun, Zhen, Xun, Kan, Li, Gen, and Dui—into sixty-four hexagrams, and uses them to explain the operation of human society and nature. The *Laozi* states: "Man follows the earth; the earth follows heaven; heaven follows the Dao; the Dao follows what is natural," holding that heaven, earth, and man are interconnected and together constitute a unified system. The *Art of War* states: "If you prepare for the front, the rear will be weak; if you prepare for the rear, the front will be weak; if you prepare for the left, the right will be weak; if you prepare for the right, the left will be weak; if you prepare everywhere, you will be weak everywhere." The *Huangdi Neijing* states: "Man corresponds to heaven and earth, and responds to the sun and moon," holding that heaven and man are mutually connected and interrelated. Although these ideas have historical limitations, in a certain sense, their emphasis on the whole, on connection, and on change and development contains a simple systematic thought. Xi Jinping pointed out: "The rich philosophical thought, humanistic spirit, educational thought, and moral concepts of China's excellent traditional culture can provide beneficial enlightenment for people to understand and transform the world, can provide beneficial inspiration for governance, and can also provide beneficial inspiration for moral construction." The systematic thought gradually formed by ancient Chinese in production and daily life has already become an important way of thinking and value concept that contemporary Chinese people use daily without conscious awareness, providing reference for comprehensively deepening reform and adhering to the systems concept in the New Era.

马克思主义基本原理中包含着系统观念的基本观点。“马克思主义的理论和方法论把系统性原则作为一个重要组成部分包含于自身。”马克思主义强调，事物之间是相互联系、相互作用的，整个世界是一个有机联系、动态变化的整体，这实际上包含了系统观念的核心思想。恩格斯在《反杜林论》中对这一思想进行了深刻阐释：“当我们通过思维来考察自然界或人类历史或我们自己的精神活动的时候，首先呈现在我们眼前的，是一幅由种种联系和相互作用无穷无尽地交织起来的画面，其中没有任何东西是不动的和不变的，而是一切都在运动、变化、生成和消逝。”马克思主义基本原理蕴含的整体的、联系的、发展的观点实质上就是系统观念的体现。中国共产党人继承和发展了马克思主义基本原理蕴含的系统观念，并将其运用到中国革命、建设和改革的历史进程之中。新民主主义革命时期，毛泽东强调“弹钢琴”的工作方法，指出“弹钢琴要十个指头都动作，不能有的动，有的不动”。社会主义革命和建设时期，毛泽东提出：“我们的方针是统筹兼顾、适当安排。”改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期，邓小平指出：“现代化建设的任务是多方面的，各个方面需要综合平衡，不能单打一。”江泽民强调：“在推进社会主义现代化建设的过程中，必须处理好各种关系，特别是若干带有全局性的重大关系。”胡锦涛提出以人为本的科学发展观，强调“根本方法是统筹兼顾”。中国特色社会主义新时代，习近平指出：“完整、准确、全面贯彻新发展理念，必须坚持系统观念。”他从加强前瞻性思考、全局性谋划、战略性布局、整体性推进等多个方面对系统观念的内涵进行了深刻阐释，形成了指导新时代全面深化改革的重要方法论。中华优秀传统文化蕴含着朴素而深刻的系统思想。从整体上把握事物是中国古代先贤认识自然界和人类社会的重要方法，而这一思想贯穿中国古代哲学、文学、艺术、医学等多个领域。例如，《易经》把宇宙万物看做一个多层次、动态演化的系统整体，通过对乾、坤，震、巽、坎，离、艮、兑八个卦象进行组合形成六十四卦，并用之解释人类社会和自然界的运行。《老子》指出：“人法地，地法天，天法道，道法自然”，认为天、地、人三者之间相互联系，共同构成一个统一的系统。《孙子兵法》指出：“备前则后寡，备后则前寡，备左则右寡，备右则左寡，无所不备，则无所不寡。”《黄帝内经》指出：“人与天地相参也，与日月相应也”，认为天和人相互贯通、相互联系。这些思想虽然具有历史局限性，但在某种意义上，其注重整体、强调联系和变化发展的观点蕴含着朴素的系统思想。习近平指出：“中国优秀传统文化的丰富哲学思想、人文精神、教化思想、道德理念等，可以为人们认识和改造世界提供有益启迪，可以为治国理政提供有益启示，也可以为道德建设提供有益启发。”中国古人在生产生活中逐渐形成的系统思想，已经成为当代中国人日用而不觉的重要思维方式和价值观念，为新时代全面深化改革、坚持系统观念提供了借鉴。

(2) The Systems Concept Has Driven Historic Achievements in Comprehensively Deepening Reform in the New Era

（二）系统观念推动新时代全面深化改革取得历史性成就

Compared with the early period of reform and opening up, comprehensively deepening reform in the New Era places greater emphasis on systematicity. Under the guidance of the systems concept, China's cause of reform and opening up has achieved a "transformation from local exploration and ice-breaking breakthroughs to systematic integration and comprehensive deepening, with historic changes, systematic reshaping, and holistic reconstruction in many fields," attaining achievements that have attracted worldwide attention.

与改革开放初期相比，新时代全面深化改革更加注重系统性。在系统观念的指引之下，中国的改革开放事业实现了“由局部探索、破冰突围到系统集成、全面深化的转变，许多领域实现历史性变革、系统性重塑、整体性重构”，取得了举世瞩目的成就。

Comprehensively deepening reform in the New Era is a complex systematic project that requires strengthening systematic planning and holistic layout. Xi Jinping pointed out: "In comprehensively deepening reform, we cannot strike one blow here and another there, but must highlight the systematic, holistic, and coordinated nature of reform." First, comprehensively deepening reform in the New Era is in essence a profound social revolution, characterized by the fact that a move in one part affects the whole. "China is a large developing country, still in the primary stage of socialism, and is undergoing extensive and profound social changes; advancing reform, development, and adjusting interest relations often affects the whole when one part is touched." Comprehensively deepening reform in the New Era involves broad interests and numerous entangled interest relations, requiring breakthroughs in many barriers of solidified interests; only by adhering to systematic planning and advancing holistic layout can the smooth progress of reform be guaranteed. Second, comprehensively deepening reform in the New Era involves all aspects of economic and social development, encompassing multiple fields such as the economy, politics, culture, society, and ecological civilization. "It is necessary to strengthen top-level design and overall planning, and enhance the relevance, systematicity, and coordination of various reforms," ensuring that various reform measures are coordinated and effectively advanced, forming a synergy for reform and enhancing overall effectiveness. Third, comprehensively deepening reform in the New Era has already entered the "deep-water zone," involving an unprecedented number of issues, breadth of fields, and depth of contradictions; what needs to be tackled are all difficult "hard bones" to gnaw, and what is faced are deep-seated institutional and mechanistic problems. This places higher demands on the systematic, holistic, and coordinated nature of reform; advancing alone with a single department will not work, nor will piecemeal efforts with a few reform measures; it is necessary to place greater emphasis on top-level design and overall planning, and enhance the relevance and systematicity among various reforms.

新时代全面深化改革是一项复杂的系统工程，需要加强系统性谋划和整体性布局。习近平指出：“我们全面深化改革，不能东一榔头西一棒子，而是要突出改革的系统性、整体性、协同性。”第一，新时代全面深化改革本质上是一次深刻的社会革命，具有牵一发而动全身的特点。“我国是一个发展中大国，仍处于社会主义初级阶段，正在经历广泛而深刻的社会变革，推进改革发展、调整利益关系往往牵一发而动全身。”新时代全面深化改革涉及的利益面广、涉及的利益纠缠多，需要突破诸多利益固化的藩篱，只有坚持系统谋划，推进整体布局，才能保障改革顺利推进。第二，新时代全面深化改革涉及经济社会发展的各方面，包含经济、政治、文化、社会、生态文明等多个领域。“必须加强顶层设计、整体谋划，增强各项改革的关联性、系统性、协同性”，确保各项改革措施的协调一致和有效推进，形成改革合力，提升整体效能。第三，新时代全面深化改革已经进入“深水区”，涉及问题之多、领域之广、矛盾之深前所未有，需要啃的都是难啃的“硬骨头”，面对的是深层次体制机制问题，这对改革的系统性、整体性、协同性要求更强，靠某个部门单兵突进行不通，靠几项改革举措零敲碎打更行不通，必须更加注重顶层设计和整体谋划，增强各项改革间的关联性、系统性。

