The Dual Drivers, Dual Effects, and Dual Dimensions of Institutions in Developing New Quality Productive Forces

High-quality development is the primary task of building a modern socialist country in all respects and the hard truth of the New Era, requiring new theories of productive forces to guide it, and the theory of new quality productive forces has emerged as a response. In the second half of 2023, during an inspection tour in a locality, General Secretary Xi Jinping proposed “accelerating the formation of new quality productive forces,” and at the Central Economic Work Conference he deployed the task of “developing new quality productive forces.” In 2024, during the 11th collective study session of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, General Secretary Xi Jinping elaborated on new quality productive forces and stressed that “developing new quality productive forces is an intrinsic requirement and a key focus for promoting high-quality development.” On the occasion of the first selection and commendation of the “National Engineer Award,” he called on engineering and technical personnel to “promote the development of new quality productive forces.” During the Two Sessions [the annual meetings of the National People’s Congress and the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference], he proposed “developing new quality productive forces in light of local conditions.” At the National Science and Technology Conference, the National Science and Technology Awards Conference, and the joint conference of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Engineering, he stated the need to “solidly promote the deep integration of scientific and technological innovation with industrial innovation, and assist in developing new quality productive forces.” At the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC, he stressed the need to improve the systems and mechanisms for promoting high-quality economic development and to foster the development of new quality productive forces, systematically elucidating from both theoretical and practical levels “what new quality productive forces are and how to develop them.”

高质量发展是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的首要任务和新时代的硬道理，需要新的生产力理论来指导，新质生产力理论应运而生。2023年下半年，习近平总书记在地方考察时提出“加快形成新质生产力”,并在中央经济工作会议上部署“发展新质生产力”。2024年，习近平总书记在中共中央政治局第十一次集体学习时阐释新质生产力并强调，“发展新质生产力是推动高质量发展的内在要求和重要着力点”,在“国家工程师奖”首次评选表彰之际要求广大工程技术人员“推动发展新质生产力”,在全国两会期间提出要“因地制宜发展新质生产力”,在全国科技大会、国家科学技术奖励大会、两院院士大会上提出，要“扎实推动科技创新和产业创新深度融合，助力发展新质生产力”,在党的二十届三中全会上强调，健全推动经济高质量发展体制机制、促进新质生产力发展，从理论与实践两个层面系统阐明了“什么是新质生产力，怎样发展新质生产力”。

Since the concept of new quality productive forces was introduced over a year ago, academic research has been in full swing on why new quality productive forces emerged, what they mean, how they are generated, what significance they hold, how they should be developed, how they can be measured, and how they can be empowered. Research methods have become increasingly broad and diverse. Theoretical interpretations of General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important discourses on new quality productive forces and their theoretical orientation and practical guiding value have been continuously deepened. Research on the logic, impact, and pathways of developing new quality productive forces has been steadily increasing, providing theoretical support for China’s productive forces development characterized by “using the new to enhance quality,” “using quality to drive quantity,” and “improving quality while increasing quantity,” and offering useful references for this study. However, overall, academic research on what drives new quality productive forces and what effects they have still needs strengthening, and systematic exploration of how to institutionally promote the development of new quality productive forces requires further deepening. This paper explains the dual drivers and dual effects of developing new quality productive forces and explores the dual dimensions of institutions for their development, helping people to continuously deepen their understanding of the development logic, laws, and socio-economic impacts of new quality productive forces, to constantly improve the policies and governance systems for their development, and to better promote the rapid and steady development of China’s new quality productive forces.

新质生产力概念问世一年多来，学界对新质生产力缘何出场、是何意蕴、由何生成、有何意义、以何发展、如何测评、如何赋能的研究如火如荼，研究方法日趋广泛多元，对习近平总书记关于新质生产力重要论述及其理论方位和实践指导价值的理论阐释不断深化，对新质生产力发展逻辑、影响与进路的研究持续增多，为我国生产力发展“以新提质”“以质带量”“质升量增”提供了理论支持，为本文研究提供了有益借鉴。然而，总的来看，学界对新质生产力由何驱动、有何效应的学理性研究还有待加强，对如何从制度上推动新质生产力发展的系统性探究还需要深化。本文阐释发展新质生产力的双重驱动和双面效应，探析发展新质生产力的双维制度，有助于人们持续深化对新质生产力发展理路、规律及其社会经济影响的认识，不断完善新质生产力发展政策和治理体系，更好推动我国新质生产力快速稳健发展。

I. The Internal Logic of Science and Technology as a Driver and the External Logic of Institutions as a Driver in Developing New Quality Productive Forces

一、发展新质生产力的科技内驱逻辑与制度外驱逻辑

Productive forces are the capacity of laborers to transform and influence nature by combining with the means of production to meet their production and living needs, generated in the labor process where people use the instruments of labor to bring about predetermined changes in the objects of labor. To raise labor productivity, people “must revolutionize the technical and social conditions of the labor process, and thereby revolutionize the mode of production itself.” The nature of productive forces differs from the nature of social systems characterized by relations of production; it is mainly determined by the material-technical nature of production. New quality productive forces represent a systematic transformation of the technical and social conditions of the labor process, internally generated by revolutionary breakthroughs in science and technology driving a leap in the quality of productive forces’ elements and their combination, and externally manifested in the deep transformation and upgrading of industries and a substantial increase in total factor productivity, both promoting and being promoted by the adaptive adjustment of relations of production as characterized by institutional reform.

生产力是劳动者为满足其生产生活需要同生产资料相结合而形成的改造和影响自然的能力，生成于人借助劳动资料使劳动对象发生预定变化的劳动过程。为了提高劳动生产力，人们“必须变革劳动过程的技术条件和社会条件，从而变革生产方式本身”。生产力的性质不同于由生产关系所表征的社会制度性质，主要取决于生产的物质技术性质。新质生产力是劳动过程技术条件和社会条件的系统性变革，内生于科技革命性突破驱动生产力要素及其组合质态跃升，外化于产业深度转型升级和全要素生产率大幅提升，促动并受促于由制度改革所表征的生产关系适应性调整。

1. The Internal Logic of Science and Technology as a Driver: Scientific and Technological Innovation → Qualitative Change in Factors → Industrial Upgrading

1.科技内驱逻辑：科技创新—要素质变—产业升级

Productive forces are a system with factors as inputs and industries as outputs. Unlike developing traditional productive forces, developing new quality productive forces takes high-quality development as a new goal, takes scientific and technological innovation as the guide and new driving force, and takes disruptive technologies as the lever to upgrade the quality of factors and their combinations and to modernize the industrial system as its internal mechanism.

生产力是以要素为投入端、以产业为产出端的系统。有别于发展传统生产力，发展新质生产力以高质量发展为新目标，以科技创新为先导和新动力，以颠覆性技术撬动要素及其组合质态升级和产业体系现代化为内在机理。

First, taking scientific and technological innovation as the guide.

第一，以科技创新为先导。

Productive forces take laborers, instruments of labor, and objects of labor as their basic constituent elements, and they develop continuously with the progress of science and technology. Science and technology have high permeability and strong integrativeness; they can integrate into the basic elements of productive forces and transform their qualitative state and combination state, giving rise to new quality laborers, new quality instruments of labor, new quality objects of labor, and new quality combinations of factors, thereby promoting an increase in both the quality and quantity of productive forces. “Scientific and technological innovation can give rise to new industries, new models, and new drivers of growth, and is the core element in developing new quality productive forces.” This major assertion by General Secretary Xi Jinping logically integrates “science and technology constitute

生产力以劳动者、劳动资料和劳动对象为基本构成要素，随着科学技术不断进步而不断发展。科学技术有高渗透性和强融合性，能融入生产力基本要素并变革其质态和组合态，催生出新质劳动力、新质劳动资料、新质劳动对象和新质要素组合，推动生产力提质增量。“科技创新能够催生新产业、新模式、新动能，是发展新质生产力的核心要素。”习近平总书记这一重大论断在逻辑上整合了“科学技术是第一生产力”与“创新是引领发展的第一动力”,揭示了创新在新质生产力发展中的主导作用，发展了马克思关于“生产力中也包括科学”的思想。科技创新是生产力质变的先决条件和内驱力，包括由渐进性科技进步带动的增量型创新、由科技革命性突破促发的颠覆性创新两类。新质生产力以“新”为形式特征，以“质”为结果特征，以创新驱动发展为核心要义，以新质劳动力为新主体，发轫于科技革命性突破而非渐进性科技进步，以颠覆性技术和前沿技术为技术底座。

Second, taking the qualitative transformation of the factors of production as the foundation.

第二，以要素质变为基石。

New quality productive forces "take the leap in the quality of laborers, means of labor, and objects of labor, as well as their optimized combination, as the basic connotation." They still comprise the three basic factors, but take new-quality factors and the combination of new-quality factors as the basic connotation, and take a substantial increase in total factor productivity as the core indicator. On the one hand, the application of new-quality factors in production can raise the productivity of other factors. Disruptive new technologies applied to the labor process expand the scope of the factors of production and transform the mode of labor, raising factor quality and labor productivity. Unlike the productive forces of an agricultural society, which take land and labor as the dominant factors, and those of an industrial society, which take capital as the dominant factor, large-scale industry promotes the integration of science, technology, and production, driving scientific and technological innovation increasingly to become an organized activity independent of the production link, propelling the transformation of science into technology and the growing automation and intellectualization of the mode of production. This makes the decisive role of science and technology in the development of productive forces gradually prominent, while the influence of capital relatively declines. Along with the new round of scientific and technological revolution, especially the development and application of digital technology, data has become a key factor of production characterized by weak exclusivity, strong integrability, and low replication cost. It can both reduce uncertainty and non-labor time in the production process, achieving increasing returns to scale, and accelerate scientific and technological innovation, producing a multiplier effect on factor productivity. On the other hand, the combination of new-quality factors enhances cooperative productivity. The public nature of data and digital technology deepens the level of socialization of production, promoting both networked resource allocation and the emergence of lean, on-demand production methods, while also raising cooperative productivity and total factor productivity. Empowered by the innovation and application of artificial intelligence technology, repetitive and highly procedural mental and manual labor is increasingly replaced by intelligent automated machines. Laborers tend to stand beside the production process rather than act as the main agents within it, and owners of different factors achieve more intelligent and efficient specialized production and socialized division of labor and cooperation.

