Promoting the Deep Integration of the Real Economy and the Digital Economy

The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC pointed out, “Improve the system for promoting the deep integration of the real economy and the digital economy. Accelerate the advancement of new industrialization, cultivate and strengthen advanced manufacturing clusters, and promote the high-end, intelligent, and green development of manufacturing.” China is the world’s largest manufacturing country. Promoting the deep integration of the real economy and the digital economy is the key to continuously empowering China’s economic development and industrial transformation and upgrading.

党的二十届三中全会指出，“健全促进实体经济和数字经济深度融合制度。加快推进新型工业化，培育壮大先进制造业集群，推动制造业高端化、智能化、绿色化发展”。我国是世界制造业第一大国，促进实体经济和数字经济深度融合，是持续赋能我国经济发展和产业转型升级的关键所在。

I. A Profound Understanding of the Practical Significance of Promoting the Deep Integration of the Real Economy and the Digital Economy

一、深刻认识促进实体经济和数字经济深度融合的现实意义

Promoting the deep integration of the real economy and the digital economy is a strategic choice for seizing the new opportunities presented by the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation. With the breakthrough development of emerging digital technologies, the global industrial structure and division of labor are undergoing unprecedented changes. Facing the trend of digitalization, it is necessary to place the promotion of the deep integration of the real economy and the digital economy in an important strategic position.

促进实体经济和数字经济深度融合是把握新一轮科技革命和产业变革新机遇的战略选择。随着新兴数字技术的突破式发展，全球产业结构与产业分工正经历前所未有的变化。面对数字化潮流，必须把促进实体经济和数字经济深度融合摆在重要战略位置。

Promoting the integration of the real and digital economies is the core driving force for advancing new industrialization. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized, “We must stand at the height of coordinating the overall strategy for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and the changes unseen in a century, coordinate both the domestic and international situations and the two major tasks of development and security, fully leverage the advantages of massive data and rich application scenarios, promote the deep integration of digital technology and the real economy, empower the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries, spawn new industries, new business forms, and new models, and continuously strengthen, optimize, and expand China’s digital economy.” A profound grasp of the development laws of the digital economy and vigorous promotion of the deep integration of the real economy and the digital economy are conducive to advancing China’s new industrialization and promoting high-quality development. The deep integration of the real economy and the digital economy is not only an important feature of new industrialization but also a key task and core driving force for advancing it. The integration of the real and digital economies is a critical path for improving manufacturing production efficiency. The deep application of data elements can reshape the production process of manufacturing, achieving a qualitative leap in production efficiency. The integration of the real and digital economies is an important support for building an autonomous and controllable industrial chain. It can assist in breaking through key technical nodes in traditional manufacturing, effectively enhancing the resilience and risk resistance of the industrial chain, and continuously improving China’s position in the global industrial chain.

促进实数融合是推进新型工业化的核心动能。习近平总书记强调，“我们要站在统筹中华民族伟大复兴战略全局和世界百年未有之大变局的高度，统筹国内国际两个大局、发展安全两件大事，充分发挥海量数据和丰富应用场景优势，促进数字技术和实体经济深度融合，赋能传统产业转型升级，催生新产业新业态新模式，不断做强做优做大我国数字经济”。深刻把握数字经济发展规律，大力促进实体经济和数字经济深度融合，有利于推动我国新型工业化，促进经济高质量发展。实体经济和数字经济深度融合，不仅是新型工业化的重要特征，也是推进新型工业化的关键任务和核心动能。实数融合是提升制造业生产效率的关键路径，数据要素的深度应用可重塑制造业的生产过程，使生产效率实现质的飞跃。实数融合是构建自主可控产业链的重要支撑，能够辅助突破传统制造业中的重要技术节点，有效增强产业链韧性和抗风险能力，不断提升中国在全球产业链中的地位。

Promoting the integration of the real and digital economies embodies the inherent requirements of the development of new quality productive forces. Accelerating the promotion of the deep integration of the real economy and the digital economy to form new development momentum is the core task and inherent requirement for developing new quality productive forces. Utilizing digital technology to empower the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries, accelerating the digital transformation of industries and the development of digital industrialization, spawning new industries, new business forms, and new models, accelerating the construction of a modern infrastructure system, actively promoting the integrated cluster development of strategic emerging industries, and striving to build internationally competitive digital industry clusters are the key tasks at present. Through the digital and intelligent transformation and upgrading of traditional industries, new quality productive forces can be developed on a larger scale, and the leap from traditional productive forces to new quality productive forces can be accelerated. In addition, implementing industrial strategies that adapt to the development of new quality productive forces requires formulating forward-looking industrial policies to guide the effective allocation of resources among industries, which is conducive to fully leveraging the role of industrial development in promoting the development of new quality productive forces.

