The Impact of AI Development on the Labor Market

At present, China’s economy has entered a new stage of development. Artificial intelligence has become a new engine for rapid economic growth, driving the optimization, transformation, and upgrading of China’s industrial structure, providing strong impetus for the development of new quality productive forces, and exerting a profound impact on the socio-economic structure and the way of life of humanity. The 2025 Government Work Report explicitly emphasizes the need to deepen the research and application of cutting-edge technologies such as big data and artificial intelligence, systematically carry out the “AI+” action, empower traditional industries and cultivate new business forms through technology, build digital industry clusters with international competitiveness, and inject new momentum into high-quality economic development. Therefore, strengthening the research, application, and industrialization of AI is of great significance for promoting high-quality economic and social development.

当前，中国经济进入到一个新的发展阶段，人工智能成为经济高速发展的新引擎，推动着我国产业结构优化与转型升级，为发展新质生产力提供了强劲动力，对社会经济结构以及人类的生活方式具有深刻影响。2025年政府工作报告明确强调，需深化大数据、人工智能等前沿技术的研发应用，系统性开展“人工智能+”行动，通过技术赋能传统产业、培育新兴业态，打造具有国际竞争力的数字产业集群，为经济高质量发展注入新动能。因此，加强人工智能的研究、应用和产业化对推动经济社会高质量发展具有重要意义。

In January 2025, DeepSeek released a new generation of reasoning large model, R1, which significantly reduced training costs and achieved full open-sourcing, demonstrating the potential of AI to empower real-world labor. The rapid development and widespread application of AI technology have made many jobs more automated, gradually and potentially further replacing some of humans’ physical and even mental labor, changing the existing division of labor, and causing the value structure of human capital to show differentiation. Whether the development of AI technology will cause large-scale unemployment in the next decade or even longer has become a widespread concern. What impact the development of AI will actually have on the labor market has aroused high attention from all sectors of society. Existing research mostly adopts quantitative methods, mainly focusing on the impact of AI on the quantity of employment and the employment structure. Based on the perspective of Marxist political economy, this paper focuses on the phenomenon of labor alienation under the conditions of AI development, deeply studies the impact of AI development on employment in the labor market, and analyzes whether AI development can alleviate the contradiction between productive forces and relations of production in the process of advancing socialist modernization, with a view to providing a certain theoretical basis for formulating reasonable employment policies, optimizing the industrial structure, promoting social harmony and stability, and promoting high-quality economic development.

2025年1月，DeepSeek发布新一代推理大模型R1,显著降低了训练成本，并实现全面开源，展示了人工智能赋能现实劳动的潜力。人工智能技术的快速发展与广泛应用使得诸多工作更加自动化，逐渐并可能进一步替代人类部分体力甚至脑力劳动，改变了现有劳动分工，人力资本价值结构显现出差异化。人工智能技术的发展是否会造成未来十年乃至更长时间的大规模失业成为人们普遍担心的问题。人工智能的发展究竟会对劳动力市场带来怎样的影响，引发了社会各界的高度关注。现有研究多采用量化方法，主要关注人工智能对就业量以及就业结构的影响。本文基于马克思主义政治经济学的视角，聚焦人工智能发展条件下的劳动异化现象，深入研究人工智能发展对劳动力市场就业的影响，剖析在推进社会主义现代化建设中，人工智能发展能否缓解生产力与生产关系之间的矛盾，以期为制定合理的就业政策、优化产业结构、促进社会和谐稳定以及推动经济高质量发展提供一定的理论依据。

I. Theoretical Debates on the Impact of AI on the Labor Market

一、关于人工智能对劳动力市场影响的理论之争

The impact effect of AI on the labor market is directly manifested in the impact of AI on the quantity of employment in the labor market. Traditional technological progress mainly improves production efficiency through mechanization, while AI changes the traditional mode of labor, reshaping relations of production with cognitive labor as the dominant form of labor. The maturity and application of AI technology have triggered “creative destruction,” bringing about a restructuring of the labor order. Around the impact of AI on employment, theoretical circles have formed two opposing views: “creation” and “displacement.”

