State-Owned Enterprises Developing New Quality Productive Forces: Theoretical Logic, Realistic Dilemmas, and Path Choices

I. Introduction

一、引言

At present, the world is undergoing changes unseen in a century, the global economic landscape is undergoing profound transformation, economic growth faces many challenges, the momentum of traditional productive forces is gradually weakening, and all countries are seeking new points of economic growth. A new generation of scientific and technological innovation has become the key factor determining the pattern of world competition. At the domestic level, high-quality development is the primary task of comprehensively building a modern socialist country. Traditional productive forces and relations of production urgently require systematic and comprehensive innovation to meet the requirements of high-quality development. Against this background, General Secretary Xi Jinping put forward the new concept of "new quality productive forces" and pointed out that "developing new quality productive forces is the intrinsic requirement and important focal point for promoting high-quality development." Unlike traditional productive forces, new quality productive forces possess the characteristics of high technology, high efficiency, and high quality, representing an advanced state of productive forces that conforms to the new development philosophy. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Party clearly stated, "Improve the systems and mechanisms for developing new quality productive forces according to local conditions." Vigorously developing new quality productive forces has significant contemporary significance and practical value for China to break free from the constraints of traditional development models, achieve high-level self-reliance and self-strengthening in science and technology, accelerate the realization of high-quality development and Chinese-path modernization, and enhance its position in the global economic landscape and its international discourse power.

当前，世界正经历百年未有之大变局，全球经济格局发生深刻变革，经济增长面临诸多挑战，传统生产力发展动能逐渐减弱，各国都在寻求新的经济增长点，新一代的科技创新已经成为决定世界竞争格局的关键要素。在国内层面，高质量发展是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的首要任务，传统生产力与生产关系亟待系统性地作适合高质量发展要求的全面革新。在此背景下，习近平总书记提出“新质生产力”这一新概念，并且指出，“发展新质生产力是推动高质量发展的内在要求和重要着力点”。不同于传统生产力，新质生产力具有高科技、高效能和高质量特征，符合新发展理念的先进生产力质态。党的二十届三中全会明确提出，“健全因地制宜发展新质生产力体制机制”。大力发展新质生产力对于中国摆脱传统发展方式的束缚、实现高水平科技自立自强、加快实现高质量发展与中国式现代化，以及提高在全球经济格局中的地位与国际话语权具有重要的时代意义和现实价值。

Enterprises are the main body for developing new quality productive forces. To develop new quality productive forces, it is necessary to fully mobilize the initiative of enterprises and strengthen their main-body status. After more than 40 years of reform and opening up, China has formed a development pattern in which multiple forms of ownership, including state-owned enterprises, private enterprises, and foreign-funded enterprises, are organically integrated and coexist. Under such circumstances, developing new quality productive forces requires fully and comprehensively leveraging the unique functions of enterprises under different forms of ownership, thereby providing a continuous and sufficient source of micro-level impetus for the development of new quality productive forces. Among them, state-owned enterprises, as a crucial material foundation of socialism with Chinese characteristics, not only play a key leading role in cultivating and developing new quality productive forces but also can undertake new missions and new tasks in the process of Chinese-path modernization.

企业是发展新质生产力的主体，发展新质生产力必须充分发挥企业的积极性，强化其主体地位。经过40多年的改革开放，中国已然形成国有企业、私有企业和外资企业等多种所有制经济有机融合和相互并存的发展格局。在这样的形势下，发展新质生产力就必须全面充分地发挥不同所有制企业所具备的独特功能，从而为新质生产力的发展提供源源不断且充足的微观动力支持。其中，国有企业作为中国特色社会主义至关重要的物质基础，不仅在培育和发展新质生产力中发挥关键性的引领作用，而且还能承担起在中国式现代化进程中的新使命与新任务。

Looking at existing research, since new quality productive forces were proposed, they have attracted great attention from governments at all levels and academia. Extensive and in-depth research has been conducted on issues such as the connotation, significance, measurement, influencing factors, and realization paths of new quality productive forces, greatly advancing the theoretical construction and practical application of new quality productive forces. Scholars such as Wang Chaoke, Ren Baoping, and Meng Jie have compared the differences between new quality productive forces and traditional productive forces, explaining the connotation of new quality productive forces. Scholars such as Hong Yinxing have analyzed the issues, challenges, and development directions that need attention in the development of new quality productive forces. Scholars such as Song Jia, Qiao Xiaonan, and Shi Dan have used different methods to measure new quality productive forces and analyzed their influencing factors. In this process, scholars have mainly focused on the macro level. Although the micro level of enterprises, especially how state-owned enterprises develop new quality productive forces, has been touched upon, systematic research has not yet been conducted. In view of this, based on the functional characteristics of new quality productive forces and state-owned enterprises, this paper theoretically elaborates the rational choice logic for state-owned enterprises to develop new quality productive forces, reveals the obstacles currently faced by state-owned enterprises in developing new quality productive forces, and proposes a plan for state-owned enterprises to develop new quality productive forces.

纵观现有研究，新质生产力一经提出，就引起了各级政府和学界的极大关注，围绕关于新质生产力的内涵、意义、测度、影响因素以及实现路径等问题进行了广泛而深入的研究，极大地推进了新质生产力的理论构建和实践应用。王朝科、任保平、孟捷等学者比较了新质生产力与传统生产力的不同，阐释了新质生产力的内涵。洪银兴等学者分析了新质生产力发展需要关注的问题、面临的挑战与发展方向。宋佳、乔晓楠、史丹等学者采用不同的方法对新质生产力进行了测度，并剖析了其影响因素。在这个过程中，学者们主要聚焦于宏观层面，对于企业微观层面尤其是国有企业如何发展新质生产力，虽有所涉及，但尚未进行系统性研究。鉴于此，本文基于新质生产力与国有企业的功能特征，从理论上阐述国有企业发展新质生产力的理性选择逻辑，揭示当前国有企业发展新质生产力面临的障碍，并提出国有企业发展新质生产力的方案。

II. The Theoretical Logic of State-Owned Enterprises Developing New Quality Productive Forces

二、国有企业发展新质生产力的理论逻辑

1. From the Perspective of Forming Relations of Production Adapted to New Quality Productive Forces

1.基于形成与新质生产力相适应的生产关系的视角

New quality productive forces represent a leap in productive forces, involving the cultivation and development of new elements, new industries, new business forms, and new structures. Developing new quality productive forces necessarily requires increased investment in scientific and technological innovation, infrastructure, talent, and other areas. To achieve technological innovation and breakthroughs, substantial funds need to be invested in scientific research projects, experimental equipment procurement, and researcher salaries. Moreover, technological innovation is uncertain, especially for forward-looking and strategic original technological innovations in key fields such as big data, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and integrated circuits. Small and medium-sized enterprises lack the capacity to invest, while large enterprises also lack motivation due to factors such as large investment, long cycles, high uncertainty, and technology spillovers. In addition, new quality productive forces also require the construction of advanced production facilities, communication networks, transportation logistics, and other fixed asset investments, which easily generate sunk costs. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, "To develop new quality productive forces, we must further comprehensively deepen reform and form new relations of production adapted to them." Therefore, for state-owned enterprises to develop new quality productive forces, they need to adjust relations of production, especially systems and mechanisms, to match new quality productive forces. This requires institutional changes to relations of production that were originally unsuitable for the development of new quality productive forces, under the general trend of the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation. However, for enterprises, changing traditional development models and transforming relations of production will face relatively large cost inputs and risks. As leaders of transformation, state-owned enterprises face even greater risks in their investment.

新质生产力是生产力的一种跃迁，涉及新要素、新产业、新业态和新结构的培育与发展。发展新质生产力必然要加大科技创新、基础设施和人才等方面的投入。为了实现技术创新和突破，需要投入大量资金用于科研项目、实验设备购置和科研人员薪酬等。并且技术创新具有不确定性，特别是对于大数据、云计算、人工智能和集成电路等关键领域的前瞻性和战略性原始技术创新，中小企业没有能力投入，而大企业由于投入大、周期长、不确定性大和技术外溢等因素也动力不足，加之新质生产力还需要搭建先进的生产设施、通信网络和交通物流等固定资产投入，极易产生沉淀成本。习近平总书记指出，“发展新质生产力，必须进一步全面深化改革，形成与之相适应的新型生产关系”。因此，国有企业要发展新质生产力，需要调整生产关系尤其是体制机制与新质生产力相匹配，而这需要在新一轮科技革命和产业变革大势下，对原本不适合新质生产力发展的生产关系进行制度变革。但对于企业而言，改变传统发展模式、变革生产关系会面临较大的成本投入与风险，而作为变革的引领者，国有企业投入风险会更大。

First, looking at the reform process of state-owned enterprises, changes in relations of production such as property rights systems and corporate governance have always been important contents of reform. It is precisely through continuous and effective changes in relations of production that conditions have been created for the continuous leap and breakthrough of the productive forces of state-owned enterprises. Against the background of the development of new quality productive forces, the status, goals, reform tasks, and endowment conditions of state-owned enterprises, on the one hand, determine that they need to promote the transformation of relations of production through comprehensively deepening reform, opening up space for accelerating the development of new-type productive forces; on the other hand, they mean that state-owned enterprises should become leaders in shaping new quality relations of production, guiding other enterprises under different forms of ownership to collaboratively build new quality relations of production adapted to new quality productive forces through their own transformation.

