The Theoretical Foundation and Construction Logic of a High-Standard Socialist Market Economy System

The "Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Several Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening Reform," adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC, states: "Economic system reform is the focus of comprehensively deepening reform, and the core issue is to properly handle the relationship between the government and the market, enabling the market to play a decisive role in resource allocation and better enabling the government to play its role." [1]1 The Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC, held in November 2013, was a landmark meeting that adopted the comprehensive deepening reform agenda.(P5) Xi Jinping emphasized: "Adhering to the reform direction of the socialist market economy, the core issue is to properly handle the relationship between the government and the market, enabling the market to play a decisive role in resource allocation and better enabling the government to play its role. This is another major advancement in our Party's theory and practice." [2]2 The 19th National Congress of the CPC, held in October 2017, set the overall framework for socialism with Chinese characteristics in the New Era; the Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee, held in October 2019, focused on upholding and improving the socialist system.(P95) "Enabling the market to play a decisive role in resource allocation and better enabling the government to play its role is both a major theoretical proposition and a major practical proposition. Scientifically understanding this proposition and accurately grasping its connotation is of great significance for comprehensively deepening reform and promoting the healthy and orderly development of the socialist market economy." [2]2 The 19th National Congress of the CPC, held in October 2017, set the overall framework for socialism with Chinese characteristics in the New Era; the Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee, held in October 2019, focused on upholding and improving the socialist system.(P116) On May 11, 2020, the "Opinions on Accelerating the Improvement of the Socialist Market Economy System in the New Era" issued by the Central Committee of the CPC and the State Council stated: "Implementing the strategic deployment of the 19th National Congress of the CPC and the Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee on upholding and improving the basic socialist economic system, advancing economic system reform and reforms in other aspects at a higher starting point, a higher level, and a higher goal, and building a more systematic, complete, mature, and well-defined high-standard socialist market economy system," [3]3 Compilation of Documents of the 20th National Congress of the CPC, Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 2022.(P508) which for the first time put forward the proposition of "building a high-standard socialist market economy system."

党的十八届三中全会通过的《中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定》指出：“经济体制改革是全面深化改革的重点，核心问题是处理好政府和市场的关系，使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用和更好发挥政府作用。”[1](P5)习近平强调：“坚持社会主义市场经济改革方向，核心问题是处理好政府和市场的关系，使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用和更好发挥政府作用。这是我们党在理论和实践上的又一重大推进。”[2](P95)“使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用、更好发挥政府作用，既是一个重大理论命题，又是一个重大实践命题。科学认识这一命题，准确把握其内涵，对全面深化改革、推动社会主义市场经济健康有序发展具有重大意义。”[2](P116)2020年5月11日，中共中央、国务院发布的《关于新时代加快完善社会主义市场经济体制的意见》指出：“贯彻落实党的十九大和十九届四中全会关于坚持和完善社会主义基本经济制度的战略部署，在更高起点、更高层次、更高目标上推进经济体制改革及其他各方面体制改革，构建更加系统完备、更加成熟定型的高水平社会主义市场经济体制”，[3](P508)首次提出了“构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制”这一命题。

The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC listed "building a high-standard socialist market economy system" as the primary institutional design for accelerating the construction of a new development pattern and striving to promote high-quality development, and established the general principles for building a high-standard socialist market economy system, namely, "upholding and improving the basic socialist economic system, unswervingly consolidating and developing the public economy, unswervingly encouraging, supporting, and guiding the development of the non-public economy, fully leveraging the market's decisive role in resource allocation, and better leveraging the government's role." [4]4 The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC, held in July 2024, adopted the Decision on further deepening reform to advance Chinese-path modernization.(P29) The "Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform and Promoting Chinese-Path Modernization" (hereinafter referred to as the "Decision") adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC further pointed out that economic system reform should be used as the driving force, "focusing on building a high-standard socialist market economy system, fully leveraging the market's decisive role in resource allocation, better leveraging the government's role, and upholding and improving the basic socialist economic system," [5]5 The "Five-Part Plan" and "Six-Book Plan" refer to Marx's projected outlines for his critique of political economy, in which the state was to be treated as a separate volume or section, a plan he never completed.(P4) and that "a high-standard socialist market economy system is an important guarantee for Chinese-path modernization." [5]5 The "Five-Part Plan" and "Six-Book Plan" refer to Marx's projected outlines for his critique of political economy, in which the state was to be treated as a separate volume or section, a plan he never completed.(P6) In the explanation of the "Decision," Xi Jinping pointed out: "The draft Decision, centering on the core issue of handling the relationship between the government and the market, places the building of a high-standard socialist market economy system in a prominent position and makes arrangements for key areas and key links of economic system reform." [5]5 The "Five-Part Plan" and "Six-Book Plan" refer to Marx's projected outlines for his critique of political economy, in which the state was to be treated as a separate volume or section, a plan he never completed.(P54) It can be seen that how to properly handle the relationship between the government and the market is not only the core issue of China's deepening reform but also the core issue of building a high-standard socialist market economy system, and it is a worldwide difficult problem in economics.

党的二十大报告将“构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制”作为加快构建新发展格局、着力推动高质量发展的首要制度设计，并确立了构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制的总原则，即“坚持和完善社会主义基本经济制度，毫不动摇巩固和发展公有制经济，毫不动摇鼓励、支持、引导非公有制经济发展，充分发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用，更好发挥政府作用”。[4](P29)党的二十届三中全会通过的《中共中央关于进一步全面深化改革推进中国式现代化的决定》（以下简称《决定》）进一步指出，要以经济体制改革为牵引，“聚焦构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制，充分发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用，更好发挥政府作用，坚持和完善社会主义基本经济制度”，[5](P4)“高水平社会主义市场经济体制是中国式现代化的重要保障”。[5](P6)在关于《决定》的说明中，习近平指出：“决定稿围绕处理好政府和市场关系这个核心问题，把构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制摆在突出位置，对经济体制改革重点领域和关键环节做出部署。”[5](P54)可见，如何处理好政府和市场的关系，既是我国深化改革的核心问题，也是构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制的核心问题，是经济学上的世界性难题。

In the "Preface to A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy," Marx wrote: "The general conclusion at which I arrived and which, once reached, became the guiding principle of my studies, can be summarized as follows: In the social production of their existence, men inevitably enter into definite relations, which are independent of their will, namely relations of production appropriate to a given stage in the development of their material forces of production. The totality of these relations of production constitutes the economic structure of society, the real foundation, on which arises a legal and political superstructure and to which correspond definite forms of social consciousness." [6]6 Zhang Xu is a professor and researcher at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, specializing in Marxist political economy and socialist economic theory.(P591) When discussing relations of ownership in the "Grundrisse" (1857–1858 manuscripts), Marx pointed out: "The community itself appears as the first great force of production; special conditions of production (e.g., pastoralism, agriculture) develop special modes of production and special forces of production, including both subjective forces of production manifested as individual characteristics and objective forces of production." [7]7 This refers to Marx's *Grundrisse* (1857–1858 manuscripts), where he discusses the state's role in the formation of capital and the historical dissolution of pre-capitalist relations.(P146) This so-called "community" refers to the socio-economic system. After the founding of New China, our Party, through long-term arduous exploration and practice, gradually broke free from the traditional concept that opposed socialism and the market economy, put forward the reform goal of establishing a socialist market economy system, and successfully achieved a historic transformation from a highly centralized planned economy to a vibrant socialist market economy system. As Xi Jinping pointed out: "Putting forward the reform goal of establishing a socialist market economy system is a major theoretical and practical innovation of our Party in the process of building socialism with Chinese characteristics, solving a major problem that other socialist countries in the world had long failed to solve." [2]2 The 19th National Congress of the CPC, held in October 2017, set the overall framework for socialism with Chinese characteristics in the New Era; the Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee, held in October 2019, focused on upholding and improving the socialist system.(P94)

马克思在《〈政治经济学批判〉序言》中写到，“指导我的研究工作的总的结果，可以简要地表述如下：人们在自己生活的社会生产中发生一定的、必然的、不以他们的意志为转移的关系，即同他们的物质生产力的一定发展阶段相适合的生产关系。这些生产关系的总和构成社会的经济结构，即有法律的和政治的上层建筑竖立其上并有一定的社会意识形式与之相适应的现实基础”。[6](P591)在《政治经济学批判（1857—1858年手稿）》中谈到所有制关系时，马克思指出：“作为第一个伟大的生产力出现的是共同体本身；特殊的生产条件（例如畜牧业、农业）发展起特殊的生产方式和特殊的生产力，既包括表现为个人特性的主体的生产力，也包括客体的生产力。”[7](P146)这个所谓的“共同体”指的是社会经济体制。新中国成立以后，我们党经过长期艰难探索和实践，逐渐摆脱了把社会主义和市场经济对立起来的传统观念，提出了建立社会主义市场经济体制的改革目标，成功实现了从高度集中的计划经济体制到充满活力的社会主义市场经济体制的历史性转变。如习近平所指：“提出建立社会主义市场经济体制的改革目标，这是我们党在建设中国特色社会主义进程中的一个重大理论和实践创新，解决了世界上其他社会主义国家长期没有解决的一个重大问题。”[2](P94)

It can be seen that in the socio-economic system, the relationship between the government and the market has always been the core proposition for transforming relations of production. However, looking at the research on the relationship between the government and the market, which is the core issue concerning the development of the socialist market economy system, there is a phenomenon of the absence of Marxist viewpoints, neglecting Marx's understanding of this issue, resulting in the explanation of the relationship between the government and the market and the construction of the socialist market economy system being basically based on Western political theories, especially Western economic theories. Although the basic starting point of Marxist classical writers' understanding of the relationship between the government and the market is the relations of ownership, and from the historical evolution logic of relations of ownership they derive the extinction of commodity-money relations (the market) and even the extinction of the state (the government), this does not mean that Marx was a denier of the relationship between the government and the market. On the contrary, Marx's exposition can provide useful reference for us to deeply understand and solve this difficult problem in the New Era. Therefore, the theoretical foundation for building a high-standard socialist market economy system must be based on Marx's understanding of the relationship between the government and the market, absorb the beneficial components of modern Western economics, and combine it with the practice of socialist reform and development with Chinese characteristics, in order to truly build a high-standard socialist market economy system.