The systems concept is an important principle and methodology for deepening reform comprehensively in the New Era, and it has driven comprehensive deepening of reform to achieve a series of historic and significant accomplishments in every field. “Since the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC, the Party Central Committee, with unprecedented resolve and force, has broken through the shackles of ideological concepts, breached the barriers of entrenched interests, resolutely eliminated institutional and mechanistic defects in all areas, actively responded to the risks and challenges posed by changes in the external environment, and inaugurated a reform process of magnificent momentum and sweeping scope.” Under the guidance of the systems concept, in the course of deepening reform comprehensively in the New Era, various reform measures have been able to coordinate and reinforce one another, thereby forming a powerful synergy. The comprehensive deepening of reform in the New Era is not confined to any single specific field, but rather covers all fields including the economy, politics, culture, society, and ecological civilization, realizing a reform layout that is all-dimensional, multi-tiered, and broad in scope, and driving deep-level transformations across all areas and aspects of economic and social development. In the economic field, it has deepened supply-side structural reform, improved the foundational systems of the market economy such as property rights protection, market access, fair competition, and social credit, and built a new system for a higher-standard open economy. In the political field, it has advanced the reform of Party and state institutions, strengthened and upheld the authority of the Party Central Committee and its centralized, unified leadership, actively developed whole-process people's democracy, and continuously improved the socialist rule-of-law system with Chinese characteristics. In the cultural field, it has upheld the fundamental system of Marxism's guiding position in the ideological sphere, continuously improved the system of ideological and political work, promoted the comprehensive flourishing of cultural undertakings and the rapid development of the cultural industry, and markedly enhanced the communication capacity of Chinese civilization abroad. In the social field, it has deepened reform of the tax system, accelerated reform of the household registration system, deepened reform of the medical and health system, deepened comprehensive reform in education, accelerated the construction of the elderly care service system, and improved the housing security system, achieving major progress in livelihood fields such as income, employment, education, social security, elderly care, medical care, and housing. In the field of ecological civilization, it has improved the mechanisms for preventing and controlling air, water, and soil pollution, implemented integrated protection and systematic governance of mountains, waters, forests, farmlands, grasslands, and deserts, established and implemented the central ecological and environmental protection inspection system, established an evaluation and assessment system for the goals of ecological civilization construction, and actively participated in global environmental governance. In short, the systems concept has played an important role in deepening reform comprehensively in the New Era, driven historic achievements in reform across all fields, and laid a solid foundation for accelerating Chinese-path modernization and realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

系统观念是新时代全面深化改革的重要原则和方法论，推动全面深化改革在各个领域都取得了一系列具有历史性的重大成就。“党的十八届三中全会以来，党中央以前所未有的决心和力度冲破思想观念的束缚，突破利益固化的藩篱，坚决破除各方面体制机制弊端，积极应对外部环境变化带来的风险挑战，开启了气势如虹、波澜壮阔的改革进程。”在系统观念的指引下，在新时代全面深化改革的过程中，各项改革措施之间能够相互协调、相互促进，从而形成强大的合力。新时代全面深化改革不局限于某一特定领域，而是覆盖了经济、政治、文化、社会和生态文明等各领域，实现了全方位、多层次、宽领域的改革布局，推动了经济社会各领域各方面的深层次变革。在经济领域，深化供给侧结构性改革，完善产权保护、市场准入、公平竞争、社会信用等市场经济基础制度，建设更高水平开放型经济新体制。在政治领域，推进党和国家机构改革，加强和维护党中央权威和集中统一领导，积极发展全过程人民民主，不断健全中国特色社会主义法治体系。在文化领域，坚持马克思主义在意识形态领域指导地位的根本制度，不断完善思想政治工作体系，推动文化事业全面繁荣和文化产业快速发展，中华文明对外传播力明显提升。在社会领域，深化税收制度改革，加快推进户籍制度改革，深化医药卫生体制改革，深化教育领域综合改革，加快养老服务体系建设，完善住房保障体系等，在收入、就业、教育、社会保障、养老、医疗、住房等民生领域取得重大进展。在生态文明领域，完善大气、水、土壤污染防治机制，实施山水林田湖草沙一体化保护和系统治理，建立实施中央生态环境保护督察制度，建立生态文明建设目标评价考核制度，积极参与全球环境治理。总之，系统观念在新时代全面深化改革中发挥了重要作用，推动了各领域改革取得了历史性成就，为加快推进中国式现代化、实现中华民族伟大复兴奠定了坚实基础。

(3) Adhering to the systems concept is a valuable experience from comprehensively deepening reform in the New Era

（三）坚持系统观念是新时代全面深化改革的宝贵经验

The Decision emphasizes that in further deepening reform comprehensively, it is necessary to “summarize and apply the valuable experience of reform and opening up, especially the comprehensive deepening of reform in the New Era.” Over more than 40 years of reform and opening up, and especially since the New Era, the Communist Party of China has continuously advanced reform to greater depths in practice and continuously deepened its theoretical understanding of the laws of reform and opening up; one of the valuable experiences thus gained is adhering to the systems concept.

《决定》强调，进一步全面深化改革，要“总结和运用改革开放以来特别是新时代全面深化改革的宝贵经验”。改革开放40余年特别是新时代以来，中国共产党在实践中不断推进改革走向深处，在理论上不断深化对改革开放的规律性认识，得到的其中一条宝贵经验就是坚持系统观念。

Placing greater emphasis on the systemic integration of reform is a distinctive feature of comprehensively deepening reform since the New Era. The Decision points out: “The Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Party was epoch-making, opening a new period of reform and opening up and of socialist modernization. The Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the Party was also epoch-making, inaugurating a new journey of comprehensively deepening reform in the New Era and of advancing reform through systematic, integrated, top-level design, and creating an entirely new situation for China's reform and opening up.” The Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the Party pointed out: “It is necessary to place greater emphasis on the systemic nature, integrity, and coordination of reform,” marking that China's cause of reform and opening up had entered a new stage placing greater emphasis on systemic integration. The 19th National Congress of the CPC, on the basis of summing up historic achievements, reaffirmed that reform and opening up should “place greater emphasis on the systemic nature, integrity, and coordination of reform.” The Third Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the Party pointed out: “It is necessary to strengthen the systemic nature, integrity, and coordination of reform, strengthen coordination among reforms of Party, government, military, and mass organizations' institutions, so that various reforms promote and complement one another and produce an overall effect.” At the Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the Party, Xi Jinping pointed out that compared with the past, “reform now faces more deep-level institutional and mechanistic problems, with higher demands on top-level design of reform and stronger demands on the systemic nature, integrity, and coordination of reform.” The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the Party set forth the principles that must be followed for economic and social development during the 14th Five-Year Plan period, the fifth of which is “adhering to the systems concept.” The 20th National Congress of the CPC made “adhering to the systems concept” one of the important components of the worldview and methodology of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Party was a very important meeting at which the Communist Party of China planned, on the new journey of the New Era, the further comprehensive deepening of reform centered on Chinese-path modernization; it emphasized the need to “strengthen systemic integration, strengthen overall planning and systematic layout of reform, so that reforms in all aspects coordinate with one another and are highly efficient,” and made adhering to the systems concept one of the important principles to be followed in further deepening reform comprehensively in the New Era. Throughout the practical process of comprehensively deepening reform in the New Era, emphasizing adherence to the systems concept and highlighting the systemic integration of reform has been consistent and continuous.

更加注重改革的系统集成是新时代以来全面深化改革的鲜明特征。《决定》指出：“党的十一届三中全会是划时代的，开启了改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期。党的十八届三中全会也是划时代的，开启了新时代全面深化改革、系统整体设计推进改革新征程，开创了我国改革开放全新局面。”党的十八届三中全会指出：“必须更加注重改革的系统性、整体性、协同性”，标志着中国的改革开放事业进入了更加强调系统集成的新阶段。党的十九大在总结历史性成就的基础上，重申改革开放应当“更加注重改革的系统性、整体性、协同性”。党的十九届三中全会指出：“要增强改革的系统性、整体性、协同性，加强党政军群各方面机构改革配合，使各项改革相互促进、相得益彰，形成总体效应。”在党的十九届四中全会上，习近平指出，相比过去，“改革更多面对的是深层次体制机制问题，对改革顶层设计的要求更高，对改革的系统性，整体性、协同性要求更强”。党的十九届五中全会阐明了“十四五”时期经济社会发展必须遵循的原则，其中第五条就是“坚持系统观念”。党的二十大把“坚持系统观念”作为习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想世界观和方法论的重要内容之一。党的二十届三中全会是新时代新征程上中国共产党谋划围绕中国式现代化进一步全面深化改革的一次十分重要的会议，强调要“强化系统集成，加强对改革的整体谋划、系统布局，使各方面改革相互配合、协同高效”，将坚持系统观念作为新时代进一步全面深化改革需要遵循的重要原则之一。纵观新时代全面深化改革的实践过程，强调坚持系统观念、突出改革的系统集成是一以贯之、一脉相承的。

Adhering to the systems concept is a consistent governing philosophy of Xi Jinping and an important component of the worldview and methodology of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC profoundly elaborated the “Six Musts,” the fifth of which is “must adhere to the systems concept,” emphasizing that “all things are interconnected and interdependent. Only by observing things from the viewpoint of universal connection, comprehensive system, and developmental change can one grasp the laws of development of things.” In the New Era, Xi Jinping has flexibly applied dialectical materialism and historical materialism, combined them with the latest conditions of contemporary China's economy and society and of continuously deepening reform, fully absorbed the beneficial elements of China's excellent traditional culture, and creatively put forward important judgments such as “it is necessary to plan and resolve problems from the systems concept, comprehensively and coordinately advancing work in all fields and socialist modernization,” providing correct theoretical guidance and scientific methodological direction for further deepening reform comprehensively.