第一，纵观国有企业改革历程，产权制度和公司治理等生产关系变革都是改革的重要内容，正是通过持续有效的生产关系变革才为国有企业生产力的不断跃升突破创造了条件。在新质生产力发展背景下，国有企业的地位、目标、改革任务和禀赋条件等，一方面决定其需要通过全面深化改革推进生产关系的变革，为加快推进新型生产力发展开辟空间；另一方面意味着国有企业应当成为新质生产关系塑造的引领者，通过自身变革引领其他所有制企业协同构建与新质生产力相适应的新质生产关系。

Second, in terms of strategic objectives, the ownership characteristics of state-owned enterprises determine that they should remedy market failures and implement national economic and social strategies, undertaking strategic tasks that enterprises under other forms of ownership cannot undertake. From the perspective of goal orientation, compared with enterprises under other forms of ownership, state-owned enterprises are better able to bear the institutional change costs of building new quality relations of production that meet the requirements of "accelerating the formation of new quality productive forces," and bravely act as leaders in shaping new-type relations of production. For example, for key original technologies related to national strategic security, state-owned enterprises should have the courage to undertake the role of "innovation source" [1]1 "Innovation source" (策源地) refers to the role of a place or entity that originates and drives key technological breakthroughs, often used in Chinese policy discourse to describe state-owned enterprises as the primary incubators of strategic innovations. and play the role of ballast stone.

第二，在战略目标方面，国有企业的所有制特征决定其应当弥补市场失灵和落实国家经济和社会战略，承担其他所有制企业所不能承担的战略性任务。从目标导向上来说，与其他所有制企业相比，国有企业更能承担构建适应“加快形成新质生产力”要求的新质生产关系的制度变革成本，勇担新型生产关系塑造的引领者。例如，对于关系国家战略安全的关键原创性技术，国有企业应当勇于承担创新的“策源地”,发挥压舱石的作用。

Third, in terms of funds, experience, and policies, state-owned enterprises possess the capacity to transform relations of production and actively develop new quality productive forces. State-owned enterprises, especially large central enterprises, usually have strong financial strength and powerful financing capabilities, and are better able to undertake large-scale R&D investment and major project construction in important industries and key fields, providing solid financial guarantees for transforming relations of production and developing new quality productive forces. For example, in the R&D and construction of major science and technology projects related to new energy, high-speed rail, large aircraft, and integrated circuits, state-owned enterprises, relying on their strong financial support, actively explore innovation models that suit national conditions and have overcome a series of key technical difficulties.

第三，在资金、经验与政策等方面，国有企业具备成为变革生产关系和积极发展新质生产力的能力。国有企业尤其是大型中央企业通常拥有雄厚的资金实力与强大的融资能力，更能够在重要行业和关键领域承担大规模的研发投入和重大项目建设，为变革生产关系和发展新质生产力提供坚实的资金保障。例如，在新能源、高铁、大飞机和集成电路等关系重大科技项目的研发和建设中，国有企业凭借其强大的资金支持，积极探索符合国情的创新模式，攻克了一系列关键技术难题。

Fourth, over more than 40 years of reform, state-owned enterprises have accumulated rich reform experience, formed a reform atmosphere of forging ahead and tackling difficulties, and cultivated and stored a large number of outstanding reform talents, providing support for the shaping of new-type relations of production. At the same time, in order to encourage state-owned enterprises to undertake national strategic tasks and responsibilities, the state often gives moderate policy preferences to state-owned enterprises in terms of industrial policy, science and technology policy, and fiscal policy, creating a favorable policy environment for state-owned enterprises to form new-type relations of production. For example, innovation consortia are a new-type technological innovation organizational model under the new-type nationwide system [2]2 The "new-type nationwide system" (新型举国体制) is a Chinese concept for mobilizing national resources—state, market, and society—to achieve strategic technological goals, updated from the Mao-era planned economy model to incorporate market mechanisms., and are an effective attempt to transform relations of production in the field of technological innovation.

第四，国有企业在40多年的改革历程中积累了丰富的改革经验，形成了锐意进取、攻坚克难的改革氛围，培养并储备了大量优秀的改革人才，为新型生产关系的塑造提供了支撑。同时，为了鼓励国有企业承担国家战略性任务与责任，国家往往在产业政策、科技政策和财政政策等方面对国有企业给予适度倾斜，为国有企业形成新型生产关系创造了有利的政策环境。例如，创新联合体是新型举国体制下的新型技术创新组织模式，是技术创新领域生产关系变革的有效尝试。

The above aspects have all created favorable conditions for state-owned enterprises to transform relations of production in areas such as property rights systems, equity structures, labor-capital relations, and distribution systems, facilitating state-owned enterprises to accelerate changes in enterprise organizational forms, operational mechanisms, and governance systems, and to accelerate the formation of relations of production adapted to new quality productive forces.

以上这些方面都为国有企业在产权制度、股权结构、劳资关系和分配制度等生产关系领域的变革创造了良好的条件，有利于国有企业加快企业组织形态、经营机制和治理体系的变革，加快形成与新质生产力相适应的生产关系。

2. From the Perspective of the Mission and Tasks of State-Owned Enterprises

2.基于国有企业使命任务的视角

The development of new quality productive forces represents the direction of advanced productive forces and is an important engine for promoting high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening, establishing a modern industrial system, and advancing high-quality development. State-owned enterprises control the economic lifeline of the country and are a key supporting force for the socialist economy with Chinese characteristics. As the epochal foundation and requirements of socio-economic development change, the mission and task content of state-owned enterprises becomes richer. In promoting high-quality development and Chinese-path modernization, state-owned enterprises must actively cultivate and lead the development of new quality productive forces. This is not only a need for the development of state-owned enterprises themselves, but also a mission task they should undertake against the backdrop of the New Era.

新质生产力的发展代表了先进生产力的方向，是推动高水平科技自立自强、建立现代产业体系和推动高质量发展的重要引擎。国有企业掌握着国家的经济命脉，是中国特色社会主义经济的关键支撑力量，随着社会经济发展的时代基点和要求的变化，国有企业的使命与任务内涵更加丰富。在推动高质量发展和中国式现代化建设中，国有企业必须积极培育并引领新质生产力的发展，这不仅是国有企业自身发展的需要，更是其在新时代背景下应承担的使命任务。

First, developing new quality productive forces is the material guarantee for state-owned enterprises to safeguard national security. Unlike enterprises of other ownership forms, state-owned enterprises, as the material foundation of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics, occupy an absolutely dominant position in key fields and basic industries. They are an important force for implementing the strategic deployments of the Party and the state and safeguarding national security. In advancing Chinese-path modernization, high-level secure development is of utmost importance, and state-owned enterprises, which control the lifeline of national economic security, must assume the responsibility for national security. The development of new quality productive forces by state-owned enterprises helps enhance their core competitiveness in fields such as energy, transportation, communications, and integrated circuits, solve the "bottleneck" problem of key core technologies, ensure the security and stability of the national economic lifeline, and create a secure domestic and international environment for high-quality development. For example, in the energy field, by researching, developing, and applying new energy technologies, and using technologies for the efficient conversion and storage of renewable energy, state-owned enterprises can reduce dependence on traditional energy sources such as fossil fuels and strengthen the national energy security guarantee capability.

第一，发展新质生产力是国有企业维护国家安全的物质保障。与其他所有制企业不同，国有企业作为中国特色社会主义制度的物质基础，在关键领域和基础性产业中占据绝对主体地位，是落实党和国家战略部署和维护国家安全的重要力量。在推进中国式现代化过程中，高水平安全发展至关重要，而作为掌握国家经济安全命脉的国有企业必须承担起国家安全的责任。国有企业发展新质生产力有助于提升国有企业在能源、交通、通信和集成电路等领域的核心竞争力，打破关键核心技术“卡脖子”难题，保障国家经济命脉的安全稳定，为高质量发展营造安全的国内外环境。例如，在能源领域，国有企业通过研发和应用新能源技术，对可再生能源的高效转化和存储技术的使用，能够降低对化石等传统能源的依赖，增强国家能源安全保障能力。

Second, developing new quality productive forces is the inherent requirement for state-owned enterprises to accelerate the realization of high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening. To achieve high-quality development, the key lies in relying on scientific and technological innovation. Currently, China has made significant progress and breakthroughs in original technological innovation. Among this, state-owned enterprises, as the core subjects of major original technological innovation in China, fully play the key roles of "vanguard" and "main force," and play an irreplaceable and important role in accelerating the process of realizing high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening. New quality productive forces take scientific and technological innovation as their core element, consistently emphasizing original, disruptive, and cutting-edge scientific and technological innovation. Essentially, state-owned enterprises actively developing new quality productive forces means they must earnestly act as the "source" of original technology, fully leverage the significant advantages of the new nationwide system for mobilizing resources [3]3 The new nationwide system for mobilizing resources (新型举国体制) refers to a state-led mechanism for concentrating national resources to achieve breakthroughs in strategic technologies, adapted from the earlier planned-economy "nationwide system" but now operating within a market economy framework., and concentrate efforts on breaking through the "bottleneck" problems in key core technologies. In this way, they provide a continuous endogenous driving force for high-quality development. From a deeper perspective, only by vigorously developing new quality productive forces can state-owned enterprises seize the initiative on the track of scientific and technological innovation, lead the development direction of cutting-edge technologies, and thus occupy a favorable position in global scientific and technological competition.

第二，发展新质生产力是国有企业加快实现高水平科技自立自强的内在要求。要实现高质量的发展，关键在于依靠科技创新。当前，我国在原创技术创新方面已经取得了重大的进展与突破。其中，国有企业作为我国重大原创技术创新的核心主体，充分扮演着“先锋队”和“主力军”的关键角色，在加快实现高水平科技自立自强的进程中发挥着不可替代的重要作用。新质生产力是以科技创新作为核心要素的，始终强调原始性、颠覆性和前沿性的科技创新。从本质上来说，国有企业积极发展新质生产力就是要切实做好原创技术的“策源地”,充分发挥新型举国体制的显著优势，集中力量突破关键核心技术中那些“卡脖子”难题。通过这样的方式，为高质量发展提供源源不断的内生动力。从更深层次的角度来看，国有企业只有大力发展新质生产力，才能够在科技创新的赛道上抢占先机，引领前沿技术的发展方向，从而在全球科技竞争中占据有利地位。

Third, developing new quality productive forces is an important pathway for state-owned enterprises to lead the construction of a modern industrial system. In recent years, the increasingly complex external international environment has brought major challenges to the security of China's industrial and supply chains. There is an urgent need to build a modern industrial system driven by innovation, supported by advanced technology, and oriented towards intelligent, green, and integrated development. In this process, state-owned enterprises, by virtue of their ownership advantages, resource advantages, and technological advantages, play fundamental, leading, coordinating, and guaranteeing roles. They are the mainstay for stabilizing the industrial system, promoting industrial transformation and coordinated industrial development, and serve as the "chain leader" of modern industrial chains. By developing new quality productive forces characterized by high technology, high efficiency, and high quality, optimizing the layout of the state-owned economy, and proactively laying out a number of emerging industries and future industries, they can drive the entire industrial chain towards high-end, intelligent, and green development, helping to build a modern industrial system. For example, in the manufacturing sector, state-owned enterprises can lead digital-intelligent and green development, guide the transformation of traditional manufacturing towards digitalization, networking, and intelligent manufacturing, and raise the modernization level of the entire manufacturing industrial chain.