新质生产力“以劳动者、劳动资料和劳动对象及其优化组合跃升为基本内涵”,仍包括三个基本要素，但以新质要素和新质要素组合为基本内涵，以全要素生产率大幅提升为核心标志。一方面，新质要素在生产中的应用能提升其他要素的生产率。颠覆性新技术应用于劳动过程，推动生产要素范围扩展和劳动方式变革，提升要素质量和劳动生产率。不同于农业社会生产力以土地和劳动为主导要素，工业社会生产力以资本为主导要素。大工业促使科学、技术和生产相互融合，推动科技创新日益从生产环节中独立出来而成为有组织的行为，驱动科学转化为技术和生产方式日益自动化智能化，使科技对生产力发展的决定性作用逐渐凸显而资本的影响力相对下降。伴随新一轮科技革命特别是数字技术的发展和应用，数据成为排他性弱、融合性强、复用成本低的关键生产要素，既能减少生产过程的不确定性和非劳动时间，实现规模报酬递增，又能加速科技创新，对要素生产力产生乘数效应。另一方面，新质要素组合提升协作生产力。数据和数字技术的公共性促进生产社会化水平不断加深，既促进了网络化资源配置，催生了精益化按需生产方式，又提升了协作生产力和全要素生产率。受人工智能技术创新和应用赋能，重复性、程序性高的脑力劳动和体力劳动越来越多地被智能自动化机器替代，劳动者趋向站在生产过程的旁边而非生产过程的主要作用者，不同要素所有者实现更加智能高效的专业化生产和社会化分工协作。

Third, taking industrial upgrading as the orientation.

第三，以产业升级为导向。

The fruits of scientific and technological innovation are not naturally and efficiently aligned with market demand; only when they are promptly applied to specific industries and industrial chains can they be materialized into actual productive forces. The application of disruptive and cutting-edge technologies acts as a catalyst for industrial transformation, both giving rise to strategic emerging industries and future industries such as the new generation of information technology and artificial intelligence, and promoting the high-end, intelligent, and green transformation of traditional industries, generating technology spillover effects and industrial upgrading effects. The industrial carrier of new quality productive forces is the modernized industrial system, an aggregate that includes not only strategic emerging industries spawned by the application of disruptive technologies and future industries spawned by the application of cutting-edge technologies, but also traditional industries transformed and upgraded through digital-intelligent and green technologies.

科技创新成果并非天然与市场需求高效对接，只有及时应用于具体产业和产业链才能物化为现实生产力。颠覆性技术和前沿技术的应用是产业变革的催化剂，既催生新一代信息技术、人工智能等战略性新兴产业和未来产业，又推动传统产业高端化、智能化、绿色化，形成技术溢出效应与产业升级效应。新质生产力的产业载体是现代化产业体系，是一个集合体，既包括经由颠覆性技术应用催生的战略性新兴产业和经由前沿技术应用催生的未来产业，又涵盖经由数智技术、绿色技术改造提升的传统产业。

2. The external logic of institutions: institutional reform → new-type relations of production → new quality productive forces

2.制度外驱逻辑：制度改革—新型生产关系—新质生产力

“In the social production of their existence, men inevitably enter into definite relations, which are independent of their will, namely, relations of production appropriate to a given stage in the development of their material productive forces.” Relations of production are the social form of productive forces, embodied in the interrelations people form in production, exchange, distribution, and consumption, with institutions and institutional mechanisms as their main manifestations. “The sum total of these relations of production constitutes the economic structure of society, the real foundation, on which rises a legal and political superstructure and to which correspond definite forms of social consciousness.” Relations of production are not immutable; “with the acquisition of new productive forces, men change their mode of production; and with the change of the mode of production, they change all the economic relations which were merely the necessary relations of that particular mode of production.”

“人们在自己生活的社会生产中发生一定的、必然的、不以他们的意志为转移的关系，即同他们的物质生产力的一定发展阶段相适合的生产关系。”生产关系是生产力的社会形式，体现为人们在生产、交换、分配和消费中形成的相互关系，以制度和体制机制为主要表现形式。“生产关系的总和构成社会的经济结构，即有法律的和政治的上层建筑竖立其上并有一定的社会意识形式与之相适应的现实基础。”生产关系不是一成不变的，“随着新的生产力的获得，人们便改变自己的生产方式，而随着生产方式的改变，他们便改变所有不过是这一特定生产方式的必然关系的经济关系。”

On the one hand, new quality productive forces give rise to new modes of production, with new types of relations of production serving as their institutional guarantee and external driving force. Productive forces always take shape and develop within a given social form, interdependent and interacting with relations of production. Productive forces are the most revolutionary and active factor in the mode of production, while relations of production possess relative stability and may, relative to productive forces, exhibit three states: lagging behind, adapting, or running ahead. Productive forces determine relations of production, exerting a shaping force on them that is independent of human will. Relations of production must both adapt to the developmental requirements of productive forces—neither lagging behind nor running excessively ahead of them—and exert a dynamic counter-effect on productive forces. Relations of production and productive forces do not match mechanically, nor do they change simultaneously; rather, they evolve through a dynamic interaction of “basic adaptation—non-adaptation—basic adaptation.” Relations of production may serve as either a “catalyst” and “accelerator” or an “inhibitor” and “decelerator” of the development of productive forces. Their transformation is both spontaneous and independent, yet not entirely formed by the social dynamic system on its own; it must be driven through reform or revolution. Whether a social system and the social forces on which it relies can effectively adapt to and promote the development of productive forces is the fundamental criterion for judging their advanced nature. We must avoid both establishing relations of production that surpass the stage of development of productive forces and rigidly clinging to old relations of production while ignoring the fact that productive forces have already undergone a qualitative change. The system of socialism with Chinese characteristics transcends the limitation under private ownership of the means of production by capital, where the development of productive forces is subordinated to the logic of capital valorization. It possesses immense inclusiveness, self-renewal capacity, and unique advantages, and can provide a sound institutional foundation and broad space for the development of productive forces. “But this applies only to ownership. Because relations of production also include aspects such as economic management systems and economic operation mechanisms, it is determined that socialist relations of production cannot, once established, infinitely adapt to the needs of the development of productive forces.” Reform and opening up is the key move determining the success of Chinese-path modernization. In essence, it means consciously adjusting relations of production to unleash the vitality of social productive forces, and consciously improving the superstructure to meet the requirements of the development of the economic base. Since the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the CPC [1]1 The Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the CPC, held in December 1978, marked the beginning of China’s reform and opening-up era and a shift from class struggle to economic development as the Party’s central task., China has firmly grasped the fundamental national condition of being in the primary stage of socialism, broken through ideological and conceptual obstacles such as regarding planned economy and market economy as categories of the basic social system, as well as entrenched interest barriers, rationally transformed the ownership of the means of production, the mode of resource allocation, and the mode of distribution, and promoted a “circuitous transformation” of socialist relations of production. This has greatly liberated and developed social productive forces, and greatly liberated and enhanced social vitality. To develop new quality productive forces, we must follow the law of the contradictory movement between productive forces and relations of production, dialectically grasp the relationship between firm institutional confidence and the improvement and development of the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, continuously transform those aspects of relations of production and superstructure that are incompatible with productive forces and the economic base, and better promote the adaptive development and improvement of relations of production and superstructure through institutional reform, thereby “reversely” driving the improvement in quality and increase in quantity of productive forces.

一方面，新质生产力催生新的生产方式，以新型生产关系为制度保障和外部驱动力。生产力总在一定的社会形式中形成和发展，与生产关系相互依存、相互作用。生产力是生产方式中最革命和最活跃的因素，而生产关系具有相对稳定性，相对生产力可能呈现滞后性、适应性和超前性三种状态。生产力决定生产关系，对生产关系具有不以人的意志为转移的塑造力。生产关系既必须适应生产力发展要求，不能滞后于或过度超前于生产力发展，又对生产力具有能动的反作用力。生产关系与生产力并非机械匹配，亦非同时同步变革，而是在“基本适应—不适应—基本适应”的动态交互中演进。生产关系既可能成为生产力发展的“催化剂”和“加速器”,也可能成为生产力发展的“抑制剂”和“减速器”,其变革既具有自发性和独立性，又不是完全由社会动力系统自发形成的，需要通过改革或革命来推动。能否有效适应并促进生产力发展，是衡量一种社会制度及其依托的社会力量是否先进的根本依据。我们既要避免建立超越生产力发展阶段的生产关系，也要避免漠视生产力已出现质变的事实而僵化地固守旧的生产关系。中国特色社会主义制度超越生产资料资本主义私有制下生产力发展服从于资本增殖逻辑的局限，具有巨大的包容力、自我更新力和独特优势，能为生产力发展提供良好制度基础和广阔空间，“但这只是就所有制而言。由于生产关系中还包含有经济管理制度、经济运行机制等方面的内容，就决定了社会主义的生产关系不可能一经建立就可以无限度适应生产力发展的需要。”改革开放是决定中国式现代化成败的关键一招，说到底是通过自觉调整生产关系来激发社会生产力发展活力，通过自觉完善上层建筑来适应经济基础发展要求。党的十一届三中全会以来，我国牢牢把握社会主义初级阶段这个最大国情，破除将计划经济和市场经济视为社会基本制度范畴等思想观念障碍与利益固化藩篱，合理变革生产资料所有制、资源配置方式和分配方式，推动社会主义生产关系“迂回式变迁”,极大解放和发展了社会生产力，极大解放和增强了社会活力。发展新质生产力必须遵循生产力与生产关系矛盾运动规律，辩证把握坚定制度自信与完善和发展中国特色社会主义制度，不断变革生产关系和生产力之间、上层建筑和经济基础之间不相适应的方面，更好以制度改革推动生产关系和上层建筑的适应性发展和完善，进而“反向”推动生产力提质增量。