可见，在社会经济体制中，政府和市场的关系始终是变革生产关系的核心命题。但是，纵观对政府和市场关系这一有关社会主义市场经济体制发展的核心问题的研究，出现了马克思主义的观点缺位的现象，忽视了马克思对这一问题的认识，导致在说明政府和市场关系、建设社会主义市场经济体制时，基本上以西方政治理论尤其以西方经济学的认识为依据。尽管马克思主义经典作家对政府和市场关系的认识的基本出发点是所有制关系，从所有制关系的历史演进逻辑中得出商品货币关系（市场）的消亡直至国家（政府）的消亡。但这并不意味着马克思是政府和市场关系的否定者，恰恰相反，马克思的阐述可以为我们在新时代深刻理解和深入解决这一难题提供有益的借鉴。因此，构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制的理论基础必须以马克思对政府和市场关系的认识为依据，吸收现代西方经济学的有益成分，结合中国特色社会主义改革和发展实践，才能真正构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制。

I. Marx's Understanding of the Relationship between the Government and the Market

一、马克思对政府和市场关系的认识

Marx did not specifically discuss the issue of the relationship between the government and the market; his understanding of this relationship is concentrated in his exposition of the position and role of the state, as a form of illusory community, in the development of modern bourgeoisie. In his critique of the idealist view of the state, the relationship between the state and the family, and the state and civil society, Marx gradually came to recognize the decisive role of material interest relations on the state and law, and incorporated the "state" issue into his economic theoretical system. In the "Five-Part Plan" and the "Six-Book Plan," the "state" section or the "state" book held an important position. Although Marx did not complete the writing of the "state" book, as possible content for a sequel to "Capital," Marx provided numerous hints and general expositions on the state issue in "Capital" and its manuscripts, from which one can see Marx's profound understanding of the relationship between the government and the market.

马克思并没有专门讨论政府和市场的关系这一问题，他对政府和市场关系的认识，集中体现在他对国家这样一种虚幻的共同体的形式在现代资产阶级发展中的地位和作用的阐述上。马克思在对唯心主义国家观、国家与家庭、国家与市民社会的批判中，逐渐认识到物质利益关系对国家和法的决定性作用，并将“国家”问题纳入其经济理论体系之中，在“五篇计划”和“六册计划”中，“国家”篇或“国家”册都具有重要地位。尽管马克思没有完成“国家”册的写作，但是作为《资本论》可能的续篇的内容，马克思在《资本论》及其手稿中给予国家问题以大量的提示和概括性阐述，从中可以看到马克思对政府和市场关系的深刻理解。

First, concerning civil society and the state (government). Marx viewed the relationship between the state and production from the perspective of economic relations (relations of production). In his *Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right*, Marx pointed out: "The state arises from the family and civil society in an unconscious and arbitrary manner. The family and civil society appear as the dark natural foundation, from which the light of the state is kindled. The material of the state should be understood as the affairs of the state, understood as the family and civil society, because they are constituent parts of the state, and they participate in the state itself."[8]8 Citation from Marx's *Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right* (1843), in which he inverts Hegel's idealist conception of the state by grounding it in family and civil society.(P9-10) Marx criticized Hegel's mystical conception of the state, holding that "the family and civil society are both premises of the state; they are what is truly active,"[8]8 Citation from Marx's *Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right* (1843), in which he inverts Hegel's idealist conception of the state by grounding it in family and civil society.(P10) and that "the political state cannot exist without the natural foundation of the family and the human foundation of civil society. They are necessary conditions for the state."[8]8 Citation from Marx's *Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right* (1843), in which he inverts Hegel's idealist conception of the state by grounding it in family and civil society.(P12) Therefore, in the preface to *A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, Part One*, Marx stated: "My research has led to this result: legal relations, just like forms of the state, can be understood neither from themselves nor from the so-called general development of the human mind; on the contrary, they are rooted in material life relations, the totality of which Hegel, following the example of the eighteenth-century English and French thinkers, summarized as 'civil society,' and the anatomy of civil society is to be sought in political economy."[9]9 Citation from Marx's preface to *A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy* (1859), where he formulates the base-superstructure thesis and the materialist conception of history.(P412)

第一，关于市民社会和国家（政府）。马克思从经济关系（生产关系）的角度来看待国家和生产的关系。马克思在《黑格尔法哲学批判》中指出：“国家是从家庭和市民社会之中以无意识的任意的方式产生的。家庭和市民社会仿佛是黑暗的自然基础，从这一基础上燃起国家之光。国家材料应理解为国家的事务，理解为家庭和市民社会，因为它们是国家的构成部分，它们参与国家本身。”[8](P9-10)马克思批评了黑格尔关于国家的神秘主义观念，认为“家庭和市民社会都是国家的前提，它们才是真正活动着的”，[8](P10)“政治国家没有家庭的自然基础和市民社会的人为基础就不可能存在。它们对国家来说是必要条件”。[8](P12)因此，马克思在《政治经济学批判。第一分册》序言中说，“我的研究得出这样一个结果：法的关系正像国家的形式一样，既不能从它们本身来理解，也不能从所谓人类精神的一般发展来理解，相反，它们根源于物质的生活关系，这种物质的生活关系的总和，黑格尔按照18世纪的英国人和法国人的先例，概括为‘市民社会’，而对市民社会的解剖应该到政治经济学中去寻求”。[9](P412)

Marx profoundly pointed out: "The material life of individuals, which in no way depends on their 'will,' that is, their mutually conditioning mode of production and form of intercourse, is the real foundation of the state, and at all stages where division of labor and private property still exist, it is entirely independent of the individual will."[10]10 Citation from *The German Ideology* (1845–1846), co-authored by Marx and Engels, on the state as the form of organization of the ruling class.(P377) "The state is the form in which the individuals of the ruling class realize their common interests, and in which the entire civil society of the epoch obtains its concentrated expression,"[11]11 Citation from *The German Ideology*, on the state as the concentrated expression of civil society in a given epoch.(P584) from which arises the illusion that law is based on will, and indeed on a will divorced from its real foundation, namely free will. In fact, it is this "real foundation" of interest relations that creates the power of the state apparatus and determines the basic character and forms of functioning of the state's economic functions. Under the capitalist mode of production, "since private property has cast off the community, the state has obtained an independent existence alongside and outside civil society; in reality, the state is nothing other than the form of organization which the bourgeoisie necessarily adopts, both internally and externally, in order to mutually guarantee their property and interests."[10]10 Citation from *The German Ideology* (1845–1846), co-authored by Marx and Engels, on the state as the form of organization of the ruling class.(P70)

马克思深刻地指出：“那些决不依个人‘意志’为转移的个人的物质生活，即他们的相互制约的生产方式和交往形式，是国家的现实基础，而且在一切还必需有分工和私有制的阶段上，都是完全不依个人的意志为转移的。”[10](P377)“国家是统治阶级的各个人借以实现其共同利益的形式，是该时代的整个市民社会获得集中表现的形式”，[11](P584)由此便产生了一种错觉，好像法律是以意志为基础的，而且是以脱离其现实基础的意志即自由意志为基础的。事实上，正是这一给予利益关系的“现实基础”，创造了国家政权的力量并规定了国家经济职能的基本性质和作用形式。在资本主义生产方式下，“由于私有制摆脱了共同体，国家获得了和市民社会并列的并且在市民社会之外的独立存在；实际上国家不外是资产者为了在国内外相互保障自己的财产和利益所必然要采取的一种组织形式”。[10](P70)