促进实数融合体现了新质生产力发展的内在要求。加快促进实体经济和数字经济深度融合，形成发展新动能是发展新质生产力的核心要务与内在要求。利用数字技术赋能传统产业转型升级，加速推进产业数字化转型和数字产业化发展，催生新产业、新业态、新模式，加快构建现代化基础设施体系，积极推动战略性新兴产业融合集群发展，着力打造具有国际竞争力的数字产业集群是当前的关键任务。通过传统产业的数字化、智能化转型升级，可以使新质生产力在更大范围内发展，并加速传统生产力向新质生产力的跃升。此外，推进实施适应新质生产力发展的产业战略，需要制定具有前瞻性的产业政策，引导资源在产业间有效配置，有利于充分发挥产业发展对新质生产力发展的推动作用。

Promoting the integration of the real and digital economies has become a key path for shaping national competitiveness. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, “Since the beginning of the 21st century, global scientific and technological innovation has entered a period of unprecedented intensity and activity. A new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation is reshaping the global innovation landscape and restructuring the global economic structure.” In recent years, in order to cope with the various changes brought about by the digital technological revolution, major developed countries in the world have successively formulated digital economy development strategies and introduced relevant incentive policies to develop the digital economy and thus enhance digital competitiveness. This has become a key force in building new advantages in global digital competition. Facing increasingly fierce international competition, accelerating the deep integration of the real economy and the digital economy, strengthening, optimizing, and expanding the digital economy, promoting the comprehensive penetration of the digital economy into all links of the entire manufacturing industry chain, promoting the rapid flow of various factor resources, and the cross-border development of various business forms play a fundamental role in cultivating new momentum for economic development and smoothing the economic cycle. At the same time, it is conducive to enhancing the country’s scientific and technological strength and innovation capabilities, accelerating the expansion of international markets and the layout of international competition, thereby enhancing China’s international influence and voice in the global value chain.

促进实数融合已成为塑造国家竞争力的关键路径。习近平总书记指出，“进入21世纪以来，全球科技创新进入空前密集活跃的时期，新一轮科技革命和产业变革正在重构全球创新版图、重塑全球经济结构”。近年来，为了应对数字科技革命催生的各种变化，世界主要发达国家纷纷制定数字经济发展战略、出台相关激励政策发展数字经济从而提高数字竞争力，这已经成为构筑全球数字竞争新优势的关键力量。面对日趋激烈的国际竞争，加快促进实体经济与数字经济深度融合，做强做优做大数字经济，推动数字经济全面渗透制造业全产业链的各个环节，推动各类要素资源快捷流动，各类业态跨界发展，对培育经济发展新动能、畅通经济循环具有基础性作用。同时有利于提升国家科技实力和创新能力，加速开拓国际市场和布局国际竞争，从而提升中国在全球价值链中的国际影响力和话语权。

II. Key Nodes for Promoting the Deep Integration of the Real Economy and the Digital Economy

二、促进实体经济和数字经济深度融合的关键节点

General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, “Use new Internet technologies to carry out a comprehensive, full-chain transformation of traditional industries, improve total factor productivity, and give full play to the amplifying,叠加 [n1], and multiplying effects of digital technology on economic development.” The deep integration of the real economy and the digital economy faces three key nodes. These three nodes complement each other and jointly determine the depth, breadth, and ultimate effect of the integration of the real and digital economies.