On the other hand, “to develop new quality productive forces, we must further deepen reform comprehensively and form new types of relations of production that are compatible with them. We must deepen reforms of the economic system, the science and technology system, and others, and make every effort to remove the blockages and bottlenecks that constrain the development of new quality productive forces.” The historical materialist insight that relations of production must adapt to the developmental requirements of productive forces enlightens us that new quality productive forces give rise to and call for new types of relations of production. The basic path for China to actively form new types of relations of production is to further comprehensively deepen reforms of the economic system, the science and technology system, and others. At present, changes unseen in a century are accelerating worldwide, the global openness index is declining, and a new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation is deepening. Meanwhile, in the New Era, the main aspect of the principal contradiction in Chinese society is unbalanced and inadequate development, i.e., the quality of development is not high. The stage-characteristic feature of the development of productive forces is “shifting from quantitative expansion to qualitative improvement with quantitative growth.” Accelerating the development of new quality productive forces is China’s strategic choice to seize the opportunities of the new round of technological and industrial transformation, break through domestic development bottlenecks and Western blockade, and achieve “improving quality through innovation,” “driving quantity through quality,” and “striving for strength through quality.” It is an inevitable requirement for promoting high-quality development, achieving high-level governance, and creating a high-quality life. It will inevitably give rise to and also inevitably require the formation of new types of relations of production compatible with them. Relations of production that do not match new quality productive forces are fetters on their development. In short, the external institutional driving logic for developing new quality productive forces is: benchmark against the inherent requirements of the development of new quality productive forces, promote the “adaptive” development of relations of production, “break down” those relations of production that hinder and constrain the development of new quality productive forces, and “establish” new types of relations of production that adapt to and promote the development of new quality productive forces.

另一方面，“发展新质生产力，必须进一步全面深化改革，形成与之相适应的新型生产关系。要深化经济体制、科技体制等改革，着力打通束缚新质生产力发展的堵点卡点”。生产关系必须与生产力发展要求相适应的唯物史观启示我们，新质生产力催生并呼唤新型生产关系，我国主动形成新型生产关系的基本途径是进一步全面深化经济体制、科技体制等改革。当前，世界百年变局加速演进，世界开放指数下滑，新一轮科技革命和产业变革深入发展，而新时代我国社会主要矛盾的主要方面是发展不平衡不充分即发展质量不高，生产力发展的阶段性特征是“从数量扩张转向质优量增”。加快发展新质生产力是我国抢抓新一轮科技和产业变革机遇、突破国内发展瓶颈和西方封锁、实现“以新提质”“以质带量”“以质图强”的战略性选择，是推动高质量发展、实现高水平治理、创造高品质生活的必然要求，必定催生也必然要求形成与之相适应的新型生产关系，同新质生产力不匹配的生产关系则是新质生产力发展的桎梏。要言之，发展新质生产力的制度外驱逻辑是：对标新质生产力发展的内在要求，推进生产关系“适应性”发展，把阻碍和钳制新质生产力发展的生产关系“破除掉”,把适应和促进新质生产力发展的新型生产关系“立起来”。

II. The Creative Effects and Destructive Effects of Developing New Quality Productive Forces

二、发展新质生产力的创造性效应与破坏性效应

Developing new quality productive forces is both a creative development of the theory of productive forces and an innovative transformation in the field of productive forces. It is a process in which the “establishment of the new” and the “destruction of the old” are interwoven in the mode of production, industrial structure, employment structure, and employment forms. The impact of developing new quality productive forces on the economy and society has a dual nature. It is both a “sharp tool for development” and a “source of risk,” possessing both creative effects and destructive effects.

发展新质生产力既是生产力理论的创造性发展，也是生产力领域的创新性变革，是生产方式、产业结构、就业结构、就业形态“立新”与“破旧”交织并行的过程。发展新质生产力对经济社会的影响具有两面性，兼为“发展的利器”与“风险的源头”,兼具创造性效应和破坏性效应。

1. Creative Effects: Creating New Modes of Production, New Industries, and New Jobs

1.创造性效应：创造新生产方式、新产业、新就业岗位

Innovation and competitive substitution are important features of long-term economic growth. They are also the realization mechanisms for China’s development to achieve the transformation of old and new drivers and narrow the gap with the world’s advanced productive forces. They run through the entire process of developing new quality productive forces and directly affect the path and speed of their development. New quality productive forces are innovation-led, technology-intensive productive forces with significant creative effects.

创新与竞争替代是经济长期增长的重要特征，也是我国发展实现新旧动能转化、缩小同世界先进生产力的差距的实现机制，贯穿新质生产力发展全过程，直接影响新质生产力发展的路径与速度。新质生产力是创新主导的技术密集型生产力，具有显著的创造性效应。

First, creating new modes of production. A qualitative change in productive forces is accomplished through the transformation of the mode of production: “only by adopting a new mode of production that corresponds to the present level of development of the productive forces can the new productive forces themselves be preserved and further developed.” [2]2 Karl Marx, *Capital*, Volume 3, Chapter 48, “The Trinity Formula.” The translation follows the standard English edition. Disruptive technologies and cutting-edge technologies integrate into the social productive forces system, transforming the technical conditions and organizational forms of the labor process, reshaping the structure of social supply and demand, and giving rise to more efficient and secure modes of production and exchange. With the rapid development and application of new technologies such as digital technology and artificial intelligence, the digital economy—supported by data, platforms, and networked coordination—and the intelligent economy—such as “unmanned factories” and “smart workshops”—are rapidly emerging. These activate consumption demand with purchasing power and investment demand with profitability, attracting more capital into the field of new quality productive forces and creating new investment opportunities and hotspots. At the same time, they give rise to digital platforms and digital capital, transforming the organizational forms of production and the mode of capital expansion and accumulation. Unlike traditional means of production such as land, machinery, and energy, new quality means of production, existing in virtual forms like data and algorithms, possess stronger attributes of public goods and shareability, with their use rights and possession rights showing a trend toward socialization. Under conditions of traditional productive forces, the means of labor, location of labor, labor time, objects of labor, and modes of income distribution were relatively fixed. Internet platforms, with their non-material digital nature and public usability, construct an omnipresent, borderless online market capable of cross-sector integration and full-domain coverage, connecting a large number of consumers and suppliers. Platforms not only possess and utilize vast and diverse data, significantly reducing transaction costs between supply and demand entities, but also enable laborers to join production by bringing their own smartphones, computers, vehicles, and other means of production. This transforms goods that originally existed only as means of consumption into means of production via the network, promoting the cross-temporal and cross-spatial integration of “human–machine–thing” and “decentralized” and “de-synchronized” labor collaboration. This forms new organizational forms of production, advancing large-scale socialized production, efficient allocation and utilization of resources, and a virtuous cycle of high-level supply and demand. Digital capital is the product of the capitalization of digital means of production such as internet platforms, data, and algorithms. It integrates data and digital technology, relying on digital platforms and big data to refine the social division of labor and synchronize collaborative production. Its profitability varies positively with the scale of consumers and the degree of shareability. Pervasive digital capital and highly liquid financial capital mutually integrate and promote each other, driving the financialization and digitalization of capital’s forms of existence and modes of expansion, profoundly altering the way laborers combine with the means of production. This gives rise to a new mode of production with capital and data as dual bonds, enhancing capital’s capacity for accelerated accumulation and the degree of socialization of labor, expanding the space for capital valorization and flexible accumulation mechanisms, while also promoting lean production and the development of new quality productive forces. Furthermore, new quality productive forces take green development as a distinct hallmark and guiding orientation, leveraging digital-intelligent and green technologies to develop and utilize the natural forces of nature, and using new economic forms to harness the natural forces of labor and the division of labor. This drives the green transformation of development modes and industrial structures, ensuring that high-quality economic development and high-level environmental protection proceed in tandem.

一是创造新生产方式。生产力质变经由生产方式的变革完成，“只有采用同生产力的现在的发展程度相适应的新的生产方式，新的生产力本身才能保存并进一步发展”。颠覆性技术和前沿技术融入社会生产力系统，变革劳动过程的技术条件和组织方式，重塑社会供给和需求结构，催生更加高效安全的生产和交易方式。伴随数字技术、人工智能等新技术的快速发展和应用，数据驱动、平台支撑、网络协同的数字经济和“无人工厂”“智慧车间”等智能经济快速崛起，激活有支付能力的消费需求和有效益的投资需求，既吸引更多资本涌向新质生产力领域，形成新的投资机会和热点，又衍生出数字平台和数字资本，变革生产组织形式和资本扩张积累模式。区别于土地、机器、能源等传统生产资料，以数据、算法等虚拟形式存在的新质生产资料具有更强的公共产品属性和共享性，其使用权与占有权呈现社会化发展趋势。在传统生产力条件下，劳动资料、劳动地点、劳动时间、劳动对象和收入分配方式相对固定。互联网平台具有非实体的数字性与使用上的公共性，构建起无时不在、无远弗届、能跨界融合和全领域覆盖的在线市场，能连接大量消费者和供应商。平台既占有和使用海量的多样化数据，大幅降低供需主体交易成本，又使劳动者可以自带智能手机、电脑和车辆等生产资料加入生产，使原来仅以消费资料形式存在的商品通过网络转变为生产资料，促进“人—机—物”跨时空融合和“去中心化”“去时空同步化”劳动协作，形成新的生产组织形式，促进社会化大生产、资源高效配置利用和高水平供需良性循环。数字资本是互联网平台、数据、算法等数字化生产资料资本化的产物，集数据和数字技术于一体，依托数字平台与大数据推动社会分工精细化、协作生产共时化，其盈利能力与消费者规模、可共享程度同向变动。泛在化的数字资本与强流动性的金融资本互融互促，推动资本存在形态和扩张方式金融化数字化，深刻改变劳动者与生产资料结合方式，催生以资本与数据为双纽带的新型生产方式，既提高资本竞速积累能力和劳动社会化程度，扩展资本增殖空间和灵活积累机制，又促进精益化生产和新质生产力发展。此外，新质生产力以绿色为鲜明底色和发展导向，借力数智技术、绿色技术开发与利用自然界的自然力，通过新经济形态利用劳动与分工的自然力，推动发展方式和产业结构绿色转型，推动经济高质量发展与环境高水平保护并行不悖。