坚持系统观念是习近平一以贯之的治国理政理念，也是习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的世界观和方法论的重要内容。党的二十大报告深刻阐述了“六个必须坚持”，其中第五个就是“必须坚持系统观念”，强调“万事万物是相互联系、相互依存的。只有用普遍联系的、全面系统的、发展变化的观点观察事物，才能把握事物发展规律”。新时代，习近平灵活运用辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义，结合当代中国经济社会和不断深化改革的最新情况，充分汲取中华优秀传统文化的有益因子，创造性地提出了“必须从系统观念出发加以谋划和解决，全面协调推动各领域工作和社会主义现代化建设”等重要论断，为进一步全面深化改革提供了正确的理论遵循和科学的方法论指引。

II. Further deepening reform comprehensively requires adhering to and carrying through the systems concept

二、进一步全面深化改革要坚持和贯穿系统观念

The Decision, closely centering on advancing Chinese-path modernization, makes systematic arrangements for further deepening reform comprehensively and outlines as a whole the grand blueprint for further deepening reform comprehensively in the coming period. Whether in overall planning or in specific implementation, the Decision fully manifests the flexible application of the systems concept by Chinese Communists, embodies the holistic and systematic nature of further deepening reform comprehensively, is a representative work of adhering to the systems concept in scientifically planning and coordinately advancing Chinese-path modernization, and provides the fundamental guideline for holistically advancing further deepening reform comprehensively.

《决定》紧紧围绕推进中国式现代化进一步全面深化改革作出系统部署，整体性地勾勒了今后一段时期进一步全面深化改革的宏伟蓝图。无论是谋篇布局还是落子发力，《决定》都充分彰显了中国共产党人对系统观念的灵活运用，体现了进一步全面深化改革的整体性和系统性，是坚持以系统观念科学谋划、统筹推进中国式现代化的代表作，为整体性推动进一步全面深化改革提供了根本遵循。

(1) Continue to improve the institutional system and advance reform in all fields as a whole, including the economy, politics, culture, society, and ecological civilization

（一）继续完善制度体系，整体推进经济、政治、文化、社会、生态文明等各领域改革

Emphasizing holism and comprehensiveness is a distinctive feature of further deepening reform comprehensively. The Decision, closely centering on advancing Chinese-path modernization and implementing the strategic plans of the 20th National Congress of the Party, makes important strategic arrangements in the economy, politics, culture, society, ecology, national security, and national defense and the military. A comprehensive chess game of further deepening reform comprehensively, one that takes into account the overall situation, highlights key points, covers all aspects of economic and social development, and links domestic and foreign affairs, governance of the Party, the state, and the military, is being unfolded.

强调整体性和全面性是进一步全面深化改革的显著特点。《决定》紧紧围绕推进中国式现代化、落实党的二十大战略部署来谋划进一步全面深化改革，在经济、政治、文化、社会、生态、国家安全、国防和军队等方面作出重要战略部署。一盘着眼全局，突出重点，覆盖经济社会发展各方面，贯通内政外交、治党治国治军的全面深化改革大棋局铺展开来。

Taking institutional improvement as the main thread, continue to improve and develop the systems and institutions in all areas. Xi Jinping pointed out: “Compared with the past, reform and opening up in the New Era has many new connotations and characteristics, one very important point being that institutional improvement carries greater weight…” Promoting the maturation and finalization of systems and institutions in all areas is an important strategic task of comprehensively deepening reform in the New Era, and institutional improvement is a main thread running from the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC to the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC. At the tenth meeting of the Central Committee for Comprehensively Deepening Reform held in September 2019, Xi Jinping profoundly elaborated on the three important stages and their work priorities for implementing the various reform tasks set by the Central Committee since the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee. The first stage was the stage of laying foundations, erecting pillars, and setting up the framework for reform. The Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee put forward the overall goal of comprehensively deepening reform—improving and developing the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and advancing the modernization of China’s system and capacity for governance—and emphasized the need to build the “four beams and eight pillars” [1]1 The Third Plenary Session of the 20th National Congress of the CPC: the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, held in July 2024, which adopted the Decision on Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively to Advance Chinese-Path Modernization. of the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, promoting all-round progress in the reform of the economic system, political system, cultural system, social system, ecological civilization system, and the Party building system. By the end of 2016, the main framework of the “four beams and eight pillars” in major areas had been basically established. The second stage was the stage of comprehensive advancement and accumulation of momentum in reform. On the basis of the basically established main framework, reform achieved breakthroughs in some important areas and key links, institutional improvement in the economic, political, cultural, social, and ecological civilization fields made notable progress, and comprehensive deepening of reform achieved historic accomplishments. The third stage was the stage of systematic integration, coordinated efficiency, and high effectiveness in reform. The “Decision” [2]2 "Playing the piano": a metaphor used by Mao Zedong for the working method of coordinating all tasks in a balanced way rather than focusing on one to the exclusion of others. proposed: “Adhere to taking institutional improvement as the main thread, strengthen top-level design and overall planning, establish the new while abolishing the old, and establish the new before abolishing the old, consolidate the fundamental systems, improve the basic systems, and innovate the important systems…” In the strategic deployment for further comprehensively deepening reform, the “Decision” emphasized going a step further on the basis of comprehensively deepening reform in the New Era, putting forward more than 300 important reform measures involving reforms in many aspects and fields. “Improving the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics is a dynamic process that inevitably develops continuously with the development of practice; existing systems need to be continuously improved, and new fields and new practices require advancing institutional innovation and filling institutional gaps.” Further comprehensively deepening reform in the New Era fully embodies the continuity and consistency of “carrying one blueprint through to the end.” [3]3 The *I Ching* (Book of Changes): an ancient Chinese divination and philosophical classic that uses eight trigrams and sixty-four hexagrams to represent the patterns of change in the universe. The mutual articulation of reforms at different stages is an important manifestation of adhering to the systems concept.

以制度建设为主线，继续完善和发展各方面制度体系。习近平指出：“相比过去，新时代改革开放具有许多新的内涵和特点，其中很重要的一点就是制度建设分量更重……”推动各方面制度成熟定型是新时代全面深化改革的重要战略任务，制度建设是贯穿党的十八届三中全会到党的二十届三中全会的一条主线。在2019年9月召开的中央全面深化改革委员会第十次会议上，习近平深刻阐述了落实党的十八届三中全会以来中央确定的各项改革任务的三个重要阶段及其工作重点。第一个阶段是改革的夯基垒台、立柱架梁阶段。党的十八届三中全会提出了完善和发展中国特色社会主义制度，推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化这一全面深化改革的总目标，强调要搭建起中国特色社会主义制度的“四梁八柱”，推动经济体制、政治体制、文化体制、社会体制、生态文明体制和党的建设制度改革全面发力。到2016年末，主要领域“四梁八柱”的主体框架已经基本确立。第二个阶段是改革的全面推进和积厚成势阶段。在主体框架已经基本确立的基础上，改革在一些重要领域和关键环节取得突破，经济、政治、文化、社会、生态文明等领域制度建设取得显著进展，全面深化改革取得历史性成就。第三个阶段是改革的系统集成、协同高效阶段。《决定》提出：“坚持以制度建设为主线，加强顶层设计、总体谋划，破立并举、先立后破，筑牢根本制度，完善基本制度，创新重要制度……”在进一步全面深化改革的战略部署中，《决定》强调要在新时代全面深化改革的基础上更进一步，提出了300多项重要改革举措，涉及多方面多领域改革。“完善中国特色社会主义制度是一个动态过程，必然随着实践发展而不断发展，已有制度需要不断健全，新领域新实践需要推进制度创新、填补制度空白。”新时代进一步全面深化改革充分体现了“一张蓝图绘到底”的连续性和一脉相承。不同阶段的改革之间相互衔接，是坚持系统观念的重要体现。

Strengthen overall planning, and promote in an integrated manner reforms in the economic, political, cultural, social, ecological, and other fields. Further comprehensively deepening reform, in the final analysis, must be implemented in comprehensiveness. “Comprehensively deepening reform—comprehensiveness means coordinating and advancing reforms in all fields,” “it is not advancing reform in one field, nor is it advancing reform in a few fields, but advancing reform in all fields; that is, it is considered from the overall perspective of the national governance system and governance capacity.” Comprehensively deepening reform in the New Era places particular emphasis on overall layout and overall planning. The Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee opened the prelude to comprehensively deepening reform. After more than ten years of theoretical and practical exploration, the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee, on the basis of previous reforms, added reform in the field of national security and further refined and deepened reforms in the original fields, bringing the comprehensiveness of comprehensively deepening reform to a new height. In the economic field, it emphasized building a high-level socialist market economy system, improving the systems and mechanisms for promoting high-quality development, building systems and mechanisms for supporting comprehensive innovation, improving the macro-economic governance system, improving the systems and mechanisms for integrated urban-rural development, and improving the systems and mechanisms for high-level opening up to the outside world. In the political field, it emphasized improving the institutional system for whole-process people’s democracy and perfecting the system of socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics. In the cultural field, it emphasized deepening the reform of the cultural systems and mechanisms. In the social field, it emphasized improving the institutional systems for safeguarding and improving people’s livelihoods. In the field of ecological civilization, it emphasized deepening the reform of the ecological civilization system. In addition, the “Decision” also made strategic arrangements for further comprehensively deepening reform in terms of improving the national security system, perfecting the public safety governance mechanisms, continuously deepening the reform of national defense and the armed forces, and strengthening the leadership of the Party. On the whole, the various reform measures basically cover all aspects of Chinese-path modernization, fully reflecting the concepts of systematicity and wholeness.

