An Exploration of the Implications of Materialist Dialectics in Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform

“Reform is a systemic project that requires scientific methods and the proper handling of relationships in all aspects.” Dialectical materialism, as the world outlook and methodology of the Chinese Communists, provides important theoretical guidance for our activities of understanding and transforming the world. Materialist dialectics, as the core of the Marxist world outlook and methodology, encompasses the three laws: the law of the mutual transformation of quantity and quality, the law of the unity of opposites, and the law of the negation of the negation. It is through the scientific grasp and flexible application of these three laws that the Chinese Communists have discerned the historical orientation of further comprehensively deepening reform, clarified its specific tasks, and anchored its overall goal. Therefore, an in-depth analysis of the creative application of materialist dialectics in further comprehensively deepening reform is of vital significance for accurately grasping the essential characteristics of reform in the New Era, scientifically planning the strategic layout of reform, and effectively responding to various challenges in the reform process. To a certain extent, it can provide useful insights for improving the quality and efficiency of reform in the New Era.

“改革是一项系统工程，需要讲求科学方法，处理好方方面面的关系。”辩证唯物主义作为中国共产党人的世界观和方法论，为我们认识世界与改造世界的活动提供了重要理论指导。而唯物辩证法作为马克思主义世界观和方法论的核心，包含质量互变规律、对立统一规律以及否定之否定规律这三大规律。中国共产党人正是通过对这三大规律的科学把握与灵活运用，认清了进一步全面深化改革的时代方位、明确了进一步全面深化改革的具体任务、锚定了进一步全面深化改革的总目标。因此，深入剖析进一步全面深化改革对唯物辩证法的创造性运用，对于精准把握新时代改革的本质特征、科学规划改革的战略布局、有效应对改革过程中的各种挑战具有至关重要的意义，能够在一定程度上为新时代改革提质增效提供有益启示。

I. Applying the Law of the Mutual Transformation of Quantity and Quality to Calibrate the Historical Orientation of Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform

一、运用质量互变规律校准进一步全面深化改革的时代方位

“If you want to see the future, you must look at history.” Looking back at China’s reform and opening up from the height of the era, it can be seen that China’s reform and development exhibit a processual and gradual character; the cause of reform and opening up has advanced continuously in the interweaving of quantitative and qualitative change. The Communist Party of China has profoundly summarized historical laws and practical experience, and in the process of the interaction of quantitative change—qualitative change—quantitative change, it has discerned the historical orientation of further comprehensively deepening reform. That is, further comprehensively deepening reform has raised reform to a new height and also opened up a new path for reform. Successfully advancing further comprehensively deepening reform will inject strong momentum into the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity, continuously writing a new chapter in China’s reform and development.

“如果要看前途，一定要看历史”。站在时代高度回眸我国的改革开放历程，可以看出，我国的改革与发展呈现出过程性与渐进性，改革开放事业是在量变与质变的交织中不断向前推进的。中国共产党深刻总结历史规律和实践经验，在量变—质变—量变的作用过程中认清了进一步全面深化改革的时代方位，即进一步全面深化改革将改革提到了新的高度，也为改革开辟了新的道路。成功推进进一步全面深化改革，将为实现国家治理体系和治理能力现代化注入强大动力，不断书写我国改革发展的新篇章。

(I) Reform and Opening Up Is a Process in Which Quantitative and Qualitative Change Intertwine

（一）改革开放是一个量变质变相互交织的过程

Materialist dialectics holds that quantity and quality are inherent determinations of things, and that any thing is a unity of quantity and quality. The movement, change, and development of things manifest in two basic states: quantitative change and qualitative change. Among them, quantitative change is the change in the number of things and the shift in their location; it is an insignificant change that occurs within the measure of a thing. Qualitative change, on the other hand, is a leap from one qualitative state to another; it is a significant change that breaks through the original measure of a thing. Quantitative change and qualitative change interpenetrate and intertwine; the overall process of quantitative change often contains partial qualitative changes, and the process of qualitative change always possesses quantitative characteristics. From the perspective of dialectical materialism, reform and opening up is a process of continuous development in the interweaving of quantitative and qualitative change.

唯物辩证法认为，量和质是事物固有的规定性，任何事物都是量和质的统一体。事物的运动变化与发展表现为量变与质变两种基本状态。其中，量变是事物数量的变化和场所的变动，是事物在度的范围内发生的不显著变化；质变则是事物从一种质态向另一种质态的飞跃，是突破事物原有度的显著变化。量变与质变相互渗透、相互交织，总的量变过程中往往包含着部分质变，质的变化过程中也总具有量的特征。从辩证唯物主义的视角看，改革开放是一个在量变与质变的相互交织中持续发展的过程。

First, reform and opening up is a process containing multiple quantitative changes. Quantitative changes in different fields, and in different aspects within the same field, are the foundation for deepening the reform cause. From the economic field, China has achieved a great liberation and progress of productive forces. Since reform and opening up, “China’s gross domestic product has grown from 367.9 billion yuan to 82.7 trillion yuan in 2017, with an average annual real growth rate of 9.5 percent, far higher than the world average growth rate of about 2.9 percent over the same period.” From the political field, China has continuously deepened political system reform, various systems and mechanisms have been developed and improved, and the institutional guarantees for the people being the masters of the country have become stronger and more robust. From the cultural field, China’s cultural undertakings and cultural industries have continuously developed, and the country’s cultural soft power and the influence of Chinese culture have greatly increased. From the social field, China’s livelihood undertakings have continuously developed, prominently reflected in the significant decline in the poverty incidence rate, the year-on-year increase in the consolidation rate of nine-year compulsory education, and the continuous expansion of medical insurance coverage. From the ecological field, China has continuously advanced the building of an ecological civilization, and the protection of the ecological environment and the conservation of resources have been continuously strengthened.

首先，改革开放是一个包含多重量变的过程，不同领域、同一领域不同方面的量变是将改革事业引向纵深的基础。从经济领域看，我国实现了生产力的极大解放与进步，改革开放以来，“我国国内生产总值由三千六百七十九亿元增长到二〇一七年的八十二点七万亿元，年均实际增长百分之九点五，远高于同期世界经济百分之二点九左右的平均增速”；从政治领域看，我国不断深化政治体制改革，各项体制机制不断发展完善，人民当家作主的制度保障更加坚强有力；从文化领域看，我国文化事业和文化产业不断发展，国家文化软实力和中华文化影响力大幅提升；从社会领域看，我国民生事业不断发展，突出体现在贫困发生率大幅下降、九年义务教育巩固率逐年提升、医疗保险覆盖持续扩大等方面；从生态领域看，我国持续推进生态文明建设，生态环境保护与资源节约不断加强。

Second, reform and opening up is a process containing multiple “leaps.” This “leap” is reflected not only in the advance of quantity but also in the elevation of quality. From the economic field, reform and opening up has achieved a historic transformation from a planned economy to a socialist market economy, and from a closed and semi-closed state to all-round opening up. From the political field, China has gradually achieved a transformation from an administrative management model to a modern governance model, establishing a social governance pattern of co-construction, co-governance, and shared benefits. From the cultural field, reform and opening up has greatly promoted the diversified development of culture and continuously deepened people’s correct understanding of socialism and Marxism, prompting the elevation of the human spirit to the height of modern civilization. From the social field, the people’s lives have undergone fundamental improvement, achieving a transformation from meeting basic living needs to pursuing a high quality of life.

其次，改革开放是一个蕴含多重“飞跃”的过程，这种“飞跃”不仅体现在量的跃进上，还体现在质的提升上。从经济领域看，改革开放实现了从计划经济到社会主义市场经济、从封闭半封闭到全方位开放的历史性转变；从政治领域看，我国逐渐实现了从行政管理模式向现代治理模式的转变，构建起了共建共治共享的社会治理格局；从文化领域看，改革开放极大地促进了文化的多样性发展，并不断加深人们关于社会主义、马克思主义的正确认识，促使人的精神向着现代文明的高度提升；从社会领域看，人民生活发生根本性改善，实现了从满足基本生活需要到追求高品质生活的转变。

Third, reform and opening up is neither a process of simply pursuing quantitative expansion nor a process of simply facilitating a qualitative leap; rather, it is a complex process in which quantitative and qualitative change intertwine. On the one hand, in the continuous advancement of reform and opening up, there are partial and stage-based qualitative changes. Partial qualitative changes are mainly reflected in the fact that China’s reform is not carried out simultaneously and uniformly but has a clear order of priority; it is a process of gradual expansion from the economic field to other fields, from rural areas to cities, from parts to the whole, and from the easy to the difficult. Stage-based qualitative changes are reflected in the fact that China’s reform is not accomplished overnight or in one step but is carried out in stages; it is a process of continuous advancement and gradual deepening based on actual social development conditions and the reality of reform. On the other hand, while facilitating qualitative change, reform and opening up continuously expands development space, creates development opportunities, and lays a good foundation for a new round of quantitative change. Both partial and stage-based qualitative changes push the economy, politics, and culture to a higher level of development, thereby moving reform and development to a new height.