Second, creating new industries. The innovation and application of science and technology trigger the reallocation of production factors within and between industries, profoundly affecting industrial forms and structures. New quality productive forces, through channels such as technological penetration, process optimization, product innovation, and model transformation, implant new technological genes into the industrial system, promoting the digital-intelligent transformation of the production system and the cross-fertilization of industrial development, giving rise to “game-changing” new industries and new tracks. For example, the rapid iteration and application of digital technologies have led to the digitalization of industries and the industrialization of digital technologies, giving birth to digital economy forms such as the sharing economy and platform economy. Advances and applications in artificial intelligence and bioengineering technologies have spawned new industries with high added value and high growth potential, such as the AI industry and the biotechnology industry. Revolutionary breakthroughs and applications in technologies like new energy, new materials, and intelligent manufacturing have triggered green industrial transformations that save on the input of production factors, driving the rapid development of green and low-carbon industries such as energy conservation, carbon reduction, and environmental protection. This has enabled environmentally friendly industries like new energy vehicles, lithium batteries, and photovoltaics to rapidly grow into new engines of economic development, giving rise to advanced productive forces with “green credentials.” The degree to which the people’s needs for a better life are met depends critically on the level and quality of development of productive forces. In the New Era, China’s productive forces suffer from an oversupply of low-end products and an undersupply of mid-to-high-end products. The people’s standardized needs have generally been addressed by the development of traditional productive forces, but problems such as an industrial system that is large but not strong, comprehensive but not refined, remain prominent. Developing new quality productive forces can strengthen strategic emerging industries and future industries, driving the economy “from having to having quality” and “from large to strong,” and can precisely meet the people’s upgraded needs with higher production efficiency and supply quality.

二是创造新产业。科技的创新和应用引发生产要素在产业内部和产业之间再配置，深刻影响产业形态和结构。新质生产力通过技术渗透、流程优化、产品创新、模式革新等途径，为产业体系植入新的科技基因，推动生产体系数智化和产业发展交叉化，催生“改变游戏规则”的新产业新赛道。例如，数字技术的快速迭代和应用，促成数字产业化和产业数字化，孕育出共享经济、平台经济等数字经济形态；人工智能、生物工程技术的进步和应用，孕育出人工智能产业、生物科技产业等具有高附加值和高增长潜力的新产业；新能源、新材料、智能制造等技术的革命性突破和应用，引发节约生产要素投入的绿色化产业变革，带动节能降碳、绿色环保等绿色低碳产业快速发展，使新能源汽车、锂电池、光伏等环境友好型产业快速成长为经济发展新引擎，催生出具有“绿色颜值”的先进生产力。人民美好生活需要的满足程度，关键取决于生产力发展水平和质量。新时代我国生产力低端供给过剩、中高端供给不足，人民群众的标配式需要总体上已由传统生产力发展得到解决，但产业体系大而不强、全而不精等问题仍比较突出。发展新质生产力能壮大战略性新兴产业和未来产业，推动经济“从有到优”“由大向强”,能以更高生产效率和供给质量精准满足人民群众的高配式需要。

Third, creating new employment positions. “Any new productive force, insofar as it is not merely a quantitative expansion of known productive forces (for example, the opening up of new land), leads to a further development of the division of labor.” [3]3 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, *The German Ideology*, Part I, “Feuerbach.” The translation follows the standard English edition. Developing new quality productive forces not only deepens and refines the “general division of labor” between industries and commerce, the “particular division of labor” between industries, and the “individual division of labor” within enterprises, but also triggers a qualitative change in the mode of social division of labor and collaboration, promoting the extension of industrial chains and the optimization and upgrading of large-scale socialized production. It both expands the scope of qualitative differences in labor, generating positive creative effects on employment in high-tech sectors, and frees up some capital and labor from original industrial sectors, giving rise to new industrial sectors, new occupations, new forms of labor organization, and new employment patterns. This promotes the popularization of labor opportunities and increases emerging employment opportunities. “Although machinery necessarily displaces workers in the branches of industry where it is introduced, it can cause an increase of employment in other branches.” [4]4 Karl Marx, *Capital*, Volume 1, Chapter 15, “Machinery and Large-Scale Industry.” The translation follows the standard English edition. The rapid development of “machines replacing humans” and “unmanned factories” has significantly reduced the demand for assembly-line workers, but it has also given rise to more high-skill employment positions involving research and development, design, data analysis, machine debugging, software management, and maintenance. With the rapid development and application of artificial intelligence and digital technologies, flexible employment forms such as crowdsourcing, on-demand services, and “platform + individual” have emerged. Internet platforms use algorithms as the core to control the labor process, and the personal subordination and organizational subordination of a large number of laborers tend to weaken. Benefiting from the formation of new quality productive forces and their application across various industrial sectors, laborers can not only increase labor productivity, reduce labor intensity, shorten necessary labor time, and increase free labor time, but also gain new space for employment and entrepreneurship, obtaining high-quality employment opportunities and development prospects that better balance work and life. In this sense, the formation and application of new quality productive forces can promote a leapfrog growth in China’s mid-to-high-end employment, drive the simultaneous development of employment and the economy, and provide a more solid material and technological foundation for the liberation of human labor and the free and comprehensive development of individuals.

三是创造新就业岗位。“任何新的生产力，只要它不是迄今已知的生产力单纯的量的扩大(例如，开垦土地),都会引起分工的进一步发展。”发展新质生产力不仅能深化细化产业和商业之间“一般的分工”、产业之间“特殊的分工”、企业内部“个别的分工”,而且能撬动社会分工协作方式质变，促进产业链延伸和社会化大生产优化升级。它既扩大劳动质的差别范围，对高技术部门的就业产生正向的创造性效应，又使部分资本和劳动力从原有产业部门中游离出来，催生新产业部门、新职业、新劳动组织方式和新就业形态，促进劳动机会大众化，增加新兴就业机会。“虽然机器在应用它的劳动部门必然排挤工人，但是它能引起其他劳动部门就业的增加。”“机器换人”“无人工厂”快速发展，使对流水线工人的需求大幅减少，但又催生更多涉及研发、设计、数据分析、机器调试、软件管理、维修等高技能需求就业岗位。伴随人工智能和数字技术快速发展与应用，众包、按需服务、“平台+个体”等灵活就业形态涌现，互联网平台以算法为核心控制劳动过程，大量劳动者劳动的人身从属性与组织从属性趋于弱化。受益于新质生产力的形成及其在各产业部门的应用，劳动者不仅能提高劳动生产率、减轻劳动强度、缩短必要劳动时间、增加自由劳动时间，而且能获得新的就业创业空间，获得更好平衡工作与生活的优质就业机会和发展机遇。从这个意义上看，新质生产力的形成和应用能促进我国中高端就业实现跳跃式增长，推动就业与经济同步发展，为人的劳动解放和自由全面发展提供更为坚实的物质技术支撑。

2. Destructive effects: investment bubble effect, income polarization effect, employment crowding-out effect

2.破坏性效应：投资泡沫效应、收入极化效应、就业挤出效应

Developing new quality productive forces is a process in which new technologies gradually mature and supersede old technologies, and in which new and old industries gradually complete penetration, integration, and substitution. It is a process of transformation and upheaval associated with the spread of creative destruction. It will eliminate some outdated productive forces, such as old technologies and old enterprises, potentially bringing “growing pains” such as intensified uneven development, employment transfer, and social instability, harboring new types of market risks and destructive effects that cannot be ignored.

发展新质生产力是新技术逐步成熟并扬弃旧技术、新旧产业逐步完成渗透融合与替代的过程，是与创造性破坏普及有关的转型和动荡的过程。它会淘汰部分旧技术、旧企业等落后生产力，可能带来发展不平衡加剧、就业转移和社会不稳定等“阵痛”,潜藏着新型市场风险和不容忽视的破坏性效应。

The first is the investment bubble effect. Emerging industries are driven by disruptive and original technologies as their core impetus; their production quality and efficiency are higher, and they will disruptively replace the old technological system and industrial structure, “creatively destroying” old processes and old capacity based on old technologies. “Investment fluctuations and the rise and fall of sectors are normal phenomena in the process of qualitative change in productive forces. … In the alternation between old and new productive forces, the germination, diffusion, and attainment of a dominant position by new key technologies, leading industries, infrastructure, and the corresponding new forms of production organization are gradually completed through four stages: the introduction period, the expansion period, the coordination period, and the maturity period.” [5]5 The four stages of technological and industrial diffusion (introduction, expansion, coordination, maturity) are a framework commonly used in innovation economics and Marxist political economy to describe the lifecycle of a new technological paradigm. Technological innovation, technology diffusion, and industrial expansion are a relatively costly process, with high demands for financial support, and they coexist and mutually promote risk capital; yet the “marriage” of technology and capital carries the risk of being abused by the market. The development of new quality productive forces inherently contains enormous business opportunities. The innovative nature and high value-added characteristics of emerging industries may bring considerable income, attracting a tidal wave of frenzied investment and fierce competition from large amounts of financial capital, creating a period of investment boom. However, at this time, new technologies, new industries, and new models are still unstable and immature; market demand still needs to be cultivated; inter-sectoral coordination has not yet been fully developed; and capital lacks a stable accumulation model, making it prone to forming investment and financing bubbles, monopolies, and disorderly competition. Originating from the mere use of new quality productive forces as a short-term speculative tool, after a period of time, a large amount of barbarically grown speculative capital will be eliminated, triggering financial shocks and harming the sustained and healthy development of the economy. Furthermore, many enterprises face “growing pains” such as difficulty and high cost in financing when promoting technological innovation, and will intensify differentiation amid fierce market competition. If coordinated development is inadequate, blind comparison and disorderly competition may arise within and between new sectors and new industries, making it impossible to curb the greedy nature of capital and inducing monopolies and involution-style vicious competition. [6]6 “Involution” (内卷) refers to a state of intensified competition that yields diminishing returns, often used in Chinese academic and policy discourse to describe zero-sum or self-defeating rivalry within a sector. If the methods and intensity of policy subsidy support are erroneous, unilaterally “seeking novelty while neglecting quality,” blindly following trends to make so-called new industries develop too hot or too chaotic, then investment and financing bubbles and digital fraud risks may lurk, inducing disorderly development, redundant construction, and overcapacity in emerging industries. This may cause traditional industries to lose sufficient factor guarantees and support for their transformation and upgrading, hindering the construction of a modern industrial system.