With regard to his principal subject, the study of the bourgeois economic system, Marx's task on the question of the state was to resolve "the summary of bourgeois society in the form of the state,"[7]7 This refers to Marx's *Grundrisse* (1857–1858 manuscripts), where he discusses the state's role in the formation of capital and the historical dissolution of pre-capitalist relations.(P33) that is, within social economic relations, the position and role of the state are mainly expressed in their significance for capital, and for the conditions of capital's existence. In the history of capitalist economic development, the emergence and perfection of the state accelerated the formation and maturation of bourgeois relations of production, namely, by creating conditions for the formation and development of capital through coercive means. Marx pointed out: "Free laborers are still compelled to labor for a certain wage. They must first be forced to work under conditions stipulated by capital. Those who have lost their property would rather become vagabonds, robbers, and beggars than become workers. Only under the developed capitalist mode of production does wage labor become a matter of course. In the early period of capital, state coercion was employed to transform those who had lost their property into workers under conditions favorable to capital, because those conditions had not yet been imposed on them through competition among the workers themselves."[9]9 Citation from Marx's preface to *A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy* (1859), where he formulates the base-superstructure thesis and the materialist conception of history.(P136) The famous English "enclosure movement" laid the foundation for the establishment of the capitalist mode of production. In order to ensure that free peasants who had fled the manors and those expelled by enclosure could enter the workshops as hired laborers, and to prevent these people from wandering about and causing disturbances that threatened the rule of the Tudor dynasty, the king promulgated a series of bloody legislations to help the bourgeoisie tame these vagabonds, driving them into capitalist farms and manufactories and turning them into wage laborers. The "Poor Laws" imposed strict restrictions and punishments on wandering free peasants: "This legislation regarded the violent 'beggars' who 'roamed in gangs' as deserving to be put in stocks and whipped until their backs 'bled.'"[12]12 Citation from Marx's *Capital*, Volume I, chapter on "The So-Called Primitive Accumulation," describing the bloody legislation against vagabonds in Tudor England.(P409-410) Marx pointed out that the primitive accumulation of capital was precisely the process by which large numbers of landless peasants were driven by the gallows, the pillory, and the whip from that road onto the narrow path leading to the labor market. "Thus it can be seen that the government, such as that of Henry VII, Henry VIII, and so on, appeared as the condition of the historical process of dissolution, and as the creator of the conditions of capital's existence—this has been proven by history."[7]7 This refers to Marx's *Grundrisse* (1857–1858 manuscripts), where he discusses the state's role in the formation of capital and the historical dissolution of pre-capitalist relations.(P160)

马克思对他主要的论题，即对资产阶级经济制度的研究，在国家问题上，就是要解决“资产阶级社会在国家形式上的概括”，[7](P33)也就是说，在社会经济关系中，国家的地位和作用主要体现在对于资本的意义，对于资本存在条件的意义。在资本主义经济发展史上，国家的出现和完善加速了资产阶级生产关系的形成和成熟，即通过强制手段为资本形成和发展创造了条件。马克思指出：“自由劳动者仍然要为一定的工资进行强制劳动。他们必须首先被迫按照资本规定的条件劳动。丧失财产的人宁可成为流浪者、强盗和乞丐，也不愿意当工人。只有在发达的资本生产方式下，雇佣劳动才成为理所当然的事情。在资本初期，为了把丧失财产的人按照对资本有利的条件转变成工人，发生过国家强制，因为这些条件当时还没有通过工人之间的相互竞争而被强加给他们。”[9](P136)英国著名的“圈地运动”为资本主义生产方式的确立奠定了基础。为了保证逃离庄园和因圈地而被逐出的自由农能进入工场成为雇工，并防止这些人到处流浪和发生骚乱，威胁都铎王朝的统治，国王颁布了一系列血腥立法，帮助资产阶级驯服这些流浪者，把他们驱入资本主义农场和手工工场，变为雇佣工人。“济贫法”对流浪的自由农进行严格限制和惩罚，“这项立法认为暴戾的‘乞丐’‘成群结党’地四处乱窜，必须戴上枷锁和鞭打，直到他们的背脊‘流血’为止”。[12](P409-410)马克思指出，资本的原始积累，正是大量的失地农民被绞架、耻辱柱和鞭子从这一条路上赶到通往劳动市场的狭路上去，“由此可见，政府，如亨利七世、亨利八世等等的政府，是作为历史上解体过程的条件而出现的，并且是作为资本存在条件的创造者而出现的——这已为历史所证明”。[7](P160)

Second, concerning the state (government) and its functions. In the *Introduction to a Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy*, Marx made the following observation on the position of the state in economic activity: "The seventeenth-century economists unconsciously accepted the concept of national wealth in this sense, namely, that the creation of wealth was solely for the state, and that the power of the state was proportional to this wealth—this conception was still partly retained by the economists of the eighteenth century. This was a still-unconscious form of hypocrisy, through which wealth itself and the production of wealth were declared to be the purpose of the modern state, while the modern state was regarded merely as a means of producing wealth."[7]7 This refers to Marx's *Grundrisse* (1857–1858 manuscripts), where he discusses the state's role in the formation of capital and the historical dissolution of pre-capitalist relations.(P32) That is to say, the classical economists' understanding of the state saw only the aspect of power acquired by the state, while neglecting that the state is both a means of wealth production and also possesses extensive economic functions, even though these economic functions serve to safeguard the interests of the relevant parties (the capitalists). Therefore, Marx criticized: "To regard a state which bases its mode of production on value, and is thereby organized according to the capitalist mode, as a totality working solely to satisfy national needs, is a false abstraction."[13]13 Citation from Marx's *Capital*, Volume III, on the continued role of value determination and bookkeeping in post-capitalist social production.(P964) "After the abolition of the capitalist mode of production, but with social production still in existence, the determination of value will still dominate in the following sense: the regulation of labor time and the distribution of social labor among the different branches of production, and finally, the bookkeeping connected with this, will become more important than ever before."[13]13 Citation from Marx's *Capital*, Volume III, on the continued role of value determination and bookkeeping in post-capitalist social production.(P965)

第二，关于国家（政府）及其职能。马克思在《〈政治经济学批判〉导言》中对于国家在经济活动中的地位做出过这样的说明：“17世纪经济学家无形中是这样接受国民财富这个概念的，即认为财富的创造仅仅是为了国家，而国家的实力是与这种财富成比例的，——这种观念在18世纪的经济学家中还部分地保留着。这是一种还不自觉的伪善形式，通过这种形式，财富本身和财富的生产被宣布为现代国家的目的，而现代国家被看成只是生产财富的手段。”[7](P32)也就是说，古典经济学家对国家的理解只看到了国家所获得的权力方面，而忽视了国家既是财富生产的手段，同时也具有广泛的经济职能，尽管这种经济职能是为了维护相关者（资本家）的利益。因此，马克思批评道：“将一个把自己的生产方式建立在价值基础上，进而按照资本主义方式组织起来的国家，看成是一个单纯为了满足国民需要而工作的总体，这是错误的抽象。”[13](P964)“在资本主义生产方式消灭以后，但社会生产依然存在的情况下，价值决定仍会在下述意义上起支配作用：劳动时间的调节和社会劳动在不同的生产类别之间的分配，最后，与此有关的簿记，将比以前任何时候都更重要。”[13](P965)

It is clearly insufficient to understand the economic functions of the state solely in terms of the coercive power of the state or government. Marx pointed out in *Capital*: "These factors were systematically combined in the seventeenth century into the colonial system, the system of public debt, the modern system of taxation, and the system of protective tariffs. These methods rested in part on the most brutal force, for instance the colonial system. But they all employed the power of the state, the concentrated and organized force of society, to hasten the transformation of the feudal mode of production into the capitalist mode of production, and to shorten the transition. Force is the midwife of every old society pregnant with a new one. Force is itself an economic power."[14]14 Marx, *Capital*, Vol. 1, Chapter 31, on the genesis of industrial capital and the role of state power in primitive accumulation.(P861) In *Anti-Dühring*, Engels, criticizing Dühring for regarding modern property, i.e., bourgeois private property, as property based on force, clearly pointed out that Dühring had turned the whole relationship upside down: "First, all political power was originally based on an economic, social function, and it increases to the extent that the members of society, owing to the dissolution of the primitive community, become private producers, and thus become more alienated from the executors of the social public functions. Second, after political power has made itself independent in relation to society, and has transformed itself from the servant of society into its master, it can work in two directions. Either it acts in the spirit and direction of the economically developing forces, which conform to law... or it acts against economic development."[15]15 Engels, *Anti-Dühring*, Part II, Chapter 2, on the relation of force to economics.(P190) So-called force is nothing more than the control over the economy that arises from the socio-economic system itself, a power that emerges from relations of class interests.

如果仅仅以国家或政府的强制权力作为对国家具有的经济职能的认识，显然是不够的。马克思在《资本论》中指出：“这些因素在17世纪末系统地综合为殖民制度、国债制度、现代税收制度和保护关税制度。这些方法一部分是以最残酷的暴力为基础，例如殖民制度就是这样。但所有这些方法都利用国家权力，也就是利用集中的、有组织的社会暴力，来大力促进从封建生产方式向资本主义生产方式的转化过程，缩短过渡时间。暴力是每一个孕育着新社会的旧社会的助产婆。暴力本身就是一种经济力。”[14](P861)恩格斯在《反杜林论》中批评杜林将现代的所有制即资产阶级的私有制看作基于暴力的所有制的时候明确指出，杜林把全部关系弄颠倒了，“第一，一切政治权力起先都是以某种经济的、社会的职能为基础的，随着社会成员由于原始公社的瓦解而变为私人生产者，因而和社会公共职能的执行者更加疏远，这种权力不断得到加强。第二，政治权力在对社会独立起来并且从公仆变为主人以后，可以朝两个方向起作用。或者它按照合乎规律的经济发展的精神和方向发生作用……或者它违反经济发展而发生作用”。[15](P190)所谓的暴力，无非是从社会经济体制中产生的对经济的控制力，是从阶级利益关系中产生出来的权力。

The bourgeois state uses this power obtained from relations of interest to control fiscal, financial, and other economic mechanisms in order to regulate the operation of the social economy, so as to continuously maintain its interests. "The modern bourgeois property relations are 'maintained' by the power of the state; the bourgeoisie established state power precisely in order to defend its property relations."[16]16 Marx, "Moralizing Criticism and Critical Morality," 1847, a polemic against Karl Heinzen on the state and property.(P331) On this understanding, Marx stated even more explicitly in the *Communist Manifesto*: "It follows from this that the modern bourgeoisie is itself the product of a long process of development, of a series of revolutions in the mode of production and exchange.... From the establishment of large-scale industry and the world market, it has conquered for itself, in the modern representative state, exclusive political domination. The executive of the modern state is but a committee for managing the common affairs of the whole bourgeoisie."[6]6 Zhang Xu is a professor and researcher at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, specializing in Marxist political economy and socialist economic theory.(P33)