习近平总书记指出，“利用互联网新技术对传统产业进行全方位、全链条的改造，提高全要素生产率，发挥数字技术对经济发展的放大、叠加、倍增作用”。实体经济和数字经济的深度融合面临着三个关键节点，这三大节点相辅相成，共同决定了实数融合的深度、广度和最终效果。

The technology node is the core driving force. Digital technology, as a representative collection of technologies in the new round of technological revolution, is fundamentally different from technologies in previous technological revolutions and has a strong characteristic of technological integration. It is composed of multiple sub-technologies such as artificial intelligence, cloud computing, big data, the Internet of Things, and blockchain. No single sub-technology can have a disruptive impact on industrial forms and the level of productive forces. The integration of many sub-technologies constitutes the important technical foundation required for key scenarios of the integration of the real and digital economies, including intelligent manufacturing and digital supply chain management. This characteristic places new demands on the innovation path and industrial application of digital technology: on the one hand, it is necessary to deeply integrate various digital sub-technologies into traditional production processes; on the other hand, from the early stages of technology research and development, the compatibility and synergy between various technical modules must be fully considered.

技术节点是核心驱动力。数字技术作为新一轮科技革命的代表性技术合集，和以往历次科技革命中的技术相比存在本质的不同，具有极强的技术整合性特征。它由人工智能、云计算、大数据、物联网和区块链等多种子技术构成，某一单项子技术都无法对产业形态、生产力水平产生颠覆性影响，众多子技术之间的整合则构成了包括智能制造、数字化供应链管理等实数融合关键场景所需的重要技术基础。这一特征对数字技术的创新路径和产业化应用提出了新的要求：一方面，需要将各类数字子技术深度集成于传统生产流程；另一方面，从技术研发初期就必须充分考虑各技术模块间的兼容性与协同性。

The industry node is the structural support. Looking at the history of technological revolutions and industrial transformations, the reshaping of economic forms by the application of new technologies has always occurred in the process of combining with specific industries. Driven by new technologies, traditional industries undergo profound changes in production methods, management models, and market structures, achieving a qualitative leap. The integration of the real and digital economies faces the problem of significant differences in the digital transformation process of different industries. On the one hand, the characteristics of different industries lead to differences in the demand for the integration of the real and digital economies, resulting in obvious differentiation in the digital transformation process of different sectors of manufacturing. On the other hand, the complexity of technological integration increases the difficulty of digital transformation. The industrial systems and hardware configurations of different industries vary greatly, directly affecting the integration and application methods of digital technology. These differences require a deep grasp of the core production processes of each industry to accurately lay out digital transformation.

产业节点是结构性支撑。纵观历次科技革命和产业变革，新技术应用对经济形态的重塑都是在与具体产业结合的过程中产生的。传统产业在新技术的推动下，经历生产方式、管理模式和市场结构的深刻变革，产生质的飞跃。实数融合面临着不同产业在数字化转型过程中存在显著差异的问题。一方面，不同产业的特性对实数融合的需求存在差异，导致制造业的不同部门在进行数字化转型的过程中差异化明显。另一方面，技术集成的复杂性增加了数字化转型的难度，不同产业的工业系统和硬件配置大不相同，直接影响数字技术的集成和应用方式。这些差异要求深入掌握每个产业的核心生产过程来精准布局数字化转型。

The enterprise node is the ultimate foothold. Enterprises are the direct subjects of technological transformation. Driven by the technology node and the industry node, enterprises need to continuously innovate and adjust their own strategies to adapt to new market environments and technical requirements. Currently, large enterprises have made some progress in digital transformation and are playing a demonstrative and leading role. However, small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises, constrained by internal technical bottlenecks and resource limitations, lack endogenous momentum for digital transformation: on the one hand, traditional small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises do not have inherent endowments in digital technology innovation and cannot undertake the research and development and innovation work of digital transformation. When formulating digital strategies, enterprises lack initiative and foresight, making it difficult to effectively use digital technology to optimize operational efficiency or open up new market opportunities. On the other hand, small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises find it difficult to bear the costs of digital transformation alone, especially since digital transformation not only requires high initial investment to purchase and update equipment, introduce advanced software systems, and other key infrastructure, but also requires continuous funding during the transformation process.