加强整体谋划，一体推进经济、政治、文化、社会、生态等各领域改革。进一步全面深化改革，归根结底要落实到全面上。“全面深化改革，全面者，就是要统筹推进各领域改革”，“不是推进一个领域改革，也不是推进几个领域改革，而是推进所有领域改革，就是从国家治理体系和治理能力的总体角度考虑的”。新时代全面深化改革特别强调总体布局和整体谋划。党的十八届三中全会拉开了全面深化改革的序幕。经过长达十余年的理论和实践探索，党的二十届三中全会在之前改革的基础之上，增加了国家安全领域的改革，并进一步细化和深入原有领域的改革，使得全面深化改革的全面性达到了一个新的高度。在经济领域，强调构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制，健全推动经济高质量发展体制机制，构建支持全面创新体制机制，健全宏观经济治理体系，完善城乡融合发展体制机制，完善高水平对外开放体制机制。在政治领域，强调健全全过程人民民主制度体系，完善中国特色社会主义法治体系。在文化领域，强调深化文化体制机制改革。在社会领域，强调健全保障和改善民生制度体系。在生态文明领域，强调深化生态文明体制改革。除此之外，《决定》还从健全国家安全体系、完善公共安全治理机制、持续深化国防和军队改革、加强党的领导等方面对进一步全面深化改革作出战略部署。从整体上来看，各项改革举措基本覆盖了中国式现代化的方方面面，充分体现了系统性、整体性的观念。

(2) Highlighting reform in key areas, using economic system reform to lead and drive reforms in other areas

（二）突出重点领域改革，以经济体制改革牵引和带动其他方面改革

Adhering to the systems concept requires us to attach importance to the connections among the various parts and elements within a system, and to enhance overall effectiveness through coordinated development. Xi Jinping pointed out: “We must pay attention to enhancing systematicity, wholeness, and coordination, so that the various reform measures complement each other, promote each other, and bring out the best in each other.” Further comprehensively deepening reform not only requires top-level design of reform from the overall perspective, but also requires attention to the interconnectedness and coordination of the various reform measures, so as to ensure that they can exert maximum effectiveness within the overall framework.

坚持系统观念要求我们重视系统内部各部分、各要素之间的联系，通过协同发展增强整体效能。习近平指出：“要注重增强系统性、整体性、协同性，使各项改革举措相互配合、相互促进、相得益彰。”进一步全面深化改革不仅需要从整体上对改革进行顶层设计，还要求注重各项改革措施的关联性和配合性，以确保其能在整体框架下发挥最大效能。

Economic system reform occupies a dominant position in the larger chess game of further comprehensively deepening reform. Xi Jinping pointed out: “The economic base determines the superstructure. Economic system reform has an important influence and transmission effect on reforms in other areas; the pace of major economic system reform determines the pace of many other systemic reforms, and it has the effect of moving the whole body by pulling one hair.” [4]4 The *Laozi* (also known as the *Daodejing*): a foundational text of Daoism attributed to the sage Laozi, emphasizing naturalness and non-action. Development is the Party’s primary task in governing and rejuvenating the country, and the primary goal of advancing Chinese-path modernization is to achieve high-quality development. In the process of further comprehensively deepening reform, it is necessary to coordinate and handle the relationships among reforms in various fields and advance them as a whole, but it is also necessary to highlight key areas and grasp key links. Xi Jinping pointed out that the “Decision” has five characteristics in its content arrangement, the first of which is “emphasizing the leading role of economic system reform.” In July 2024, Xi Jinping emphasized at a symposium with non-Party personages: “We must both continue to work hard on comprehensiveness, so that reform measures comprehensively cover the prominent problems that need to be solved in advancing Chinese-path modernization; and continue to exert real effort on deepening, highlighting the focus on the economic system, and making every effort to break through deep-seated institutional barriers and structural contradictions.” In the specific reform deployment, economic system reform plays the role of “one move landing and the whole board coming alive,” [5]5 The *Art of War*: an ancient Chinese military treatise attributed to Sun Tzu, widely studied for its strategic thought. and its success or failure determines the overall effectiveness of the overall situation of further comprehensively deepening reform. For example, economic system reform emphasizes strengthening the judicial protection of property rights and law enforcement, improving the financial regulatory system, and improving the system for experts to participate in public decision-making, which are closely related to the democratic and rule-of-law reforms in the political field; it emphasizes promoting the orderly expansion of opening up in telecommunications, the internet, education, culture, medical care, and other fields, which are interconnected with the construction of a more effective international communication system in the cultural field; it emphasizes establishing a long-term mechanism for government investment to support the construction of major projects that are basic, public welfare, and long-term, and improving the mechanisms for accelerating the diversified development of life services, which are linked to safeguarding and improving people’s livelihoods; it emphasizes supporting enterprises in using digital-intelligent technology and green technology to transform and upgrade traditional industries, and strengthening institutional constraints such as environmental protection and safety, which are integrated with the various reforms in the field of ecological civilization; it emphasizes establishing mechanisms for safety risk assessment and response in the industrial chain and supply chain, improving the overall planning and linkage system for the exploration, production, supply, storage, and sales of strategic mineral resources, and building systems for monitoring, early warning, and response to scientific and technological security risks, which are important contents of strengthening national security. In short, economic system reform is the focus of further comprehensively deepening reform, plays a decisive role in it, and can lead and drive reforms in other areas.

经济体制改革在进一步全面深化改革的大棋局中占据主导地位。习近平指出：“经济基础决定上层建筑。经济体制改革对其他方面改革具有重要影响和传导作用，重大经济体制改革的进度决定着其他方面很多体制改革的进度，具有牵一发而动全身的作用。”发展是党执政兴国的第一要务，推进中国式现代化的首要目标是实现高质量发展。在进一步全面深化改革的进程中，需要统筹处理好各领域改革的关系并整体推进，但在其中也必须突出重点领域、把握关键环节。习近平指出，《决定》在内容摆布上具有五个特点，其中第一条就是“注重发挥经济体制改革牵引作用”。2024年7月，习近平在党外人士座谈会上强调：“既要继续在全面上下功夫，使改革举措全面覆盖推进中国式现代化需要解决的突出问题；又要持续在深化上用实劲，突出经济体制这个重点，着力破除深层次体制机制障碍和结构性矛盾。”在具体的改革部署中，经济体制改革发挥着一子落而满盘活的作用，其成败决定了进一步全面深化改革大局的总体成效。例如，经济体制改革强调加强产权执法司法保护、完善金融监管体系、健全专家参与公共决策制度等，与政治领域的民主法治改革紧密相关；强调推动电信、互联网、教育、文化、医疗等领域有序扩大开放等，与文化领域构建更有效力的国际传播体系相互贯通；强调建立政府投资支持基础性、公益性、长远性重大项目建设长效机制、健全加快生活性服务业多样化发展机制等则与保障和改善民生相联系；强调支持企业用数智技术、绿色技术改造提升传统产业，强化环保、安全等制度约束等，与生态文明领域的各项改革相互融合；强调建立产业链供应链安全风险评估和应对机制、完善战略性矿产资源探产供储销统筹和衔接体系、构建科技安全风险监测预警和应对体系等，则是加强国家安全的重要内容。总之，经济体制改革是进一步全面深化改革的重点，在其中发挥着决定性作用，能牵引和带动其他领域的改革。

Strengthen the coordination and alignment of various reforms, and promote reform measures in all fields and aspects to exert force in the same direction and form synergy. Xi Jinping emphasized: “The deeper the reform, the more attention must be paid to coordination—not only coordinating reform plans, but also coordinating reform implementation, and even more so coordinating reform outcomes—so that all reform measures complement each other in policy orientation, promote each other in the implementation process, and reinforce each other in reform results, focusing and exerting force toward the overall goal of deepening reform comprehensively.” In the process of further deepening reform comprehensively, reforms in various fields and aspects are not scattered and isolated, but rather an interconnected and closely knit whole. The reform deployments made at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC fully reflect the characteristics of mutual coordination and exerting force in the same direction. In the economic field, economic system reform plays a traction and guiding role for various reforms. In the political field, reform measures such as strengthening the institutional building for the people being the masters of the country, improving the system of law-based governance with Chinese characteristics, and building a national unified information platform for laws, regulations, and normative documents coordinate with measures in economic system reform such as building a high-standard market economy system and constructing a nationally unified large market. In the cultural field, the mechanism for delivering high-quality cultural resources directly to the grassroots is established, and reform measures in the social field related to improving the basic public service system are interconnected; exploring effective mechanisms for integrating culture and technology and accelerating the development of new cultural business forms are coupled with various reform measures in economic system reform that promote the development of the digital economy and the service industry. In the social field, reform measures such as accelerating the establishment of a new model for real estate development and improving the support and service system for population development are closely related to economic system reform. In the field of ecological civilization, reform measures such as compiling an ecological environment code and developing green and low-carbon industries are interconnected with many reform measures in the economic and political fields. In addition, many reform measures in the fields of national security and national defense and the armed forces are also closely related to and coordinate with reforms in the economic, political, cultural, social, and ecological civilization fields. In the process of further deepening reform comprehensively, reform measures in all fields and aspects are like a large net, closely connected, coupled with each other, and mutually reinforcing, capable of achieving an effect of “1+1>2,” giving reform a multiplier effect.