一是投资泡沫效应。新兴产业以颠覆性、原创性技术为核心驱动力，生产质量和效益更高，会颠覆性替代旧的技术体系和产业结构，“创造性毁灭”基于旧技术的旧工艺和旧产能。“投资波动、部门兴衰是生产力质变过程中的常态。……在新、旧生产力的交替过程中，新的关键技术、主导产业、基础设施，以及与之对应的新的生产组织方式的萌芽、扩散和支配地位的取得，是在导入期、拓展期、协同期和成熟期四个阶段中逐步完成的。”科技创新、技术扩散和产业扩张是一个比较昂贵的过程，金融支持要求高，与风险资本共生互促，而技术与资本“联姻”存在被市场滥用的风险。新质生产力发展内蕴巨大商机，新兴产业的创新性和高附加值特性可能带来可观的收入，会吸引大量金融资本潮涌般地狂热投资和激烈竞争，带来一段时期的投资繁荣；但此时新技术新产业新模式尚不稳定不成熟，市场需求尚需培育，部门协同尚未充分展开，资本缺乏稳定的积累模式而易于形成投融资泡沫、垄断和无序竞争。导源于仅将新质生产力当作短期投机工具，一段时期后大量野蛮生长的投机资本会被淘汰，引发金融震荡，危害经济持续健康发展。此外，许多企业推动科技创新面临融资难、融资贵等“成长的烦恼”,在激烈的市场竞争中将加剧分化。如果协调发展不力，新部门、新行业内部及其之间可能盲目攀比和无序竞争，将无法遏制资本贪婪的本性，诱发垄断和内卷式恶性竞争。如果政策补贴支持的方式和力度出现偏误，片面“求新轻质”,盲目跟风地把所谓新产业发展搞得过热或太乱，则可能潜藏投融资泡沫和数字欺诈风险，诱发新兴产业发展失范、重复建设和产能过剩，可能使传统产业转型升级失去足够的要素保障和支撑，阻滞现代化产业体系建设。

The second is the income polarization effect. Production occupies a dominant position in the circulatory system of social reproduction; the mode of production and its structure fundamentally determine the mode of distribution and its structure. “The mode of distribution is essentially determined by how much product is available for distribution, and this of course changes with the progress of production and social organization, so the mode of distribution should also change.” [7]7 This quotation is adapted from Friedrich Engels, *Anti-Dühring* (1878), Part III, Chapter 2, on the relationship between production and distribution. Productive forces represent the extent of material power that humans can create, while the nature of the relations of production and their compatibility with the productive forces inherently limit the direction, mode, scope, and limits of the development of productive forces, affecting the mode and results of distributing the fruits of the development of productive forces. Developing new quality productive forces can substantially increase the total amount of products available for distribution, but the pattern of income distribution is also constrained by the balance of power in the struggle between labor and capital and the state of income distribution among workers themselves. Capital’s greed for surplus value and excessive accumulation can also lead to insufficient effective demand, thereby harming the development of productive forces. The application of technology has a dual nature. “The new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation has powerfully promoted economic development, but it has also had a profound impact on employment and income distribution, including some negative effects, which need to be effectively addressed and resolved.” [8]8 This quotation is from a speech by Xi Jinping, likely referring to his remarks on the impact of the technological revolution on social equity, as reflected in official documents such as the 14th Five-Year Plan or Central Economic Work Conference statements. Looking at inter-regional income gaps, relatively backward regions and developed regions have both a stock gap in productive forces and a “gap” in technology and new quality productive forces. If the spatial layout of productive forces and industrial agglomeration are reasonable, they will promote the deepening of the division of labor and the linked development of related industries, driving the development of economies of scale and scope. If the spatial layout of new quality productive forces is unreasonable and coordination mechanisms are lacking, a single industry may become excessively concentrated, and income gaps between regions will widen. Looking at the income distribution gap between labor and capital, some capital controls digital platforms, algorithms, and data usage rights, strengthening the technological substitution of labor and the precise, hidden technological control of the labor process. Under the guise of flexible employment, it engages in “de-labor-relations” employment and encroaches on workers’ rights and interests, trapping a large number of workers in new employment forms in a “digital cage,” [9]9 “Digital cage” (数字囚笼) is a critical term in Chinese labor studies, describing how platform algorithms and data control trap gig workers in precarious employment with limited autonomy and income security. with unstable employment and income, producing an effect of widening the income distribution gap between labor and capital. Under conditions of rapid digital technology development, the speed of data accumulation and its contribution rate to the economy will surpass that of material capital. Granting correspondingly high remuneration to relevant subjects may form a digital divide in distribution, and the evolution speed of the digital divide will surpass that of material capital. Looking at income distribution among workers themselves, the development of new quality productive forces is often accompanied by wage polarization and employment polarization effects. “Advanced production technology has a symbiotic relationship with high-order labor involving unconventional cognition, but a mutually exclusive relationship with mid- and low-order labor. By shaping a new type of ‘skill-technology’ job matching relationship, it affects the skill premiums of workers at all levels, thereby widening the income gap among workers themselves.”

二是收入极化效应。生产在社会再生产循环系统中居于主导地位，生产方式及其结构从根本上决定分配方式及其结构。“分配方式本质上毕竟要取决于有多少产品可供分配，而这当然随着生产和社会组织的进步而改变，从而分配方式也应当改变。”生产力表征人能创造何种程度上的物质力量，而生产关系的性质及其与生产力的适配性内在地限定生产力的发展方向、发展方式、应用范围和应用限度，影响生产力发展成果的分配方式和结果。发展新质生产力能大幅增加可供分配的产品总量，但收入分配格局还受制于劳资博弈力量对比和劳动者内部收入分配状况，资本贪占剩余价值和过度积累还会导致有效需求不足进而损害生产力发展。技术的应用具有两面性。“新一轮科技革命和产业变革有力推动了经济发展，也对就业和收入分配带来深刻影响，包括一些负面影响，需要有效应对和解决。”从区域间收入差距来看，相对落后地区与发达地区既存在生产力存量差距，又存在技术和新质生产力“鸿沟”。如果生产力空间布局和产业集聚合理，会促进分工深化和相关产业联动发展，推动规模经济和范围经济发展。如果新质生产力空间布局不合理、协调发展机制阙如，单一产业可能过度集中，区域之间收入差距将扩大。从劳资收入分配差距来看，一些资本控制数字平台、算法与数据使用权，强化对劳动者的技术替代和对劳动过程的精准化隐形化技术控制，以灵活用工之名大搞“去劳动关系”用工和侵占劳动者权益，使大量新就业形态劳动者被困于“数字囚笼”,就业和收入不稳定，产生劳资收入分配差距扩大效应。数字技术快速发展条件下，数据积累速度及其对经济的贡献率将超过物质资本，给予相应主体以高报酬可能形成分配上的数字鸿沟，而数字鸿沟的演化速度将超越物质资本。从劳动者内部收入分配来看，新质生产力发展往往伴生工资极化和就业极化效应，“先进的生产技术与非常规性认知的高阶劳动是互生关系，而与中低阶劳动是互斥关系。它通过塑造新型‘技能-技术’岗位匹配关系，影响各阶劳动者的技能溢价，从而拉大劳动者内部的收入差距。”

Third, the employment displacement effect. “The system of machinery … this division of labour transforms the worker’s operations into mechanical operations, and at a certain point the machine will replace the worker.” From the perspective of the relationship between technology and vocational skills, when the substitutability between technology and the skills required for an occupation is strong, this manifests as an employment displacement effect, “taking away” some jobs; conversely, it manifests as an employment creation effect. The qualitative transformation of productive forces and the industrial upgrading it drives both create new jobs and destroy some existing ones, promoting “machine substitution for humans,” “fewer-person,” and “unmanned” production, as well as the large-scale relocation of employment opportunities under the development of regional industrial agglomeration. This increases the proportion of informal employment and the challenges of occupational transition for workers, filling the process with the pains of employment difficulty amid labor market fluctuations and drastic changes in employment structure. Under market economy conditions, employment is a derived demand; the proportional combination of workers and new quality means of production is internally determined by the production technology of the system of machinery, and their deep coupling involves a process of matching and adjustment. Technological progress shows different displacement effects for workers of different skill levels. Along with the deepening of division of labor driven by digital-intelligent technology and the automation of “fewer-person” and “unmanned” production, strategic industries such as the new generation of information technology and artificial intelligence develop rapidly, the technical composition of capital continuously rises, the demand for and absorption capacity of labor in traditional industries decreases, a large number of direct production workers are displaced and deskilled, employment space is squeezed, and the cost of learning and transitioning increases sharply. “The nature of large-scale industry determines the change of labor, the fluctuation of functions, and the comprehensive mobility of workers”; the functions of workers and their social combination change with changes in the foundation of production technology. Within a certain period, if traditional industries, especially labor-intensive ones, are blindly eliminated in a one-size-fits-all manner, and a large number of jobs that can be handled with routine skills are eliminated and replaced in a short time, while the number of new jobs created by new quality productive forces is significantly less than the old jobs replaced by the system of machinery, or the creation of new jobs is significantly delayed in time, the labor market will experience a relatively large-scale overall employment pressure and structural unemployment. If the improvement of human capital lags behind industrial transformation, the labor market will see an employment structure imbalance where unemployment and vacancies coexist, along with technological unemployment, and employment stability and job security will significantly decline. In capitalist society, the development of productive forces serves the bourgeoisie and is subordinate to the logic of capital valorization; the social productive forces of labor manifest as the productive forces of capital, not the productive forces of the people. “The increase in the productivity of labor and the increase in the quantity of labor are achieved at the cost of the destruction and decline of the productivity of labor itself.” The destructive effects of the qualitative transformation of productive forces stem not only from technological innovation and application but are also rooted in the capitalist private ownership of the means of production, under which capital endlessly pursues the maximization of surplus value. “As soon as the means of labor appears as a machine, it immediately becomes a competitor of the worker himself. The self-valorization of capital by means of the machine is directly proportional to the number of workers whose conditions of existence are destroyed by the machine.” “The general tendency of capitalist production is: to replace human labor with machines in all branches of production,” and “the increase in the world of things is directly proportional to the depreciation of the world of men.” Concurrently accompanying this is the alienation of a large number of workers from the intellectual aspects of the labor process, intensified internal race-to-the-bottom competition, the weakening of productive subjectivity and labor autonomy, falling into algorithmic dilemmas and social security dilemmas, and degenerating into “cogs” and one-dimensional persons subordinate to capital and dependent on the system of machinery, or even becoming an industrial reserve army, a relatively surplus population, or even a “useless class.” “Under the rule of private property, these productive forces have only achieved one-sided development, becoming destructive forces for the majority of people, and many such productive forces are simply not utilized under private property.” A large number of workers face unemployment and deteriorating quality of life, leading to multiple “Luddite movements” smashing machinery. In the great tide of developing new quality productive forces, China must pay attention to its employment displacement effect and the individual needs of workers, prevent skill upgrading from lagging behind technological upgrading and a serious mismatch and disconnection between labor supply and demand, prevent creative destruction from being improperly suppressed, avoid the development of new quality productive forces being trapped in the logic of capital valorization and deviating from the goal of people’s free and comprehensive development, and prevent society as a whole, especially workers, from bearing an excessive share of the costs of creative destruction.