企业节点是最终落脚点。企业是技术转化的直接主体，在技术节点与产业节点的推动下，企业需要不断创新和调整自身的战略，来适应新的市场环境和技术要求。当前，大型企业在数字化转型方面已取得一定进展，且发挥着示范带动作用。而中小制造业企业受制于企业内部的技术瓶颈和资源限制，数字化转型的内生动力不足：一方面，传统中小制造业企业在数字技术创新方面不具备先天禀赋，无法承担起数字化转型的研发和创新工作，企业在制定数字化战略时缺乏主动性和前瞻性，难以有效利用数字化技术来优化运营效率或开辟新的市场机会。另一方面，中小制造业企业难以承担单独进行数字化转型的成本，尤其是数字化转型不仅要求初期的高额投资来购买更新设备、引进先进的软件系统和其他关键基础设施，还需要在转型过程中持续进行资金供给。

III. Important Measures for Promoting the Deep Integration of the Real Economy and the Digital Economy

三、促进实体经济和数字经济深度融合的重要举措

Promoting the deep integration of the real economy and the digital economy involves many aspects and is a long-term systematic project. The three key nodes of the integration of the real and digital economies not only reflect the direction of technological progress and industrial upgrading but also provide a framework for exploring feasible practical paths and for formulating, optimizing, and implementing an institutional system that is innovative, targeted, and forward-looking.

促进实体经济和数字经济深度融合涉及诸多内容，是一项长期性的系统工程。实数融合的三大关键节点不仅体现了技术进步和产业升级的方向，同时也为探索切实可行的实践路径，为制定、优化、落实具备创新性、针对性、前瞻性的制度体系提供框架指引。

Deepen the construction of the technological innovation system and consolidate the technological foundation for the integration of the real and digital economies. Accelerate the construction of a technological innovation system with enterprises as the main body, the market as the orientation, and the deep integration of industry, academia, research, and application. First, strengthen the tackling of key core technologies and enhance independent innovation capabilities. Focus on key areas such as high-end manufacturing, intelligent equipment, advanced materials, and industrial software, optimize the allocation of scientific and technological innovation resources, and improve the integrated layout of basic research, technology research and development, and industrial application. Accelerate the establishment of industry-academia-research-application consortia led by state-owned enterprises, supported by leading enterprises, and with deep participation from scientific research institutions and universities, carry out collaborative tackling, break through the bottleneck of "choke-point" technologies [2]2 "Choke-point" technologies (卡脖子技术) refers to key technologies in which foreign entities hold a monopoly or near-monopoly, creating a strategic vulnerability for China's industrial chain. The term gained wide currency during the US-China technology decoupling after 2018., and enhance the autonomous and controllable capability of the manufacturing industry. Second, accelerate the transformation and application of scientific and technological achievements, and unblock the technology promotion chain. Establish pilot zones and demonstration bases for digital technology in manufacturing, and encourage enterprises, universities, and research institutes to carry out applied research. Improve the intellectual property protection mechanism, optimize the income distribution system for the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, and increase the conversion rate of scientific and technological achievements. Third, improve the manufacturing standards system and promote the standardization of industrial technology. Accelerate the formulation of technical standards in key areas such as intelligent manufacturing, the industrial internet, and data security, enhance the discourse power of China's manufacturing standards in the global industrial chain, and form a benign development pattern where standards lead industrial upgrading.

深化技术创新体系建设，夯实实数融合技术支撑。加快构建以企业为主体、市场为导向、产学研用深度融合的技术创新体系。一是强化关键核心技术攻关，提升自主创新能力。围绕高端制造、智能装备、先进材料、工业软件等关键领域，优化科技创新资源配置，完善基础研究、技术研发、产业应用一体化布局。加快建立国有企业牵头、龙头企业支撑、科研机构和高校深度参与的产学研用联合体，开展协同攻关，突破“卡脖子”技术瓶颈，增强制造业自主可控能力。二是加速科技成果转化应用，打通技术推广链条。建立制造业数字技术试验区和示范基地，鼓励企业、高校、科研院所开展应用研究。完善知识产权保护机制，优化科技成果转化收益分配制度，提高科技成果转化率。三是健全制造业标准体系，推动产业技术规范化。加快制定智能制造、工业互联网、数据安全等关键领域的技术标准，提高我国制造业标准在全球产业链中的话语权，形成以标准引领产业升级的良性发展格局。