加强各项改革的协调配套，推动各领域各方面改革举措同向发力、形成合力。习近平强调：“改革越深入，越要注意协同，既抓改革方案协同，也抓改革落实协同，更抓改革效果协同，促进各项改革举措在政策取向上相互配合、在实施过程中相互促进、在改革成效上相得益彰，朝着全面深化改革总目标聚焦发力。”在进一步全面深化改革的过程中，各方面各领域改革不是分散和孤立的，而是相互联系的紧密整体。党的二十届三中全会作出的各项改革部署充分体现了相互配合、同向发力的特点。在经济领域，经济体制改革对各项改革发挥着牵引和引导作用。在政治领域，加强人民当家作主制度建设、完善中国特色社会主义法治体系、建设全国统一的法律法规和规范性文件信息平台等改革措施，与经济体制改革中的构建高水平市场经济体制、构建全国统一大市场等举措相互配合。在文化领域，建立优质文化资源直达基层机制和社会领域的完善基本公共服务制度体系相关改革措施相互衔接，探索文化和科技融合的有效机制，加快发展新型文化业态与经济体制改革中推动数字经济和服务业发展的各项改革举措相耦合。在社会领域，加快构建房地产发展新模式、健全人口发展支持和服务体系等改革举措与经济体制改革紧密相关。在生态文明领域，编纂生态环境法典、发展绿色低碳产业等改革举措则与经济、政治领域的诸多改革举措相互贯通。此外，国家安全领域、国防军队领域的诸多改革措施也与经济、政治、文化、社会、生态文明等领域改革紧密相关，相互配合。在进一步全面深化改革的过程中，各领域各方面改革举措如同一张大网，紧密联系、相互耦合、互相增益，能够达到“1+1＞2”的效果，使改革产生乘数效应。

(3) Coordinate development and security, and safeguard the overall stability of reform through reforms to improve the national security system

（三）统筹发展和安全，通过健全国家安全体系改革保障改革大局稳定

Adhering to the systemic perspective requires us to think about and grasp problems from a strategic height, and to grasp the many major relationships in the development and change of things. Xi Jinping pointed out: “Coordinating development and security, enhancing awareness of potential dangers, and remaining prepared for adversity are major principles of our Party in governing the country.” In the process of further deepening reform comprehensively, development and security are like the two wings of one body and the two wheels of one chariot—major relationships that must be fully coordinated.

坚持系统观念要求我们从战略的高度来思考和把握问题，把握事物发展变化中的诸多重大关系。习近平指出：“统筹发展和安全，增强忧患意识，做到居安思危，是我们党治国理政的一个重大原则。”在进一步全面深化改革的过程中，发展和安全犹如一体之两翼、驱动之双轮，是必须充分加以统筹的重大关系。

Advancing the modernization of the national security system and capacity and continuously deepening reform of national defense and the armed forces provide solid guarantees for the smooth advancement of reforms in other fields. “National security is the foundation of national rejuvenation, and social stability is the prerequisite for national prosperity.” Attaching great importance to national security and emphasizing the prevention and resolution of systemic risks are distinctive features of further deepening reform comprehensively. On the basis of the “improving the public safety system” proposed at the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee, the Decision further emphasizes the need to improve the institutions and mechanisms for safeguarding national security, and puts forward reform requirements in four major categories—improving the national security system, improving public safety governance mechanisms, improving the social governance system, and improving foreign-related national security mechanisms—amounting to dozens of specific items. At the same time, it also makes new strategic deployments for continuously deepening reform of national defense and the armed forces, reflecting the CPC’s high regard for national security. Systemic reform is often accompanied by systemic potential risks. This is because, in the actual implementation of reform measures, if the various measures of systemic reform do not coordinate and couple with each other but instead obstruct and crowd one another out, the possibility of generating systemic risks will greatly increase. In addition, the current external environment and security landscape have undergone major changes, which requires that “we must enhance our awareness of potential dangers, adhere to bottom-line thinking, remain prepared for adversity, and be ready to withstand major tests of high winds and rough waves, or even violent storms.” The risks that can be predicted and those that cannot are both clearly increasing, making it all the more necessary for us to plan ahead, prepare for rainy days, and make preparations for preventing and resolving major risks in the process of further deepening reform comprehensively. Advancing the modernization of the national security system and capacity and continuously deepening reform of national defense and the armed forces fully embody the forward-looking and systematic thinking inherent in the systemic perspective, providing solid security guarantees for other reform measures on the new journey of the New Era and playing an important role in underpinning and laying the foundation.

推进国家安全体系和能力现代化、持续深化国防和军队改革为其他各领域改革的顺利推进提供坚实保障。“国家安全是民族复兴的根基，社会稳定是国家强盛的前提。”高度重视国家安全，强调防范和化解系统性风险是进一步全面深化改革的鲜明特点。《决定》在党的十八届三中全会提出的“健全公共安全体系”的基础上，进一步强调要完善维护国家安全体制机制，提出了健全国家安全体系、完善公共安全治理机制、健全社会治理体系、完善涉外国家安全机制等四大类数十项改革要求。同时，也对持续深化国防和军队改革作出了新的战略部署，体现了中国共产党对国家安全的高度重视。系统性改革往往会伴随系统性的潜在风险。这是因为在实际的改革措施的落实中，假如系统性改革的各项措施没有相互配合、相互耦合，而是相互掣肘、相互挤占，就会极大增加产生系统性风险的可能性。除此之外，当前外部环境和安全格局发生了重大变化，这要求“我们必须增强忧患意识，坚持底线思维，做到居安思危、未雨绸缪，准备经受风高浪急甚至惊涛骇浪的重大考验”。各项可以预料和不可以预料的风险明显增多，更需要我们在进一步全面深化改革的过程中提前谋划、未雨绸缪，做好防范化解重大风险的准备。推进国家安全体系和能力现代化、持续深化国防和军队改革充分体现了系统观念蕴含的前瞻性和系统性思维，为新时代新征程上各项其他改革措施提供了坚实的安全保障，发挥了兜底筑基的重要作用。

Adhere to placing equal emphasis on development and security, and achieve a virtuous interaction between high-quality development and high-level security. Xi Jinping pointed out: “Enhance national security strength through development, and at the same time deepen innovation in national security thinking, institutions, and means, create a secure environment conducive to economic and social development, give more consideration to security factors in development, strive to achieve a dynamic balance between development and security, and comprehensively improve the capacity and level of national security work.” Development and security are not contradictory; through reasonable coordination, a win-win outcome for both can be achieved. When deploying reforms of the national security system and reform of national defense and the armed forces, the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee emphasizes the linkage between reform measures in these two fields and those in other fields, striving to seek development and progress in various fields on the basis of achieving national security, while laying a solid foundation for enhancing national security through advancing development and progress in other fields. In the economic field, it coordinates the advancement of reform of national security technology empowerment and the integrated institutional mechanisms for education, science and technology, and talent. In the political field, it coordinates the advancement of reform to improve the urban-rural grassroots governance system under the leadership of Party organizations, combining self-governance, rule of law, and rule of virtue, with reform to improve the mechanism of grassroots self-governance under the leadership of grassroots Party organizations. In the cultural field, it coordinates the strengthening of cybersecurity institutional building with reform to improve the long-term mechanism for cyberspace ecological governance. In the social field, it coordinates the exploration of establishing a nationally unified population management system with reform to improve the support and service system for population development. In the field of ecological civilization, it coordinates the improvement of the biosafety supervision, early warning, prevention, and control system with reform to implement the ecological protection red line management system. Advancing the modernization of the national security system and capacity and continuously deepening reform of national defense and the armed forces coordinate with reforms in other fields, jointly constituting the strategic overall layout of further deepening reform comprehensively in the New Era, achieving the organic unity of development and security.