第三，发展新质生产力是国有企业引领现代化产业体系建设的重要途径。近年来，外部国际环境日趋复杂，给我国产业链供应链安全带来了重大挑战，亟待建设以创新为动力，以先进技术为支撑，以智能化、绿色化和融合化为发展方向的现代化产业体系。在这个过程中，国有企业凭借其所有制优势、资源优势和技术优势，发挥着基础性、引领性、协调性和保障性的重要作用，是稳定产业体系、促进产业转型与产业协同发展的中流砥柱，是现代产业链的“链长”。通过发展高科技、高效能和高质量的新质生产力，优化国有经济布局，前瞻性布局一批新兴产业与未来产业，可以带动整个产业链向高端化、智能化和绿色化方向发展，有助于构建现代化的产业体系。例如，在制造业领域，国有企业可以引领数智化、绿色化发展，引领传统制造业向数字化、网络化和智能化制造转型，提高整个制造业产业链现代化水平。

Fourth, developing new quality productive forces is an effective means for state-owned enterprises to promote coordinated regional development. Coordinated regional development is a major practical need for solving the problem of unbalanced and inadequate development in China. The optimal layout of productive forces cannot rely entirely on market-based means. The essential attributes of state-owned enterprises determine that they should undertake the important mission task of compensating for regional imbalances in productive forces (which can be seen as a form of market failure). The development of new quality productive forces by state-owned enterprises can enable them to play a leading role in participating in coordinated regional development and better engage in infrastructure construction in relatively economically backward regions. By deploying new quality productive forces projects in different regions, attracting the agglomeration and supporting development of related industries, and forming complete industrial chains, they can create more development opportunities and job positions for backward regions, drive the development of productive forces in those regions, narrow regional development gaps, and achieve coordinated development of productive forces in the regional economy.

第四，发展新质生产力是国有企业推进区域协调发展的有效手段。区域协调发展是解决我国发展不平衡不充分问题的重大现实需求。生产力优化布局不能完全依靠市场化手段，国有企业的本质属性决定着其应当承担起弥补区域生产力失衡(可作为一种市场失灵)的重要使命任务。国有企业发展新质生产力，可以促其在参与区域协调发展时发挥引领作用，更好地参与到经济相对落后地区的基础设施建设中。通过在不同地区布局新质生产力项目，吸引相关产业的聚集和配套发展，形成完整的产业链条，从而为落后地区创造更多的发展机遇和就业岗位，带动落后地区生产力发展，缩小区域发展差距，实现区域经济的生产力协同发展。

3. From the Perspective of Improving Total Factor Productivity

3.基于提高全要素生产率的视角

Total factor productivity (TFP) refers to the additional production efficiency achieved under given conditions of various factor input levels. This additional production efficiency mainly comes from improvements in factor quality or increases in resource allocation efficiency. New quality productive forces, on the other hand, are centered on a substantial increase in total factor productivity as a core marker. They do not merely rely on increases in traditional factors such as capital and labor, but pay more attention to efficiency improvements caused by factors such as technological progress, management innovation, or institutional innovation. Total factor productivity fully embodies the three core characteristics of new quality productive forces: high technology, high efficiency, and high quality. In recent years, thanks to market-oriented reforms, technological progress, and international cooperation, the total factor productivity of state-owned enterprises has generally shown a trend of gradual improvement. However, problems such as low efficiency and large regional disparities still exist. On the one hand, there is a distortion in the efficiency of resource allocation by state-owned enterprises. To achieve growth targets, the government tends to intervene more in state-owned enterprises, forcing them to increase investment behavior. For commercial state-owned enterprises whose main business is in fully competitive industries, although their policy burdens are lower than those of commercial state-owned enterprises whose main business is in natural monopoly industries, they still enjoy certain preferential treatment and convenience compared to non-state-owned enterprises. For commercial state-owned enterprises whose main business is in natural monopoly industries, they themselves possess a certain degree of market power and monopoly position. Therefore, the internal motivation for state-owned enterprises to improve total factor productivity is relatively insufficient. On the other hand, there are significant regional differences in the total factor productivity of state-owned enterprises. State-owned enterprises in the eastern region, due to factors such as a higher degree of marketization, strong technological innovation capabilities, and advanced management levels, have significantly higher total factor productivity than those in the central and western regions. State-owned enterprises in the central and western regions, affected by factors such as uneven resource allocation, relatively backward market environments, and insufficient technological innovation capabilities, have a generally lower overall level of total factor productivity. This inter-regional difference reflects the structural problems existing in the process of China's economic development.

全要素生产率(TFP)是指在各种要素投入水平既定条件下所达到的额外生产效率。这个额外的生产效率主要来自要素质量提升或资源配置效率提高。而新质生产力则是以全要素生产率大幅提升为核心标志，它不仅仅依赖于资本和劳动等传统要素的增加，而是更加关注技术进步、管理创新或制度创新等因素导致的效率提升。全要素生产率充分体现了新质生产力的高科技、高效能、高质量的三个核心特征。近年来，得益于市场化改革、技术进步与国际合作，国有企业的全要素生产率总体呈现出逐步提升的态势。但是，仍然存在着效率不高和区域差异较大等问题。一方面，国有企业资源配置效率扭曲，政府为保增长任务，会更倾向于干预国有企业，迫使其增加投资行为。 对于主业处于充分竞争行业的商业类国有企业而言，其承受的政策性负担虽然低于主业处于自然垄断行业的商业类国有企业，但与非国有企业相比，仍然能享受某些优惠和便利。而对于主业处于自然垄断行业的商业类国有企业而言，其本身具有一定的市场势力和垄断地位。因此，国有企业提升全要素生产率的内在动力相对不足。另一方面，国有企业全要素生产率存在着显著的区域差异。东部地区的国有企业由于市场化程度较高、技术创新能力强和管理水平先进等因素的影响，其全要素生产率显著高于中西部地区；中西部地区的国有企业由于受到资源配置不均、市场环境相对落后以及技术创新能力不足等因素的影响，整体全要素生产率水平较低。这种区域间的差异反映了中国经济发展过程中存在的结构性问题。

State-owned enterprises face strategic opportunities for high-quality development. Their factor endowment conditions, combination modes, allocation mechanisms and development models have undergone major changes compared with the past. Only by raising total factor productivity can high-quality development be achieved, which creates the preconditions for state-owned enterprises to develop new quality productive forces. For example, as artificial intelligence (AI) becomes an important engine and manifestation of new quality productive forces, its rapid development helps optimise the allocation of production resources and improve the efficiency of their use, breaking the law of diminishing returns to scale and thereby raising total factor productivity. Developing new quality productive forces with scientific and technological innovation at their core — by optimising the means of labour, the objects of labour and the labourers so as to expand the scope of factors, raise factor quality and improve factor structure — can break through factor supply constraints and provide a new source of impetus for raising the total factor productivity of state-owned enterprises. Specifically, the “high technology” of new quality productive forces emphasises that enterprise development must fully integrate frontier technologies such as AI, biotechnology and quantum computing; the application of these technologies helps promote the digital-intelligent and green transformation of state-owned enterprises’ production processes, greatly raising production efficiency. The “high efficiency” of new quality productive forces emphasises the optimal allocation and use of resources by enterprises. By cultivating new relations of production (including production methods and management models), resource waste is reduced as far as possible and resource use efficiency is raised, thereby improving the enterprise’s input-output ratio. The “high quality” of new quality productive forces emphasises that, supported by high technology and high efficiency, there is high-quality output, high-quality labourers, means of labour and objects of labour, and the ability to produce high-quality products that meet national strategic needs and the people’s needs for a better life, especially quasi-public goods and services, thus consolidating the technological foundation for state-owned enterprises to develop new quality productive forces.