人工智能对劳动力市场的影响效应直接表现为人工智能对劳动力市场就业数量的影响。传统的技术进步主要通过机械化来提升生产效率，而人工智能则改变传统的劳动方式，以认知劳动为主导性劳动形态重塑生产关系。人工智能技术的成熟与应用引发了“创造性破坏”,带来了劳动秩序重构。围绕人工智能对就业影响，理论界形成了“创造”与“剥夺”两大对立观点。

Scholars holding the “creation” view believe that the emergence and development of AI have a promoting effect on the labor market. First, the application of AI technology leads to an increase in the cost of using capital, thereby increasing enterprises’ demand for labor and reducing the unemployment rate. The application of AI requires enterprises to invest more capital, including purchasing new machines, software, or other technical equipment, as well as training employees to effectively use the relevant technology. As the cost of using capital increases, in order to ensure a return on investment, enterprises will need more labor to manage, maintain, and optimize the operation of AI, thereby improving production efficiency. At the same time, the widespread use of AI can increase enterprises’ demand for labor; enterprises need more labor to participate in the management, maintenance, and optimization of AI systems, thereby improving production efficiency. Second, it promotes industrial upgrading and transformation, giving rise to new job positions. The development and application of new technologies in the AI field can promote the upgrading and transformation of traditional industries, creating new industries and business models. For example, industries such as intelligent manufacturing, intelligent transportation, and intelligent healthcare are booming, and new models such as the sharing economy and the gig economy are constantly emerging. With the development of new industries and business models, the market’s demand for technical talent in emerging industries is also increasing, such as data analysts and machine learning engineers. At the same time, the development of AI will also promote employment growth in the service industry. With the improvement of automation and intelligence levels, new service industry positions emerge, such as AI health consultants and smart home technical support. Third, technological development further reduces production costs, thereby generating a spillover effect on commodity demand and driving income growth. These additional incomes can be used to purchase low-tech non-trade goods, thereby stimulating demand for labor. The application of AI usually makes the production process more efficient, reduces production costs, and then pushes down commodity prices, enabling more consumers to afford commodities. As commodities become more affordable, consumers’ purchasing power increases, thereby increasing the overall demand for commodities. Similarly, when commodity demand increases, enterprises need to produce more commodities to meet the market. This means more labor is needed to participate in production, distribution, sales, and service links. Fourth, it raises the wage level of workers. The application of AI technology will ultimately increase the demand for labor and wage levels. By improving production efficiency, enterprises can produce more products at lower costs, thereby increasing profits. These profits can be used to raise employee wages or invest in new projects and equipment, further promoting economic growth.

持“创造”观点的学者认为，人工智能的出现和发展对劳动力市场具有促进效应。一是人工智能技术的应用导致资本使用成本增加，从而企业对劳动力的需求也会增加，失业率则下降。人工智能的应用需要企业投入更多的资本，包括购买新的机器、软件或其他技术设备，以及培训员工来有效使用相关技术。随着资本使用成本的增加，企业为了确保投资回报，会需要更多的劳动力来管理、维护和优化人工智能的运行，进而提高生产效率。同时，人工智能的广泛使用可以增加企业的劳动力需求，企业需要更多的劳动力来参与人工智能系统的管理、维护和优化，从而提高生产效率。二是推动产业升级和转型，催生新的就业岗位。人工智能领域新技术的开发和应用可以推动传统产业的升级和转型，创造新的产业和商业模式。例如，智能制造、智能交通、智能医疗等产业蓬勃发展，共享经济、零工经济等新模式不断涌现，随着新的产业和商业模式的发展，市场对于新兴产业技术人才的需求也在不断增加，如数据分析师、机器学习工程师等。同时，人工智能的发展还会促进服务行业的就业增长。随着自动化和智能化水平的提高，出现新的服务业岗位，如AI健康顾问、智能家居技术支持等。三是技术发展进一步降低了生产成本，进而产生商品需求的溢出效应，带动收入增长。这些额外收入可用于购买低技术含量的非贸易商品，从而刺激对劳动力的需求。人工智能的应用通常会使得生产过程更加高效，生产成本降低，继而推动商品价格下降，使更多的消费者能够负担得起商品。随着商品变得更加经济实惠，消费者的购买力会增强，从而增加了对商品的总体需求。同样的，当商品需求增加时，企业需要生产更多的商品来满足市场。意味着需要更多的劳动力来参与生产、分销、销售和服务等环节。四是提高劳动者工资水平。人工智能技术的运用最终会提高劳动力的需求和工资水平。通过提高生产效率，企业能够以更低的成本生产更多的产品，从而增加利润。这些利润可以用于提高员工的工资，或者投资于新的项目和设备，进一步促进经济增长。