坚持发展和安全并重，实现高质量发展和高水平安全的良性互动。习近平指出：“既通过发展提升国家安全实力，又深入推进国家安全思路、体制、手段创新，营造有利于经济社会发展的安全环境，在发展中更多考虑安全因素，努力实现发展和安全的动态平衡，全面提高国家安全工作能力和水平。”发展和安全并不是相互矛盾的关系，通过合理统筹可以实现二者的共赢。党的二十届三中全会在部署国家安全体系改革及国防和军队改革时，注重强调这两个领域的改革措施与其他领域改革措施的联动性，致力于做到在实现国家安全的基础上谋求各领域的发展进步，在推进其他领域发展进步的同时为增进国家安全夯实基础。在经济领域，统筹推进国家安全科技赋能与教育科技人才一体化体制机制改革。在政治领域，统筹推进健全党组织领导的自治、法治、德治相结合的城乡基层治理体系与健全基层党组织领导的基层群众自治机制改革。在文化领域，统筹加强网络安全体制建设与健全网络生态治理长效机制改革。在社会领域，统筹探索建立全国统一的人口管理制度与健全人口发展支持和服务体系改革。在生态文明领域，统筹健全生物安全监管预警防控体系和落实生态保护红线管理制度改革等。推进国家安全体系和能力现代化、持续深化国防和军队改革与其他方面改革互相配合，共同构成新时代进一步全面深化改革的战略总布局，做到了发展和安全的有机统一。

3. Several issues to be grasped in adhering to the systemic perspective to promote further deepening of reform comprehensively

三、坚持系统观念推动进一步全面深化改革需要把握的几个问题

In the process of further deepening reform comprehensively, it is necessary to think deeply about how to effectively transform the systemic perspective into a systemic reform plan, how to implement systemic top-level design into systemic reform measures, and how to run systemic thinking through all levels of reform practice, ensuring that the systemic perspective is truly implemented. In this process, a series of key issues must be properly handled—this is the basic premise and foundation for scientifically adhering to the systemic perspective and promoting further deepening of reform comprehensively.

在进一步全面深化改革的过程中，必须深入思考如何将系统观念切实转化为系统性改革方案，如何将系统性顶层设计落实为系统性改革措施，以及如何将系统性思维贯穿改革实践的各个层面，确保系统观念得到切实贯彻。在这一过程中，需要妥善把握好一系列关键问题，这是能否科学坚持系统观念，推动进一步全面深化改革的基本前提和基础。

(1) Unswervingly uphold and strengthen the Party’s overall leadership

（一）毫不动摇地坚持和加强党的全面领导

The Decision points out: “The Party’s leadership is the fundamental guarantee for further deepening reform comprehensively and advancing Chinese-path modernization.” Unswervingly upholding and strengthening the Party’s overall leadership is a red line running through systemic reform, holds a fundamental position in further deepening reform comprehensively, and is the key to ensuring the success of the cause of further deepening reform comprehensively. The first priority in adhering to the systemic perspective is to uphold and strengthen the Party’s overall leadership.

《决定》指出：“党的领导是进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化的根本保证。”毫不动摇坚持和加强党的全面领导是贯穿系统性改革的一条红线，在进一步全面深化改革中具有根本性的地位，是保障进一步全面深化改革事业取得成功的关键。坚持系统观念首要的是坚持和加强党的全面领导。

Give play to the Party's role as the leadership core in commanding the overall situation and coordinating all parties. As a complex and arduous systemic project, further deepening reform comprehensively not only touches on all areas of economic and social development, but also involves different interest groups. In this process, if there is a lack of a strong leadership core, the entire reform undertaking will inevitably fall into a chaotic situation of scattered sand, and systemic reform may evolve into systemic chaos. "In the great chess game of the national governance system, the Party Central Committee is the 'commander' seated in the central command tent, with the chariots, horses, and cannons each displaying their strengths, and the overall situation of the chess game being clearly defined." As the strong leadership core of the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics, the Communist Party of China possesses powerful political leadership, ideological guidance, mass organization, and social appeal. It can take into account the needs and demands of different interest groups, can ensure through effective coordination mechanisms that the interests of all parties are properly handled and balanced, unite forces from all sides, closely rally the broad masses of the people around the Party, form a powerful driving force for reform, calmly respond to various complex situations and risks and challenges, and promote the steady progress of further deepening reform comprehensively.

发挥党总揽全局、协调各方的领导核心作用。作为一项复杂而艰巨的系统性工程，进一步全面深化改革不仅触及经济社会发展的各个领域，而且涉及不同的利益群体。在这一过程中，如果缺乏坚强的领导核心，整个改革事业必将陷入一盘散沙的混乱局面，系统性改革有可能演变成系统性的混乱。“在国家治理体系的大棋局中，党中央是坐镇中军帐的‘帅’，车马炮各展其长，一盘棋大局分明。”作为中国特色社会主义事业的坚强领导核心，中国共产党拥有强大的政治领导力、思想引领力、群众组织力、社会号召力，能够考虑到不同利益群体的需求和诉求，能够通过有效的协调机制，确保各方利益得到妥善处理和平衡，团结来自各方面的力量，把广大人民群众紧紧团结在党的周围，形成改革的强大动力，从容应对各种复杂局面和风险挑战，推动进一步全面深化改革稳步前进。

The Party's leadership runs through all aspects and the entire process of further deepening reform comprehensively. Xi Jinping emphasized: "The Party's leadership is comprehensive, systematic, and holistic; it must be implemented comprehensively, systematically, and holistically." "It must be embodied in all aspects including economic construction, political construction, cultural construction, social construction, ecological civilization construction, national defense and the military, national reunification, diplomatic work, and Party building." Adhering to the systems concept and promoting further deepening reform comprehensively requires not only emphasizing systematicity and holism at the level of top-level design of reform, but also paying attention to coordination and complementarity at the level of concrete implementation of reform measures. In the process of further deepening reform comprehensively, the Party's comprehensive leadership is all-encompassing. Deepening the Party's own reform leads reforms in various fields such as the economy, politics, culture, society, ecological civilization, national security, and national defense and the military. The overall design, overall coordination, and overall advancement of further deepening reform comprehensively are all under the unified command and unified orders of the Party Central Committee, which can effectively ensure the true implementation of the systems concept in further deepening reform comprehensively.

党的领导贯穿进一步全面深化改革的各方面全过程。习近平强调：“党的领导是全面的、系统的、整体的，必须全面、系统、整体加以落实。”“必须体现到经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设、生态文明建设和国防军队、祖国统一、外交工作、党的建设等各方面。”坚持系统观念，推动进一步全面深化改革不仅需要在改革的顶层设计层面强调系统性和整体性，在改革措施的具体落实层面也要注重协同性和配合性。在进一步全面深化改革的过程中，党的全面领导是全方位的。深化党的自身改革统领经济、政治、文化、社会、生态文明、国家安全、国防军队等各领域改革，进一步全面深化改革的总体设计、统筹协调、整体推进等各环节均由党中央统一指挥、统一号令，能够切实保障系统观念在进一步全面深化改革中的真正落实。

The Party's leadership ensures that reform always advances along the correct political direction. What should be reformed and what should not be reformed are fundamental questions that must be clarified in further deepening reform comprehensively. Systemic reform has the characteristics of comprehensiveness and depth, and is a profound social change. But in this process, fundamental things, things that set the banner and direction, cannot be changed. The Party's leadership is a matter of the fundamental nature of China's reform and opening up. "No matter how reform is carried out, fundamental things such as upholding the Party's comprehensive leadership, upholding Marxism, upholding the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and upholding the people's democratic dictatorship absolutely cannot be shaken." "Reform, development, and stability; domestic affairs, foreign affairs, and national defense; governing the Party, governing the country, and governing the military — all of these are political in nature, and none can be separated from politics. In leading the people in governing the country, the most important thing for the Party is to properly handle various complex political relationships and always maintain the correct political direction of the development of the Party and the country's undertakings." Unswervingly upholding and strengthening the Party's leadership determines at the most fundamental level that further deepening reform comprehensively will not take the evil path of changing the banner, but will continue to advance along the correct path of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

党的领导保障改革始终沿着正确政治方向前进。什么应该改、什么不应该改是进一步全面深化改革中必须厘清的根本问题。系统性的改革具有全面性和深层性的特点，是一场深刻的社会变革。但在这一过程中，根本性的东西、举旗定向的东西不能改。党的领导是关乎中国改革开放的根本性质问题，“改革无论怎么改，坚持党的全面领导、坚持马克思主义、坚持中国特色社会主义道路、坚持人民民主专政等根本的东西绝对不能动摇”。“改革发展稳定、内政外交国防、治党治国治军，样样是政治，样样离不开政治。党领导人民治国理政，最重要的就是处理好各种复杂的政治关系，始终保持党和国家事业发展的正确政治方向。”毫不动摇坚持和加强党的领导，在最根本的层面决定了进一步全面深化改革不会走上改旗易帜的邪路，而是沿着中国特色社会主义的正确道路不断前进。

(2) Fully give play to the advantages of the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics

（二）充分发挥中国特色社会主义制度的优势

Xi Jinping pointed out: "Institutional advantage is a country's greatest advantage, and institutional competition is the most fundamental competition between countries. When institutions are stable, the country is stable." In the process of advancing Chinese-path modernization, institutions play a fundamental, overall, and long-term role. The system of socialism with Chinese characteristics is an institutional system with notable advantages created by the Communist Party of China leading the Chinese people, and is an important support and guarantee for improving national governance capacity and advancing Chinese-path modernization. Adhering to the systems concept, further deepening reform comprehensively essentially falls within the category of national governance, and the safeguarding role of the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics should be fully brought into play.