三是就业挤出效应。“机器体系……这种分工把工人的操作逐渐变成机械的操作，而达到一定地步，机器就会代替工人。”从技术与职业技能的关系看，当技术与职业所需技能替代性较强时，表现为就业挤出效应，“夺走”部分就业岗位；反之，则表现为就业创造效应。生产力质变及其驱动的产业升级，既创造新就业岗位又摧毁一部分存量就业岗位，推动“机器换人”“少人化”“无人化”生产和区域产业集聚发展下就业机会大规模转移，增加非正规就业比重和劳动者职业转换挑战，充斥着就业市场波动和就业结构剧变下就业难的阵痛。市场经济条件下，就业是引致性需求，劳动者与新质生产资料的比例组合内在地决定于机器体系的生产技术，二者的深度耦合有一个匹配和调适过程，技术进步对不同技能工人呈现不同的挤出效应。伴随数智技术驱动分工和“少人化”“无人化”自动生产的深化，新一代信息技术、人工智能等战略性产业快速发展，资本的技术构成不断提高，传统产业对劳动力的需求和吸纳力减小，大量直接操作劳动者被挤出、去技能化，就业空间被挤压，学习转型成本陡增。“大工业的本性决定了劳动的变换、职能的更动和工人的全面流动性”,劳动者的职能和社会结合随着生产技术基础的变化而变化。在一定时期内，如果一刀切式地盲目淘汰传统产业特别是劳动密集型产业，短时间内大规模淘汰和替代一些常规技能即可胜任的就业岗位，而新质生产力创造新就业岗位的数量显著少于被机器体系替代的旧就业岗位，或者新就业岗位的创造在时间上明显迟滞，劳动力市场将出现较大规模的就业总量压力和结构性失业。如果人力资本提升滞后于产业变革，劳动力市场会出现失业与空位并存的就业结构失衡和技术性失业，就业稳定性和职业安全感将明显下降。在资本主义社会，生产力发展为资产阶级服务、从属于资本增殖逻辑，社会的劳动生产力表现为资本的生产力而非人民的生产力，“劳动生产力的提高和劳动量的增大是以劳动生产力本身的破坏与衰退为代价的”;生产力质变的破坏性效应既源自科技创新和应用，又根植于生产资料资本主义私有制下资本无止境追逐剩余价值最大化。“劳动资料一作为机器出现，就立刻成了工人本身的竞争者。资本借助机器进行的自行增殖，同生存条件被机器破坏的工人的人数成正比。”“资本主义生产的普遍趋势就是：在所有生产部门中用机器代替人的劳动”,“物的世界的增值同人的世界的贬值成正比”。与之同步伴生的是，大量劳动者与劳动过程的智力相异化，内部逐底竞争加剧，生产主体性和劳动自主性弱化，陷入算法困境和社会保障困境，沦为从属于资本、依附于机器体系的“螺丝钉”和单向度的人，甚至沦为产业后备军、相对过剩人口乃至“无用阶级”。“在私有制的统治下，这些生产力只获得了片面的发展，对大多数人来说成了破坏的力量，而许多这样的生产力在私有制下根本得不到利用”,大量劳动者失业和生活质量恶化，发起多次捣毁机器的“卢德运动”。在发展新质生产力大潮中，我国必须重视其就业挤出效应和劳动者个体需求，防范技能升级滞后于技术升级、劳动力供需严重错位脱节，防止创造性破坏被不当抑制，避免新质生产力发展困囿于资本增殖逻辑、背离人的自由全面发展目标，避免全社会特别是劳动者过多承担创造性破坏的代价。

III. Technological Innovation and Institutional Innovation in Developing New Quality Productive Forces

三、发展新质生产力的技术创新与制度创新

Developing new quality productive forces gives rise to a new economic operational order, prompting a simultaneous increase in development vitality and instability factors. It is not only a process of modernizing productive forces through industrial technological innovation but also a complex process involving changes in relations of production and social systems, calling for the guidance and support of an advanced social system and calling for “institutional creative transformation.” “New quality productive forces require both the government’s forward-looking planning guidance and scientific policy support, as well as market mechanism regulation and continuous innovation by micro-entities such as enterprises. They are formed and driven by the joint cultivation of the government’s ‘visible hand’ and the market’s ‘invisible hand.’” The ability of the government and the market to jointly promote “institutional creative transformation” greatly influences the development process and performance of new quality productive forces. It is necessary to comprehensively understand the dual drivers and dual effects of developing new quality productive forces, coordinate the relationship between an effective market and a competent government, break free from cognitive misunderstandings such as “develop first, govern later,” improve the policies and governance system for the development of new quality productive forces, steadily promote the coordinated development of technology and institutions, regulate the development process of new quality productive forces, and highlight their socialist attributes. It is necessary to balance prudent regulation and free development in technological innovation and application, both embracing and tolerating creative destruction, breaking free from traditional path dependence and fear of creative destruction, forming the innovation environment necessary for creative destruction, and at the same time, strengthening the rule-of-law foundation and risk protection network for new quality productive forces, preventing and controlling technological alienation, developmental anomie and disorder, and various traps, forming institutional mechanisms to properly respond to the consequences of creative destruction, and using the “dual-dimensional co-evolution of institutions” to enhance development momentum and institutional guarantees, achieving a dynamic balance between vitality and order.

发展新质生产力衍生新经济运行秩序，促使发展活力与不稳定因素同步增加，既是以产业科技创新推动生产力现代化的过程，更是涉及生产关系与社会制度变革的复杂过程，呼唤先进社会制度引领和支持，呼唤“制度创造性转型”。“新质生产力既需要政府超前规划引导、科学政策支持，也需要市场机制调节、企业等微观主体不断创新，是政府‘有形之手’和市场‘无形之手’共同培育和驱动形成的。”政府与市场协同推动“制度创造性转型”的能力，极大影响了新质生产力的发展进程和绩效。要全面认识发展新质生产力的双重驱动和双面效应，统筹好有效市场和有为政府的关系，破除“先发展后治理”等知行误区，完善新质生产力发展政策和治理体系，稳健推进技术与制度协同发展，规范新质生产力发展进程并凸显其社会主义属性。要平衡科技创新和应用的审慎监管与自由发展，既拥抱和包容创造性破坏，破除传统路径依赖与对创造性破坏的恐惧，形成创造性破坏所必需的创新环境，又健全新质生产力法治之基和风险防护网，防治技术异化、发展失范失序和各类陷阱，形成妥善应对创造性破坏后果的体制机制，以“制度的双维共变”来增强发展动力和制度保障，实现活力与秩序动态平衡。

1. Build an institutional mechanism to support comprehensive innovation, forming the innovation environment necessary to maximize the creative effect

1.构建支持全面创新的体制机制，形成最大化激发创造性效应所必需的创新环境

On the one hand, improve the mechanisms for supporting, incentivizing, and protecting innovation, enhancing the internal driving force of innovation for new quality productive forces. First, improve the mechanism for integrating and interconnecting innovation resources, and strengthen disruptive technological innovation. Developing new quality productive forces requires crossing the “magic river” from scientific research to product R&D, the “valley of death” from product R&D to commercialization, and the “Darwinian sea” from commercialization to industrialization, overcoming the risks of technological uncertainty and market uncertainty. It is necessary to strengthen foresight and support for the frontiers of technological innovation, strengthen the overall planning and organization of innovation resources, simultaneously advance original innovation, integrated innovation, and open innovation, cultivate an open, inclusive, collaborative, and failure-tolerant innovation culture, and innovate mechanisms for “attracting, cultivating, managing, using, and retaining” talent. Promote deep industry-university-research integration led by enterprises, deploy the innovation chain around the industrial chain and interconnect it with the education chain, capital chain, talent chain, and data chain, promote the cross-fertilization and multi-point breakthroughs of different technologies, and create a number of world-class innovation consortia, giant technology enterprises, and specialized and sophisticated new enterprises. Second, stimulate the vitality of innovative allocation of factors, promoting the efficient aggregation of high-quality production factors. It is necessary to build a high-level socialist market economy system, form an economic order that is both “able to let go” and “able to manage well,” create a fairer and more dynamic market environment, and better leverage the market’s selection and incentive functions. Promote the market-based allocation of operational land, the orderly flow of labor and capital, cultivate a national integrated technology and data market, and promote the concentration of various advanced production factors towards the development of new quality productive forces. Third, break through the bottlenecks in the industrialization of scientific and technological achievements, enhancing the conversion rate of scientific and technological achievements and the vitality of industrial transformation and upgrading. Deepen the reform of the mechanism for converting scientific and technological achievements, broaden the “fast track” for the transformation of innovation achievements, and accelerate the catalysis of the “three-level leap” of “scientific research – experimental development – promotion and application.” Promote the deep integration of the digital economy and the real economy, facilitate the efficient matching, sharing, and utilization of various factors, accelerate the transformation of traditional industries, strengthen emerging industries, and lay out future industries.

