The Construction and Application of the Knowledge System of the Discipline of Marxist Theory

The discipline of Marxist theory is an important force within philosophy and social sciences with Chinese characteristics, and it is an important discipline with a leading position. Since the addition of Marxist theory as a first-level discipline at the end of 2005, after 20 years of development, this discipline has achieved notable results in terms of scale expansion, faculty quality, and management construction. Accelerating the construction of philosophy and social sciences with Chinese characteristics is, in the final analysis, about constructing China's independent knowledge system. On the new journey, to advance the high-quality development of the discipline of Marxist theory, the construction and application of its knowledge system brook no delay.

马克思主义理论学科是中国特色哲学社会科学中的一支重要力量，是具有引领性地位的重要学科。自2005年底马克思主义理论一级学科增设以来，经过20年发展，这一学科在规模提升、队伍素质、管理建设等方面均取得显著成效。加快构建中国特色哲学社会科学，归根结底是建构中国自主的知识体系。新征程上推进马克思主义理论学科高质量发展，知识体系的构建和应用刻不容缓。

The Construction of the Knowledge System of the Discipline of Marxist Theory

马克思主义理论学科知识体系的构建

Grasp the position of the discipline of Marxist theory within philosophy and social sciences with Chinese characteristics. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, "Contemporary Chinese philosophy and social sciences began with the entry of Marxism into China and developed gradually under the guidance of Marxism," and "Adhering to the guidance of Marxism is the fundamental hallmark that distinguishes contemporary Chinese philosophy and social sciences from other philosophy and social sciences." [1]1 Xi Jinping's statement on the guiding role of Marxism in Chinese philosophy and social sciences, from his speech at the symposium on philosophy and social sciences in May 2016. Among the many disciplines of philosophy and social sciences with Chinese characteristics, the discipline of Marxist theory holds a leading position and fully embodies Chinese characteristics, Chinese style, and Chinese bearing in terms of guiding ideology, disciplinary system, academic system, and discourse system. This discipline aims to conduct holistic research on Marxist theory, including the basic principles of Marxism and their formation and development, the development of Marxism in the modern and contemporary world, the theory and practice of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times, and the application of Marxist research achievements in Marxist theory education, ideological and political education, and ideological and political work. The key to adhering to the guidance of Marxism in constructing China's independent knowledge system lies in integrating Marxist theory throughout philosophy and social sciences with Chinese characteristics.

把握马克思主义理论学科在中国特色哲学社会科学中的地位。习近平总书记指出，“当代中国哲学社会科学是以马克思主义进入我国为起点的，是在马克思主义指导下逐步发展起来的”，“坚持以马克思主义为指导，是当代中国哲学社会科学区别于其他哲学社会科学的根本标志”。在中国特色哲学社会科学的众多学科中，马克思主义理论学科具有引领地位，并在指导思想、学科体系、学术体系、话语体系等方面充分体现出中国特色、中国风格、中国气派。这一学科旨在对马克思主义理论进行整体性研究，包括马克思主义基本原理及其形成和发展、马克思主义在近现代世界范围的发展、马克思主义中国化时代化的理论与实践以及马克思主义研究成果在马克思主义理论教育、思想政治教育和思想政治工作中的运用等内容。在构建中国自主知识体系中坚持以马克思主义为指导，关键是在中国特色哲学社会科学中融会贯通马克思主义理论。