习近平指出：“制度优势是一个国家的最大优势，制度竞争是国家间最根本的竞争。制度稳则国家稳。”在推进中国式现代化的进程中，制度起根本性、全局性、长远性作用。中国特色社会主义制度是中国共产党领导中国人民开创的具有显著优势的制度体系，是提高国家治理能力、推进中国式现代化的重要依托和保障。坚持系统观念，推动进一步全面深化改革本质上属于国家治理的范畴，应当充分发挥好中国特色社会主义制度的保障作用。

The institutional system of socialism with Chinese characteristics inherently contains the systems concept. First, the institutional system of socialism with Chinese characteristics is a rigorous whole. Xi Jinping pointed out: "The system of socialism with Chinese characteristics is a rigorous and complete scientific institutional system, in which the fundamental systems, basic systems, and important systems play the role of the four beams and eight pillars..." In terms of basic categories, the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics is composed of fundamental systems, important systems, and basic systems; in terms of practical forms, the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics is composed of numerous institutions and mechanisms. These institutions and mechanisms are interconnected and mutually supportive, forming an organic and unified institutional framework and network. Second, the institutional system of socialism with Chinese characteristics is composed of many different aspects, including the economy, politics, culture, society, ecological civilization, and other fields. In these fields, no single institution operates in isolation, but is closely linked and coordinated with other institutions, forming synergistic effects. Third, the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics is an open system; it is not immutable, but continuously improves and innovates itself with the development of the times and the deepening of practice. The institutional system of socialism with Chinese characteristics provides guarantees for governing the country from a long-term and fundamental perspective, ensuring that the reform undertaking can adapt to the constantly changing domestic and international environment.

中国特色社会主义制度体系内在蕴含着系统观念。其一，中国特色社会主义制度体系是一个严密的整体。习近平指出：“中国特色社会主义制度是一个严密完整的科学制度体系，起四梁八柱作用的是根本制度、基本制度、重要制度……”在基本范畴上，中国特色社会主义制度由根本制度、重要制度和基本制度组成；在实践形态上，中国特色社会主义制度则由众多的体制和机制构成。这些体制和机制相互衔接、相互支撑，形成了一个有机统一的制度框架和网络。其二，中国特色社会主义制度体系由许多不同方面组成，这些方面包括经济、政治、文化、社会、生态文明等多个领域。在这些领域中，每一项制度都不是孤立运行的，而是与其他制度紧密联系、相互配合，形成了协同效应。其三，中国特色社会主义制度是一个开放的体系，它不是一成不变的，而是随着时代的发展和实践的深入不断进行自我完善和创新。中国特色社会主义制度体系从长远、根本的角度为治国理政提供保障，确保改革事业能够适应不断变化的国内外环境。

Be adept at combining the notable advantage of the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics in adhering to the national chessboard approach with the use of the systems concept to promote further deepening reform comprehensively. Deng Xiaoping pointed out: "Compared with capitalism, the superiority of socialism lies in its ability to achieve a national chessboard approach, concentrate forces, and ensure key priorities." In the process of promoting further deepening reform comprehensively, adhering to the systems concept and fully giving play to this notable advantage of the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics has important practical significance. On the one hand, by concentrating the country's human, material, and other resources, it can ensure major breakthroughs and sustained progress in reforms in key areas; on the other hand, the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics has the advantage of overall planning, which can coordinate the interests of different regions and different strata, comprehensively consider and coordinate all aspects of reform, and ensure the stability of the overall situation of reform. By combining the advantage of adhering to the national chessboard approach with the systems concept, it can not only ensure the comprehensiveness and systematicity of further deepening reform comprehensively, but also promote the continuous deepening of further deepening reform comprehensively on the basis of safeguarding the country's long-term interests and the fundamental interests of the people.

善于将中国特色社会主义制度坚持全国一盘棋的显著优势与运用系统观念推动进一步全面深化改革相结合。邓小平指出：“社会主义同资本主义比较，它的优越性就在于能做到全国一盘棋，集中力量，保证重点。”在推动进一步全面深化改革的过程中，坚持系统观念、充分发挥中国特色社会主义制度这一显著优势具有重要的现实意义。一方面，通过集中全国的人力、物力等资源，能够确保关键领域改革取得重大突破和持续进展；另一方面，中国特色社会主义制度具有整体谋划的优势，能够统筹兼顾不同地区、不同阶层的利益，全面考虑和协调改革的各个方面，保障改革整体大局的稳定。通过将坚持全国一盘棋的优势与系统观念相结合，不仅能够确保进一步全面深化改革的全面性和系统性，而且能够在保障国家长远利益和人民群众根本利益的基础上，推动进一步全面深化改革不断向纵深发展。

Use the power of the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics to respond to the risks and challenges brought by systemic reform. Systemic reform involves a wide range of areas, including the economy, politics, culture, society, ecological civilization, and other fields, and often touches on the adjustment of deep-seated interest patterns. How to effectively respond to the resulting risks and challenges and ensure the smooth and orderly advancement of reform has become a major issue before us. Xi Jinping emphasized: "To win the battle of preventing and defusing major risks, we must uphold and improve the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, advance the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity, and use the power of the system to respond to the impact of risks and challenges." The system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, as a scientific, rigorous, clearly hierarchical, clearly divided, and mutually coordinated institutional system, demonstrates strong institutional synergy and the ability to respond to risks and challenges. On the one hand, the hierarchical nature of the institutional system of socialism with Chinese characteristics ensures that each institution performs its own functions and does its best. From fundamental systems and basic systems to important systems, each level of institution bears its own functions and participates as a whole in the process of national governance. On the other hand, the clear division of labor in the institutional system of socialism with Chinese characteristics enables each institution to operate efficiently and coordinate its efforts. Different institutions have both differences and connections, are mutually linked and mutually complementary, forming a strong institutional synergy, enabling the entire institutional system to efficiently respond to risks and challenges from all aspects and fields.

运用中国特色社会主义制度威力应对系统性改革带来的风险挑战。系统性改革牵扯面广，涉及经济、政治、文化、社会、生态文明等多个领域，往往触及深层次利益格局的调整。如何有效应对由此带来的风险挑战，确保改革平稳有序推进，成为摆在我们面前的一项重大课题。习近平强调：“我们要打赢防范化解重大风险攻坚战，必须坚持和完善中国特色社会主义制度、推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化，运用制度威力应对风险挑战的冲击。”中国特色社会主义制度作为一套科学严密、层次清晰、分工明确、相互配合的制度体系，展现了强大的制度合力和应对风险挑战的能力。一方面，中国特色社会主义制度体系的层次性确保了各项制度各司其职、各尽其能。从根本制度、基本制度到重要制度，每一层次的制度都承担着各自的功能，并组成一个整体参与到国家治理的进程中。另一方面，中国特色社会主义制度体系分工明确，这使得各项制度能够高效运转、协同发力。不同制度既有差异，又有联系，相互衔接，相互补充，形成强大的制度合力，使整个制度体系能够高效应对来自各方面、各领域的风险挑战。

(3) Conduct strategic planning and tactical maneuvering based on the "two overall situations" [17]17 The "two overall situations" refers to the overall situation of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and the overall situation of changes unseen in a century in the world, a framework Xi Jinping has used to guide strategic thinking about domestic development and international affairs.

（三）立足“两个大局”开展战略谋划和策略运筹

Xi Jinping pointed out: “Leading cadres must keep in mind the two overall situations, one being the strategic overall situation of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, and the other being the changes unseen in a century in the world, which are the basic starting point for our planning of work.” [18]18 “Two overall situations” (两个大局) refers to the strategic overall situation of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and the changes unseen in a century in the world, a formulation Xi Jinping has used to frame the dual domestic and international context for policy planning. Coordinating the “two overall situations” is itself an important manifestation of adhering to the systems concept and the method of overall planning and coordination. At present, the “two overall situations” are interwoven and mutually reinforcing, constituting the historical background for further deepening reform comprehensively. [19]19 “Changes unseen in a century” (百年未有之大变局) is a key Xi Jinping formulation describing the profound and unprecedented shifts in the international order, power balances, and global governance in the contemporary era. Strengthening strategic planning based on the “two overall situations” is not only an important embodiment of implementing the systems concept, but also an inevitable requirement for adhering to the systems concept to promote the further comprehensive deepening of reform.