国有企业面临着高质量发展的战略机遇，其要素禀赋条件、组合方式、配置机制和发展模式等较以往发生了巨大改变，唯有提升全要素生产率，才能实现高质量发展，这就为国有企业发展新质生产力创造了前提条件。例如，随着人工智能(AI)成为新质生产力的重要引擎和表现形式，其快速发展有利于优化生产资源配置方式和提高生产资源使用效率，打破规模报酬递减规律，从而提高全要素生产率。发展以科技创新为核心的新质生产力，通过优化劳动资料、劳动对象与劳动者来扩大要素范围、提高要素质量和优化要素结构，可以突破要素供给约束，为国有企业全要素生产率提升提供新的动力源泉。具体而言，新质生产力的“高科技”强调企业发展要充分融合人工智能、生物技术和量子计算等前沿技术，这些技术的应用有利于促进国有企业生产过程的数智化与绿色化，大幅度提高生产效率。新质生产力的“高效能”强调企业对资源的优化配置使用。通过培育新型生产关系(包括生产方式与管理模式),尽可能地减少资源浪费，提高资源使用效率，从而提高企业的投入产出比率。新质生产力的“高质量”强调在高科技与高效能的支撑下有高质量的产出，有高质量的劳动者、劳动资料和劳动对象，能够生产出满足国家战略需要与人民群众美好生活需要的高质量产品，尤其是准公共产品与服务，夯实国有企业发展新质生产力的技术基础。

4. From the perspective of enhancing international competitiveness

4.基于增强国际竞争力的视角

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC[n], reform of state-owned enterprises has achieved historic results; some deep-seated institutional and mechanistic obstacles have been removed, laying a solid material foundation for building socialism with Chinese characteristics. In advancing Chinese-path modernisation, state-owned enterprises still face the important task of further deepening reform comprehensively, among which developing new quality productive forces is a key task. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC[n] made a series of strategic deployments in many areas, including the management and supervision system and mechanism, the optimisation and structural adjustment of the state-owned economy, enterprise functional positioning, and high-level opening up. In particular, central enterprises will further focus on expanding high-level opening up and cooperation, taking high-quality participation in the Belt and Road Initiative as a key point, better integrating into the global market, continuously improving the global layout of industrial chains, value chains and innovation chains, and adding certainty and stability to world economic development. Developing new quality productive forces and enhancing international competitiveness are internally unified, jointly embedded in the process of comprehensively deepening reform of state-owned enterprises. The nature, functional positioning and internal and external development environment of state-owned enterprises determine that their development must benchmark against world-class enterprises, effectively enhance international competitiveness, and safeguard national interests in fierce international competition. After years of reform efforts, compared with world-class enterprises in the same industry, state-owned enterprises still have a certain gap in core competitiveness, especially in value creation capability. In this context, as important market vehicles for foreign economic cooperation, state-owned enterprises actively cultivate and develop new quality productive forces, promoting a qualitative change in labourers, means of labour, objects of labour and their optimal combination, thereby breaking through the shortcomings and deficiencies existing in science and technology, efficiency, management and human resources. Achieving a new development model of high technology, high efficiency and high quality will inevitably help state-owned enterprises build new advantages in international cooperation and competition in the complex international competitive environment, comprehensively enhance their own international competitiveness, and thus better fulfil the mission and responsibility of state-owned enterprises in safeguarding national interests and promoting the building of a community with a shared future for mankind.

党的十八大以来，国有企业改革取得了历史性成绩，一些深层次体制机制障碍得以破除，为中国特色社会主义建设奠定了坚实的物质基础。在推进中国式现代化过程中，国有企业仍然面临着进一步全面深化改革的重要任务，其中发展新质生产力是其重点任务。党的二十届三中全会从管理监督体制机制、国有经济布局优化和结构调整、企业功能定位和高水平对外开放等诸多方面进行了一系列战略部署，尤其是中央企业将进一步聚焦扩大高水平开放合作，以高质量参建“一带一路”为重点，更好融入全球市场，持续完善产业链、价值链和创新链全球化布局，为世界经济发展增加确定性和稳定性。发展新质生产力与增强国际竞争力是内在统一的，共同内嵌于国有企业全面深化改革过程中。国有企业的性质、功能定位与内外部发展环境决定国有企业发展必须要对标世界一流企业，切实提升国际竞争力，在激烈的国际竞争中维护国家利益。经过多年的改革攻坚，与同行业世界一流企业相比，国有企业在核心竞争力方面尤其是价值创造能力方面还存在一定差距。在此背景下，国有企业作为对外经济合作的重要市场载体，积极培育发展新质生产力，推动国有企业在劳动者、劳动资料和劳动对象及其优化组合的质变，从而破解国有企业在科技、效率、管理和人力等方面存在的短板与不足，实现高科技、高效能和高质量的全新发展模式，这必然有助于国有企业在错综复杂的国际竞争环境中打造国际合作和竞争新优势，全面提升其自身国际竞争力，从而更好地践行国有企业在维护国家利益和推进构建人类命运共同体的使命担当。

III. Realistic dilemmas in state-owned enterprises developing new quality productive forces

三、国有企业发展新质生产力的现实困境

Although state-owned enterprises possess various advantages for developing new quality productive forces, they also face many dilemmas in the development process that urgently need to be overcome.

虽然国有企业具备发展新质生产力的各种优势，但在发展过程中亦面临着诸多困境，亟待加以破除。

1. Insufficient original innovation capability

1.原始创新能力不足

The key to developing new quality productive forces lies in giving full play to the driving role of scientific and technological innovation. The development of new quality productive forces cannot rely on general technological innovation and imitative innovation, but must rely on original, disruptive and frontier technological innovation. After long-term institutional and mechanistic reform, the innovation capability and innovation efficiency of state-owned enterprises have continuously improved, effectively driving a significant enhancement of their core competitiveness. However, original innovation, especially the original capability for key core technologies, remains insufficient and cannot fully meet the development requirements of new quality productive forces.

发展新质生产力，关键在于要充分发挥科技创新的驱动作用。新质生产力发展不能依靠一般技术创新与模仿创新，而要依靠原始性、颠覆性和前沿性的技术创新。经过长期的体制机制改革，国有企业创新能力与创新效率不断提升，有力带动了企业核心竞争力的显著提升。但是，原始创新尤其是对关键核心技术的原创能力不足，尚无法充分满足新质生产力的发展要求。

First, the level of original innovation in key core technologies is not high.

第一，关键核心技术原始创新水平不高。

Key core technologies are extremely complex, external, risky and systemic, making research and development extremely difficult and difficult to resolve by relying on market mechanisms. Overcoming key core technologies is an inevitable requirement for safeguarding national security and achieving high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening. Therefore, in the case of market failure, state-owned enterprises should naturally take on the mission of tackling key core technologies. However, overall, the original capability of state-owned enterprises to overcome key core technologies is insufficient. Compared with world-class enterprises, there are still obvious shortcomings in the level of original innovation in key core technologies. Although breakthroughs have been made in areas such as high-speed rail, communication equipment, wind turbines and high-end equipment, a comprehensive breakthrough of disruptive and frontier technologies in different key fields has not yet been formed. Many important fields, such as integrated circuits, still face “bottleneck” problems[n].

关键核心技术具有极高的复杂性、外部性、风险性和系统性，研发难度极大，很难依靠市场机制加以解决。攻克关键核心技术是维护国家安全和实现高水平科技自立自强的必然要求。因此，在市场失灵的情况下，国有企业理应担当起关键核心技术攻关的使命任务。但是，从整体上说，国有企业攻克关键核心技术的原创能力不足，与世界一流企业相比，关键核心技术的原始创新水平还存在明显短板，虽在高铁、通信器材、风力涡轮机和高端装备等领域取得了突破，但尚未形成颠覆性技术和前沿性技术在不同关键领域的全面突破，很多重要领域，例如集成电路，仍面临着“卡脖子”难题。

Second, original innovation investment and sustainability are insufficient.

第二，原始创新投入与可持续性不足。

The R&D system of state-owned enterprises is not sufficiently sound; they lack strategic focus on original innovation and a systematic concept of innovation. Due to concerns about risk, investment in basic research and original technology R&D is insufficient. Although, under policy guidance, state-owned enterprises increasingly emphasise building original technology source areas and R&D investment has increased year by year, there is still a clear gap compared with leading international enterprises of the same type. Moreover, R&D investment is mainly concentrated in technology transformation and market application environments, with insufficient investment in basic, common and forward-looking original technologies, which directly affects original innovation output. Furthermore, the transformation mechanism for original scientific and technological achievements is not sound, the achievement transformation rate is low, and the various links of technological innovation, especially the “last mile” of meeting market demand, have not yet been opened up. Not only that, state-owned enterprises also bear multiple tasks: they must both bravely take on national strategic tasks and ensure economic benefits. In practice, goal conflicts often arise. Considering the high risk of original technologies, sustained investment in original technologies is insufficient.

国有企业研发体系不够健全，在原始创新上的战略定力不足，缺乏创新的系统性观念，因担心风险问题，对基础研究和原创技术的研发投入不足。尽管在政策引领下，国有企业愈发重视打造原创技术策源地建设，研发投入也逐年递增，然而与国际同类领先企业相比仍有明显差距，并且研发投入主要集中于技术转化与市场应用环境，在基础性、共性和前瞻性的原创技术上的投入力度不足，进而直接影响原始创新产出。而且，原始科技成果转化机制不健全，成果转化率低，尚未打通技术创新的各个环节，尤其是满足市场需求的“最后一公里”。不仅如此，国有企业还承担着多重任务，既要勇于担当国家战略性任务，又要保障经济效益，在实践中经常会出现目标冲突，考虑到原创技术的高风险性，因此对原创技术的持续性投入不足。

Third, the original innovation incentive system is not sound.

第三，原始创新激励体系不健全。

Original technological innovation must ultimately realise social and economic value, so it must be guided by national strategic needs and market demand. The management model of state-owned enterprises is relatively inflexible; R&D institutions are stable but lack vitality, the innovation impetus of scientific researchers is insufficient, and the special organisational structure of state-owned enterprises leads to poor information transmission and low decision-making efficiency, resulting in insufficient original demand from the market. Many state-owned enterprises do not have market advantages in areas such as recruiting high-level innovative talent and salary systems, making it difficult to attract high-level original talent. At the same time, the degree of marketisation in innovation incentives is insufficient, incentive methods are singular, insufficient attention is paid to the original technological innovation of R&D personnel, and the innovative initiative of employees is not fully released, leading to a large loss of innovative talent.

原始技术创新最终要实现社会经济价值，因此必须要以国家战略需求与市场需求为导向。国有企业管理模式相对不够灵活，研发机构稳定有余而活力不足，科研人员的创新推力不足，加之国有企业特殊的组织结构导致信息传递不畅和决策效率不高，致使国有企业对市场的原创性需求不足。很多国有企业在高水平创新人才招聘和薪酬体系等方面不具备市场优势，很难吸引高水平的原创人才。同时，在创新激励上的市场化程度不充分，激励方式单一，对研发人员的原始技术创新不够重视，未充分释放员工的创新能动性，导致大量创新人才流失。

Fourth, the original innovation model is relatively outdated.