Scholars who hold the “deprivation” view argue that the emergence and development of artificial intelligence have a substitution effect on employment in the labor market, i.e., AI and robotics technology will replace labor, leading to large-scale unemployment. First, repetitive work is replaced. AI can replace workers in performing tasks, weakening the employment stability of workers in occupations with low technical complexity. Some repetitive, routine, and highly predictable tasks, such as data entry and document sorting, may be replaced by AI systems. For example, assembly-line production work is completed by robots or automated equipment in place of human workers, enabling round-the-clock operation with low error rates and greater cost-effectiveness than human workers. Consequently, enterprises may tend to use these technologies to replace human labor, leading to the disappearance of certain job positions. In the process of AI development, capital gradually replaces labor, so the share of labor income continuously declines. Second, changes in skill structure lead to rising unemployment. Although AI creates some new job positions, these positions typically require higher skill levels. If the existing labor force cannot promptly upgrade its skills to meet the demands of new positions, this may lead to rising unemployment. AI accelerates industrial upgrading and iteration, easily exacerbating employment instability. The widespread application of AI greatly enhances production efficiency, but because the employment demand it drives is extremely limited, it is difficult to achieve a substantial overall increase, and it cannot compete with the large-scale substitution effect. AI’s substitution of job positions is extensive and deep, involving numerous industries and fields. The number of new high-skilled positions created is far from sufficient to fill the gap left by the replaced low-skilled positions, ultimately only further exacerbating the contraction of the job market and causing a large number of workers to face unemployment. Third, the relationship between population aging and AI development poses challenges to employment. The development of AI belongs to “induced innovation,” i.e., technological innovation induced by economic factors such as population aging. The current trend of population aging is intensifying, and the labor market faces the problem of a declining number of workers, forcing enterprises to apply AI to a greater extent to replace part of the labor force, thereby reducing dependence on young labor and alleviating the labor shortage caused by population aging. As a means of “gap-filling substitution,” AI at the macro level helps boost economic growth, offsetting the slowdown in economic growth caused by population aging, thereby supporting sustained economic growth to a certain extent. However, in the process of AI replacing labor, technological unemployment and jobless growth may become long-term trends in the future. As machines and algorithms increasingly perform tasks originally completed by humans, many traditional job positions, especially those types of positions easily replaced by automation, face the risk of disappearance. This technological unemployment mainly affects workers whose skills do not meet the requirements of new technologies, particularly medium- and low-skilled workers. This group typically finds it difficult to quickly adapt to the changes brought by new technologies, thus facing greater unemployment pressure.

持“剥夺”观点的学者主张，人工智能的出现和发展对劳动力市场就业具有替代效应，即人工智能和机器人技术将取代劳动力，导致大面积失业。一是重复性工作被替代。人工智能可以替代劳动者执行工作，削弱低技术复杂度职业劳动者的就业稳定性,一些重复性、规律性、预测性强的工作，如数据输入、文件整理等，可能会被人工智能系统所替代。比如流水线生产工作由机器人或自动化设备代替人类劳动者完成，这样可以24小时不间断工作，且错误率低，比人类劳动者更具成本效益。因此，企业可能会倾向于使用这些技术来替代人力，从而导致某些工作岗位的消失。人工智能在发展的过程中使得资本逐渐代替劳动，因此劳动收入份额会不断下降。二是技能结构变革，导致失业率上升。尽管人工智能创造了部分新的就业岗位，但这些岗位通常需要较高的技能水平。如果现有劳动力无法及时提升技能以适应新的岗位需求，可能会导致失业率上升，人工智能加快了产业升级迭代，容易加剧就业的不稳定性。人工智能的广泛应用大大提高了生产效率，因其拉动的就业需求极为有限，整体上难以出现实质性增加，无法同大规模的替代效应相抗衡。人工智能对就业岗位的替代是广泛且深入的，涉及众多行业和领域，新创造的高技能岗位数量远远无法填补被替代的低技能岗位缺口，最终只会进一步加剧就业市场的萎缩，导致大量劳动力面临失业困境。三是人口老龄化与人工智能发展的关联对就业产生挑战。人工智能的发展属于“诱导式创新”,即由人口老龄化等经济因素诱导产生的技术革新。当前人口老龄化趋势加剧，劳动力市场面临劳动者数量减少的问题，倒逼企业更大程度地应用人工智能来替代部分劳动力，以此减少对年轻劳动力的依赖，缓解因人口老龄化带来的劳动力短缺问题。人工智能作为“补位式替代”手段，在宏观层面有助于提升经济增速，抵消人口老龄化带来的经济增长放缓的影响，从而在一定程度上支持经济的持续增长。然而，在人工智能替代劳动力的过程中，技术性失业以及无就业的增长在未来可能成为一种长期趋势。随着机器和算法越来越多地执行原本由人类完成的任务，许多传统工作岗位，尤其是容易被自动化替代的岗位类型正面临着消失的风险。这种技术性失业主要影响的是技能不符合新技术要求的劳动者，特别是中低技能劳动者，该群体通常难以迅速适应新技术带来的变革，从而面临更大的失业压力。