Grasp the necessity of constructing the knowledge system of the discipline of Marxist theory. Over the past 20 years, the discipline of Marxist theory has undergone a process of continuously adjusting its disciplinary system, exploring its disciplinary connotations and characteristics, and exploring disciplinary research directions and talent cultivation. In this process, our discussions on issues of disciplinary construction and development of Marxist theory have been manifested in multiple aspects, including research on why the discipline of Marxist theory was added beyond the three disciplines of Marxist philosophy, Marxist political economy, and scientific socialism and the international communist movement, as well as discussions on how to define the connotation of the discipline of Marxist theory; analysis of the internal structural system of the first-level discipline of Marxist theory, as well as analysis of the research directions of its constituent second-level disciplines; discussions on the research objects and scope of the discipline of Marxist theory, as well as discussions on its research characteristics and features; research on the standardization of research outputs in the discipline of Marxist theory, as well as research on talent cultivation and curriculum design. All these discussions and studies on these issues in fact demonstrate that, to be distinct from the three disciplines of Marxist philosophy, Marxist political economy, and scientific socialism and the international communist movement, the discipline of Marxist theory needs to study Marxism as a whole and move toward high-quality development on the basis of standardized development; they also demonstrate that, after 20 years of development, the discipline of Marxist theory must construct its own knowledge system, carry out knowledge production, and construct theoretical and discourse systems. This is an important prerequisite for the high-quality development of the discipline and an important foundation for its ability to play a leading role in the field of philosophy and social sciences.

把握构建马克思主义理论学科知识体系的必要性。20年来，马克思主义理论学科经历了不断调整学科体系、探讨学科内涵和特征、探索学科研究方向和人才培养的过程。在这一过程中，我们对马克思主义理论学科建设和发展问题的探讨表现在多个方面，既有对在马克思主义哲学、马克思主义政治经济学、科学社会主义与国际共产主义运动这三个学科之外为何增设马克思主义理论学科问题的研究，也有对马克思主义理论学科内涵如何界定的探讨；既有对马克思主义理论一级学科内在结构体系的分析，也有对其所属各二级学科研究方向的分析；既有对马克思主义理论学科研究对象和研究范围的讨论，也有对马克思主义理论学科研究特征和特色的讨论；既有对马克思主义理论学科研究成果规范性问题的研究，也有对学科人才培养及课程设置的研究。所有关于这些问题的讨论和研究，实际上说明了，要有别于马克思主义哲学、马克思主义政治经济学、科学社会主义与国际共产主义运动这三个学科，马克思主义理论学科需要从整体上研究马克思主义，在规范性发展基础上走向高质量发展；从而也说明了，经过20年发展的马克思主义理论学科必须构建自身的知识体系，进行知识生产和理论、话语体系的建构，这是学科高质量发展的重要前提，也是其能够在哲学社会科学领域发挥引领作用的重要基础。

Grasp the internal composition of the knowledge system of the discipline of Marxist theory. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, "Only by constructing a disciplinary system, academic system, and discourse system with their own characteristics can China's philosophy and social sciences form their own features and advantages." [2]2 Xi Jinping's remark on building disciplinary, academic, and discourse systems with Chinese characteristics, from the same May 2016 symposium. The knowledge system is the concentrated summary and distinct expression of the disciplinary system, academic system, and discourse system. The disciplinary system has the characteristics of being systematic and professional, and is composed of three major elements: disciplinary objects, disciplinary features, and research directions. Whether it is the first-level discipline of Marxist theory or its constituent second-level disciplines, the construction of the disciplinary system includes these three elements. The academic system is a systematic body of theory and knowledge that reveals the essence and laws of the disciplinary objects, and has an inherent logical connection with the disciplinary system. The construction of the academic system of the discipline of Marxist theory is necessarily connected with revealing its own disciplinary objects, disciplinary features, and research directions, and is therefore prescribed and guided by the nature and tasks of the discipline. Conversely, the construction of the disciplinary system inevitably contains content and requirements for constructing the academic system. The construction of the discourse system is also inseparable from the disciplinary system and academic system. The construction of the discourse system of the discipline of Marxist theory, on the basis of emphasizing the unity of academic nature and ideological nature, must not only construct a system of categories that can reflect the requirements of the discipline and scholarship, but must also fully embody the requirements of ideological concepts, value orientations, and norms of conduct in terms of semantics. Thus, the discourse system is the form of expression of the disciplinary system and academic system, and the construction of the disciplinary system and academic system cannot be separated from the construction of the discourse system. It can be seen that constructing the knowledge system of the discipline of Marxist theory requires constructing the disciplinary system, academic system, and discourse system of Marxist theory.