第四，原始创新模式较为陈旧。

For key core technological innovations related to national strategic security, it is necessary to give full play to the role of the new nationwide system for mobilizing resources. In this process, state-owned enterprises must act as the “main force,” organically integrating innovation resources across the industrial chain and collaboratively tackling major, critical original technologies. However, at present, the original innovation model of state-owned enterprises remains relatively outdated, mainly relying on independent innovation and internal innovation models, lacking sufficient openness and inclusiveness. There is insufficient cooperative innovation with stakeholders in the industrial chain such as customers, suppliers and competitors, and the efficiency of industry-university-research cooperation with universities and research institutes is low. This results in the “two separate skins” [7]7 The “two separate skins” (两张皮) is a Chinese idiom describing a situation where two things that should be integrated remain separate and disconnected, failing to form a cohesive whole. of science and technology on one side and the economy on the other, hindering the integration of the industrial chain and the innovation chain, thereby constraining the improvement of original innovation capabilities.

对于关系国家战略安全的关键核心技术创新，必须充分发挥新型举国体制的作用。在这个过程中国有企业要担当“主力军”,有机整合产业链创新资源，协同攻关重大关键性原创技术。但是，目前国有企业原始创新模式仍然较为陈旧，主要以独立创新与内部创新模式为主，开放性与包容性不足，与客户、供应商和竞争对手等产业链利益相关者的合作创新不足，与高校、科研院所等的产学研合作效率不高，存在科技与经济的“两张皮”,影响了产业链创新链融合，从而制约原始创新能力提升。

2. The institutional mechanisms for developing new quality productive forces are not sufficiently sound

2.发展新质生产力的体制机制不够健全

According to the interrelationship between productive forces and relations of production, for state-owned enterprises to accelerate the development of new quality productive forces, they must reform the relations of production at both the macro-policy level and the micro-enterprise level that are not adapted to the development of new quality productive forces. Currently, in the process of developing new quality productive forces, state-owned enterprises face numerous obstacles in terms of institutional mechanisms, which to varying degrees constrain their capacity to develop new quality productive forces.

根据生产力与生产关系的相互关系，国有企业加快发展新质生产力，必须改革不适应新质生产力发展的宏观政策层面与企业微观层面的生产关系。当前，国有企业在发展新质生产力的进程中，面临着诸多体制机制方面的障碍，这些障碍在不同程度上制约着国有企业发展新质生产力的能力。

First, the governance mechanisms of state-owned enterprises need to be improved.

第一，国有企业治理机制有待健全。

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC [8]8 The 18th National Congress of the CPC was held in November 2012, marking the beginning of the Xi Jinping era and the launch of comprehensive deepening of reforms, including a new wave of SOE reform., through systematic reforms such as mixed-ownership reform, classified reform, modern enterprise system reform and reform of the state-owned assets management system, the governance mechanisms of state-owned enterprises have been comprehensively developed, and the framework of a modern corporate governance system has been basically completed. However, some deep-seated governance problems have not yet been fully resolved. For example, the division of powers and responsibilities in the governance structure is unclear, agency costs are relatively high, and a synergy for development and effective checks and balances have not yet been formed. There are also issues such as how to achieve the organic integration of Party leadership with modern corporate governance, and how to implement the new requirements for the governance of state-owned enterprises put forward by the *New Company Law*. New quality productive forces require enterprises to be able to firmly grasp the forefront of market science and technology, possess agile decision-making capabilities and efficient execution capabilities, firmly seize development opportunities, and achieve leapfrog development. However, the existing governance mechanisms of state-owned enterprises can easily lead to unclear boundaries of responsibilities, overlapping powers and gaps in responsibilities, affecting the ability of state-owned enterprises to develop new quality productive forces.

党的十八大以来，通过混合所有制改革、分类改革、现代企业制度改革与国有资产管理体系改革等系统变革，国有企业治理机制得到了全面发展，现代化的公司治理体系框架基本完成。但是，一些深层次的治理难题尚未完全破解。例如治理结构权责不清晰，代理成本较高，尚未形成发展合力与有效制衡，如何实现党的领导与现代公司治理的有机结合，以及如何落实《新公司法》对国有企业治理提出的新要求等。新质生产力要求企业能够紧紧把握市场科技的最前沿，具备敏捷的决策能力和高效的执行能力，紧紧把握发展机遇，实现跨越式发展。而国有企业现有的治理机制容易导致职责边界不够清晰、权力交叉和职责空缺的情况，影响了国有企业发展新质生产力的能力。

Second, the innovation fault-tolerance mechanism and evaluation system are not yet complete.

第二，创新容错机制和评价体系尚不完善。

The development of new quality productive forces is a completely new attempt that breaks through traditional models. It requires constantly trying new concepts, technologies and business models, and inevitably faces enormous risks and even failure. At present, some localities and enterprises have introduced mechanisms and measures for fault tolerance and error correction for state-owned enterprises, but overall, there is still a lack of top-level institutional design, and the implementation of relevant policies is not in place. In practice, some state-owned enterprises have a low tolerance for failure and lack clear fault-tolerance standards and procedures. This leads many managers and employees of state-owned enterprises to be overly cautious when innovating, not daring to boldly try cutting-edge technologies and innovative models, thus constraining the development of new quality productive forces. Complementing the fault-tolerance mechanism is the assessment and evaluation system for state-owned enterprises. As an important part of the reform of state-owned enterprises, the evaluation system has achieved outstanding results after long-term reform. However, the evaluation mechanism for strategic missions such as developing new quality productive forces is not yet complete and is still in the exploratory stage. In the process of developing new quality productive forces, distinguishing between routine operational tasks and strategic mission tasks is quite complex, involving not only the construction of the assessment and evaluation system but also the functional positioning of different types of state-owned enterprises.

新质生产力发展是一种突破传统模式的全新尝试，需要不断尝试新的理念、技术和商业模式，不可避免要面临巨大风险甚至是失败。目前，一些地方和企业已经出台了关于国有企业容错纠错的机制和办法，但从整体上看，仍然缺乏顶层制度设计，相关政策落实不到位。在实践中，一些国有企业对失败的容忍度较低，并缺乏明确的容错标准和程序。这导致很多国有企业管理者和员工在创新时过于谨慎，不敢大胆尝试前沿技术和创新模式，从而束缚了新质生产力的发展。与容错机制相辅相成的是国有企业的考核评价体系。评价体系作为国有企业改革的重要内容，经过长期改革已经取得了突出的成效，但是对发展新质生产力这样的战略使命的评价机制尚不完善，处于探索阶段。在发展新质生产力过程中，如何区分日常经营性任务与战略使命任务具有相当的复杂性，不仅涉及考核评价体系的建设问题，也与对不同类型的国有企业如何进行功能定位密切相关。

Third, the investment mechanism of state-owned enterprises is not sufficiently optimized.

第三，国有企业投资机制不够优化。

On the one hand, when state-owned enterprises launch new businesses, invest in new projects or carry out major reforms, they often need to go through layers of approval, involving multiple government departments and internal levels. While this helps ensure the correctness of the investment direction, reduces investment risks, and contributes to the safety of state-owned assets and capital, it also consumes a large amount of transaction costs such as time and energy. In the field of new quality productive forces, where science and technology change rapidly and technological iterations and market demand changes are fast, enterprises may miss market opportunities due to excessively long approval processes. On the other hand, in resource allocation, some state-owned enterprises are influenced by administrative directives, traditional concepts or vested interests, and fail to allocate resources entirely according to market demand and efficiency principles. This leads to some potentially promising new quality productive forces projects being unable to obtain sufficient funding, talent and technical support, while some low-efficiency projects occupy a large amount of resources. This adverse selection phenomenon seriously affects the innovation efficiency and resource utilization efficiency of state-owned enterprises, leaving the development of new quality productive forces without the necessary resource guarantee.

一方面，国有企业在开展新业务、投资新项目或进行重大改革时，往往需要经过层层审批，涉及多个政府部门和内部层级。这固然有助于确保投资方向的正确性，减少投资风险，有助于国有资产资本的安全，但同时也会耗费大量的时间、精力等交易成本，在新质生产力领域，科技发展日新月异，技术迭代和市场需求变化快速，有可能让企业因审批过久导致错失市场机遇。另一方面，部分国有企业在资源分配上，受到行政指令、传统观念或既得利益的影响，未能完全依据市场需求和效率原则进行配置。这导致一些具有潜力的新质生产力项目难以获得足够的资金、人才和技术支持，而一些效益低下的项目却占用了大量资源。这种逆向选择现象严重影响国有企业的创新效率和资源利用效率，使新质生产力的发展缺乏必要的资源保障。

3. The layout of the state-owned economy is not sufficiently rational

3.国有经济布局不够合理

The layout of the state-owned economy has always been a key focus of state-owned enterprise reform. After long-term reform, the state-owned economy has gradually concentrated in important industries and key fields related to national security and the lifeline of the national economy. However, there are still some problems with the layout of the state-owned economy, which cannot meet the strategic requirements for accelerating the development of new quality productive forces.

国有经济布局一直以来是国有企业改革的重点内容。经过长期改革，国有经济逐步向关系国家安全、国民经济命脉的重要行业和关键领域集中，但是国有经济布局依然存在一些问题，无法满足加快发展新质生产力的战略要求。

First, some state-owned enterprises still have unclear positioning and undefined main businesses.