再次，改革开放既不是单纯地追求量扩张的过程，也绝非简单地促成质飞跃的过程，而是一个量变与质变相互交织的复杂过程。一方面，在改革开放持续推进的过程中，蕴含着局部性与阶段性的质变。局部性质变主要体现在我国的改革不是齐头并进、整齐划一的，而是具有明显的优先次序，是从经济领域到其他领域、从农村到城市、从局部到全国、由易到难，逐步扩展的过程；阶段性质变体现在我国的改革不是一蹴而就、一步到位的，而是分阶段进行的，是依据现实的社会发展状况以及改革实际不断推进、逐渐深化的过程。另一方面，改革开放在促成质变的同时不断拓展发展空间，创造发展机遇，为新一轮的量变奠定良好基础。无论是局部性质变还是阶段性质变都推动着经济、政治、文化等处于更高的发展层次上，进而使改革与发展迈向新的高度。

Overall, the Communist Party of China has profoundly recognized through years of reform and opening up practice that, to make reform stand at a higher starting point and exert greater effectiveness, it must firmly grasp the quantitative and qualitative changes in the reform process, so that reform and development maintain vigorous vitality and dynamism.

总体而言，中国共产党在多年来的改革开放实践中深刻认识到，要使改革站上更高起点、发挥更大效能，就必须牢牢把握住改革过程中的量变与质变，使改革与发展保持蓬勃的生机与活力。

(II) Comprehensively Deepening Reform Has Opened a New Phase of Reform in the Transition from Quantitative to Qualitative Change

（二）全面深化改革在从量变到质变中开启了改革新局面

Marx once wrote in *The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte*: “Men make their own history, but they do not make it as they please; they do not make it under self-selected circumstances, but under circumstances existing already, given and transmitted from the past. The tradition of all dead generations weighs like a nightmare on the brains of the living.” This statement by Marx affirms the continuity of historical development. Based on a scientific understanding of this law and grounded in the reality of reform, the Communist Party of China has made the important deployment that “the reform must continue to be pushed forward.” From the perspective of dialectical materialism, this deployment represents both an “inheritance” of and a “transcendence” over past reforms. This essentially implies the flexible application of the law of the mutual transformation of quantity and quality by the Communist Party of China. “Inheritance” means continuously expanding the breadth and depth of reform on the existing foundation of reform. “Transcendence” indicates that, based on the development of the times and practice, reform must achieve a leap from an old qualitative state to a new one. In reform practice, the Communist Party of China has gradually recognized that comprehensively deepening reform is a node of qualitative change in the entire reform process. This qualitative change is mainly reflected in the starting point, the process, and the outcomes of reform.

马克思曾在《路易·波拿巴的雾月十八日》中写道：“人们自己创造自己的历史，但是他们并不是随心所欲地创造，并不是在他们自己选定的条件下创造，而是在直接碰到的、既定的、从过去承继下来的条件下创造。一切已死的先辈们的传统，像梦魇一样纠缠着活人的头脑”，马克思的这一表述肯定了历史的发展继承性。中国共产党基于对这一规律的科学认识，立足改革实际，作出了“必须继续把改革推向前进”的重要部署。从辩证唯物主义视角看，这一部署是对以往改革的“继承”与“超越”，这实质上内蕴着中国共产党对质量互变规律的灵活运用。“继承”意味着要在已有的改革基础上持续拓展改革的广度与深度，“超越”则指明要依据时代和实践发展，使改革实现从旧质态向新质态的飞跃。在改革实践中，中国共产党逐步认识到全面深化改革是整个改革进程中的质变节点，这种质变主要体现在改革的起点、过程与成果上。

Problems are the voice of the times and also the important starting point for advancing reform. From the perspective of the problems faced by comprehensively deepening reform, significant changes have already occurred compared with the early period of reform and opening up. In this sense, comprehensively deepening reform has the significance of a qualitative change within the reform process. Reform and opening up has already profoundly changed the face of the Chinese people, the face of socialist China, and the face of the Chinese Communist Party, greatly advancing social progress and human liberation. However, China’s social development still faces a series of prominent contradictions and problems different from those of the early reform period, mainly manifested as: some problems of unbalanced and inadequate development remain notable, there are still many hard bones to chew in reforms in key areas, there are still many risks and challenges in the ideological sphere, the masses still face many difficulties in areas such as medical care, employment, and public health, and the task of ecological and environmental protection remains arduous, among others. These problems involve a broader scope, a deeper degree, and more complex interest relations. This is both a severe challenge to the Chinese Communist Party and means that comprehensively deepening reform is being advanced from a new starting point.

问题是时代的声音，也是推进改革的重要起点。从全面深化改革所面对的问题看，与改革开放初期相比，已经发生了显著变化。从这个意义上说，全面深化改革在改革进程中具有质变意义。改革开放已经使得中国人民的面貌、社会主义中国的面貌以及中国共产党的面貌发生了深刻变化，极大地推进了社会的进步与人的解放。然而，我国社会发展还面临着一系列不同于改革初期的突出矛盾与问题，主要表现为：发展不平衡、不充分的一些问题仍然显著，重点领域的改革还有不少硬骨头要啃，意识形态领域还面临许多风险挑战，群众在医疗、就业、卫生等领域还存在不少难题，生态环境保护任务依然艰巨等。这些问题涉及的范围更广、程度更深、利益关系更加复杂，这既是对中国共产党的严峻挑战，也意味着全面深化改革是站在新的起点上推进的。

Today’s China has entered a critical period of advancing the great cause of building a strong country and national rejuvenation through Chinese-path modernization. To respond to the more complex international and domestic situation, face the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial revolution, and meet the new expectations of the people, comprehensively deepening reform must make efforts in “comprehensiveness” and “deepening.” This means that while comprehensively deepening reform “must pay more attention to the systemic, holistic, and coordinated nature of reform,” it must also “pay more attention to system integration, pay more attention to highlighting key points, and pay more attention to reform effectiveness, so as to better adapt the relations of production to the productive forces, the superstructure to the economic base, and national governance to social development, providing strong momentum and institutional guarantees for Chinese-path modernization.” From this perspective, comprehensively deepening reform has the significance of a qualitative change within the entire reform process.

今天的中国，行进到以中国式现代化全面推进强国建设、民族复兴伟业的关键时期，为了应对更加复杂的国际国内形势，面对新一轮科技革命和产业革命，满足人民群众的新期待，全面深化改革必须在“全面”和“深化”上下功夫。这就意味着全面深化改革“必须更加注重改革的系统性、整体性、协同性”的同时，要“更加注重系统集成，更加注重突出重点，更加注重改革实效，以推动生产关系和生产力、上层建筑和经济基础、国家治理和社会发展更好地相适应，为中国式现代化提供强大动力和制度保障”。从这一角度而言，全面深化改革在整个改革进程中具有质变意义。

In the reform process, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has led the people of all ethnic groups across the country to break through the shackles of ideological concepts, break through the barriers of entrenched interests, and promote major progress and historic achievements in comprehensively deepening reform. This is specifically reflected in: the basic institutional frameworks in various fields have been basically established, many fields have achieved historic transformations, systemic reshapings, and holistic reconstructions, the reform tasks set by the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee [n4] have been generally completed, and the goal of achieving marked results in making systems in all aspects more mature and well-defined by the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Communist Party has been attained. These great achievements have provided a strong and effective institutional guarantee for promoting China to embark on a new journey of comprehensively building a modern socialist country and advancing toward the second centenary goal [n5]. Therefore, it can be said that comprehensively deepening reform has the significance of a qualitative change within the entire reform process. In summary, in their profound grasp of the qualitative-change significance of comprehensively deepening reform, the Chinese Communist Party has fully exerted its subjective initiative, created favorable conditions to promote a new leap in reform, and enabled reform to open a new situation in the transition from quantitative to qualitative change.