把握马克思主义理论学科知识体系的内部构成。习近平总书记指出，“构建具有自身特质的学科体系、学术体系、话语体系，我国哲学社会科学才能形成自己的特色和优势”。知识体系是学科体系、学术体系、话语体系的集中概括和鲜明表达。学科体系具有系统性、专业性的特点，由学科对象、学科特征、研究方向三大要素构成，无论是马克思主义理论一级学科还是其所属各二级学科，在学科体系的构建上都包含这三大要素。学术体系是揭示学科对象本质和规律的成体系的理论和知识，与学科体系存在内在逻辑联系。马克思主义理论学科学术体系的构建，必然是与揭示其自身的学科对象、学科特征、研究方向相联系的，因而是由其学科的性质和任务规定并引导的。反过来看，在学科体系构建中必然会有构建学术体系的内容和要求。话语体系的构建与学科体系、学术体系亦不可分割。马克思主义理论学科话语体系的构建在强调学术性与意识形态性相统一的基础上，不仅要建构能够反映学科、学术要求的范畴体系，而且必须充分体现语义的思想观念、价值取向和行为准则要求。因而，话语体系是学科体系、学术体系的表现形式，学科体系、学术体系的构建离不开话语体系建设。可见，构建马克思主义理论学科知识体系，必须构建马克思主义理论的学科体系、学术体系、话语体系。

The Application of the Knowledge System of the Discipline of Marxist Theory

马克思主义理论学科知识体系的应用

The purpose of constructing the knowledge system of the discipline of Marxist theory lies in its application. In this regard, we should take disciplinary research innovation, faculty team building, and cultivation of useful talents as the starting points, and transform the knowledge system of the discipline of Marxist theory through the disciplinary system, academic system, and discourse system into the curriculum system, textbook system, and teaching system in teaching practice.

构建马克思主义理论学科知识体系的旨向在于应用。对此，应当以学科研究创新、师资队伍建设、有用之才培养为抓手，把马克思主义理论学科知识体系经由学科体系、学术体系、话语体系转化为教学实践中的课程体系、教材体系、教学体系。

The curriculum system is prescribed by its knowledge system. The knowledge system of the first-level discipline of Marxist theory prescribes the curriculum system within this discipline. The basic principles of Marxism, the history of the development of Marxism, research on the sinicization of Marxism, research on Marxism abroad, research on the basic issues of modern and contemporary Chinese history, and ideological and political education constitute the content of the knowledge system of the first-level discipline of Marxist theory. In practice, centering on disciplinary positioning, training objectives, research directions, academic knowledge frameworks, and iconic categories, we have formed a modular curriculum system structure in which the master's stage offers guided reading of Marxist classics, thematic research on the basic principles of Marxism, and the history of the development of Marxism, and the doctoral stage offers intensive reading of Marxist classics, research on frontier issues of Marxism, Marxist methodology, and teaching and research on ideological and political theory courses. The knowledge systems of the second-level disciplines under the first-level discipline of Marxist theory also prescribe their respective curriculum systems. For example, the knowledge system of the basic principles of Marxism is mainly composed of Marxist classics and basic principles, the basic categories of Marxism and its scientific system, the formation and development of the basic principles of Marxism, Marxism and contemporary social thought trends, and the laws and methods of Marxist theory education. Therefore, the master's curriculum system, in addition to including the curriculum system at the first-level discipline level, also includes its own professional curriculum system, namely, Marxist philosophical principles and categories, thematic research on Marxist political economy, thematic research on the basic principles of sinicized Marxism, and holistic research on the basic principles of Marxism; similarly, the doctoral curriculum system, in addition to including the curriculum system at the first-level discipline level, also includes its own professional curriculum system, namely, primary literature on the basic principles of Marxism, the basic principles of Marxism and contemporary socioeconomic development, and the sinicization of the basic principles of Marxism. Under the leadership of the knowledge system, a modular curriculum system with clear levels and systematic coherence has been constructed, promoting the integration of disciplinary knowledge in curriculum teaching, the enhancement of graduate students' research capability training, and the strengthening of theoretical innovation.