第一，部分国有企业仍然存在定位不清和主业不明的问题。

Currently, due to the imperfect macro-management, supervision and assessment system for the functional positioning of the state-owned economy, the business objectives and main businesses of some state-owned enterprises remain ambiguous. These enterprises excessively pursue high profits and high returns, thereby neglecting or even deviating from their own core functions and strategic positioning. This situation makes it easy for enterprises to deviate from the overall requirements of the national strategy, easily leading to major decision-making errors and blindly venturing into industrial fields completely unrelated to their main business. This not only causes a massive waste of resources but also leads to the abandonment of many projects. Moreover, because the layout has not been optimized, even for projects belonging to the category of new quality productive forces, such as integrated circuit manufacturing and new energy vehicles, blind clustering of investments can easily occur. Some state-owned enterprises, despite having weak industrial foundations and a serious lack of resource advantages, still blindly carry out new industrial layouts, ultimately resulting in poor business performance and financial difficulties with tight capital chains. This considerably reduces the efficiency of state-owned enterprises in developing new quality productive forces.

当前，由于对国有经济功能定位的宏观管理和监督考核体制尚不完善，部分国有企业的经营目标和主业仍旧存在模糊不清的问题。这些企业过度追求高额利润和高回报，从而忽视甚至偏离了自身应有的核心功能和战略定位。这种情况致使企业极易偏离国家战略的总体要求，很容易引发重大决策的失误，盲目地涉足与主营业务毫无关联的产业领域。这不仅造成了资源的大量浪费，还导致了众多项目的烂尾结局。而且，由于布局未能实现优化，即便是对于集成电路制造和新能源汽车等属于新质生产力范畴的项目，也容易出现盲目扎堆投资的现象。有的国有企业在产业基础薄弱和严重缺乏资源优势的情况下，仍然盲目地进行新产业布局，最终造成企业经营状况不佳，资金链陷入紧张的财务困境。这在相当程度上降低了国有企业发展新质生产力方面的效率。

Second, the business areas involved in some state-owned enterprises are excessively broad.

第二，部分国有企业所涉及的业务领域存在过于宽泛的现象。

Some state-owned enterprises, leveraging the advantages of the old system, extend their business scope beyond reasonable limits, gradually deviating from their main responsibilities and core businesses, leading to low resource allocation efficiency. For example, some state-owned enterprise groups deviate from their main business, which not only weakens the enterprises’ own core competitiveness and affects their ability to develop new quality productive forces, but also squeezes the development space of other ownership economies. Some local state-owned enterprise groups have acquired an astonishing number of subsidiaries, reaching hundreds, yet very few are actually related to their main business.

部分国有企业借助旧体制的优势，业务范畴超出合理范围，逐渐脱离了主责主业，从而导致资源配置效率低下。例如，一些国有企业集团偏离主业，不仅削弱了企业自身的核心竞争力，影响了国有企业发展新质生产力的能力。而且，还对其他所有制经济的发展空间形成了挤压。有的地方国有企业集团并购子公司数量惊人，多达数百个，然而真正与其主业相关的却寥寥无几。

Third, the layout of the state-owned economy is not sufficiently concentrated.

第三，国有经济的布局不够集中。

At the current stage, some state-owned capital is relatively concentrated in certain traditional industries and areas of overcapacity. However, in key areas for the development of new quality productive forces, such as strategic emerging industries and high-tech industries, the investment is relatively insufficient, failing to give full play to the national strategic support function that state-owned enterprises should have. For example, in cutting-edge fields such as artificial intelligence, quantum communication and biomedicine, the degree of participation and scale of investment by state-owned capital lag behind the needs of industrial development. This situation leads to a clear lack of competitiveness for state-owned enterprises in the frontier areas of developing new quality productive forces, making it difficult for them to effectively lead industrial upgrading and innovation-driven development.

现阶段，部分国有资本在一些传统产业和过剩产能领域的分布呈现出较为集中的状态。然而，在战略性新兴产业和高新技术产业等新质生产力发展的关键领域，投入力度却相对欠缺，没有充分发挥出国有企业应有的国家战略支撑功能。例如，在人工智能、量子通信和生物医药等前沿领域，国有资本的参与度和投入规模与产业发展需求相比存在一定差距。这一状况导致国有企业在发展新质生产力的前沿领域明显缺乏竞争力，难以有效引领产业升级和创新发展。

Fourth, the regional layout of the state-owned economy is not sufficiently rational.

第四，国有经济的区域布局不够合理。

In the economically more developed eastern coastal regions, the reform of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) has been deeper, and their core competitiveness is often stronger. These regions usually possess good infrastructure, convenient transportation networks, abundant human resources, as well as advanced technology and management experience; SOEs have significant advantages in cultivating and developing new quality productive forces. In contrast, in the central and western regions, the development of SOEs is relatively lagging, with gaps compared to the eastern regions in terms of scale, technological level, and innovation capacity. Moreover, the SOEs in these regions are mainly concentrated in traditional industries, such as resource extraction and primary processing, with less involvement in emerging industries and high-tech fields, and their capacity to develop new quality productive forces is limited. Due to the imbalance in regional distribution, SOEs cannot form an efficient, coordinated regional development in the process of developing new quality productive forces, leading to an uneven spatial distribution of new quality productive forces, which further widens the regional development gap.

在经济较为发达的东部沿海地区，国有企业改革更为深入，其核心竞争力往往较强。这些地区通常拥有良好的基础设施、便捷的交通网络、丰富的人才资源，以及先进的技术和管理经验，国有企业在培育和发展新质生产力方面具有显著优势。相比之下，在中西部地区，国有企业发展则相对滞后，在规模、技术水平和创新能力等方面与东部地区存在差距。不仅如此，这些地区的国有企业主要集中在传统产业，例如资源开采、初级加工等，在新兴产业和高科技领域涉足较少，发展新质生产力的能力有限。由于区域布局的不平衡，导致国有企业在发展新质生产力过程中无法形成高效的区域协调发展，导致新质生产力在空间上的分布不均衡，进一步拉大了区域发展差距。

IV. Path Choices for SOEs to Develop New Quality Productive Forces

四、国有企业发展新质生产力的路径选择

New quality productive forces point out an important direction for the deepening reform of SOEs. SOEs should strengthen their sense of mission, fully recognize the strategic significance and contemporary value of developing new quality productive forces, and incorporate the development of new quality productive forces into their long-term strategic planning. In this process, it is necessary to fully understand the connotation and extension of new quality productive forces, avoid the tendencies of "narrowing" and "overgeneralization," and clarify the path choices for SOEs in developing new quality productive forces.

新质生产力为国有企业深化改革指明了重要发展方向，国有企业应当增强使命意识，充分认识到发展新质生产力的战略意义和时代价值，将新质生产力发展纳入国有企业长期战略规划中。在这个过程中，要充分理解新质生产力的内涵和外延，避免“窄化”和“泛化”的倾向，明确国有企业在发展新质生产力方面的路径选择。

1. Lead Scientific and Technological Innovation, Build a "Source" of High-Level Original Technology

1.引领科技创新，打造高水平原创技术的“策源地”

To fundamentally better drive the development of new quality productive forces, SOEs should lead industrial scientific and technological innovation and assume the mission of serving as a "source" in original technological innovation.

为了从根本上更好地驱动新质生产力发展，国有企业应当引领好产业科技创新，在原创技术创新方面承担着“策源地”的使命任务。

First, concentrate efforts on tackling key bottlenecks and break through core technologies in key areas.

第一，集聚攻关力量，突破关键核心技术。

With government support, clarify strategic positioning and improve the top-level design for promoting high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening. Fully leverage the advantages of the new nationwide system for mobilizing resources [9]9 The "new nationwide system for mobilizing resources" (新型举国体制) refers to a contemporary Chinese institutional mechanism that combines state strategic direction with market mechanisms to concentrate national resources on achieving breakthroughs in key technologies and strategic sectors, particularly in the context of scientific and technological self-reliance., build high-level collaborative innovation platforms, integrate innovation entities and resources, deeply advance cooperation with other innovative enterprises, universities, research institutes, intermediary institutions, social capital, and leading customers, share resources, leverage strengths and avoid weaknesses, carry out collaborative research around important key generic technologies within the industry, expand experiments on core key technologies, make every effort to advance breakthroughs in core key technologies in key fields, produce more original achievements, and effectively play the innovation-leading role of a science and technology source. Among them, central enterprises and local SOEs should strengthen "central-local cooperation," optimize the innovative allocation of state-owned capital through models such as equity integration, and assist original technological innovation. Under the new nationwide system for mobilizing resources, SOEs should focus on integrating into the construction of innovation consortia. For innovation consortia, a new type of innovation organization for tackling core key technologies, SOEs possess the strength and traction to take the lead; they should bravely assume the role of "leading enterprises," act as the initiators of original innovation, innovate organizational models, create a good open innovation atmosphere, absorb high-quality innovation entities as much as possible, collaboratively break through the pain points and difficulties in industry-university-research cooperation, integrate the links of original innovation, technology transformation, and market application, build an upgraded version of innovation consortia, and provide strong support for high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening.

在政府支持下，明确战略定位，完善推进高水平科技自立自强的顶层设计。充分发挥新型举国体制优势，搭建高水平协同创新平台，整合创新主体与资源，深入推进与其他创新企业、高校、科研院所、中介机构、社会资本和领先客户的合作，共享资源，扬长避短，围绕行业内重要的关键共性技术开展协同攻关，扩大关键核心技术的试验，全力推进重点领域的关键核心技术攻关，产出更多的原创性成果，切实发挥科技策源地的创新引领作用。其中，中央企业和地方国有企业要强化“央地合作”,通过股权融合等模式，优化国有资本创新配置，助力原始技术创新。在新型举国体制下，国有企业要注重融入创新联合体建设。对于创新联合体这一攻关关键核心技术的新型创新组织，国有企业具备牵头的实力与牵引力，应当勇于担当“领军企业”,充当原始创新的带头者，创新组织模式，营造良好的开放创新氛围，尽可能吸纳优质的创新主体，协同破除产学研合作的痛点难点，将原始创新、技术转化与市场应用各环节融会贯通，打造创新联合体升级版，为高水平科技自立自强提供有力支撑。

Second, increase R&D investment and lead original technological innovation.