在改革进程中，以习近平同志为核心的党中央带领全国各族人民，冲破思想观念束缚，突破利益固化的藩篱，推动全面深化改革取得重大进展和历史性成就。具体体现在：各领域的基础性制度框架基本建立，许多领域实现历史性变革、系统性重塑、整体性重构，总体完成党的十八届三中全会确定的改革任务，达成了中国共产党成立100周年时各方面制度更加成熟更加定型取得明显成效的目标。这些伟大成就，为推动我国迈上全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程，向第二个百年奋斗目标进军，提供了坚强有力的制度保障。因此，可以说全面深化改革在整个改革进程中具有质变意义。综上所述，中国共产党在对全面深化改革质变意义的深刻把握中，充分发挥主观能动性，创造有利条件促进改革实现新飞跃，使改革在从量变到质变中开启了崭新局面。

(III) Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform Opens a New Chapter in the Transition from Qualitative to Quantitative Change

（三）进一步全面深化改革在从质变到量变中开启了新篇章

As Engels pointed out, “the world is not to be comprehended as a complex of ready-made things, but as a complex of processes.” Through years of reform practice, the Chinese Communist Party has deeply realized that reform is not only a process in which quantitative and qualitative changes interweave, but also a process in which quantitative and qualitative changes alternately function. This means that we must correctly understand the position of each stage of reform within the entire reform process according to development needs and reform reality. Regarding reform and opening up, the Chinese Communist Party recognizes that “reform and opening up is an important magic weapon for the Party and the people to catch up with the times in big strides, the only way to uphold and develop socialism with Chinese characteristics, and a key move that determines the fate of contemporary China,” and therefore reform must be unswervingly advanced; regarding comprehensively deepening reform, the Chinese Communist Party clearly understands it as the qualitative-change node in the entire reform process, prompting reform to achieve a qualitative leap. On this basis, the Party further recognizes that the developmental nature of things indicates that after achieving a qualitative leap, reform will continue to open up a new path of quantitative change, and on the basis of this quantitative change, promote new qualitative changes, driving reform forward continuously through the alternating action of quantitative and qualitative changes. Based on this, the Party has gradually recognized that further comprehensively deepening reform is a new quantitative-change node in the entire reform process, bringing reform into a new stage of development on the basis of the qualitative change of comprehensively deepening reform.

正如恩格斯所指出的，“世界不是既成事物的集合体，而是过程的集合体”。经过多年来的改革实践，中国共产党深刻认识到，改革不仅是一个量变与质变相互交织的过程，还是一个量变与质变交替作用的过程。这就意味着我们要根据发展需要与改革实际，正确认识每一阶段的改革在整个改革进程中的地位。对于改革开放，中国共产党认识到，“改革开放是党和人民大踏步赶上时代的重要法宝，是坚持和发展中国特色社会主义的必由之路，是决定当代中国命运的关键一招”，因而必须坚定不移地推进改革；对于全面深化改革，中国共产党明确它是整个改革过程中的质变节点，促使改革实现了质的跃升。以此为基础，党进一步认识到事物的发展性昭示着改革在实现质的飞跃后，会继续开辟新的量变道路，并以这种量变为基础促成新的质变，在量变与质变的交替作用中推动改革不断向前发展。基于此，党逐步认清了进一步全面深化改革是整个改革进程中新的量变节点，它在全面深化改革的质变基础上将改革带入了一个新的发展阶段。

First, from the perspective of principles, further comprehensively deepening reform must summarize and apply the valuable experience of reform and opening up, especially the comprehensive deepening of reform in the New Era, and on the basis of adhering to a series of major principles, continuously enhance the systemic, holistic, and coordinated nature of reform. This means that further comprehensively deepening reform is a continuation of comprehensively deepening reform, but this continuation is not simple repetition or imitation, but a continuous strengthening in breadth, depth, and effectiveness. In the perspective of dialectical materialism, breadth and depth both belong to the category of quantity. In this sense, it can be explained that further comprehensively deepening reform, on the basis of the qualitative change created by comprehensively deepening reform, opens a new process of quantitative change. Second, from the perspective of promotion measures, further comprehensively deepening reform is the “further comprehensive” and “further deepening” of comprehensively deepening reform. “Further comprehensive” is reflected in: first, further comprehensively deepening reform has a broader coverage in terms of reform scope, adding content such as “building systems and mechanisms to support comprehensive innovation” and “advancing the modernization of the national security system and capacity”; second, further comprehensively deepening reform pays more attention to system integration and holistic advancement; it not only emphasizes that reform should achieve a transformation from point to surface, but also stresses the interconnections and mutual influences between various fields and within each field. “Further deepening” is reflected in: first, the problems touched by further comprehensively deepening reform are more global and strategic; second, the overall goal of further comprehensively deepening reform is a deepening of the overall goal of comprehensively deepening reform; on the basis of clarifying the overall goal, it determines specific promotion nodes and sub-goals in various fields; third, further comprehensively deepening reform is a deepening of the implementation of comprehensively deepening reform, prominently reflected in its greater emphasis on reform results and actual effectiveness.

首先，从原则看，进一步全面深化改革要总结和运用改革开放以来特别是新时代全面深化改革的宝贵经验，在坚持一系列重大原则的基础上，不断增强改革系统性、整体性和协同性。这就意味着进一步全面深化改革是全面深化改革的继续，但这种继续不是简单重复和模仿，而是在广度、深度与效能上持续强化。在辩证唯物主义视域中，广度、深度都属于量的范畴。在这种意义上，可以说明进一步全面深化改革在全面深化改革所创造的质变的基础上，开启了新的量变过程。其次，从推进举措看，进一步全面深化改革是全面深化改革的“进一步全面”与“进一步深化”。“进一步全面”体现在：一是进一步全面深化改革在改革的覆盖面上更广，增加了“构建支持全面创新体制机制”“推进国家安全体系和能力现代化”等方面内容；二是进一步全面深化改革更加注重系统集成与整体推进，它不仅讲究改革要实现从点到面转变，还强调各个领域之间、各个领域内部的相互关联与相互影响。“进一步深化”体现在：一是进一步全面深化改革触及的问题更具全局性和战略性；二是进一步全面深化改革的总目标是全面深化改革总目标的深化，其在明确总目标的基础上，确定了具体的推进节点以及各个领域的分目标；三是进一步全面深化改革是全面深化改革在落实上的深化，突出体现为它更加注重改革成果和实效。

In summary, the Chinese Communist Party has calibrated the temporal orientation of further comprehensively deepening reform within the quantitative and qualitative changes of the reform process, clarifying that on the new journey of the New Era, we must strengthen confidence, pool our efforts, continuously expand new space and create new opportunities for the cause of reform and development, and thereby enable the cause of reform and development to achieve new leaps and win new breakthroughs.

概而言之，中国共产党在改革进程的量变与质变中校准了进一步全面深化改革的时代方位，明确了在新时代新征程上，要坚定信心，凝心聚力，不断为改革发展事业拓展新空间，创造新机遇，进而使改革发展事业实现新飞跃、赢得新突破。

II. Applying the Law of the Unity of Opposites to Clarify the Specific Tasks of Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform

二、运用对立统一规律明确进一步全面深化改革的具体任务

The law of the unity of opposites is the fundamental law of materialist dialectics. Lenin once pointed out in “The Elements of Dialectics” that “dialectics can be briefly defined as the doctrine of the unity of opposites.” Comrade Mao Zedong also emphasized in “On Contradiction” that “the law of contradiction in things, that is, the law of the unity of opposites, is the most fundamental law of materialist dialectics.” Entering the New Era, the Chinese Communist Party has continuously deepened its understanding and innovated its application of the law of the unity of opposites, using the viewpoints and methods contained therein as an important magic weapon for advancing reform, and on this basis has clarified the specific tasks of further comprehensively deepening reform.