一方面，完善支持、激励和保护创新的机制，增强新质生产力的创新内驱力。一是健全创新资源整合互联机制，加强颠覆性技术创新。发展新质生产力要跨越从科学研究到产品研发的“魔川”、从产品研发到商业化的“死亡谷”、从商业化到产业化的“达尔文海”,克服技术不确定性和市场不确定性风险。要加强对科技创新前沿的预见与支持，加强创新资源统筹和力量组织，一体推进原始创新、集成创新、开放创新，培育开放包容、协同共享、宽容失败的创新文化，创新人才“引育管用留”机制。推动企业主导的产学研深度融合，围绕产业链部署创新链并与教育链、资金链、人才链、数据链融通互联，促进不同技术交叉融合、多点突破，打造一批世界级创新联合体、科技巨人企业和专特精新企业。二是激发要素创新性配置活力，促进优质生产要素高效聚合。要构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制，形成既“放得活”又“管得住”的经济秩序，营造更加公平、更有活力的市场环境，更好发挥市场的选择功能和激励功能。推动经营性土地市场化配置、劳动力和资本有序流动，培育全国一体化技术和数据市场，促进各类先进生产要素向发展新质生产力集聚。三是破除科技成果产业化堵点，提升科技成果转化率和产业转型升级活力。深化科技成果转化机制改革，拓宽创新成果转化“快车道”,加速催化“科学研究—实验开发—推广应用”“三级跳”。推动数字经济与实体经济深度融合，促进各类要素高效匹配、共享和利用，加快改造传统产业、壮大新兴产业和布局未来产业。

On the other hand, we must shape new relations of production that facilitate revolutionary breakthroughs in technology, innovative allocation of production factors, and deep transformation and upgrading of industries, thereby strengthening the institutional external driving force for new quality productive forces. “At the institutional level, an adaptive institutional system that corresponds to the production organization methods and factor characteristics associated with radical technologies plays an important supporting and guiding role in directing and developing new quality productive forces, forming a stable and sustainable accumulation model.” First, improve the new system of mobilizing resources nationwide [n12] to enhance the originality and transformation capacity of scientific and technological achievements. Regarding innovation entities, uphold and implement the “two unswervinglys” [n13], strengthen property rights protection and fair competition, innovate forms of public ownership that facilitate the development of new quality productive forces, and promote complementary progress among various forms of ownership economies. Regarding the innovation system, fully leverage the institutional advantage of socialism in concentrating resources to accomplish major tasks, advance the sharing and integrated allocation of scientific and technological resources, improve the disciplinary adjustment mechanism, talent cultivation models, and intellectual property protection system, establish a foundational system for data property rights, clarify which data allocations are handled by government regulation and which by the market, and refine the whole-process independent innovation ecosystem of “basic research + technological breakthroughs + achievement transformation + technology finance + talent support” to promote efficient transformation of innovation achievements. Regarding innovation methods, adhere to both application-driven and free exploration approaches: on one hand, strengthen the national strategic scientific and technological forces, enhance organized basic research, and concentrate efforts on breaking through key core technologies, especially those along known technological progress routes; on the other hand, reinforce the principal position of enterprises in scientific and technological innovation, optimize the market access environment for new business forms and new fields, improve the “open competition for project leadership” [n14] and “horse racing” [n15] systems, and fully leverage market forces and civil wisdom to advance scientific and technological innovation, particularly in unknown technological areas. Second, establish a high-standard market system to promote the expansion of production and exchange boundaries. Accelerate the improvement of foundational systems for the market economy, eliminate various forms of local protectionism and market segmentation, build a unified national market, and use “creative destruction” to drive innovative allocation of production factors. Create a market-oriented, law-based, and internationalized first-class business environment, steadily expand institutional opening up, attract global innovation resources and high-quality foreign capital, deeply participate in global division of labor and cooperation, unblock bottlenecks in the economic cycle, and strengthen the factor guarantees and market support for the development of new quality productive forces. Third, improve the distribution system according to factors, stimulating the initiative and creativity of various factor entities. Improve the production factor distribution mechanism where the market evaluates contributions and determines remuneration based on contributions, extensively explore distribution methods such as technology equity participation, project dividends, and “empowerment + transfer + agreed returns,” grant scientific and technological personnel greater autonomy in the distribution of income from the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, and allow entrepreneurs to participate in distribution as innovators. Coordinate the advancement of data property rights, circulation and trading, income distribution, and security governance, build a distribution mechanism suited to the characteristics of data factors, and protect the legitimate rights and interests of data owners and users. Finally, expand consumer demand, promote the upgrading of consumption capacity, and foster a positive interaction with the upgrading of the quality of productive forces. Production determines consumption, and consumption reacts upon production. The larger the scale and level of market demand, the more intense the competition, the more it can reduce the cost of new products and drive the development of new quality productive forces. Vigorously develop digital consumption, green consumption, and healthy consumption, coordinately promote the upgrading of industrial structure and consumption structure, and use the expansion and upgrading of social consumption capacity to drive the development of emerging industries and the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries.

另一方面，塑造有利于技术革命性突破、生产要素创新性配置、产业深度转型升级的新型生产关系，增强新质生产力的制度外驱力。“在制度层面上，与激进技术所对应的生产组织方式、要素特征相适应的适宜性制度体系，对引导和发展新质生产力，形成稳定、可持续的积累模式，起着重要的支持和引导作用。”首先，健全新型举国体制，提升科技成果原创力和转化力。在创新主体上，坚持和落实“两个毫不动摇”,强化产权保护和公平竞争，创新有利于新质生产力发展的公有制实现形式，推动各种所有制经济互补共进。在创新体制上，充分发挥社会主义集中力量办大事的制度优势，推进科技资源共享与一体化配置，健全学科设置调整机制、人才培养模式和知识产权保护制度，健全数据产权基础制度，明确数据的配置哪些交给政府调控、哪些交给市场，健全“基础研究+技术攻关+成果转化+科技金融+人才支撑”全过程自主创新生态链，促进创新成果高效率转化。在创新方式上，坚持应用牵引与自由探索并举，既壮大国家战略科技力量，加强有组织的基础研究，聚力突破关键核心技术特别是已知技术进步路线的关键核心技术；又强化企业科技创新主体地位，优化新业态新领域市场准入环境，完善“揭榜挂帅”“赛马”制度，充分发挥市场力量和民间智慧来推进科技创新特别是未知科技创新。其次，建立高标准市场体系，促进生产交换扩界。加快完善市场经济基础制度，清除各种形式的地方保护主义和市场分割，构建全国统一大市场，以“创造性破坏”推动生产要素创新性配置。营造市场化、法治化、国际化一流营商环境，稳步扩大制度型开放，吸引全球创新资源与高质量外资，深度参与全球分工合作，打通经济循环堵点，强化新质生产力发展的要素保障和市场支撑。再次，健全按要素分配制度，激发各类要素主体积极性和创造力。健全由市场评价贡献、按贡献决定报酬的生产要素分配机制，广泛探索技术入股、项目分红、“赋权+转让+约定收益”等分配方式，让科技人员在科技成果转化收益分配上有更大自主权，允许企业家以创新者身份参与分配。统筹推进数据产权、流通交易、收益分配、安全治理，构建与数据要素特性相适应的分配机制，保障数据所有者和使用者正当权益。最后，扩大消费需求，推动消费力升级，并与生产力质态升级良性互动。生产决定消费，消费反作用于生产。市场需求规模和能级越大，竞争越激烈，越能降低新产品成本，牵引新质生产力发展。要大力发展数字消费、绿色消费、健康消费，协同推进产业结构与消费结构升级，以社会消费力扩容升级带动新兴产业发展与传统产业转型升级。

2. Improve the risk prevention and control system for developing new quality productive forces, forming institutional mechanisms that minimize destructive effects as much as possible

2.健全发展新质生产力的风险防控制度，形成尽可能减少破坏性效应的体制机制

First, steadily and orderly advance the replacement of old technologies and industries with new ones. New quality productive forces and traditional productive forces have a relationship of inheritance and connection at the levels of technology, factors, and industries, and exert both a crowding-out effect and an enabling effect on traditional productive forces. China’s traditional industries are large in scale, broad in scope, and high in proportion, while “strategic emerging industries and high-tech industries have not yet grown into the dominant force in economic growth,” with multiple generations of products and technologies coexisting in their respective positions over the long term. As industries meeting traditional demands, the healthy and stable development of traditional industries concerns the overall situation of national development and security. Their transformation and upgrading can not only promote the formation and development of new quality productive forces but also serve as the largest users and factor supporters of strategic emerging industries and future industries. To coordinate the advancement of emerging industries “standing firm” and traditional industries “staying stable,” it is necessary not only to accelerate the creation of new industries and new tracks, implementing inclusive and prudent regulation of new technologies and new industries, but also to assess the situation and use market-oriented and law-based means to promote orderly connection between new and old industries and smooth transition between new and old systems, achieving a stable replacement and complementary mutual progress between new and old productive forces. “It is, of course, unnecessary to try to maintain obsolete industries indefinitely, but it is necessary to try to avoid their sudden collapse, and it is also necessary to strive to turn a chaos—which may become the center of aggravated depression consequences—into an orderly retreat.” [n16] Adhere to the principle of establishing the new before abolishing the old, and promoting the abolition of the old through establishment, ensuring that the development of new quality productive forces is lively but not chaotic, active and orderly, and avoiding falling into the “innovator’s dilemma.” [n17] On one hand, improve policies and governance systems for promoting the development of strategic industries, guiding the healthy and orderly development of emerging industries; on the other hand, improve the enterprise bankruptcy mechanism, gradually mitigate the risks brought by the elimination of traditional productive forces, and reduce the scope and extent of the destructive effects of new quality productive forces. Guide various regions and industries to align with national strategies according to circumstances, leverage comparative advantages, optimize industrial layout and the collaboration mechanism for orderly domestic transfer and upgrading, stimulate technology diffusion and industrial agglomeration effects between regions, promote the development of new quality productive forces with regional characteristics in relatively underdeveloped areas, and narrow the gap with developed regions. Use disruptive technologies and the upgrading of national standards to lead the “intelligent transformation, digital transformation, and network connection” of traditional industries. Do not shut down all traditional energy sources before new energy has developed, and do not discard all traditional drivers before new drivers have been cultivated, preventing the sharp reduction of traditional industries in a short period from triggering industrial hollowing, economic depression, and even social chaos.