第二，加大研发投入，引领原始技术创新。

Focusing on key original technologies that constrain the development of new quality productive forces, optimize the innovation investment management mechanism, increase the amount and proportion of R&D funding for cutting-edge and leading original technologies, broaden the sources of original innovation investment, establish a sustained and stable R&D investment mechanism, and provide sufficient material guarantees for the original technological innovation of SOEs. Centering on the national strategic needs and development goals, improve the ability to analyze and decompose original innovation needs, dynamically identify innovation opportunities, plan ahead for original innovation in key fields, and lead major breakthroughs in original achievements within the industry. SOEs should also uphold an open and inclusive innovation mindset, align with major national strategic needs, actively participate in the construction of basic research platforms such as national major special projects, and those that meet the conditions should build or establish specialized basic research institutions on their own.

围绕制约新质生产力发展的关键原创技术，优化创新投入管理机制，增加对前沿性和引领性原始技术研发经费投入数量与比例，拓宽原始创新投入来源，建立持续稳定的研发投入机制，为国有企业技术原始创新提供充足的物质保障。围绕国家的战略需求及发展目标，提高原始创新需求分析与拆解能力，动态识别创新机遇，对关键领域的原始创新提前谋划，引领行业内原创成果重大突破。国有企业还应秉承开放包容的创新心态，对标重大国家战略需求，积极参与国家重大专项等基础研究平台建设，符合条件的应当自建或创建专门的基础研发机构。

Third, optimize systems and mechanisms to enhance the driving force for original innovation.

第三，优化体制机制，增强原始创新动力。

Optimize the incentive mechanism for original innovation, leverage the advantages of SOEs' scientific and technological innovation talent, scientifically evaluate the value of original technologies, and integrate this with talent evaluation mechanisms and compensation mechanisms. For R&D personnel in original technologies, fully recognize the uncertainty of original technologies, design a compensation system that is competitive, risk-controllable, and focused on long-term returns. This should include both competitive material rewards or long-term benefits, such as salary, bonuses, equity, and dividends, and also emphasize spiritual incentives to meet the psychological needs of scientific and technological talents for emotion, respect, and self-actualization, fully reflecting their main role and important value, and stimulating their innovation momentum and sense of responsibility. Moreover, build dynamic, highly stable, and sustainable scientific research teams, create a good scientific research atmosphere, strengthen the construction of an innovative talent team, grant scientific researchers sufficient autonomy in research, and smooth the channels for talent development. For reasonable exploration of original technologies, foster an innovation atmosphere of tolerance and fearlessness of failure; leaders must have a sense of responsibility, and stimulate the original innovation enthusiasm of scientific researchers through collective decision-making and exemption mechanisms.

优化原始创新激励机制，发挥国有企业的科技创新人才优势，科学评价原创技术价值，并将其与人才评价机制与薪酬机制相融合。对于原创技术研发人员，要充分认识到原创技术的不确定性，设计有竞争力、风险可控和注重长期回报的薪酬体系，既要有市场竞争力的物质奖励或长期收益，例如薪酬、奖励、股权和分红等，也要注重精神激励，满足科技人才的情感、尊重和自我实现等心理需求，充分体现其主体作用和重要价值，激发其创新动能与责任意识。不仅如此，还要搭建有活力、稳定性高和可持续性强的科研团队，营造良好的科研氛围，加强创新人才队伍建设，赋予科研人员足够的科研自主权，畅通人才发展渠道。对于原创性技术的合理探索，营造宽容、不怕失败的创新氛围，领导者要有担当精神，通过集体决策与免责机制来激发科研人员的原始创新热情。

2. Further Deepen Reform Comprehensively and Establish a Governance System Adapted to the Development of New Quality Productive Forces

2.进一步全面深化改革，建立适应新质生产力发展的治理体系

SOEs should take the development of new quality productive forces as an important reform goal, start with new types of production relations, and build a governance system suitable for SOEs to develop new quality productive forces in the New Era.

国有企业应当将发展新质生产力作为重要的改革目标，从新型生产关系入手，构建适应新时代国有企业发展新质生产力的治理体系。

First, strengthen Party leadership and improve the scientific nature and efficiency of decision-making.

第一，强化党的领导，提高决策科学性与效率。

First, the governance of Party organizations in SOEs has an important impact on the board of directors' decision-making process. Therefore, Party leadership should be organically embedded in the modern corporate governance system to design strategic plans for SOEs to accelerate the development of new quality productive forces. Scientifically decompose the development plan for new quality productive forces and implement responsibilities, clarify the management responsibilities and behavioral boundaries of relevant business units and departments, straighten out the process nodes of each link in developing new quality productive forces, clarify the performance of duties by various departments and units, reduce transaction costs, control key management links, and ensure the rigid execution and implementation of the development plan for new quality productive forces. Second, balance decision-making quality and decision-making efficiency, continuously optimize the board of directors' decision-making mechanism, and provide institutional guarantees for the development of new quality productive forces. The Party committee should strictly review the board of directors' important investment decision plans and actively guide enterprises to actively develop new quality productive forces. When making important decisions related to new quality productive forces, the board of directors should widely listen to opinions and suggestions from all parties, especially non-state-owned shareholders, reduce information asymmetry, and improve the scientific nature and timeliness of decision-making. Third, strengthen strategic control and enhance execution, supervision, and binding force. Establish a regular evaluation and feedback mechanism to quantitatively assess the implementation of decisions and deployments. Formulate detailed task decomposition plans, clarifying responsible persons and time nodes. Finally, for major business decision-making matters related to new quality productive forces, on the one hand, governance control should be strengthened, taking equity relations as the foundation, fully leveraging the role of external directors in participating in decision-making, supervision and checks and balances, and professional consulting, forming an organic check and balance of diverse equity; on the other hand, operational control should be strengthened, increasing capital investment, establishing risk early warning mechanisms, promptly identifying and responding to potential risks, optimizing resource allocation, strengthening communication and collaboration between departments, and improving operational efficiency and quality.

首先，国有企业党组织治理对董事会决策过程具有重要影响，因此要将党的领导有机嵌入现代公司治理体系中，设计国有企业加快发展新质生产力的战略规划。对新质生产力发展规划进行科学分解与责任落实，明确相关业务单位与部门管理职责与行为边界，理顺发展新质生产力各环节的流程节点，清晰各部门各单位履职，降低交易成本，把控关键管理环节，确保新质生产力发展规划的刚性执行与落地。其次，兼顾决策质量与决策效率，不断优化董事会决策机制，为新质生产力发展提供制度保障。党委会要对董事会重要投资决策方案严格把关，积极引导企业积极发展新质生产力。董事会在涉及新质生产力的重要决策方面要做到广泛听取各方意见建议，尤其是非国有股东意见，降低信息不对称程度，提高决策的科学性与时效性。再次，强化战略管控，增强执行力、监督力和约束力。建立定期评估与反馈机制，对决策部署的执行情况进行量化评估。制定详细的任务分解计划，明确责任人和时间节点。最后，针对新质生产力重大经营决策事项，一方面，应强化治理管控，以股权关系为根基，充分发挥外部董事的参与决策、监督制衡和专业咨询的作用，形成多元股权的有机制衡；另一方面，应加强运营管控，加大资金投入，建立风险预警机制，及时识别和应对潜在风险，优化资源分配，加强部门间的沟通与协作，提高运营效率和质量。

Second, establish an innovation fault-tolerance mechanism and evaluation system adapted to the development of new quality productive forces.

第二，建立适应新质生产力发展的创新容错机制与评价体系。

First, the innovation fault-tolerance mechanism for state-owned enterprises must be continuously improved. In light of the characteristics and potential risks of developing new quality productive forces, the boundaries of fault tolerance should be clearly defined, and reasonable explorations of new technologies, new models, and new business forms in the process of developing new quality productive forces should be included within the scope of fault tolerance. Different behavioral boundaries should be scientifically delineated, distinguishing errors and mistakes arising from lack of experience and reality from illegal or disciplinary violations committed with full knowledge and intent or for personal gain. A risk assessment mechanism for the development of new quality productive forces should be established; before major decisions are made, a scientific and comprehensive risk assessment should be conducted, in-process controls should be strengthened, and for attempts that have undergone scientific assessment and adopted corresponding risk prevention measures, a certain space for fault tolerance and error correction should be granted. Second, the establishment of an evaluation system for state-owned enterprises’ fulfillment of strategic missions should be accelerated. The strategic missions of state-owned enterprises should be further clarified and defined—for example, specifying the functions, roles, and responsibilities of state-owned enterprises in the process of developing new quality productive forces, ensuring that the development of state-owned enterprises is closely integrated with national strategy. For the development of new quality productive forces, a multi-dimensional evaluation system should be established, considering not only traditional economic and financial indicators but also incorporating indicators related to the development of new quality productive forces, such as the leading role in industrial development, the layout of emerging and future industries, and breakthrough innovations in original technologies. Evaluations should uphold a long-term and dynamic perspective; for some new quality productive forces projects that require long-term investment and cultivation, avoid judging solely by short-term performance, but instead focus on their long-term comprehensive socio-economic value, and adjust evaluation indicators and weights in a timely manner according to internal and external changes, making the evaluation system more dynamic and adaptive. The evaluation subjects should be diversified, organically integrating internal self-assessment, evaluation by superior competent departments, and evaluation by third-party professional institutions. Finally, an effective feedback and improvement mechanism should be established to provide guiding opinions for state-owned enterprises to develop new quality productive forces, urging them to continuously optimize strategic decisions and better develop new quality productive forces.