对立统一规律是唯物辩证法的根本规律，列宁曾在《辩证法的要素》中指出，“可以把辩证法简要地规定为关于对立面的统一的学说”，毛泽东同志也曾在《矛盾论》中强调，“事物的矛盾法则，即对立统一的法则，是唯物辩证法的最根本的法则”。进入新时代，中国共产党对对立统一规律在认识上不断深化、运用上不断创新，将其中蕴含的观点、方法作为推进改革的重要法宝，并以此明确了进一步全面深化改革的具体任务。

(I) Clarifying the Starting Point of Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform in Grasping the Law of the Unity of Opposites

（一）在把握对立统一规律中明确进一步全面深化改革的出发点

In the theoretical vision and practical exploration of the classic Marxist writers, contradiction is a key category. When examining nature, Marx revealed the unity of opposites between humanity and nature, advancing the elaboration of the view that “communism is the positive transcendence of private property, as human self-estrangement.” When scrutinizing human life activities and modes of existence, Marx pointed out that humanity is a contradictory unity of initiative and passivity, promoting the development of the idea that communism is “the complete emancipation of all human senses and qualities.” When investigating German social reality, Marx discovered Germany’s “anachronism”; through an in-depth analysis of the contradiction between German thought and reality, he perceived the need to achieve “practice at a principled height” and “the revolution of human heights.” Thus it can be seen that scientifically grasping contradiction, that is, the unity of opposites, is an important starting point for correctly understanding and resolving problems.

在马克思主义经典作家的理论视野与实践探索中，矛盾是关键范畴。在考察自然时，马克思揭示了人与自然的对立统一关系，推动了“共产主义是对私有财产即人的自我异化的积极的扬弃”观点的阐发。在审视人的生命活动及存在方式时，马克思指出人是能动性与受动性的矛盾统一体，促进了共产主义“是人的一切感觉和特性的彻底解放”思想的阐发。在考察德国社会现实时，马克思发觉德国“时代错乱”，通过深入分析德国思想与现实之间的矛盾，他洞察到要实现“有原则高度的实践”和“人的高度的革命”。由此可见，科学把握矛盾即对立统一，是正确认识与解决问题的重要开端。

Based on a profound grasp of this law, the Communist Party of China has further confirmed the scientificity and rationality of further comprehensively deepening reform from the perspective of dialectical materialism. Going a step further, the Party has taken “contradiction” as the foundation, clarifying the question of where further comprehensively deepening reform should start. Although the contradictions faced differ in content and vary in manifestation, overall, they are mainly expressed as the unity of opposites between the overall goal of reform and the reality of reform. The reality of reform mainly refers to the practical problems faced by reform, because “problems are the form in which contradictions in things manifest themselves. When we emphasize enhancing problem awareness and adhering to a problem-oriented approach, we are acknowledging the universality and objectivity of contradictions, and we must be adept at taking the understanding and resolution of contradictions as a breakthrough to open up the work situation.” Taking the unity of opposites between the overall goal of reform and the reality of reform as the starting point for further deepening is not a product of baseless fantasy or arbitrary fabrication, but is based on a comprehensive investigation of objective reality and actual needs.

基于对这一规律的深刻把握，中国共产党从辩证唯物主义视角进一步确证了进一步全面深化改革的科学性和合理性。更进一步地，党以“矛盾”为基点，明确了进一步全面深化改革从何处出发的问题。尽管面对的矛盾内容不一、表现多样，但总的来看，主要表现为改革的总目标与改革现实之间的对立统一。改革现实主要指改革所面对的现实问题，因为“问题是事物矛盾的表现形式，我们强调增强问题意识、坚持问题导向，就是承认矛盾的普遍性、客观性，就是要善于把认识和化解矛盾作为打开工作局面的突破口”。将改革总目标与改革现实的对立统一作为进一步全面深化的出发点，不是凭空臆想、随意捏造的，而是以对客观现实与实际需要的全面考察为基础。

The Communist Party of China has always proceeded from reality, understanding national conditions, social conditions, and popular sentiment. Through objective analysis, it has successively made major decisions such as establishing a socialist market economy system, implementing an innovation-driven development strategy, and advancing supply-side structural reform. As the conditions of the times have changed and reform practice has progressed, the Communist Party of China has recognized that contradictions still exist between the overall goal of further comprehensively deepening reform and the reality of reform. The overall goal of further comprehensively deepening reform is to “continue to improve and develop the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and advance the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity.” This is the top-level design of reform, which stipulates the direction and tasks of reform as a whole. However, in the process of advancing reform, there are still some practical problems and constraining factors that weaken the effectiveness and quality of reform. For example, in some regions and departments, there is a tendency toward formalism in reform, causing reform measures to fail to take root; some functional departments lack sufficient communication and coordination when implementing reform plans, preventing reform from forming an efficient synergy. These problems, to a certain extent, constrain the realization of the overall goal of comprehensively deepening reform.

中国共产党始终坚持从实际出发，了解国情、社情、民情，通过客观分析，先后作出了建立社会主义市场经济体制、实施创新驱动发展战略、推进供给侧结构性改革等重大决策。随着时代条件的变化与改革实践的推进，中国共产党认识到进一步全面深化改革的总目标与改革现实之间还存在着矛盾。进一步全面深化改革总目标是“继续完善和发展中国特色社会主义制度，推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化”，这是改革的顶层设计，从整体上规定了改革的方向与任务。但是，在推进改革的过程中，还存在着一些现实问题与掣肘因素，减弱了改革的效能与质量。比如，部分地区和部门在改革中存在形式主义倾向，导致改革举措难以落地生根；一些职能部门在落实改革方案时沟通协同不够，使得改革无法形成高效合力。这些问题在一定程度上制约着全面深化改革总目标的实现。

The contradiction between the overall goal of further comprehensively deepening reform and the reality of reform constrains the breadth, depth, and effectiveness of reform, but it also provides impetus and direction for reform. Therefore, we must face squarely the contradiction between reform goals and reform reality in the reform process, adhere to taking this contradiction as the starting point to adjust reform strategies and optimize reform measures, making reform more targeted, scientific, and effective, truly achieving the unity of “thought striving to become reality” and “reality itself should strive toward thought,” thereby injecting inexhaustible impetus into further comprehensively deepening reform.

进一步全面深化改革的总目标与改革现实之间的矛盾制约着改革的广度、深度与效能，但也为改革提供了动力与方向。因此，我们要正视改革进程中改革目标与改革现实的矛盾，坚持以这一矛盾为出发点调整改革策略、优化改革举措，使得改革更加有的放矢、科学有效，真正实现“思想力求成为现实”与“现实本身应当力求趋向思想”的统一，进而为进一步全面深化改革注入不竭动力。

(II) Clarifying the Focal Points of Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform by Grasping the Universality and Particularity of Contradictions

（二）在把握矛盾的普遍性与特殊性中明确进一步全面深化改革的着力点

The unity and struggle of contradictions reveal the basic attributes of contradictions, while universality and particularity reveal the state of existence of contradictions. Dialectical materialism holds that the universality of contradiction means that contradiction exists in all things and runs through the entire process of the development of things; particularity means that the concrete manifestation and resolution of contradictions have their own characteristics in different things, different stages, and different conditions. Looking back over China’s decades-long process of reform and opening up, it can be seen that China’s reform has been continuously advanced through the scientific grasp of the law of the unity of opposites. If a correct understanding of the unity and struggle of contradictions marks the starting point of further comprehensively deepening reform, then the grasp of the universality and particularity of contradictions guides the Party in clarifying the focal points of further comprehensively deepening reform. Clarifying the focal points of further comprehensively deepening reform by grasping the universality and particularity of contradictions includes two main aspects: first, clarifying the manner in which the universality and particularity of contradictions manifest themselves in further comprehensively deepening reform; second, clarifying how to grasp this universality and particularity to determine the focal points of further comprehensively deepening reform.

矛盾的统一性与斗争性展现了矛盾的基本属性，普遍性和特殊性则揭示了矛盾的存在状态。唯物辩证法认为，矛盾的普遍性是指矛盾存在于一切事物中，贯穿于事物发展过程的始终；特殊性则是指矛盾的具体表现和解决方式在不同事物、不同阶段、不同条件各有特点。纵览我国几十年的改革开放历程，可以看到，我国的改革是在对对立统一规律的科学把握中不断推进的。如果说对矛盾统一性与斗争性的正确认识标示了进一步全面深化改革的出发点，那么对矛盾普遍性与特殊性的把握则指引党明确了进一步全面深化改革的着力点。在把握矛盾的普遍性与特殊性中明确进一步全面深化改革的着力点包括两个主要方面：一是明确矛盾的普遍性与特殊性在进一步全面深化改革中以何种方式显现出来，二是明确如何把握这种普遍性与特殊性以确定进一步全面深化改革的着力点。

The question of clarifying the manner in which the universality and particularity of contradictions manifest themselves in further comprehensively deepening reform is, fundamentally, the question of clarifying what the universality and particularity of contradictions in further comprehensively deepening reform are. A correct understanding of this question is the basis for grasping the focal points of further comprehensively deepening reform. In reform practice, the Communist Party of China has profoundly recognized that the unity of opposites between reform goals and reform reality is an important starting point and driving force for advancing reform; therefore, various reform measures should be closely centered on the unity of opposites between the two. Going a step further, it is recognized that the unity of opposites between reform goals and reform reality is not temporary or immutable, but runs through the entire process of reform, influencing each other and developing dynamically. Therefore, it can be said that the universality of contradiction in further comprehensively deepening reform is mainly manifested in the thoroughgoingness and dynamism of the unity of opposites between reform goals and reform reality. However, acknowledging the universality of the unity of opposites between reform goals and reform reality does not mean obliterating the particularity of the unity of opposites between the two. This particularity mainly refers to the uniqueness of the unity of opposites between reform goals and reform reality as it appears in different fields, different stages, and under different conditions. For example, in the economic field, reform aims to promote industrial transformation and upgrading and achieve high-quality development, while the reality of reform may face difficulties such as the transformation of traditional industries, insufficient development of emerging industries, and an imperfect market system and mechanisms. This requires coordinating the contradiction between the two through measures such as strengthening policy support, enhancing scientific and technological innovation, and improving market mechanisms.