习近平指出：“领导干部要胸怀两个大局，一个是中华民族伟大复兴的战略全局，一个是世界百年未有之大变局，这是我们谋划工作的基本出发点。”统筹“两个大局”本身是坚持系统观念和统筹兼顾方法的重要体现。目前，“两个大局”同步交织、相互激荡，构成了进一步全面深化改革的时代背景。立足“两个大局”加强战略谋划，既是贯彻系统观念的重要体现，也是坚持系统观念推动进一步全面深化改革的必然要求。

Use the systems concept to coordinate the further comprehensive deepening of reform under the strategic overall situation of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Proceeding from the strategic overall situation of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, regard all reform measures as an organic whole, ensure that they are mutually coordinated and mutually reinforcing, thereby forming a strong synergy for advancing Chinese-path modernization. First, it is necessary to promote various reforms in response to changes in the principal contradiction in Chinese society. The principal contradiction in Chinese society has already been transformed into the contradiction between the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development. In addition to economic development, the people’s demands for democracy, the rule of law, spiritual enrichment, social harmony, and ecological beauty are also increasingly high. This requires that in the process of reform, we must not only meet the people’s material and cultural needs, but also meet their spiritual and cultural and other types of needs, promote common prosperity for all the people, and realize the comprehensive development of the individual. Second, it is necessary to promote various reforms around the Five-Sphere Integrated Plan and the Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy. [20]20 The Five-Sphere Integrated Plan (五位一体) is the overall plan for building socialism with Chinese characteristics, covering economic, political, cultural, social, and ecological civilization construction; the Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy (四个全面) comprises comprehensively building a moderately prosperous society, comprehensively deepening reform, comprehensively governing the country according to law, and comprehensively and strictly governing the Party. The Five-Sphere Integrated Plan and the Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy are the overall strategic deployments for the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics and for advancing Chinese-path modernization, and all reform measures must take them as the guiding framework. Third, it is necessary to handle well several important relationships closely surrounding the further comprehensive deepening of reform to advance Chinese-path modernization. The “Decision” emphasizes that it is necessary to “handle well the major relationships between the economy and society, the government and the market, efficiency and fairness, vitality and order, and development and security.” [21]21 “The Decision” refers to the “Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform and Advancing Chinese-Path Modernization,” adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC in July 2024. These several pairs of relationships collectively cover a series of important contradictions and problems facing domestic reform and development under the strategic overall situation of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Further comprehensively deepening reform requires a deep understanding and grasp of these contradictions and the formulation of more scientific and effective reform measures.

以系统观念统筹中华民族伟大复兴战略全局下的进一步全面深化改革。从中华民族伟大复兴的战略全局出发，将各项改革措施视为一个有机整体，确保它们之间相互协调、相互促进，从而形成推进中国式现代化的强大合力。其一，要围绕中国社会主要矛盾的变化推动各项改革。中国社会的主要矛盾已经转化为人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾，在经济发展之外，人民对民主、法治、精神富裕、社会和谐、生态美好等方面的要求也越来越高。这就要求我们在改革过程中既要满足人民的物质文化需求，也要满足人民的精神文化等各类需求，促进全体人民共同富裕，实现人的全面发展。其二，要围绕“五位一体”总体布局和“四个全面”战略布局推动各项改革。“五位一体”总体布局和“四个全面”战略布局是中国特色社会主义事业和推进中国式现代化的总的战略部署，各项改革措施都要以之为纲。其三，紧紧围绕推进中国式现代化进一步全面深化改革需要处理好几对重要关系。《决定》强调，要“处理好经济和社会、政府和市场、效率和公平、活力和秩序、发展和安全等重大关系”。这几对关系集中涵盖了中华民族伟大复兴战略全局下国内改革发展面临的一系列重要矛盾和问题。进一步全面深化改革需要深入理解和把握这些矛盾，制定出更加科学、有效的改革措施。

Use the systems concept to coordinate the further comprehensive deepening of reform under the changes unseen in a century in the world. China’s development cannot be separated from the world, which requires that when promoting the further comprehensive deepening of reform, we must not only pay attention to domestic development and changes, but also consider the dynamic evolution of the international environment, ensuring that all reform measures can both adapt to changes in the international situation and be prepared for possible external challenges. First, further deepening opening up to the outside world is the core content of reform measures in the field of foreign affairs. Economic globalization is an irreversible trend in today’s world; it promotes the global flow of production factors such as capital, technology, and talent, providing unprecedented opportunities for the economic development of all countries. As the world’s second-largest economy, China should continue to adhere to the basic state policy of opening up, participate in and lead global economic governance with a more open attitude, promote the building of a high-level open economy, and actively integrate into the historical process of economic globalization. What needs to be done includes, but is not limited to: steadily expanding institutional opening up, accelerating the reform of integrating domestic and foreign trade, establishing and improving cross-border financial service systems, deepening the reform of mechanisms and institutions for promoting foreign investment, improving mechanisms for promoting and safeguarding outbound investment, and building a three-dimensional connectivity network for the Belt and Road Initiative. [22]22 The Belt and Road Initiative (一带一路) is China’s global infrastructure and economic cooperation strategy launched in 2013, aimed at enhancing connectivity and trade between China and countries along the ancient Silk Road routes and beyond. Second, it is necessary to remain highly vigilant and effectively prevent and resolve risks and challenges from the outside. At present, the international situation is turbulent and complex, and the surrounding environment is sensitive and complicated, which brings unprecedented challenges to national security and development. This requires that the further comprehensive deepening of reform must be based on domestic realities while also looking at the world, accurately judging the evolutionary trends of the international situation, preparing for a rainy day, preventing problems before they occur, making risk warnings and response preparations in advance, and preventing and resolving external risks to the greatest extent possible. What needs to be done includes, but is not limited to: improving national security mechanisms involving foreign affairs, strengthening the construction of the rule of law in foreign affairs, establishing efficient, convenient, and secure mechanisms for cross-border data flows, advancing the construction of an autonomous and controllable cross-border payment system, and establishing a unified comprehensive external debt supervision system.

以系统观念统筹世界百年未有之大变局下的进一步全面深化改革。中国的发展离不开世界，这要求我们在推动进一步全面深化改革时，不仅要关注国内的发展变化，还要考虑到国际环境的动态演变，确保各项改革措施既要能够适应国际形势的变化，也要为可能出现的外部挑战做好准备。首先，进一步深化对外开放是推进涉外领域改革举措的核心内容。经济全球化是当今世界不可逆转的潮流，它促进了资本、技术、人才等生产要素的全球流动，为各国经济发展提供了前所未有的机遇。作为世界第二大经济体，中国应继续坚持对外开放的基本国策，以更加开放的姿态参与引领全球经济治理，推动构建高水平的开放型经济，积极融入经济全球化历史进程，需要做的包括但不限于：稳步扩大制度型开放、加快内外贸一体化改革、建立健全跨境金融服务体系、深化外商投资促进体制机制改革、完善促进和保障对外投资体制机制、构建“一带一路”立体互联互通网络等。其次，必须高度警惕并有效防范和化解来自外界的风险与挑战。当前，国际形势波谲云诡，周边环境敏感复杂，这给国家安全和发展带来了前所未有的挑战。这就要求进一步全面深化改革既要立足国内实际，又要放眼世界，准确判断国际形势的演变趋势，未雨绸缪，防患于未然，提前做好风险预警和应对准备，最大程度防范和化解外部风险，需要做的包括但不限于：完善涉外国家安全机制、加强涉外法治建设、建立高效便利安全的数据跨境流动机制、推进自主可控的跨境支付体系建设、建立统一的全口径外债监管体系等。

In the process of coordinating the “two overall situations,” promote the further comprehensive deepening of reform as a whole. Xi Jinping emphasized: “The whole Party must coordinate the strategic overall situation of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and the changes unseen in a century in the world, deeply understand the new features and new requirements brought by changes in the principal contradiction in Chinese society, and deeply understand the new contradictions and new challenges brought by the complex and volatile international environment…” [23]23 This quotation is drawn from Xi Jinping’s remarks on coordinating the “two overall situations,” as cited in the context of the 20th National Congress of the CPC and related policy documents.

在统筹“两个大局”的过程中整体推动进一步全面深化改革。习近平强调：“全党要统筹中华民族伟大复兴战略全局和世界百年未有之大变局，深刻认识我国社会主要矛盾变化带来的新特征新要求，深刻认识错综复杂的国际环境带来的新矛盾新挑战……”

The “two overall situations” are not isolated from each other, but are closely connected and mutually interactive. In the process of adhering to the systems concept and promoting the further comprehensive deepening of reform, it is necessary to carry out overall planning and systematic advancement within an integrated framework. At the level of top-level design, it is necessary to coordinate comprehensive reforms in multiple fields such as the economy, politics, culture, society, and ecological civilization, continuously advance Chinese-path modernization, and realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. At the same time, it is also necessary to fully consider the interactive relationship between various reform measures and the international environment, seize opportunities, prevent risks, and grasp historical initiative amid the changes unseen in a century in the world. At the level of concrete implementation, attention should be paid to the coordination among various reform measures, especially upholding the concept of holism, grasping a dynamic balance between domestic development and progress and the evolution and adjustment of the international situation, and establishing effective coordination and linkage mechanisms among various reform measures, ensuring that all reforms are mutually coordinated, form synergy, and form an interconnected and interactive whole.

“两个大局”并非彼此孤立，而是紧密相连、相互联动的。在坚持系统观念、推动进一步全面深化改革的过程中，需要在整体性的框架下开展总体谋划和系统推进。在顶层设计层面，需要统筹经济、政治、文化、社会、生态文明等多领域的综合改革，不断推进中国式现代化，实现中华民族的伟大复兴。同时，也需要充分考虑各项改革措施与国际环境之间的互动关系，把握机遇，防范风险，在世界百年未有之大变局中掌握历史主动。在具体落实层面，要注重各项改革措施之间的配合，特别是要秉持整体性观念，在国内发展进步和国际形势的演变调整中把握动态平衡，在各项改革措施之间搭建起有效的协调和衔接机制，确保各项改革相互协同、形成合力、形成一个相互贯通和联动的整体。

Online editor: Paul

网络编辑：保罗