首先，要不断健全国有企业创新容错机制。针对新质生产力发展的特点和可能风险，明确容错边界，将发展新质生产力过程中对新技术、新模式和新业态中的合理探索纳入容错范围。科学界定不同行为边界，将因缺乏经验和现实性导致的错误失误与明知故犯、谋取私利的违法违纪行为相区分。建立新质生产力发展的风险评估机制，在进行重大决策之前进行科学全面的风险评估，强化事中控制，对已经过科学评估且采取相应风险防范举措的尝试，要给予一定的容错纠错空间。其次，要加快建立国有企业履行战略使命评价制度。进一步明确与界定国有企业的战略使命，例如明确国有企业在发展新质生产力过程中的功能、角色与责任，确保国有企业发展与国家战略密切结合。对于发展新质生产力，应设立多维度的评价体系，既要考虑传统的经济财务指标，更要纳入与新质生产力发展相关的指标，例如对产业发展的引领作用、对新兴产业和未来产业的布局、原始技术的突破性创新等。评价应秉持长期与动态视角，对一些需要长期投入和培育的新质生产力项目，避免仅以短期业绩来评判，而是关注其长期的社会经济综合价值，并根据内外部变化适时调整评价指标和权重，让评价体系更具动态性和适应性。评价主体应当多元化，将内部自评、上级主管部门评估和第三方专业机构评价有机融合。最后，要建立有效的反馈与改进机制，为国有企业提供发展新质生产力的指导意见，督促国有企业不断优化战略决策，更好地发展新质生产力。

3. Accelerate the optimization of the state-owned economic layout, actively cultivate emerging industries and future industries

3.加速优化国有经济布局，积极培育新兴产业与未来产业

In response to some problems existing in the layout of the state-owned economy, we should, centering on the development requirements of new quality productive forces, further promote the structural adjustment and layout optimization of the state-owned economy, scientifically deploy emerging industries and future industries, and maximize the strategic supporting role of state-owned enterprises for new quality productive forces.

针对国有经济布局存在的一些问题，应围绕新质生产力的发展要求，进一步推进国有经济结构调整与布局优化，科学部署新兴产业与未来产业，最大程度发挥国有企业对新质生产力的战略支撑作用。

First, clarify the strategic positioning, focus on the main business, and develop new quality productive forces according to local conditions.

第一，明确战略定位，聚焦主业，因地制宜发展新质生产力。

Centering on the development requirements of new quality productive forces, the classified reform of state-owned enterprises should be further promoted, and the core functions and strategic positioning of different types of state-owned enterprises should be clarified. State-owned enterprises should, based on their own business characteristics, clarify their core business areas, focus on their main responsibilities and main businesses, and actively integrate into the development of new quality productive forces. At the same time, the scope of business distribution should be reasonably controlled, concentrating resources and strength on a certain key area of new quality productive forces for layout and tackling key problems, avoiding blind expansion into areas unrelated to the main business. To concentrate resources and strength to accelerate the development of new quality productive forces, it is necessary to promote the merger and reorganization of state-owned enterprises, cultivate a batch of high-quality state-owned enterprises with prominent and distinct main businesses and strong core competitiveness, integrate or withdraw businesses that exceed the scope of the main business and have unclear core functions, and concentrate strength on major tasks of the main business.

围绕新质生产力发展要求，应进一步推进国有企业分类改革，明确不同类型国有企业的核心功能和战略定位。国有企业要根据自身业务特征，明确核心业务领域，围绕主责主业，积极融入新质生产力发展中。同时，应合理控制业务分布领域，集中资源和力量在新质生产力的某个关键领域进行布局和攻关，避免盲目扩展到与主业无关的领域。为集中资源和力量加快发展新质生产力，需推动国有企业的合并重组，培育出一批主业鲜明突出、具备强大核心竞争力的优质国有企业，整合或清退超出主业范畴且核心功能模糊不清的业务，集中力量办主业大事。

Second, play the role of “chain leader” and lead the construction of the modern industrial system.

第二，发挥“链长”功能，引领现代化产业体系建设。

State-owned enterprises should clarify their own “chain leader” role in the industrial chain, leveraging their advantages in technology, resources, and institutions, plan and lay out the industrial chain around the development of new quality productive forces, actively lead upstream and downstream enterprises in the industrial chain to form industrial clusters for the development of new quality productive forces, and lead the industrial chain and value chain to move towards the mid-to-high end. In emerging industries such as high-end equipment, advanced chemical materials, new energy, and new energy vehicles, state-owned enterprises should strengthen inter-chain collaboration; state-owned enterprises should achieve integrated development with high-quality small and medium-sized enterprises, collaboratively solve pain points and blockages in the industrial chain, and collaboratively enhance the resilience and security level of the industrial chain and supply chain. State-owned enterprises should actively lay out the digital economy and artificial intelligence fields, promote the digital transformation of enterprises, advance the intelligent management of resource allocation and production processes, and actively implement a green development strategy, increase environmental protection investment, develop green industries, accelerate energy conservation and emission reduction, and lead the digital, intelligent, and green transformation of the entire industrial chain.

国有企业要明确自身在产业链中的“链长”作用，凭借在技术、资源和制度等方面的优势，围绕发展新质生产力谋划布局产业链，积极引领产业链上下游企业形成新质生产力发展产业集群，引领产业链价值链向中高端迈进。在高端装备、先进化工材料、新能源和新能源汽车等新兴产业领域，国有企业之间要强化产业链间协作，国有企业应与优质中小企业之间实现融通发展，协同解决产业链中的痛点和堵点，协同提升产业链供应链韧性与安全水平。国有企业应积极布局数字经济和人工智能领域，推动企业数字化转型，推进资源配置和生产过程的智能化管理，并积极实施绿色发展战略，加大环保投入，发展绿色产业，加快节能减排，引领整个产业链的数字化智能化绿色化转型。

Third, strengthen policy guidance and lay out forward-looking strategic emerging industries and future industries.

第三，加强政策引领，布局前瞻性战略性新兴产业和未来产业。

Grasp the global trends in technological development, face the major national needs and strategic areas of contention, and plan and deploy forward-looking strategic industries such as a new generation of information technology, biotechnology, new energy, new materials, and high-end equipment manufacturing, as well as future industries such as quantum mechanics, the space economy, and life sciences. In this process, state-owned enterprises should formulate a scientific development plan for new quality productive forces, scientifically analyze market demand and industry trends, combine national strategy with their own advantages, and scientifically lay out a number of key emerging industries and future industries, avoiding losses caused by blind layout. The state should strengthen policy guidance, provide macro-level guidance for the industrial layout of state-owned enterprises of different types and scales, and provide policy support such as financial subsidies, tax incentives, and financial support for key industries.

把握全球科技发展趋势，面向国家重大需求和战略必争领域，谋划部署新一代信息技术、生物技术、新能源、新材料和高端装备制造等前瞻性战略性产业以及量子力学、太空经济和生命科学等未来产业。在这个过程中，国有企业要制定科学的新质生产力发展规划，科学分析市场需求与行业态势，结合国家战略和自身优势，科学布局若干重点新兴产业和未来产业，避免盲目布局造成的损失。国家要加强政策引领，对不同类型不同规模国有企业的产业布局进行宏观指导，并对重点产业提供财政补贴、税收优惠和金融支持等政策。

Fourth, strengthen regional cooperation and promote the coordinated development of new quality productive forces.

第四，加强区域合作，促进新质生产力协调发展。

We should closely focus on the national strategic need for coordinated regional development, take the layout of the state-owned economy as an important entry point, and vigorously promote the coordinated regional development of new quality productive forces. State-owned enterprises in different regions need to fully consider their own actual conditions, combine local resource conditions, industrial foundations, and market environments, and develop new quality productive forces according to local conditions, avoiding duplicate project construction and vicious competition. Given the factor endowments of the central and western regions in terms of land, labor, and natural resources, state-owned enterprises in the eastern region can give full play to their own advantages in capital, technology, and management, and actively lay out new quality productive forces projects in the central and western regions. In this way, not only can advanced technology and management experience be brought to the central and western regions, promoting the optimization and upgrading of local industrial structures, but also their own development space can be expanded, achieving mutual benefit and win-win results. In addition, state-owned enterprises in the eastern region and those in the central and western regions can closely focus on the overall strategic planning and layout of new quality productive forces, based on their respective comparative advantages, and strengthen cooperation on projects related to new quality productive forces. For example, in terms of technology research and development, state-owned enterprises in the eastern region can provide capital and technical support, while state-owned enterprises in the central and western regions can provide experimental sites and data samples. In terms of market development, state-owned enterprises in the eastern region can use their mature market channels and brand influence to drive products from the central and western regions to broader markets, while state-owned enterprises in the central and western regions can provide state-owned enterprises in the eastern region with lower-cost production bases and raw material supply. Through such deep cooperation, jointly promote the development of new quality productive forces, thereby accelerating the promotion of coordinated regional economic development.

应当紧紧围绕区域协调发展这一国家战略需求，将国有经济布局作为重要的切入点，大力推进新质生产力的区域协调发展。不同地区的国有企业需要充分考虑自身的实际状况，结合当地的资源条件、产业基础和市场环境等因素，因地制宜地发展新质生产力，避免出现项目重复建设和恶性竞争。鉴于中西部地区在土地、劳动力和自然资源等方面的要素禀赋，东部地区的国有企业可以充分发挥自身的资金、技术和管理等优势，在中西部地区积极布局新质生产力项目。通过这种方式，不仅能够为中西部地区带来先进的技术和管理经验，促进当地产业结构的优化升级，还能拓展自身的发展空间，实现互利共赢。此外，东部地区与中西部地区的国有企业可以紧密围绕新质生产力的整体战略规划与布局，依据各自的比较优势，加强在新质生产力相关项目上的合作。例如，在技术研发方面，东部地区国有企业可以提供资金和技术支持，中西部地区的国有企业则可以提供实验场地和数据样本。在市场开拓方面，东部地区的国有企业可以利用其成熟的市场渠道和品牌影响力，带动中西部地区的产品走向更广阔的市场，而中西部地区的国有企业可以为东部地区的国有企业提供成本较低的生产基地和原材料供应。通过这样的深度合作，共同推动新质生产力的发展，从而加快促进区域经济协调发展。

Online editor: Paul

网络编辑：保罗