课程体系是由其知识体系所规定的。马克思主义理论一级学科的知识体系规定了这个学科内部的课程体系。马克思主义基本原理、马克思主义发展史、马克思主义中国化研究、国外马克思主义研究、中国近现代史基本问题研究、思想政治教育构成了马克思主义理论一级学科知识体系的内容。实践中，我们围绕学科定位、培养目标、研究方向、学术知识架构、标识性范畴等，形成了硕士研究生阶段开设马克思主义经典著作导读、马克思主义基本原理专题研究、马克思主义发展史，博士研究生阶段开设马克思主义经典著作研读、马克思主义前沿问题研究、马克思主义方法论、思想政治理论课教学与研究的模块化课程体系结构。马克思主义理论一级学科所属各二级学科的知识体系也规定了各自的课程体系。例如，马克思主义基本原理的知识体系主要由马克思主义经典著作和基本原理、马克思主义基本范畴及科学体系、马克思主义基本原理的形成和发展、马克思主义与当代社会思潮、马克思主义理论教育规律及其方法构成，因而硕士研究生课程体系除包含一级学科层面的课程体系外，还包括自身的专业课程体系，即马克思主义哲学原理与范畴、马克思主义政治经济学专题研究、中国化马克思主义基本原理专题研究、马克思主义基本原理整体性研究等；同样，博士研究生课程体系除包含一级学科层面的课程体系外，还包括自身的专业课程体系，即马克思主义基本原理主文献、马克思主义基本原理与当代社会经济发展、马克思主义基本原理中国化等。在知识体系的主导下，层次分明、系统连贯的模块化课程体系得到构建，推动实现课程教学中学科知识融合、研究生科研能力训练提升和理论创新增强的效果。

The construction of the textbook system is determined by its knowledge system and curriculum system. General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out: “To cultivate useful talents in philosophy and social sciences, good textbooks are essential.” On the one hand, the knowledge system determines the textbook system. The degree to which the chief editors and compilers of textbooks grasp the knowledge system largely determines the degree to which the textbook system is constructed. Whether any textbook in the discipline of Marxist theory possesses scientificity, accuracy, and rationality depends on the accuracy with which its chief editors and compilers grasp its knowledge system. Only by accurately grasping that the knowledge system is constructed layer by layer and level by level using certain categories and methods, centered on the research object, research theme, research scope, research focus, and research purpose, and by exploring the internal logical main line, logical thread, and logical development of the knowledge system, can a scientific and reasonable textbook system be constructed according to the characteristics of the teaching objects and following the laws of teaching. On the other hand, the textbook system serves the curriculum system; whatever curriculum is set up, a corresponding textbook system must be in place to support teaching. The construction of the textbook system required by the curriculum system of the first-level discipline of Marxist theory and the curriculum systems of each of its second-level disciplines is a systematic project, yet the existing types of textbooks are still unable to meet the needs of the Marxist theory discipline in cultivating high-quality talents. Therefore, it is extremely necessary to strengthen the construction of textbooks for talent cultivation in the Marxist theory discipline and to build a high-quality textbook system with Chinese characteristics, Chinese style, and Chinese manner.