资产阶级国家就是利用这种从利益关系中获得的权力控制财政、金融等经济机制来调节社会经济运行，以便持续地维持其利益。“现代的资产阶级财产关系靠国家权力来‘维持’，资产阶级建立国家权力就是为了保卫自己的财产关系。”[16](P331)对于这个认识，马克思在《共产党宣言》中更加明确地指出：“由此可见，现代资产阶级本身是一个长期发展过程的产物，是生产方式和交换方式的一系列变革的产物。……从大工业和世界市场建立的时候起，它在现代的代议制国家里夺得了独占的政治统治。现代的国家政权不过是管理整个资产阶级的共同事务的委员会罢了。”[6](P33)

Third, the specific economic functions of the state (government). Marx elaborated on the functions that the state or government must assume in accordance with the requirements of the self-expansion of capital. Marx pointed out: "If all general conditions of production, such as roads, canals, etc., whether they facilitate circulation or make it possible at all, or increase the productive forces... are to be built not by capital but by the government representing the community itself, this presupposes first of all a very high development of production based on capital. The transfer of public works from the state to the sphere of works operated by capital itself shows the degree to which the real community has grown under the form of capital... At that point, capital shifts these expenses onto the state, or, where the state, owing to tradition, still retains superiority over capital, it still possesses the privilege and the determination to force the whole of society to contribute a portion of their income rather than a portion of their capital to such public works, which at the same time present themselves as general conditions of production and hence not as special conditions of particular capitalists; so long as capital has not yet adopted the form of the joint-stock company, it always seeks only the special conditions of its own self-expansion and pushes the common conditions, as national needs, onto the whole state. Capital... operates only in enterprises that it considers profitable."[17]17 Marx, *Grundrisse*, Notebook VII, on the conditions of production and the state's role in public works.(P529) In the process of capitalist economic development, the sole purpose that capital pursues is its own continuous self-expansion. Therefore, in order to satisfy the inner need for self-expansion and to obtain more special conditions for the expansion of capital, it shifts the common and general conditions of production needed by social production onto the state (government) to bear. This gives rise to the demand for the economic functions of the bourgeois state, namely, everything serves the self-expansion of capital.

第三，国家（政府）的具体经济职能。马克思阐述了应资本增殖的要求所必须的国家或政府所需要承担的职能。马克思指出：“如果所有一般生产条件，如道路、运河等等，不管它们是使流通易于进行，还是只有它们才使流通成为可能，或者是使生产力增长……都要由资本而不是由代表共同体本身的政府来兴建，那就首先要求以资本为基础的生产有极高的发展。公共工程摆脱国家而转入由资本本身经营的工程领域，表明现实的共同体在资本形式下成长的程度……那时，资本就把这些开支转嫁到国家肩上，或者，在国家由于传统而对资本仍然占有优势的地方，国家还拥有特权和决心来迫使全体拿出他们的一部分收入而不是一部分资本来兴办这类公益工程，这些工程同时又表现为一般生产条件，因而不是某些资本家的特殊条件；在资本还没有采取股份公司形式的时候，它总是只寻求自己价值增殖的特殊条件，而把共同的条件作为全国的需要推给整个国家。资本……只经营在它看来有利的企业。”[17](P529)在资本主义的经济发展过程中，资本追求的唯一目的就是自身的不断增殖，因此就会为了满足自身增殖的内在需求，为了资本增殖获得更多特殊条件，而把社会生产需要的共同的、一般的生产条件转嫁给国家（政府来承担），这也就产生了资产阶级国家经济职能的需求，即一切为资本增殖服务。

Moreover, socialized large-scale production and the development of social relations of production endow the functions of the state (government) with a dual character. Marx pointed out: "Wherever the direct production process has the form of a socially combined process, and not that of the isolated labor of independent producers, there necessarily arises the labor of supervision and direction. It has, however, a dual nature."[13]13 Citation from Marx's *Capital*, Volume III, on the continued role of value determination and bookkeeping in post-capitalist social production.(P431) On the one hand, wherever many individuals cooperate in labor, the connection and unity of the process must necessarily be expressed in a commanding will, in functions that are distinct from the partial labor of the individual and relate to the whole activity of the workshop, just as an orchestra requires a conductor. This is a kind of productive labor, a labor that must be performed in every combined mode of production. On the other hand, quite apart from the commercial department, in every mode of production based on the opposition between the laborers as direct producers and the owners of the means of production, this labor of supervision necessarily arises. The more serious this opposition, the greater the role this supervisory labor plays.

而社会化大生产以及社会生产关系的发展，使国家（政府）的职能具有了二重性。马克思指出：“凡是直接生产过程具有社会结合过程的形态，而不是表现为独立生产者的孤立劳动的地方，都必然会产生监督和指挥的劳动。不过它具有二重性。”[13](P431)一方面，凡是有许多个人进行协作的劳动，过程的联系和统一都必然要表现在一个指挥的意志上，表现在各种与局部劳动无关而与工场全部活动有关的职能上，就像一个乐队要有一个指挥一样。这是一种生产劳动，是每一种结合的生产方式中必须进行的劳动。另一方面，完全撇开商业部门不说，凡是建立在作为直接生产者的劳动者和生产资料所有者之间的对立上的生产方式中，都必然会产生这种监督劳动。这种对立越严重，这种监督劳动所起的作用也就越大。

"But it is also indispensable in the capitalist mode of production, for here the production process is at the same time the process of the capitalist consuming labor-power. This is exactly the same as in despotic states, where the supervisory labor of the government and its comprehensive interference comprise two aspects: both the execution of the various public affairs arising from the nature of all societies, and the specific functions arising from the opposition between the government and the mass of the people."[13]13 Citation from Marx's *Capital*, Volume III, on the continued role of value determination and bookkeeping in post-capitalist social production.(P431-432) The labor of direction produced by the development of socialized large-scale production and the labor of supervision determined by capitalist private ownership of the means of production give rise to two entirely different forms of government functions. What corresponds to the nature of socialized large-scale production is the management and coordination necessary to ensure the smooth progress of the production process; what corresponds to capitalist private ownership, in which the laborers are separated from the means of production, is the supervision and even various punitive systems produced by the opposition between workers and capitalists.

“但它在资本主义生产方式下也是不可缺少的，因为在这里，生产过程同时就是资本家消费劳动力的过程。这完全同在专制国家中一样，在那里，政府的监督劳动和全面干涉包括两方面：既包括由一切社会的性质产生的各种公共事务的执行，又包括由政府同人民大众相对立而产生的各种特有的职能。”[13](P431-432)由社会化大生产的发展所产生的指挥劳动和由生产资料资本主义私有制所决定的监督劳动，产生了政府两重截然不同的职能形态。适应于社会化大生产性质的，是保证生产过程顺利进行所必须的管理和协调；适应于劳动者和生产资料分离的资本主义私有制的，则是工人和资本家对立所产生的监督甚至各种惩罚制度。

In his analysis of the various forms of total capital, Marx repeatedly touched upon the various specific functions of the bourgeois state, and correspondingly analyzed the means by which the state regulates and supervises social capital, examining the impact on the operation of the capitalist economy of the tax system, protective tariff policies, state finance and the state budget, debt, legislation on economic activity, and so on. Although the core task of Marx's writing of *Capital* did not lie in this, and he did not develop this content in full, it nonetheless provides us with a basic theoretical approach for understanding the relationship between the state (government) and economic operation (the market).

马克思在对总资本各种形式的分析中，反复涉及资产阶级国家的各种具体职能，并对国家调节以及监督社会资本的各种手段进行了相应的分析，对于税收制度、保护关税政策、国家财政和国家预算、债务、关于经济活动的立法等对资本主义经济运行的影响进行了分析。尽管马克思创作《资本论》的核心任务不在于此，而没有展开这部分内容，但这对于我们理解马克思对国家（政府）和经济运行（市场）之间的关系，提供了基本的理论思路。

II. The Basic Logic of Marx's Understanding of the Relationship between Government and the Market

二、马克思对政府和市场关系认识的基本逻辑

In Marx's era, the development of the market economy was still in its initial stage. Therefore, his understanding of the relationship between government and the market was primarily a judgment made on the basis of the laws of development of human society and the specific laws of development of capitalism. In the practice of social development after Marx, what emerged was not the collapse of capitalism as a whole followed by the entry into communism, but rather, after the victory of the October Revolution, the reality of the coexistence of two social systems, capitalism and socialism. This requires us, on the basis of fully understanding Marx's views on the relationship between government and the market, to seek innovative theoretical understandings and practical forms that conform both to the laws of development of human society and to the practical development of contemporary human society and the reality of socialist development.