首先，稳序推进技术和产业新旧更替。新质生产力与传统生产力在技术、要素和产业层面有承继关联，对传统生产力兼具挤出效应与赋能效应。我国传统产业体量大、领域宽、占比高，而“战略性新兴产业、高技术产业尚未成长为经济增长的主导力量”,多代产品和多代技术各居其位、长期并存。作为满足传统需求的产业，传统产业健康稳定发展关乎国家发展与安全全局，其改造升级既能推动新质生产力形成和发展，而且还是战略性新兴产业和未来产业的最大用户和要素支撑者。要统筹推进新兴产业“立得住”与传统产业“稳得住”,不仅需要加速打造新产业新赛道，对新技术新产业实施包容审慎监管，还需要审时度势，以市场化法治化手段推动新旧产业有序衔接、新旧体制平稳过渡，实现新旧生产力平稳更替、互补互促。“试图无限期地维持过时的行业当然没有必要，但试图设法避免它们一下子崩溃却是必要的，也有必要努力把一场混乱——可能变为加重萧条后果的中心——变成有秩序的撤退”。要坚持先立后破、以立促破，促进新质生产力发展活而不乱、活跃有序，避免陷入“创新者窘境”。既要完善推动战略性产业发展的政策和治理体系，引导新兴产业健康有序发展，又要健全企业破产机制，渐进性缓释传统生产力被淘汰带来的风险，减小新质生产力破坏性效应的范围和程度。因势利导地引导各地区各行业对接国家战略，发挥比较优势，优化产业布局及其在国内有序转移升级的协作机制，激发地区间技术扩散和产业集聚效应，推动相对落后地区加快发展有区域特色的新质生产力，缩小与发达地区的差距。以颠覆性技术和国家标准提升引领传统产业“智改数转网联”,不能在新能源没有发展起来时把传统能源都关掉，不能在新动能没有培育起来时把传统动能都弃置，防止短时间内急剧压减传统产业而诱发产业空心化、经济萧条乃至社会混乱。

Second, increase the supply of patient capital and curb the disorderly expansion of capital. Capital is a tool for market allocation of resources and an important link driving the agglomeration and allocation of various production factors, as well as a significant booster for developing new quality productive forces. Developing new quality productive forces requires large investments, long cycles, high uncertainty and unknowability, and cannot do without patient capital that focuses on long-term investment and has a long-term outlook on capital returns. Unlike “fast in, fast out” impatient capital that prioritizes short-term gains, patient capital has higher risk tolerance and fault tolerance, supporting the research, development, and application of disruptive and frontier technologies through cross-cycle long-term investment, injecting long-term stable financial “living water” for traditional industries to “sprout new branches,” emerging industries to “grow into forests,” and future industries to “become big trees.” It is necessary to “build a science and technology financial system that corresponds to scientific and technological innovation, strengthen financial support for major national scientific and technological tasks and small and medium-sized technology-based enterprises, and improve support policies for long-term capital to invest early, invest small, invest long-term, and invest in hard technology,” establish a growth mechanism for investment in future industries, and better activate the civilizing aspect of capital in promoting new quality productive forces. At the same time, scientifically set up “traffic lights” for capital, build a “firewall” between industrial capital and financial capital, combine liberalization and regulation to guide the orderly development of various types of capital, properly handle the interest distribution relationship between capital and labor, improve the income distribution system oriented toward common prosperity, promote the more and fairer sharing of technological dividends and the benefits of new quality productive forces among all the people, and guard against investment bubbles, rampant capital growth, the shift of industries from real to virtual, and involution-style vicious competition.

其次，加大耐心资本供给，遏制资本无序扩张。资本是市场配置资源的工具和带动各类生产要素集聚配置的重要纽带，也是发展新质生产力的重要助推器。发展新质生产力投入大、周期长、不确定性和不可知性高，离不开专注于长期投资、对资本回报有长期展望的耐心资本。与“快进快出”、以短期收益为首要目标的“非耐心资本”不同，耐心资本风险承受力和容错度较高，通过跨周期长期投资支持颠覆性技术、前沿技术研发和应用，为传统产业“发新枝”、新兴产业“长成林”、未来产业“成大树”注入长期稳定的金融“活水”。要“构建同科技创新相适应的科技金融体制，加强对国家重大科技任务和科技型中小企业的金融支持，完善长期资本投早、投小、投长期、投硬科技的支持政策”,建立未来产业投入增长机制，更好激活资本促进新质生产力发展的文明面。同时，科学设置资本“红绿灯”,构建产业资本与金融资本“防火墙”,放管结合引导各类资本有序发展，处理好资本和劳动的利益分配关系，以共同富裕为导向完善收入分配制度，促进全体人民更多更公平共享技术红利和新质生产力发展福利，谨防投资泡沫化、资本野蛮生长、产业脱实向虚和内卷式恶性竞争。

Finally, improve the employment-first policy and the system for protecting workers’ rights and interests. China is a socialist country; the fundamental purpose of developing productive forces is to meet the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life. New quality productive forces should not and cannot be possessed and used only by a few industries, a few sectors, or a few people. The impact of developing new quality productive forces on the employment rate depends on the comparison between the employment-creation effect and the crowding-out effect. It is necessary to uphold the unity of innovation-led development and people-centeredness, implement the concept of shared development, fully consider the employment effects of technological and industrial upgrading, build an employment-friendly development model, develop harmonious labor relations, and improve the social security system. Bid farewell to “technological supremacy” and “the theory of productive forces as the sole determinant,”[18]18 “The theory of productive forces as the sole determinant” (唯生产力论) is a term of criticism in Marxist-Leninist discourse, referring to the view that the development of productive forces alone determines historical progress, to the neglect of class struggle and revolutionary transformation of relations of production. use the humanistic logic of the socialist system to steer the logic of capital, improve the socialist application model of new technologies such as artificial intelligence, and promote a virtuous cycle between the development of productive forces and human development. Grasp well the timing, intensity, and effectiveness of reform, unify the intensity of reform with the speed of development and the degree of social tolerance, improve the employment-first policy, and perfect the mechanism for promoting high-quality and full employment. Comprehensively assess the employment effects of new technology applications on different industries, different regions, and different groups of people. On the one hand, optimize the policy environment for entrepreneurship and employment, support and regulate the development of new forms of employment, and enhance the employment-driving capacity of the new economy and new business forms. On the other hand, dynamically clarify the trends of cross-regional and cross-industry labor mobility, achieve a dynamic balance between employment flexibility and stability, and ensure that “technology is used by people” rather than “technology uses people.” It is necessary to improve the employment public service system and the lifelong vocational skills training system that cover the entire population, are oriented toward the grassroots, and combine online and offline methods. Improve the customized and refined employment training and the support system for key groups, abandon the traditional perception that narrows and belittles vocational education and training, enhance workers’ ability to adapt to new technologies, and help and urge them to promptly enter new departments and new industries, guarding against the development of new quality productive forces encountering artificial obstruction and resistance. Focusing on the characteristics of diversified and variable labor employment methods, as well as the complexity, diversity, strong flexibility, and high mobility of labor relations under the conditions of digital and intelligent production, regulate and guide the employment practices of platform enterprises in accordance with the law. “Improve the labor relations consultation and coordination mechanism, strengthen the protection of workers’ rights and interests,”[19]19 Quoted from the “Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform and Promoting Chinese-Path Modernization,” adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC in July 2024. and “improve the social security system for flexible employment personnel, migrant workers, and personnel in new forms of employment.”[20]20 Ibid. Hold fast, accurately, and securely to the bottom line of people’s livelihoods, and promote the rapid and stable development of new quality productive forces in a more inclusive and universally beneficial manner.

最后，完善就业优先政策和劳动者权益保障制度。我国是社会主义国家，发展生产力的根本目的是满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要，新质生产力不应也不能仅仅由少数产业、少数行业、少数人占有和使用。发展新质生产力对就业率的影响取决于就业创造效应与挤出效应的对比，必须坚持创新引领与人民至上相统一，贯彻共享发展理念，充分考虑技术和产业升级的就业效应，构建就业友好型发展方式，发展和谐劳动关系，健全社会保障制度。告别“技术至上论”“唯生产力论”,以社会主义制度的人本逻辑驾驭资本逻辑，完善人工智能等新技术的社会主义应用模式，促进生产力发展与人的发展形成良性循环。把握好改革的时、度、效，将改革力度与发展速度、社会可承受程度统一起来，完善就业优先政策，健全高质量充分就业促进机制。全面评估新技术应用对不同行业、不同地区、不同人群的就业效应，既优化创业和促进就业的政策环境，支持和规范发展新就业形态，提高新经济新业态的就业带动力，又动态厘清劳动力跨地区跨行业流动态势，实现就业灵活性与稳定性动态平衡，做到“科技为人所用”而非“科技使用人”。要健全覆盖全民、基层导向、线上线下相结合的就业公共服务体系和终身职业技能培训制度，完善定制化、精细化就业培训和重点群体就业支持体系，摒弃矮化窄化职业教育培训的传统认知，提升劳动者对新技术的适应能力，帮促其及时进入新部门新行业，谨防新质生产力发展遭遇人为阻滞与抵制。着眼数智化生产条件下劳动用工方式多元多变以及劳动关系复杂多样、灵活性强、流动性大等特点，依法规范和引导平台企业用工，“完善劳动关系协商协调机制，加强劳动者权益保障”,“健全灵活就业人员、农民工、新就业形态人员社保制度”,兜住兜准兜牢民生底线，更加包容普惠地推动新质生产力快速稳健发展。

Online editor: Paul

网络编辑：保罗