明确矛盾普遍性与特殊性在进一步全面深化改革中呈现方式的问题，从根本上说是明晰进一步全面深化改革中矛盾的普遍性与特殊性是什么的问题，对这一问题的正确认识是把握进一步全面深化改革着力点的基础。在改革实践中，中国共产党已经深刻认识到改革目标与改革现实的对立统一是推进改革的重要起点和动力，因而改革的各项举措应该紧紧围绕二者之间的对立统一展开。更进一步地，认识到改革目标与改革现实之间的对立统一关系不是暂时性的或者一成不变的，而是贯穿于改革的全过程，相互影响并动态发展的。因此，可以说进一步全面深化改革中矛盾的普遍性主要表现为改革目标与改革现实之间的对立统一关系所具有的这种贯通性与动态性。然而，承认改革目标与改革现实之间对立统一关系的普遍性并不意味着抹杀了二者之间对立统一关系的特殊性。这种特殊性主要是指在不同领域、不同阶段、不同条件下，改革目标与改革现实之间的对立统一关系所呈现的独特性。比如，在经济领域，改革旨在推动产业转型升级、实现高质量发展，改革现实则可能面临传统产业转型困难，新兴产业发展不足以及市场体制机制不健全等问题，这就需要通过强化政策支持、加强科技创新、健全市场机制等举措来协调二者之间的矛盾。

Based on the scientific grasp of the universality and particularity of contradictions in further comprehensively deepening reform, the Communist Party of China has clarified the focal points of further comprehensively deepening reform. The universality of the unity of opposites between reform goals and reform reality means that as reform deepens, we must pay more attention to the integrity, comprehensiveness, and synergy of reform. While promoting reform in the economic, political, cultural, social, and ecological fields, we must also focus on the organic connection and positive interaction between reforms in various fields, forming a strong synergy to advance reform. The particularity of the unity of opposites between reform goals and reform reality means that as the reform cause develops in depth, we must fully consider the interest demands of different regions, different industries, and different groups, accurately grasp the meeting points of the interests of all parties, and ensure that the fruits of reform benefit all people more fairly and extensively. It can be seen that as our Party’s understanding of the law of the unity of opposites deepens, the specific tasks of further comprehensively deepening reform have gradually become clear, distinct, and concrete. This requires us to advance reform in a manner of seeking truth from facts, transforming the “broad-brush outline” of further comprehensively deepening reform into “fine brushwork” and “construction blueprints” in the process of understanding and analyzing contradictions, and promoting the steady and enduring progress of the reform cause.

基于对进一步全面深化改革中矛盾的普遍性与特殊性的科学把握，中国共产党明确了进一步全面深化改革的着力点。改革目标与改革现实对立统一关系的普遍性意味着随着改革的深入，我们要更加注重改革的整体性、全面性和协同性，在推动经济、政治、文化、社会、生态等领域改革的同时，注重各个领域改革的有机衔接与良性互动，形成推动改革的强大合力。改革目标与改革现实之间对立统一关系的特殊性意味着随着改革事业向纵深发展，我们要充分考虑不同地区、不同行业、不同群体的利益诉求，准确把握各方利益的结合点，使改革成果更多更公平惠及全体人民。可以看出，随着我们党对对立统一规律认识的深化，进一步全面深化改革的具体任务也逐渐清晰、明朗，并具体化，这就要求我们实事求是地推进改革，在认识矛盾与分析矛盾中将进一步全面深化改革的“大写意”转化为“工笔画”“施工图”，推动改革事业行稳致远。

(III) Clarifying the Key Points of Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform by Grasping the Principal Contradiction and the Principal Aspect of a Contradiction

（三）在把握主要矛盾与矛盾的主要方面中明确进一步全面深化改革的关键点

As noted above, in its profound grasp of the law of the unity of opposites, the Communist Party of China has scientifically identified the starting point and focal point of further comprehensively deepening reform, providing important directional guidance and practical adherence for further comprehensively deepening reform. However, the complexity, dynamism, and developmental nature of reform mean that merely clarifying the starting point and focal point of further comprehensively deepening reform is far from sufficient, because this can neither fundamentally resolve the contradictions faced by further comprehensively deepening reform, nor enable reform to achieve breakthroughs on key points and reach its goals and tasks. This requires us to also grasp the key point of further comprehensively deepening reform. To grasp the key point of further comprehensively deepening reform, two prerequisite questions must be clarified, namely: What is a key point? And what is the key point of further comprehensively deepening reform?

如前所述，中国共产党在对对立统一规律的深刻把握中，科学识别了进一步全面深化改革的出发点和着力点，为进一步全面深化改革提供了重要的方向指引与实践依循。但是，改革的复杂性、动态性和发展性意味着仅仅明确进一步全面深化改革的出发点和着力点是远远不够的，因为这既不能从根本上解决进一步全面深化改革所面对的矛盾，也不能使改革实现重点突破、达成目标任务，这就要求我们还要抓住进一步全面深化改革的关键点。而要抓住进一步全面深化改革的关键点需明确两个前提性问题，即：何为关键点？何为进一步全面深化改革的关键点？

A “key point” (关键点) usually refers to those concepts and phenomena that play a decisive role; it is the key node, key hub, or key factor that plays an important role in understanding, analyzing, and solving problems. Grasping the “key point” enables one to take hold of the main thread and master the developmental脉络 of things. General Secretary Xi Jinping once pointed out, “By grasping the key point of strict intra-Party political life, we also grasp the key to resolving intra-Party contradictions and problems.” [7]7 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Sixth Plenary Session of the 18th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection” (January 12, 2016), in *Selected Readings of Xi Jinping’s Works*, vol. 2, Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 2017, p. 162. It can be seen that the status and role of the “key point” in the process of a thing’s development are precisely like the status and role of the principal contradiction and the principal aspect of a contradiction in the process of a thing’s development. At this point, the grasp of the key point of further comprehensively deepening reform is transformed into a grasp of the principal contradiction and the principal aspect of the contradiction faced by further comprehensively deepening reform.

“关键点”通常是指那些具有决定性作用的概念和现象，它是在认识问题、分析问题与解决问题中起重要作用的关键节点、关键枢纽或关键因素，抓住了“关键点”，就会提纲挈领地掌握事物的发展脉络。习近平总书记曾指出，“抓住了严格党内政治生活这个关键点，也就抓住了解决党内矛盾和问题的钥匙”。可以看出，“关键点”在事物发展过程中的地位与作用恰如主要矛盾和矛盾的主要方面在事物发展过程中的地位和作用。至此，对进一步全面深化改革关键点的把握就转换成了对进一步全面深化改革所面对的主要矛盾和矛盾主要方面的把握。

The principal contradiction in the process of further comprehensively deepening reform refers to the contradiction that occupies a dominant position and plays a decisive role in further comprehensively deepening reform; the principal aspect of the contradiction refers to the side that, within each specific contradiction, occupies a dominant position and plays a leading role in the development, change, and resolution of the contradiction. “Our proposal to comprehensively deepen reform is precisely to adapt to changes in the movement of the basic contradictions of our society in order to advance social development. The basic contradictions of society are always developing, so adjusting the relations of production and perfecting the superstructure must correspondingly continue without end.” [8]8 Xi Jinping, “Explanatory Notes on the ‘Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Several Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening Reform’” (November 9, 2013), in *Selected Readings of Xi Jinping’s Works*, vol. 1, Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 2014, p. 502. This clearly delineates the basic framework of contradictions in the reform process, namely, that the contradiction between productive forces and relations of production, and between the economic base and the superstructure, runs through the entire reform process; reform is carried out continuously around this contradiction. Therefore, the principal contradiction faced in the process of further comprehensively deepening reform is how to continuously adjust the relations of production to further liberate and develop the productive forces. That is to say, no matter how complex and diverse the contradictions in further comprehensively deepening reform may be, the focus of problems in various fields converges on this contradiction. In this sense, the principal aspect of the contradiction in the process of further comprehensively deepening reform is to further liberate and develop the productive forces. Only by firmly grasping this “ox’s nose” (牛鼻子) [9]9 “Ox’s nose” (牛鼻子) is a Chinese idiom meaning the key link or crucial point that, once grasped, allows one to control the whole situation. can we provide a strong traction for reform, drive the whole situation forward from a single point, and implement the various tasks of further comprehensively deepening reform in a layered, step-by-step, and purposeful manner.