在马克思所处的时代，市场经济的发展还处于初始阶段。因此，他关于政府和市场关系的认识，主要是基于人类社会的发展规律和资本主义特殊发展规律而做出的判断。在马克思之后的人类社会发展实践中，并没有出现资本主义整体崩溃后进入共产主义的情况，而是在“十月革命”胜利后，呈现出资本主义与社会主义两种社会制度共存的现实。这就需要我们在充分理解马克思关于政府和市场关系的认识的基础上，寻求创新的既合乎人类社会发展规律，又与当代人类社会发展实践以及社会主义发展现实相适应的理论认识和实践形态。

First, the foundation of government (state) functions is the family or civil society—this is Marx's basic point of departure for understanding the relationship between government and the market. In the preface to the first edition of *The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State*, Engels pointed out: "According to the materialist conception, the determining factor in history is, in the final analysis, the production and reproduction of immediate life. But this itself is of a twofold character. On the one hand, the production of the means of subsistence, of food, clothing, and shelter and the tools necessary for this; on the other hand, the production of human beings themselves, the propagation of the species. The social system under which people of a certain historical epoch and a certain country live is conditioned by both kinds of production: on the one hand, by the stage of development of labor, and on the other, by the stage of development of the family."[18]18 Engels, *The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State*, preface to the first edition, in *Marx and Engels Collected Works*, Chinese edition, Vol. 4, pp. 15-16.(P15-16) Therefore, the actual state of the productive forces and relations of production determines that the state and its government, regardless of the social system, must conform to the corresponding economic base.

第一，政府（国家）职能的基础是家庭或市民社会，这是马克思对政府和市场关系认识的基本出发点。恩格斯在《家庭、私有制和国家的起源》第一版序言中指出，“根据唯物主义观点，历史中的决定性因素，归根结底是直接生活的生产和再生产。但是，生产本身又有两种。一方面是生活资料即食物、衣服、住房以及为此所必需的工具的生产；另一方面是人自身的生产，即种的繁衍。一定历史时代和一定地区内的人们生活于其下的社会制度，受着两种生产的制约：一方面受劳动的发展阶段的制约，另一方面受家庭的发展阶段的制约”。[18](P15-16)所以，生产力和生产关系的现实状况，决定了无论是什么社会制度的国家及其政府，都必须符合相应的经济基础。

Second, the development of the relationship between government and the market is a natural historical process, and both idealism and pragmatism are harmful. In the preface to Volume I of *Capital*, Marx pointed out: "A society can neither leap over nor abolish by decree the natural phases of its development, even when it has discovered the natural law of its own movement—and the ultimate purpose of this book is to reveal the economic law of motion of modern society. But it can shorten and lessen the birth-pangs… My standpoint is that the development of the economic formation of society is viewed as a process of natural history. Whatever the individual may subjectively transcend the various relations, in social terms he is always a product of these relations."[14]14 Marx, *Capital*, Vol. 1, Chapter 31, on the genesis of industrial capital and the role of state power in primitive accumulation.(P9-10) Whether it is the despotic government of the feudal era, the "night-watchman" government of the period of free capitalism, or the moderate government intervention of the era of monopoly capitalism, the changes in the relationship between government and the market are likewise an evolution upon a changed economic base.

第二，政府和市场关系的发展是一个自然历史过程，理想主义和实用主义都是有害的。马克思在《资本论》第一卷序言中指出：“一个社会即使探索到了本身运动的自然规律——本书的最终目的就是揭示现代社会的经济运动规律——，它还是既不能跳过也不能用法令取消自然的发展阶段。但是它能缩短和减轻分娩的痛苦……我的观点是把经济的社会形态的发展理解为一种自然史的过程。不管个人在主观上怎样超脱各种关系，他在社会意义上总是这些关系的产物。”[14](P9-10)无论是封建主义时代的专制政府和自由资本主义时期的“守夜人”政府，还是进入垄断资本主义时代的政府适度干预，政府和市场关系的变化也同样是在变化了的经济基础之上的演进。

Third, the changes in the dual character of government (state) functions show that how to constrain, within the framework of institutions, both the expansion of government power and the expansion of market power is equally important. In the era of socialized large-scale production, the function of government in directing labor is one of the functions necessary to respond to socialized large-scale production; it is only that in the stage of development of free capitalism, the regulation of socioeconomic relations was more realized through the supervision of labor. The function of the capitalist government in directing labor, as Marx pointed out, is directly linked to the development of the social productive forces, and this is precisely the genuine economic function of the state before it reaches the state of extinction. Correspondingly, the government's function of supervising labor involves public affairs, including not only economic content but also political content, as well as social, cultural, and ecological content; it cannot be simply held that the function of supervising labor is opposed to the masses of the people. On the contrary, the function of supervising labor is closely related to the construction of relations of production. Or, as Marx pointed out: "At all times, we must always discover the innermost secret, the hidden foundation, of the entire social structure, and thus also of the political form of sovereignty and dependence, in short, of any particular form of state at any given time, in the direct relationship between the owners of the conditions of production and the direct producers—a relationship whose every given form always corresponds to a certain stage of development of the mode of labor and of the social productive forces of labor."[13]13 Citation from Marx's *Capital*, Volume III, on the continued role of value determination and bookkeeping in post-capitalist social production.(P894)

第三，政府（国家）职能的二重性的变化表明，如何在制度范围内约束政府权力的扩大化和约束市场权力的扩大化同样重要。在社会化大生产时代，政府指挥劳动的职能是应对社会化大生产所必须的功能之一，只不过在自由资本主义的发展阶段，更多地由监督劳动来实现对社会经济关系的调节。马克思所指出的资本主义政府指挥劳动的职能，是与社会生产力的发展直接联系在一起的，而这正是在国家还没有达到消亡状态前的真正的经济职能。相应的，政府的监督劳动的职能涉及公共事务，既包括经济方面的内容，也包括政治方面的内容，还包括社会、文化、生态等方面的内容，不能单纯地认为监督劳动的职能就是与人民大众相对立的。恰恰相反，监督劳动的职能与生产关系的构建密切相关。或如马克思所指出的：“任何时候，我们总是要在生产条件的所有者同直接生产者的直接关系——这种关系的任何当时的形式必然总是同劳动方式和劳动社会生产力的一定的发展阶段相适应——当中，为整个社会结构，从而也为主权关系和依附关系的政治形式，总之，为任何当时的独特的国家形式，发现最隐蔽的秘密，发现隐藏着的基础。”[13](P894)

Fourth, state (government) power must be rationally exercised, bringing into play its positive role in economic development and eliminating its counteracting role—this determines the necessity of continuously carrying out economic system reform. Engels pointed out: "The modern state, whatever its form, is in essence a capitalist machine, the state of the capitalists, the ideal total capitalist, an organization established by bourgeois society to maintain the general external conditions of the capitalist mode of production and to protect them from encroachment by workers and individual capitalists."[15]15 Engels, *Anti-Dühring*, Part II, Chapter 2, on the relation of force to economics.(P295) This can serve as the classic definition of the capitalist state and its government. The power formed by the bourgeoisie through relations of interest—and its structure, namely the economic system and the economic institutions as its concrete mode of realization—can exert either a positive promoting effect or a negative retarding effect on economic development. "The state power can react upon economic development in three ways: it can act in the same direction, in which case development proceeds more rapidly; it can act in the opposite direction, in which case, as is the case with every large nation today, it collapses after a certain period; or it can prevent economic development from proceeding in certain directions and prescribe other directions for it—this case ultimately reduces to one of the two preceding ones. But it is clear that in the second and third cases, political power inflicts great damage on economic development and causes a great waste of manpower and material resources."[19]19 Engels, "Letter to Conrad Schmidt," October 27, 1890, in *Marx and Engels Collected Works*, Chinese edition, Vol. 10, p. 597.(P597) These ideas are undoubtedly a precious spiritual asset for our further comprehensive deepening of reform. Xi Jinping has repeatedly pointed out: "We must neither take the old path of closed-door rigidity nor the evil path of changing flags and banners," and "We must modestly learn from and draw on all the achievements of civilization created by human society, but we must not forget our ancestors, nor copy or mechanically imitate the development models of other countries, and we will never accept any condescending preaching from foreign countries."[2]2 The 19th National Congress of the CPC, held in October 2017, set the overall framework for socialism with Chinese characteristics in the New Era; the Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee, held in October 2019, focused on upholding and improving the socialist system.(P30) "Neither taking the old path of closed-door rigidity nor the evil path of changing flags and banners"—this is the fundamental guideline for China's continuous deepening of reform, and it is a direct application and creative development of Marx's and Engels' thought on state power.