Promote the digital transformation of industries by category and optimize the development path for the integration of the real and digital economies. Promoting the integration of the real and digital economies must adhere to classified and precise policy implementation, forming an all-round, multi-level modern manufacturing industry system. First, promote the digital transformation of the manufacturing industry by sector and enhance the competitiveness of traditional industries. Implement classified digital strategies according to the characteristics of different industries such as process manufacturing and discrete manufacturing, support localities in creating distinctive digital manufacturing clusters based on their own industrial foundations, and form a pattern of regional differentiated development. Second, promote the coordinated development of the industrial chain and build an intelligent manufacturing ecosystem. Relying on technologies such as the industrial internet and supply chain big data, promote information interconnection, data sharing, and intelligent collaboration among upstream and downstream enterprises in the industrial chain, and improve the overall operational efficiency of the industrial chain. Encourage leading enterprises to build open industrial digital platforms, drive small and medium-sized enterprises to integrate into the intelligent manufacturing system, promote the coordinated development of large, medium, and small enterprises, and enhance the overall competitiveness of the manufacturing industry. Third, support the cultivation of emerging industries and build a high-end, intelligent industrial system. Improve industrial policies and investment and financing support systems, guide capital, talent, and technology to gather in emerging industries, and promote China's emerging industries to occupy high-end positions in the global value chain.

分类推进产业数字化转型，优化实数融合发展路径。推动实数融合必须坚持分类施策、精准施策，形成全方位、多层次的现代化制造业产业体系。一是分产业推进制造业数字化转型，增强传统产业竞争力。针对流程制造业和离散制造业等不同产业特点，实施分类数字化战略，支持地方结合自身产业基础，打造特色数字化制造集群，形成区域差异化发展格局。二是推动产业链协同发展，构建智能制造生态体系。依托工业互联网、供应链大数据等技术，促进产业链上下游企业的信息互联、数据共享和智能协同，提高产业链整体运行效率。鼓励龙头企业构建开放式产业数字化平台，带动中小企业融入智能制造体系，推动大中小企业协同发展，提升制造业整体竞争力。三是支持新兴产业培育，打造高端化、智能化产业体系。完善产业政策、投融资支持体系，引导资本、人才、技术向新兴产业集聚，推动中国新兴产业在全球价值链中占据高端位置。

Strengthen the digital capability building of enterprises and enhance the vitality of manufacturing entities. It is necessary to increase policy support and promote the comprehensive improvement of enterprises' digital capabilities. First, establish a government-led digital transformation platform for the manufacturing industry to reduce the cost of enterprise transformation. Integrate resources such as industrial system technical services, industrial chain docking, and financing support to provide enterprises with one-stop digital upgrade solutions. Encourage enterprises to actively apply intelligent manufacturing technologies to enhance market competitiveness. Second, promote innovation in enterprise management models and enhance digital operation capabilities. Encourage enterprises to build intelligent management systems, use industrial big data and intelligent decision-making systems to optimize production and operations, and improve market response speed. Support enterprises in deepening intelligent supply chain management to achieve precise production, flexible scheduling, cost reduction, and efficiency improvement. Guide manufacturing enterprises to transform from single product manufacturing to intelligent services, develop a new model of "product + service," and expand market space. Third, leverage the demonstration and leading role of leading enterprises to promote the coordinated development of small and medium-sized enterprises. Encourage leading enterprises to open intelligent manufacturing platforms and provide digital empowerment services for small and medium-sized enterprises. Accelerate the cultivation of a number of industry-level and regional-level digital empowerment platforms to increase the digital penetration rate in the manufacturing industry. Promote the establishment of industrial alliances to form a digital development ecosystem led by large enterprises and widely participated in by small and medium-sized enterprises.

加强企业数字化能力建设，增强制造业主体活力。需加大政策支持力度，推动企业数字化能力全面提升。一是建立政府主导的制造业数字化转型平台，降低企业转型成本。整合工业系统技术服务、产业链对接、融资支持等资源，为企业提供一站式数字化升级解决方案。鼓励企业积极应用智能制造技术，提升市场竞争力。二是推动企业管理模式创新，提升数字化运营能力。鼓励企业建设智能管理体系，利用工业大数据、智能决策系统优化生产运营，提高市场响应速度。支持企业深化智能供应链管理，实现精准生产、灵活调度、降本增效。引导制造企业从单一产品制造向智能化服务转型，发展“产品+服务”新模式，拓展市场空间。三是发挥龙头企业示范带动作用，促进中小企业协同发展。鼓励龙头企业开放智能制造平台，为中小企业提供数字化赋能服务。加快培育一批行业级、区域级数字化赋能平台，提升制造业数字化普及率。推动建立产业联盟，形成大企业引领、中小企业广泛参与的数字化发展生态。

Online editor: Paul

网络编辑：保罗