进一步全面深化改革过程中的主要矛盾是指在进一步全面深化改革过程中处于支配地位、对进一步全面深化改革起决定作用的矛盾；矛盾的主要方面则是指在各个具体矛盾中，处于支配地位、在矛盾的发展变化以及解决中起主导作用的一方。“我们提出进行全面深化改革，就是要适应我国社会基本矛盾运动的变化来推进社会发展。社会基本矛盾总是不断发展的，所以调整生产关系、完善上层建筑需要相应地不断进行下去。”这清晰地描绘了改革进程中矛盾的基本框架，即生产力与生产关系、经济基础与上层建筑的矛盾贯穿于改革过程的始终，改革就是围绕这一矛盾而不断进行下去的。因此，进一步全面深化改革过程中所面对的主要矛盾就是如何持续调整生产关系以进一步解放和发展生产力。也就是说，无论进一步全面深化改革中的矛盾如何复杂多样，各个领域问题的关注点都集中在这一矛盾上。从这个意义上，进一步全面深化改革过程中矛盾的主要方面就是进一步解放和发展生产力，只有紧紧牵住这个“牛鼻子”，才能为改革提供强大牵引，以点带面，把进一步全面深化改革的各项任务有层次、有步骤、有目的地落到实处。

Based on the understanding of the principal contradiction and the principal aspect of the contradiction in further comprehensively deepening reform, the Communist Party of China has clarified the key point of further comprehensively deepening reform: further comprehensively deepening reform must firmly focus on liberating and developing the productive forces, take reform in the economic sphere as the key, and influence and drive reforms in all other spheres; it must highlight institutional and mechanistic reform, break down the original interest barriers and rigid models in various fields through institutional and mechanistic reform, thereby driving the resolution of other problems one by one. It should be noted that grasping the principal contradiction and the principal aspect of the contradiction in further comprehensively deepening reform does not mean neglecting reforms in other fields or weakening reforms in other aspects within each field during the process of further comprehensively deepening reform. Only by adhering to the unity of the “two-point theory” (两点论) and the “key-point theory” (重点论) [10]10 “Two-point theory” (两点论) and “key-point theory” (重点论) are terms from Mao Zedong’s dialectical materialism, referring respectively to the need to see both sides of a contradiction and to identify the principal aspect or key link. in the reform process can reform work truly be done well.

基于对进一步全面深化改革主要矛盾和矛盾主要方面的认识，中国共产党明确了进一步全面深化改革的关键点：进一步全面深化改革要紧紧扭住解放和发展生产力，以经济领域的改革为重点，影响并带动其他各个领域的改革；要突出体制机制改革，通过体制机制改革打破各个领域中原有的利益藩篱和僵化模式，从而带动其他问题的逐个破解。需要说明的是，进一步全面深化改革要抓住主要矛盾和矛盾的主要方面，并不意味着对进一步全面深化改革进程中其他领域改革的忽视和各个领域中其他方面改革的弱化，只有在改革进程中坚持“两点论”与“重点论”的统一，才能真正做好改革工作。

III. Applying the Law of the Negation of the Negation to Anchor the Overall Goal of Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform

三、运用否定之否定规律锚定进一步全面深化改革的总目标

The development of things is a process of contradictory movement. Driven by the internal contradictions of things, things themselves undergo constant changes from affirmation to negation, and then from negation to a higher stage of affirmation. In the relatively stable process of quantitative change, the affirmative factors of things occupy a dominant position; when things develop to the stage of qualitative change, the negative factors in things shift from a subordinate position to a dominant position. China’s reform is a process in which quantitative change and qualitative change are interwoven, and also a process in which affirmative factors and negative factors act together. It is precisely on the basis of a correct understanding of this characteristic of China’s reform that the Communist Party of China consciously applies the law of the negation of the negation to anchor the overall goal of further comprehensively deepening reform, continuously advancing the reform cause toward new victories.

事物的发展是一个矛盾运动的过程，在事物内在矛盾的推动下，事物自身会发生由肯定到否定、再由否定到更高阶段肯定的不断反复的变化，在相对稳定的量变过程中，事物的肯定因素占据支配地位，当事物发展到质变阶段时，事物中的否定因素就会从被支配地位转变到支配地位。我国的改革是一个量变与质变相互交织的过程，也是一个肯定因素与否定因素共同作用的过程。中国共产党正是在对我国改革这一特征正确认识的基础上，自觉运用否定之否定规律锚定进一步全面深化改革的总目标，不断推进改革事业走向新的胜利。

(I) Using “Negation of the Negation” to Clarify the Important Role of Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform in the Reform Process

（一）以“否定之否定”明确进一步全面深化改革在改革过程中的重要作用

The law of the negation of the negation reveals the complete picture of the development of things and clarifies that this complete picture is presented through two processes of qualitative change and three states of existence. The two processes of qualitative change are the transition from the affirmative stage to the negative stage, and the transition from the negative stage to the stage of the negation of the negation. The three states of existence are the affirmative stage, the negative stage, and the stage of the negation of the negation. Dialectical materialism holds that only by carrying out the second negation, that is, the negation of the negation, on the basis of the first negation, can one grasp the stage-like and process-like nature of the development of things. It is precisely based on this that Engels proposed that dialectics is “by its very nature an antagonistic, contradictory process, a transformation of one extreme into its opposite, and finally, as the core of the whole process, the negation of the negation.” [11]11 Friedrich Engels, *Anti-Dühring*, in *Marx and Engels Collected Works*, vol. 25, Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1987, p. 131. The revelation of the law of the negation of the negation by Marx and Engels provides us with ideological inspiration for grasping the stages of reform and clarifying the important position of further comprehensively deepening reform within the entire reform process.

否定之否定规律揭示了事物发展的全貌，并阐明这一全貌是经过两次质变过程、三个存在状态呈现的。两次质变过程是从肯定阶段向否定阶段的转变、从否定阶段向否定之否定阶段的转变。三个存在状态是肯定阶段、否定阶段以及否定之否定阶段。唯物辩证法认为，只有在第一次否定的基础上进行第二次否定即否定之否定，才能把握事物发展的阶段性以及过程性。正是基于此，恩格斯提出，辩证法“按本性说是对抗的、包含着矛盾的过程，一个极端向它的反面的转化，最后，作为整个过程的核心的否定的否定”。马克思恩格斯对否定之否定规律的揭示，为我们把握改革的阶段性、明确进一步全面深化改革在整个改革过程中的重要地位提供了思想启示。

Reviewing the course of China’s reform and opening up from the perspective of dialectical materialism clearly reveals it as a dialectical movement process of continuous self-transcendence and forward development. Further comprehensively deepening reform is the stage of expansion and deepening of reform. In this stage, China faces new developmental situations and tasks. The Communist Party of China actively consolidates existing reform achievements, adjusts reform measures, and promotes continuous pioneering and innovation in various fields such as the economy, politics, culture, society, and ecology, laying a solid foundation for realizing the Chinese Dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. As a new positioning of reform under the new era background, further comprehensively deepening reform places greater emphasis on the systemic, holistic, and synergistic nature of reform, stressing the organic integration and linkage of reforms in various fields; it actively responds to the new expectations of the people, making the fruits of reform benefit all people more and more fairly. It is precisely these characteristics that endow further comprehensively deepening reform with strong vitality. Therefore, further comprehensively deepening reform can be regarded as the stage of the negation of the negation in the process of a thing’s development. This means that further comprehensively deepening reform will inject more powerful vitality and momentum into advancing Chinese-path modernization and realizing the Chinese Dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