第四，国家（政府）权力必须合理运用，发挥其对经济发展的积极作用，消除其反作用，这决定了不断进行经济体制改革的必要性。恩格斯指出：“现代国家也只是资产阶级社会为了维护资本主义生产方式的一般外部条件使之不受工人和个别资本家的侵犯而建立的组织。现代国家，不管它的形式如何，本质上都是资本主义的机器，资本家的国家，理想的总资本家。”[15](P295)这可以作为对资本主义国家及其政府的经典定义。资产阶级通过利益关系而形成的权力及其结构——经济制度及其具体实现方式的经济体制，对经济发展会产生促进的积极作用或促退的消极作用。“国家权力对于经济发展的反作用可以有三种：它可以沿着同一方向起作用，在这种情况下就会发展得比较快；它可以沿着相反方向起作用，在这种情况下，像现在每个大民族的情况那样，它经过一定的时期都要崩溃；或者是它可以阻止经济发展沿着某些方向走，而给它规定另外的方向——这种情况归根到底还是归结为前两种情况中的一种。但是很明显，在第二和第三种情况下，政治权力会给经济发展带来巨大的损害，并造成大量人力和物力的浪费。”[19](P597)这些思想，无疑成为我们进一步全面深化改革的宝贵的精神财富。习近平多次指出，“既不走封闭僵化的老路，也不走改旗易帜的邪路”，“我们要虚心学习借鉴人类社会创造的一切文明成果，但我们不能数典忘祖，不能照抄照搬别国的发展模式，也绝不会接受任何外国颐指气使的说教”。[2](P30)“既不走封闭僵化的老路，也不走改旗易帜的邪路”，这是中国不断深化改革的根本遵循，是对马克思和恩格斯关于国家权力思想的直接运用和创造性发展。

In the course of his profound analysis of the capitalist mode of production, Marx set forth his general views on government (state) and the market (economic operation). These views contain analyses of the particularities of the capitalist economic system, as well as a basic understanding of the general relationship between government and the market under conditions of socialized large-scale production. In vigorously developing the socialist market economy and building a high-standard socialist market economy system, we must avoid the ills of the capitalist market economy. Xi Jinping pointed out: "Developing a market economy under socialist conditions is a great creation of our Party. A key factor in the great success of our country's economic development is that we have given play to both the strengths of the market economy and the superiority of the socialist system. We are developing a market economy under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and within the framework of the socialist system, and at no time can we forget the qualifier 'socialist.' The reason it is called a socialist market economy is that we must uphold the superiority of our system and effectively guard against the ills of the capitalist market economy. We must adhere to dialectics and the two-point approach, continue to work hard on the integration of the basic socialist system and the market economy, give full play to the advantages of both sides, and strive for both an 'effective market' and a 'proactive government,' working hard in practice to solve this worldwide problem in economics."[20]20 Xi Jinping, On Upholding and Improving the Socialist Market Economy System, Beijing: Central Party Literature Press, 2022.(P64)

马克思在对资本主义生产方式深刻分析的过程中，阐述了他对政府（国家）和市场（经济运行）的一般观点。这些观点带有对资本主义经济制度特殊性的分析，也有对社会化大生产条件下政府和市场一般关系的基本认识。我们必须在大力发展社会主义市场经济、构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制的过程中，避免资本主义市场经济的弊端。习近平指出：“在社会主义条件下发展市场经济，是我们党的一个伟大创举。我国经济发展获得巨大成功的一个关键因素，就是我们既发挥了市场经济的长处，又发挥了社会主义制度的优越性。我们是在中国共产党领导和社会主义制度的大前提下发展市场经济，什么时候都不能忘了‘社会主义’这个定语。之所以说是社会主义市场经济，就是要坚持我们的制度优越性，有效防范资本主义市场经济的弊端。我们要坚持辩证法、两点论，继续在社会主义基本制度与市场经济的结合上下功夫，把两方面优势都发挥好，既要‘有效的市场’，也要‘有为的政府’，努力在实践中破解这道经济学上的世界性难题。”[20](P64)

III. The practice of the relationship between government and the market under our country's socialist system is a great creation

三、我国社会主义制度下政府和市场关系的实践是伟大的创造

In his explanation of the *Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Comprehensively Deepening the Reform of Some Major Issues*, Xi Jinping particularly emphasized the need to "highlight the leading role of economic system reform."[21]21 Xi Jinping, "Explanation of the 'Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Comprehensively Deepening the Reform of Some Major Issues,'" November 9, 2013. "Enabling the market to play a decisive role in resource allocation and better playing the role of the government"[1]1 The Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC, held in November 2013, was a landmark meeting that adopted the comprehensive deepening reform agenda.(P5) is a major theoretical viewpoint put forward in this Decision. And the *Decision* adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Party again emphasized "taking economic system reform as the lead,"[5]5 The "Five-Part Plan" and "Six-Book Plan" refer to Marx's projected outlines for his critique of political economy, in which the state was to be treated as a separate volume or section, a plan he never completed.(P3) fully demonstrating that economic system reform remains the focus of comprehensively deepening reform, and that the core issue of economic system reform remains properly handling the relationship between government and the market.

习近平在关于《中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定》的说明中特别强调指出，要“突出经济体制改革牵引作用”。[21]“使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用和更好发挥政府作用”，[1](P5)是这份决定提出的一个重大理论观点。而党的二十届三中全会通过的《决定》再次强调“以经济体制改革为牵引”，[5](P3)充分说明了经济体制改革仍然是全面深化改革的重点，经济体制改革的核心问题仍然是处理好政府和市场关系。

Our Party’s understanding of the relationship between the government and the market has undergone a process of continuous deepening. As early as the beginning of reform and opening up, we explored the question of combining the socialist system with the commodity economy, carried out a series of reform practices, and put forward a series of theoretical viewpoints. In 1992, the 14th National Congress of the CPC proposed that “the goal of China’s economic system reform is to establish a socialist market economy system,” and proposed “enabling the market to play a basic role in resource allocation under socialist state macroeconomic regulation.” [22]22 Jiang Zemin, “Accelerating the Reform, Opening Up, and Modernization Drive, and Striving for Greater Achievements in the Cause of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics” (report to the 14th National Congress of the CPC, October 12, 1992), in Selected Works of Jiang Zemin, vol. 1, Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 2006.(P18-19) This major theoretical breakthrough played an extremely important role in China’s reform and opening up and in its economic and social development. The 15th National Congress of the CPC proposed “enabling the market to play a basic role in resource allocation under state macroeconomic regulation,” [23]23 Jiang Zemin, “Hold High the Great Banner of Deng Xiaoping Theory and Advance the Cause of Building Socialism with Chinese Characteristics into the 21st Century” (report to the 15th National Congress of the CPC, September 12, 1997), in Selected Works of Jiang Zemin, vol. 2, Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 2006.(P18) and the 16th National Congress of the CPC proposed “giving fuller play to the basic role of the market in resource allocation.” [24]24 Compilation of Documents of the 16th National Congress of the CPC, Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 2003.(P20) In 2003, the Third Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee of the CPC adopted the “Decision of the Central Committee of the CPC on Several Issues Concerning Improving the Socialist Market Economy System,” which put forward the requirement of “giving fuller play to the basic role of the market in resource allocation to a greater extent, enhancing enterprise vitality and competitiveness, improving state macroeconomic regulation, and perfecting the government’s functions of social management and public service.” [24]24 Compilation of Documents of the 16th National Congress of the CPC, Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 2003.(P465) The 17th National Congress of the CPC proposed “giving better play to the basic role of the market in resource allocation from an institutional perspective,” [25]25 Hu Jintao, “Hold High the Great Banner of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics and Strive for New Victories in Building a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects” (report to the 17th National Congress of the CPC, October 15, 2007), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 2007.(P17) and the 18th National Congress of the CPC proposed “giving play to the basic role of the market in resource allocation to a greater extent and in a broader scope.” [26]26 Hu Jintao, “Firmly Advance Along the Path of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics and Strive to Complete the Building of a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects” (report to the 18th National Congress of the CPC, November 8, 2012), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 2012.(P15) It can be said that through several decades of practice, our Party’s understanding of the relationship between the government and the market has also been continuously deepening. China’s socialist market economy system has been initially established, but many problems still remain. Without properly resolving the boundary between market and government allocation of resources, a complete socialist market economy system will be difficult to form.

我们党对政府和市场关系的认识经历了一个不断深化的过程。早在改革开放之初，我们就探索了社会主义制度和商品经济的结合问题，并进行了一系列改革实践，提出了一系列理论观点。1992年，党的十四大提出了“我国经济体制改革的目标是建立社会主义市场经济体制”，提出“要使市场在社会主义国家宏观调控下对资源配置起基础性作用”。[22](P18-19)这一重大理论突破，对我国改革开放和经济社会发展发挥了极为重要的作用。党的十五大提出“使市场在国家宏观调控下对资源配置起基础性作用”，[23](P18)党的十六大提出“在更大程度上发挥市场在资源配置中的基础性作用”，[24](P20)2003年，党的十六届三中全会通过了《中共中央关于完善社会主义市场经济体制若干问题的决定》，提出了“更大程度地发挥市场在资源配置中的基础性作用，增强企业活力和竞争力，健全国家宏观调控，完善政府社会管理和公共服务职能”的要求。[24](P465)党的十七大提出“从制度上更好发挥市场在资源配置中的基础性作用”，[25](P17)党的十八大提出“更大程度更广范围发挥市场在资源配置中的基础性作用”。[26](P15)可以说，经过几十年实践，我们党对政府和市场关系的认识也在不断深化。我国社会主义市场经济体制已经初步建立，但仍存在不少问题。不解决好市场和政府配置资源的边界，完善的社会主义市场经济体制是难以形成的。

In resource allocation, the roles of the market and the government are dialectically unified. Further handling the relationship between the government and the market well in fact means handling the question of whether the market or the government plays the decisive role in resource allocation. Xi Jinping emphasized at the 15th collective study session of the Political Bureau of the 18th Central Committee: “On the question of the role of the market and the role of the government, we must speak of dialectics and of the two points of view; both the ‘invisible hand’ and the ‘visible hand’ must be used well, and we must strive to form a pattern in which the role of the market and the role of the government are organically unified, mutually complementary, mutually coordinated, and mutually reinforcing, so as to promote sustained and healthy economic and social development.” [20]20 Xi Jinping, On Upholding and Improving the Socialist Market Economy System, Beijing: Central Party Literature Press, 2022.(P58)

在资源配置中，市场和政府的作用是辩证统一的。进一步处理好政府和市场关系，实际上就是要处理好在资源配置中市场起决定性作用还是政府起决定性作用这个问题。习近平在十八届中央政治局第十五次集体学习时强调：“在市场作用和政府作用的问题上，要讲辩证法、两点论，‘看不见的手’和‘看得见的手’都要用好，努力形成市场作用和政府作用有机统一、相互补充、相互协调、相互促进的格局，推动经济社会持续健康发展。”[20](P58)

“The market’s decisive role in resource allocation is a general law of the market economy… A sound socialist market economy system must follow this law, and make efforts to solve the problems of an imperfect market system, excessive government intervention, and inadequate regulation.” [20]20 Xi Jinping, On Upholding and Improving the Socialist Market Economy System, Beijing: Central Party Literature Press, 2022.(P52) Economic development means improving the efficiency of allocation of resources, especially scarce resources, so as to produce as many products as possible with as little resource input as possible and obtain as great benefits as possible. Both theory and practice prove that market allocation of resources is the most efficient form. A sound socialist market economy system must follow the general laws of the market economy and make efforts to solve the problems of an imperfect market system, excessive government intervention, and inadequate regulation. Making the determination that “the market plays a decisive role in resource allocation” is conducive to establishing a correct concept of the relationship between the government and the market throughout the whole Party and society, conducive to transforming the mode of economic development, conducive to transforming government functions, and conducive to curbing negative and corrupt phenomena.