教材体系的构建由其知识体系和课程体系所规定。习近平总书记指出：“培养出好的哲学社会科学有用之才，就要有好的教材。”一方面，知识体系规定了教材体系。教材主编和编写者对知识体系把握的程度，在很大程度上决定着教材体系构建的程度。马克思主义理论学科中任何一本教材是否具备科学性、准确性、合理性，都有赖于教材主编和编写者对其知识体系把握的准确度。只有准确把握知识体系是运用一定的范畴和方法，围绕研究对象、研究主题、研究范围、研究重点、研究目的逐层逐级构建起来的，并且探寻到知识体系的内在逻辑主线、逻辑脉络、逻辑发展，才能根据教学对象的特点，遵循教学的规律性，构建起科学合理的教材体系。另一方面，教材体系服务于课程体系，有什么样的课程设置，就要有相应的教材体系去配合教学。马克思主义理论一级学科的课程体系和各二级学科的课程体系所要求的教材体系建设是一个系统工程，而现有教材种类尚无法满足马克思主义理论学科培养高质量人才的需要。因此，极有必要加强马克思主义理论学科人才培养的教材建设，构建具备中国特色、中国风格、中国气派的高质量教材体系。

The teaching system is transformed from the textbook system. Textbooks are important carriers that reflect the knowledge system of a discipline and are important tools for teachers and students to learn and practice. Promoting the transformation from the textbook system to the teaching system requires centering on the teaching objectives of the discipline, implementing teaching concepts, studying the textbook system, effectively integrating various teaching resources, and strengthening teaching design. The construction of the teaching system must not only reflect the requirements of the discipline’s knowledge system but, more importantly, reflect the requirements that students can accept the discipline’s knowledge system, focusing on imparting knowledge to students in a way that they enjoy listening to and can understand. As a systematic project, the construction of the textbook system not only emphasizes the necessity of paper textbooks carrying the discipline’s knowledge system but also emphasizes the importance of other forms of teaching materials, such as audio-visual textbooks, electronic textbooks, and digital textbooks, in assisting the construction of the teaching system under current digital and intelligent conditions. At present, the insufficiency in the variety of textbook types in the Marxist theory discipline leads to a phenomenon of insufficient construction of teaching resources in the construction of the teaching system. Looking to the future, according to the requirements of the curriculum system and textbook system of the first-level discipline of Marxist theory and its affiliated second-level disciplines, a teaching resource library should be built within the scope of the first-level discipline and within the scope of each second-level discipline, including basic materials, literature references, problem guidance, theoretical discussions, and other content, to facilitate graduate students’ learning, grasp, and reflection on the curriculum’s knowledge system. In the construction of the teaching system of the Marxist theory discipline, it is necessary to fully leverage the role of the logical relationships among teaching elements such as teaching objectives, problem guidance, teaching content, teaching methods, and teaching approaches, so as to lay a solid foundation for cultivating high-quality professional talents in Marxist theory.

教学体系由教材体系转化而来。教材是反映学科知识体系的重要载体，是师生学习和实践的重要工具。推动教材体系向教学体系转化，需要围绕学科教学目标，贯彻教学理念，研究教材体系，有效整合各种教学资源，强化教学设计。教学体系的构建不仅要体现学科的知识体系要求，更重要的是要体现学生能够接受学科知识体系的要求，着重于面向学生传授知识使他们爱听并能听懂。教材体系建设作为一个系统工程，不仅强调纸质教科书承载学科知识体系的必要性，而且强调其他形式教学资料如音像教材、电子教材和数字教材等在当今数智化条件下辅助构建教学体系的重要性。目前，马克思主义理论学科教材体系种类建设的不足，导致在教学体系构建中存在教学资源建设不够的现象。面向未来，应根据马克思主义理论一级学科以及所属各二级学科课程体系、教材体系的要求，在一级学科范围内和各二级学科范围内，建设一个包括基本素材、文献资料、问题引导、理论探讨等内容的教学资源库，便于研究生对课程知识体系的学习、把握和思考。在马克思主义理论学科教学体系构建中，需充分发挥教学目标、问题引导、教学内容、教学方法、教学方式等教学要素之间逻辑关系的作用，为培养高质量的马克思主义理论专业人才夯实基础。

(Author: Zhang Leisheng, Professor at the School of Marxism Studies, Renmin University of China)

（作者：张雷声，系中国人民大学马克思主义学院教授）

Online Editor: Tongxin

网络编辑：同心