从辩证唯物主义视角回顾我国的改革开放历程，会清晰看到这是一个不断超越自身、前进发展的辩证运动过程。进一步全面深化改革是改革的拓展与深化阶段。在这一阶段，我国面临新的发展形势和任务，中国共产党积极巩固既有改革成果，调整改革举措，推进经济、政治、文化、社会、生态等各个领域不断开拓创新，为实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦奠定了坚实基础。进一步全面深化改革作为新的时代背景下改革的新定位，更加注重改革的系统性、整体性与协同性，强调各个领域改革的有机结合与衔接配套；积极回应人民新期待，使得改革成果更多更公平地惠及全体人民。正是这些特质使得进一步全面深化改革展现出强大的生命力。故而，可以将进一步全面深化改革视作事物发展过程中的否定之否定阶段，这就意味着进一步全面深化改革将为推进中国式现代化和实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦注入更加强劲的活力与动能。

It can be seen that, in its scientific understanding of the law of the negation of the negation, the Communist Party of China has not only highlighted the important position of further comprehensively deepening reform within the entire reform process, but has also clarified its important role in stimulating vitality and strengthening momentum. The exertion of this role is mainly achieved through the negation of the negation of the practical problems faced by reform, and this process of exertion manifests as the unity of "the negation of the negation of practical problems" and "the practical problems of the negation of the negation." "The negation of the negation of practical problems" mainly refers to the fact that further comprehensively deepening reform advances amid the reflection and critique of many practical problems. This process is essentially highly consistent with the overall goal of further comprehensively deepening reform; an important goal of further comprehensively deepening reform is to promote reform to achieve further development through the gradual resolution of practical problems, continuously advancing toward a higher level and a higher stage. "The practical problems of the negation of the negation" refers to the developmental and changing nature of the problems targeted by further comprehensively deepening reform. This developmental and changing nature is mainly manifested as follows: the problems faced by further comprehensively deepening reform are often "new forms" that contain old factors, problems of a higher level compared to older problems. Therefore, the resolution of these problems will inevitably push reform forward. In summary, in the unity of "the negation of the negation of practical problems" and "the practical problems of the negation of the negation," further comprehensively deepening reform can add new factors, create new vitality, and stimulate new momentum for reform, driving the reform cause forward continuously.

可以看出，中国共产党在对否定之否定规律的科学认识中，不仅凸显了进一步全面深化改革在整个改革进程中的重要地位，而且明确了其激发活力、强化动能的重要作用。而这种作用的发挥主要是通过对改革所面对现实问题的否定之否定实现的，这一作用过程表现为“现实问题的否定之否定”与“否定之否定的现实问题”的统一。“现实问题的否定之否定”主要是指进一步全面深化改革是在对诸多现实问题的反思与批判中推进的。这一过程本质上与进一步全面深化改革总目标高度契合，进一步全面深化改革的重要目标就是通过现实问题的逐步解决，推进改革实现进一步发展，不断迈向更高水平和更高阶段。“否定之否定的现实问题”是指进一步全面深化改革所指问题的发展变化性。这种发展变化性主要表现为：进一步全面深化改革所面对的问题往往是蕴含着旧因素的“新样态”，是较旧问题而言的更高层次的问题。因而，这些问题的解决也必将促使改革不断向前。综上，进一步全面深化改革在“现实问题的否定之否定”与“否定之否定的现实问题”的统一中，能够为改革增添新因素、创造新活力、激发新动能，推动改革事业不断向前发展。

(II) Clarifying the Path to Realize the Overall Goal of Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform in Dialectical Negation

（二）在辩证否定中明确进一步全面深化改革总目标的实现路径

Marx believed that "dialectics, in its comprehension of existing things, includes at the same time the comprehension of their negation, their necessary destruction." The law of the negation of the negation not only explains the two qualitative changes and three stages in the development of things, but also reveals that things internally contain both affirmative and negative factors. On this basis, dialectical materialism established a scientific view of negation, namely the dialectical view of negation, which holds that dialectical negation is the self-negation of things, and its essence is "sublation." The dialectical view of negation provides important guidance for the Party to clarify the realistic path to realize the overall goal of further comprehensively deepening reform.

马克思认为，“辩证法在对现存事物的肯定的理解中同时包含对现存事物的否定的理解，即对现存事物的必然灭亡的理解”，否定之否定规律不仅说明了事物发展的两次质变与三个阶段，还揭示了事物内部包含着肯定因素与否定因素。在此基础上，辩证唯物主义建立了科学的否定观即辩证否定观，这一观点认为辩证的否定是事物自身的否定，其实质是“扬弃”。辩证的否定观为党明确实现进一步全面深化改革总目标的现实路径提供了重要指导。

As mentioned earlier, further comprehensively deepening reform is an important stage in the reform process, opening a new chapter in comprehensively deepening reform. This means that further comprehensively deepening reform itself is a unity in which affirmative and negative factors are intertwined, a "sublation" of previous reforms. This "sublation" is prominently reflected in the fact that the overall goal of further comprehensively deepening reform is an inheritance and development of the overall goal of comprehensively deepening reform, which can be summarized in the following two aspects. First, the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC continued to advance in depth along the reform goals proposed by the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC, and made detailed time arrangements, clarifying both the goal orientation of the Party's leadership of reform and declaring the determination to carry reform through to the end. Second, the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC proposed "six focal points of close attention" [12]12 The "six focal points of close attention" (六个紧紧围绕) refers to the six key areas of reform outlined in the decision of the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC in 2013: economic, political, cultural, social, ecological civilization, and Party building systems., clarifying the direction and key tasks of reform in various fields. On this basis, the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC proposed "seven focal points" [13]13 The "seven focal points" (七个聚焦) refers to the seven priority areas for reform identified by the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC in 2024, building on and expanding the earlier six., which not only enriched the fields of reform but also made timely developments to the goals of each field. It can be seen that further comprehensively deepening reform has reasonably retained the positive factors of comprehensively deepening reform, and has integrated new factors into reform based on practical realities and needs, causing reform to continuously expand and deepen. Thus, the Communist Party of China has profoundly recognized that further comprehensively deepening reform needs to advance through dialectical negation; this is an important path to realize the overall goal of further comprehensively deepening reform.

如前所述，进一步全面深化改革是改革进程中的重要阶段，开启了全面深化改革的崭新局面。这就意味着进一步全面深化改革本身就是一个肯定因素与否定因素相互交织的统一体，是对以往改革的“扬弃”。这种“扬弃”突出体现为进一步全面深化改革的总目标是对全面深化改革总目标的继承与发展，可以概括为以下两个方面。其一，党的二十届三中全会继续沿着党的十八届三中全会提出的改革目标深入推进，并作出了详细的时间安排，既明确了党领导改革的目标导向，也宣示了将改革进行到底的决心。其二，党的十八届三中全会提出了“六个紧紧围绕”，明确了各领域改革的方向和工作重点，党的二十届三中全会则在此基础上提出了“七个聚焦”，既对改革领域有所丰富，又对各个领域的目标作了与时俱进的发展。可以看出，进一步全面深化改革合理地保留了全面深化改革的积极因素，并结合改革实际与现实需要在改革中融入了新因素，使得改革不断拓展与深化。由此，中国共产党深刻认识到进一步全面深化改革需要在辩证否定中推进，这是实现进一步全面深化改革总目标的重要路径。

Advancing further comprehensively deepening reform through dialectical negation implies the following. First, further comprehensively deepening reform must deeply summarize and apply the valuable experience of reform and opening up, especially the comprehensive deepening of reform in the New Era, consistently adhere to Party leadership, adhere to a people-centered approach, adhere to upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground, adhere to taking institutional development as the main thread, adhere to comprehensive law-based governance, and adhere to a systems perspective, firmly upholding these major principles for advancing reform. Second, further comprehensively deepening reform must be closely integrated with the theme of Chinese-path modernization, focusing on building a high-level socialist market economy system, focusing on developing whole-process people's democracy, and other aspects, to add new ideas, new perspectives, and new methods that meet the requirements of the times and practical needs for further comprehensively deepening reform. Third, further comprehensively deepening reform must adhere to the unity of emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts. It must be brave in eliminating old ideas and old concepts, scientifically viewing the new situations and new problems faced by reform with a connected and developmental perspective, and must also adhere to seeking truth from facts, implementing and evaluating reform with a scientific attitude and objective standards, continuously strengthening the effectiveness of reform. Finally, further comprehensively deepening reform must fully promote the fighting spirit and the spirit of historical initiative. It must be brave in facing the difficulties and challenges in the reform process, and must also actively adapt to the conditions of the times and development requirements, actively explore new paths to advance reform, and continuously deepen the reform cause.