“市场决定资源配置是市场经济的一般规律……健全社会主义市场经济体制必须遵循这条规律，着力解决市场体系不完善、政府干预过多和监管不到位问题。”[20](P52)经济发展就是要提高资源尤其是稀缺资源的配置效率，以尽可能少的资源投入生产尽可能多的产品、获得尽可能大的效益。理论和实践都证明，市场配置资源是最有效率的形式。健全社会主义市场经济体制必须遵循市场经济的一般规律，着力解决市场体系不完善、政府干预过多和监管不到位问题。作出“使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用”的定位，有利于在全党全社会树立关于政府和市场关系的正确观念，有利于转变经济发展方式，有利于转变政府职能，有利于抑制消极腐败现象。

The market playing a decisive role in resource allocation does not mean it plays the entire role. What China practices is a socialist market economy system, and we must still persist in giving play to the superiority of China’s socialist system and to the positive role of the Party and the government. It must be fully recognized that the market also has blindness in allocating resources, and it is not possible for all resources of the whole society to be allocated by the market. In developing the socialist market economy, it is necessary to give play to both the role of the market and the role of the government, but the functions of the market’s role and the government’s role are different. Giving better play to the government’s role emphasizes scientific macroeconomic regulation and effective government governance, and is an inherent requirement for giving play to the superiority of the socialist market economy system. The government must truly maintain macroeconomic stability, strengthen and optimize public services, safeguard fair competition, strengthen market regulation, maintain market order, promote sustainable development, promote common prosperity, and make up for market failures. To truly achieve these things, the government needs to further transform its functions, accelerate reform of government functions, thoroughly remove excessive government intervention as quickly as possible, quickly make up for the shortcomings of inadequate public services and regulation, and enable the government to become not only a government that acts, but one that is capable of acting and good at acting, and a government that satisfies the people. Xi Jinping emphasized that “the key is to accelerate the transformation of government functions; the powers that should be delegated to the market and society must be delegated fully and in place, and the matters that the government should manage must be managed well and managed in place,” and that it is necessary to “advance streamlining administration and delegating powers,” “strengthen oversight during and after the fact,” and explore a new system of government administration. [20]20 Xi Jinping, On Upholding and Improving the Socialist Market Economy System, Beijing: Central Party Literature Press, 2022.(P68-69)

市场在资源配置中起决定性作用，并不是起全部作用。我国实行的是社会主义市场经济体制，我们仍然要坚持发挥我国社会主义制度的优越性，发挥党和政府的积极作用。必须充分认识到市场在配置资源中也存在盲目性，不能将全社会所有资源都由市场进行配置。发展社会主义市场经济，既要发挥市场作用，也要发挥政府作用，但市场作用和政府作用的职能是不同的。更好发挥政府作用强调的是科学的宏观调控、有效的政府治理，是发挥社会主义市场经济体制优势的内在要求。政府要真正做到保持宏观经济稳定，加强和优化公共服务，保障公平竞争，加强市场监管，维护市场秩序，推动可持续发展，促进共同富裕，弥补市场失灵。要切实做到这些，就需要政府进一步转变职能，加快政府职能改革，将过多的政府干预尽快彻底地去除，将公共服务和监管不到位的短板尽快补齐，使政府尽快成为不仅有为，而且能为、善为的政府，成为人民满意的政府。习近平强调，“关键是加快转变政府职能，该放给市场和社会的权一定要放足、放到位，该政府管的事一定要管好，管到位”，要“推进简政放权”，“强化事中事后监管”，探索新的政府管理体制。[20](P68-69)

The “Opinions on Accelerating the Improvement of the Socialist Market Economy System in the New Era” points out: “Adhere to the reform direction of the socialist market economy, respect the general laws of the market economy to a greater extent, minimize the government’s direct allocation of market resources and direct intervention in microeconomic activities as much as possible, give full play to the decisive role of the market in resource allocation, give better play to the government’s role, and effectively make up for market failures.” [3]3 Compilation of Documents of the 20th National Congress of the CPC, Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 2022.(P510) The “dual effectiveness” of the market and the government is both the goal we pursue and the product of our profound understanding of the economic and social development of socialism with Chinese characteristics. It is a major theoretical and practical innovation of our Party, and it is also a manifestation of the thoroughness of theory. It fully demonstrates that the construction of the socialist market economy with Chinese characteristics both respects the general laws of the market economy and constrains the problems that may arise in the free development of the market economy. It not only theoretically clarifies the boundary between the government and the market, but also more clearly defines the respective roles of the government and the market in economic development.

《关于新时代加快完善社会主义市场经济体制的意见》指出：“坚持社会主义市场经济改革方向，更加尊重市场经济一般规律，最大限度减少政府对市场资源的直接配置和对微观经济活动的直接干预，充分发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用，更好发挥政府作用，有效弥补市场失灵。”[3](P510)市场和政府“双有效”既是我们追求的目标，也是我们对中国特色社会主义经济社会发展深刻理解的产物，是我们党重大的理论和实践创新，也是理论彻底的表现。充分表明了中国特色社会主义市场经济建设既尊重市场经济的一般规律，又约束市场经济自由发展中可能出现的问题。不仅在理论上厘清了政府和市场的边界，也更加明确了在经济发展中政府和市场各自的作用。

IV. Constructing a High-Level Socialist Market Economy System under the Grand Logic of Comprehensively Deepening Reform

四、在全面深化改革的大逻辑下构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制

The “Decision” adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC both summarizes the realistic foundation and practical confidence for constructing a high-level socialist market economy system since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, and puts forward the overall requirements for constructing a high-level socialist market economy system: focus on constructing a high-level socialist market economy system, give full play to the decisive role of the market in resource allocation, give better play to the government’s role, uphold and improve the basic socialist economic system, advance high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening, advance high-level opening up to the outside world, build a modernized economic system, accelerate the construction of a new development pattern, and promote high-quality development. The “high-level socialist market economy system” is the “enhanced version” of improving the socialist market economy system and the “innovative version” adapted to the New Era and the new journey; it is a re-creation on the basis of the institutions, systems, and mechanisms already formed in the practice of reform and opening up. It is necessary to understand and construct the high-level socialist market economy system under the grand logic of comprehensively deepening reform.

党的二十届三中全会通过的《决定》既总结了党的十八大以来我国构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制的现实基础和实践底气，也对构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制提出了总的要求：聚焦构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制，充分发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用，更好发挥政府作用，坚持和完善社会主义基本经济制度，推进高水平科技自立自强，推进高水平对外开放，建成现代化经济体系，加快构建新发展格局，推动高质量发展。“高水平社会主义市场经济体制”是完善社会主义市场经济体制的“增强版”和适应新时代新征程的“创新版”，是在改革开放实践中已形成制度、体制、机制基础上的再创造。必须在全面深化改革的大逻辑下认识和构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制。

Reviewing the course of more than forty years of reform and opening up, there are some important temporal and practical nodes: in 1978, the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Party opened a new period of reform and opening up and socialist modernization, promoting China's historic transformation from a highly centralized planned economy system to a vibrant socialist market economy system, and from a closed or semi-closed state to all-round opening up. In 1984, the Third Plenary Session of the 12th Central Committee of the Party adopted the "Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Economic System Reform," proposing the construction of a "planned commodity economy,"[27]27 The reference numbers in brackets refer to the original Chinese source volume and page numbers, retained from the author's citations.(P396) which Deng Xiaoping called "writing a preliminary draft of political economy."[27]27 The reference numbers in brackets refer to the original Chinese source volume and page numbers, retained from the author's citations.(P83) In 1993, the Third Plenary Session of the 14th Central Committee of the Party adopted the "Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Several Issues Concerning the Establishment of a Socialist Market Economy System," proposing that "the market plays a foundational role in resource allocation under national macroeconomic regulation."[22]22 Jiang Zemin, “Accelerating the Reform, Opening Up, and Modernization Drive, and Striving for Greater Achievements in the Cause of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics” (report to the 14th National Congress of the CPC, October 12, 1992), in Selected Works of Jiang Zemin, vol. 1, Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 2006.(P554) In 2003, the Third Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee of the Party adopted the "Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Improving the Socialist Market Economy System." In 2013, the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the Party put forward major judgments such as "letting the market play a decisive role in resource allocation and better playing the role of the government." In 2019, the Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the Party adopted the "Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Upholding and Improving the Socialist System with Chinese Characteristics and Advancing the Modernization of the National Governance System and Governance Capacity," elevating the socialist market economy system to a part of the basic socialist economic system. In 2020, the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the Party adopted the "Recommendations of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China for Formulating the 14th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035," proposing to "deepen reform comprehensively and build a high-level socialist market economy system."[3]3 Compilation of Documents of the 20th National Congress of the CPC, Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 2022.(P798) In 2022, the 20th National Congress of the CPC made further arrangements for building a high-level socialist market economy system. In 2024, the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Party explicitly stated that "a high-level socialist market economy system is an important guarantee for Chinese-path modernization."[5]5 The "Five-Part Plan" and "Six-Book Plan" refer to Marx's projected outlines for his critique of political economy, in which the state was to be treated as a separate volume or section, a plan he never completed.(P6)