进一步全面深化改革要在辩证否定中推进意味着以下内容。首先，进一步全面深化改革要深刻总结和运用改革开放以来特别是新时代全面深化改革的宝贵经验，一以贯之地坚持党的领导、坚持以人民为中心、坚持守正创新、坚持以制度建设为主线、坚持全面依法治国、坚持系统观念，牢牢坚守推进改革的这些重大原则。其次，进一步全面深化改革要与中国式现代化这一主题紧密结合，聚焦构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制、聚焦发展全过程人民民主等方面，为进一步全面深化改革增添更多符合时代要求和实践需要的新思想、新观点、新方法。再次，进一步全面深化改革要坚持解放思想与实事求是的统一，既要勇于革除旧思想、旧观念，用联系、发展的眼光科学看待改革面临的新形势、新问题，又要坚持实事求是，以科学的态度和客观的标准去落实和评价改革，不断强化改革实效。最后，进一步全面深化改革要充分发扬斗争精神与历史主动精神，既要敢于面对改革过程中的困难与挑战，又要主动适应时代条件和发展要求，积极探索推进改革的新路径，不断将改革事业引向纵深。

(III) Achieving New Breakthroughs in Reform through Affirmation-Negation-Negation of the Negation

（三）在肯定-否定-否定之否定中实现改革新突破

In its scientific grasp of the law of the negation of the negation, the Communist Party of China has not only clarified the stage-like and processual nature of reform, but has also discerned the progressive and developmental nature of reform, recognizing that reform is a dynamic development process of continuous self-transcendence and forward movement. In this regard, General Secretary Xi Jinping profoundly pointed out, "Socialism with Chinese characteristics is a cause that advances with the times. In this sense, reform and opening up has no finish line, only a continuous process." [14]14 Xi Jinping, "Speech at the Celebration of the 40th Anniversary of Reform and Opening Up" (December 18, 2018).

中国共产党在对否定之否定规律的科学把握中不仅明晰了改革的阶段性与过程性，而且洞悉到改革的前进性与发展性，认清了改革是一个不断超越自我、持续前行的动态发展过程。对此，习近平总书记曾深刻指出，“中国特色社会主义是与时俱进的事业。从这个意义上说，改革开放只有进行时没有完成时”。

Materialist dialectics, as a scientific worldview and methodology, provides important ideological insights for us to correctly understand and grasp the progressive and developmental nature of reform. Materialist dialectics holds that the development of things is the unity of progressiveness and tortuosity. This progressiveness can be understood from multiple dimensions: first, this progressiveness manifests as the upward direction of the development of things. In the chain of affirmation-negation-negation of the negation, the negation of the negation is not a simple return to the starting point, but a return at a higher level. Second, this progressiveness manifests as the forward movement of the development process. The setbacks and difficulties in the development process of things, to a certain extent, accumulate strength for things to achieve new breakthroughs; the contradictions and conflicts in the development process of things also push things to a higher level. Third, this progressiveness manifests as the irresistibility of the development trend. New things often represent more advanced productive forces, more reasonable social relations, and value orientations that better meet people's needs. Once the conditions for the emergence of new things are met, they will develop with an irresistible force. It is in this sense that Lenin called development spiral-like, "leap-like, catastrophic, revolutionary." [15]15 V. I. Lenin, "Karl Marx" (1914).

唯物辩证法作为科学的世界观和方法论为我们正确理解和把握改革的前进性与发展性提供了重要思想启示。唯物辩证法认为，事物的发展是前进性与曲折性的统一，这种前进性可以从多个维度理解：首先，这种前进性表现为事物发展方向的上升性，在肯定-否定-否定之否定的链条中，否定之否定并非简单地回到原点，而是更高层次的复归；其次，这种前进性表现为发展过程的前进性，事物发展过程中的挫折与困难在一定程度上为事物实现新的突破积蓄着力量，事物发展过程中的矛盾与冲突也会推动事物迈向更高层次；再次，这种前进性表现为发展趋势的不可阻挡性。新事物往往代表着更先进的生产力、更合理的社会关系以及更符合人们需要的价值取向。一旦新事物具备了产生的条件，它就会以势不可挡的力量发展。正是在这个意义上，列宁称发展是按螺旋式进行的，是“飞跃式的、剧变式的、革命的”。

Based on a correct understanding of the progressiveness and upwardness of the development of things, the Communist Party of China recognizes that further comprehensively deepening reform heralds the progressiveness and developmental nature of reform. First, further comprehensively deepening reform is reform at a higher level. Although the core of further comprehensively deepening reform remains reform, this reform has already undergone fundamental and overall changes. It revolves around the primary task of "high-quality development" and the major task of "ensuring and improving people's livelihoods through development," and is a more systematic, integrated, scientific, and effective reform. Second, although reform is a complex movement process full of difficulties and challenges, while difficulties and challenges create obstacles for further comprehensively deepening reform, they also open up paths for further comprehensively deepening reform. Third, further comprehensively deepening reform is a theoretical and practical creation under the new historical background. It will play an important role in further promoting social fairness and justice, enhancing the modernization level of the national governance system and governance capacity, and promoting the inheritance and innovation of fine traditional Chinese culture, injecting sustained momentum into Chinese-path modernization. Therefore, further comprehensively deepening reform will advance forward with an irresistible trend.

基于对事物发展的前进性与上升性的正确理解，中国共产党认识到进一步全面深化改革昭示着改革的前进性与发展性。第一，进一步全面深化改革是更高层次的改革。尽管进一步全面深化改革的核心仍然是改革，但这种改革已经发生了根本性和全局性的变化，它围绕“高质量发展”的首要任务和“在发展中保障和改善民生”的重大任务，是更加系统集成、科学有效的改革。第二，尽管改革是一个充满困难与挑战的复杂运动过程，但困难与挑战在给进一步全面深化改革造成阻碍的同时，也在为进一步全面深化改革开辟道路。第三，进一步全面深化改革是新的时代背景下的理论创造和实践创造，它将在进一步促进社会公平正义、提升国家治理体系和治理能力的现代化水平、推动中华优秀传统文化的传承与创新等方面发挥重要作用，为中国式现代化注入持续动力。因而，进一步全面深化改革将会以势不可挡的趋势向前迈进。

The progressiveness and developmental nature manifested in further comprehensively deepening reform reflect the dynamic and continuous character of reform. This means that further comprehensively deepening reform is not the termination of reform, nor is it a stagnation or a temporary measure of reform, but rather a process of continuously surpassing oneself and leading reform into greater depth. The “transcendence” of further comprehensively deepening reform will cause the reform to touch on deeper issues, cover a broader scope, and have a more far-reaching impact, thereby causing the entire reform process to exhibit a vigorous, forward-moving developmental trend. In summary, the Communist Party of China, in its scientific grasp of the law of the negation of the negation, has clarified that further comprehensively deepening reform will continuously achieve new breakthroughs in reform through the sequence of affirmation-negation-negation of the negation.

进一步全面深化改革所昭示的这种前进性和发展性反映着改革的动态性和持续性。这就意味着，进一步全面深化改革不是改革的终止，也不是改革的停滞不前或者一时之举，而是一个不断超越自身将改革引向纵深的过程。进一步全面深化改革的“超越性”将使得改革触及的问题更深、改革的范围更广、改革的影响更远，进而使得整个改革进程呈现蓬勃向上、一往无前的发展态势。综上而言，中国共产党在对否定之否定规律的科学把握中明晰了进一步全面深化改革将会在肯定-否定-否定之否定中不断实现改革新突破。

(Fund: Major Project of the Ministry of Education’s Philosophy and Social Sciences Research, “Research on the Original Contributions of the Worldview and Methodology of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era” [23JZD001])

（基金： 教育部哲学社会科学研究重大课题攻关项目“习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的世界观和方法论的原创性贡献研究”（23JZD001））

(Author’s brief biography: Jia Limin, Professor and Doctoral Supervisor at the School of Marxism, Tianjin Normal University)

（作者简介：贾丽民，天津师范大学马克思主义学院教授、博士生导师）

Online editor: Paul

网络编辑：保罗