回顾改革开放四十多年的历程，有这样一些重要的时间和实践节点：1978年党的十一届三中全会开启了改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期，推动我国实现了从高度集中的计划经济体制到充满活力的社会主义市场经济体制、从封闭半封闭到全方位开放的历史性转变。1984年党的十二届三中全会通过《中共中央关于经济体制改革的决定》，提出建设“有计划的商品经济”，[27](P396)被邓小平称为“写出了一个政治经济学的初稿”。[27](P83)1993年党的十四届三中全会通过《中共中央关于建立社会主义市场经济体制若干问题的决定》，提出“市场在国家宏观调控下对资源配置起基础性作用”。[22](P554)2003年党的十六届三中全会通过了《中共中央关于完善社会主义市场经济体制若干问题的决定》。2013年党的十八届三中全会提出“使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用和更好发挥政府作用”等重大论断。2019年党的十九届四中全会通过《中共中央关于坚持和完善中国特色社会主义制度推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化若干重大问题的决定》，将社会主义市场经济体制上升为社会主义基本经济制度的一部分。2020年党的十九届五中全会通过《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和二〇三五年远景目标的建议》，提出“全面深化改革，构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制”。[3](P798)2022年党的二十大对构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制作出进一步部署。2024年党的二十届三中全会明确提出“高水平社会主义市场经济体制是中国式现代化的重要保障”。[5](P6)

The Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Party was epoch-making, opening a new period of reform and opening up and socialist modernization. The 12th National Congress of the Party proposed that the planned economy is primary and market regulation is supplementary; the Third Plenary Session of the 12th Central Committee of the Party pointed out that a commodity economy is an insurmountable stage in social and economic development, and that China's socialist economy is a planned commodity economy on the basis of public ownership. The 13th National Congress of the Party proposed that the system of a socialist planned commodity economy should be a system in which planning and the market are internally unified. After the Fourth Plenary Session of the 13th Central Committee of the Party, it was proposed to establish an economic system and operational mechanism combining the planned economy and market regulation adapted to the development of a planned commodity economy. As understanding of the relationships between the planned economy and socialism, and between the market economy and capitalism, continued to deepen, our Party made a major breakthrough in understanding the relationship between planning and the market, breaking through the ideological shackles that regarded the planned economy and the market economy as belonging to the category of basic social systems. The 14th National Congress of the Party explicitly proposed that the goal of China's economic system reform is to establish a socialist market economy system, which is conducive to further liberating and developing the productive forces. The Third Plenary Session of the 14th Central Committee of the Party proposed accelerating the process of establishing a socialist market economy system; the socialist market economy system is combined with the basic socialist system, and establishing a socialist market economy system means letting the market play a foundational role in resource allocation under national macroeconomic regulation. From the 14th National Congress of the Party to the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the Party, the socialist market economy system has continuously developed and improved in practice.

党的十一届三中全会是划时代的，开启了改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期。党的十二大提出计划经济为主，市场调节为辅；党的十二届三中全会指出商品经济是社会经济发展不可逾越的阶段，我国社会主义经济是公有制基础上的有计划商品经济。党的十三大提出社会主义有计划商品经济的体制应该是计划与市场内在统一的体制。党的十三届四中全会后，提出建立适应有计划商品经济发展的计划经济和市场调节相结合的经济体制和运行机制。随着对计划经济和社会主义、市场经济和资本主义关系认识的不断深化，我们党在对计划和市场关系问题的认识上有了重大突破，破除了把计划经济和市场经济看作属于社会基本制度范畴的思想束缚。党的十四大明确提出，我国经济体制改革的目标是建立社会主义市场经济体制，有利于进一步解放和发展生产力。党的十四届三中全会提出加快建立社会主义市场经济体制的进程，社会主义市场经济体制是同社会主义基本制度结合在一起的，建立社会主义市场经济体制，就是要使市场在国家宏观调控下对资源配置起基础性作用。自党的十四大到党的十八届三中全会，社会主义市场经济体制在实践中不断发展完善。

The Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the Party was also epoch-making, opening a new journey of comprehensively deepening reform in the New Era, systematically and holistically designing and advancing reform, and creating an entirely new situation in China's reform and opening up. The epoch-making significance of the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the Party in theory lies in breaking through the understanding that the market plays a foundational role in resource allocation, and explicitly stating: "Economic system reform is the focus of comprehensively deepening reform, and the core issue is to handle the relationship between the government and the market, letting the market play a decisive role in resource allocation and better playing the role of the government."[26]26 Hu Jintao, “Firmly Advance Along the Path of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics and Strive to Complete the Building of a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects” (report to the 18th National Congress of the CPC, November 8, 2012), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 2012.(P513) Xi Jinping pointed out that "proposing that the market plays a decisive role in resource allocation is a new breakthrough in our Party's understanding of the laws of building socialism with Chinese characteristics, a new achievement in adapting Marxism to the Chinese context, and marks the entry of the socialist market economy into a new stage of development,"[20]20 Xi Jinping, On Upholding and Improving the Socialist Market Economy System, Beijing: Central Party Literature Press, 2022.(P59) emphasizing the need for both an "effective market" and a "proactive government," and bringing into play the advantages of combining the basic socialist system and the market economy in both respects. The view of the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the Party on letting the market play a decisive role in resource allocation and better playing the role of the government is a major theoretical innovation, providing a solid theoretical foundation for the construction of a high-level socialist market economy system. On this basis, the 20th National Congress of the Party formally proposed for the first time the building of a high-level socialist market economy system.

党的十八届三中全会也是划时代的，开启了新时代全面深化改革、系统整体设计推进改革新征程，开创了我国改革开放全新局面。党的十八届三中全会在理论上的划时代意义在于，突破了市场在资源配置中起基础性作用的认识，明确提出：“经济体制改革是全面深化改革的重点，核心问题是处理好政府和市场的关系，使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用和更好发挥政府作用。”[26](P513)习近平指出，“提出使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用，是我们党对中国特色社会主义建设规律认识的一个新突破，是马克思主义中国化的一个新的成果，标志着社会主义市场经济发展进入了一个新阶段”，[20](P59)强调既要“有效市场”也要“有为政府”，发挥社会主义基本制度和市场经济结合两方面的优势。党的十八届三中全会关于市场在资源配置中起决定性作用和更好发挥政府作用的观点，是重大的理论创新，为高水平社会主义市场经济体制的构建提供了坚实的理论基础。在这个基础上，党的二十大首次正式提出构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制。

Therefore, building a high-level socialist market economy system must be understood and advanced within the general logic of China's reform and opening up. The key point here is that, with changes in China's reform and opening up, economic and social development, and the principal contradiction in society, the goal of reform has undergone innovative changes, evolving from "enhancing the vitality of enterprises as the central link of economic system reform"[28]28 This citation refers to the original Chinese source document, retained from the author's citation.(P347) to "the overall goal of comprehensively deepening reform is to improve and develop the socialist system with Chinese characteristics and advance the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity,"[1]1 The Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC, held in November 2013, was a landmark meeting that adopted the comprehensive deepening reform agenda.(P3) and further clarified as "comprehensively advancing the building of a strong country and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-path modernization,"[5]5 The "Five-Part Plan" and "Six-Book Plan" refer to Marx's projected outlines for his critique of political economy, in which the state was to be treated as a separate volume or section, a plan he never completed.(P2) while "a high-level socialist market economy system is an important guarantee for Chinese-path modernization."[5]5 The "Five-Part Plan" and "Six-Book Plan" refer to Marx's projected outlines for his critique of political economy, in which the state was to be treated as a separate volume or section, a plan he never completed.(P6) We must continuously advance theoretical innovation on the basis of practice, combine the Marxist views on the relationship between the government and the market and on socio-economic systems with China's comprehensive deepening of reform and building of a high-level socialist market economy system, and, in continuously opening new realms for Marxist political economy, realize a new vision for the development of Chinese-path modernization.

因此，构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制，必须从我国改革开放的大逻辑中进行认识和推进。其中的关键之处在于，随着我国改革开放和经济社会发展以及社会主要矛盾的变化，改革的目标发生了创新性变化，由“增强企业活力是经济体制改革的中心环节”[28](P347)演进为“全面深化改革的总目标是完善和发展中国特色社会主义制度，推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化”，[1](P3)并进一步明确为“以中国式现代化全面推进强国建设、民族复兴伟业”，[5](P2)而“高水平社会主义市场经济体制是中国式现代化的重要保障”。[5](P6)我们必须不断推进实践基础上的理论创新，将马克思主义关于政府和市场关系、关于社会经济体制的观点与中国全面深化改革、构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制结合起来，在不断开拓马克思主义政治经济学新境界中，实现中国式现代化发展的新图景。

Online editor: Paul

网络编辑：保罗