Data from the “2023–2024 China Intelligent Manufacturing Development Research Annual Report” show that in 2023, the scale of China’s intelligent manufacturing-related industries increased by 14.9% year-on-year, reaching 2,884.16 billion yuan, and it is expected to maintain a high-speed growth trend over the next three years. The overall effect of AI on employment is not clear; it is more reflected in its impact on the employment structure. In the process of AI promoting the intelligent upgrading of industries, sectors such as education, medical services, and government departments, due to their high requirements for human capital and relatively less impact from automation substitution, contribute significantly to new employment. These fields often require human-specific emotional communication, professional judgment, and decision-making abilities, which are currently difficult to fully replace by AI. In contrast, manufacturing and private-sector services are significantly impacted by AI and automation technology, with new employment clearly shrinking. In manufacturing, a large number of repetitive and routine production processes are replaced by robots and automated equipment; in private-sector services, some standardized service processes are gradually taken over by AI systems. The intelligent transformation has also triggered changes in the demand for labor with different education levels, causing the overall employment structure to exhibit a “polarization” characteristic. Workers with secondary education often engage in tasks with moderate technical content and high standardizability, which are easily replaced by advanced equipment. Workers with higher education, relying on their deep knowledge reserves, innovation capabilities, and ability to quickly learn new technologies, can adapt to industrial changes brought by AI and other technologies, playing important roles in positions such as R&D, management, and data analysis, and their demand correspondingly rises. Although workers with low education levels have relatively low skill levels, in some labor-intensive service industries with high flexibility requirements, such as domestic services and community care, because these tasks involve complex interpersonal interactions and personalized services that AI finds difficult to fully replace, the demand for low-education workers has also increased.

《2023—2024年中国智能制造发展研究年度报告》数据显示，2023年我国智能制造相关产业规模同比增长14.9%,达到28841.6亿元，预计未来3年将持续保持高速增长态势。人工智能对就业的总体效应并不明确，更多地表现为对就业结构的影响。在人工智能推动产业智能化升级的过程中，教育和医疗服务、政府部门由于对人力资本要求较高且受自动化替代影响相对较小，对新增就业贡献较大。这些领域往往需要人类特有的情感沟通、专业判断和决策能力，目前难以被人工智能完全取代。而制造业以及私人部门服务业则受人工智能和自动化技术冲击明显，新增就业明显缩减。制造业中，大量重复性、规律性的生产环节被机器人和自动化设备替代；私人部门服务业里，一些标准化服务流程也逐渐被人工智能系统接管。智能化变革也引发了不同教育程度劳动力需求的变化，导致就业结构整体上呈现出“两极分化”的特点。中等学历劳动力所从事的往往是技术含量适中、可标准化程度较高的工作，容易被先进设备所替代。而高学历劳动力凭借其深厚的知识储备、创新能力和对新技术的快速学习能力，能够适应人工智能等技术带来的产业变革，在研发、管理、数据分析等岗位上发挥重要作用，其需求随之上升。而低教育程度劳动力虽然技能水平相对较低，但在一些劳动密集型、对灵活性要求较高的服务行业，如家政服务、社区护理等领域，由于这些工作涉及复杂的人际互动和个性化服务，人工智能难以完全替代，因此对低教育程度劳动力的需求也有所增加。

Marx believed that technological progress has a dual character with respect to employment; under capitalist conditions, technological progress leads to a relative surplus population. Technological progress can transform production modes, making the labor process increasingly shift toward capital- and technology-intensive forms. In this process, labor demand is replaced by factors of production, especially in low-end manufacturing and services. “Technological progress sometimes potentially replaces workers, sometimes actually expels them.” “On the one hand, machinery has a tendency to constantly throw out workers… on the other hand, machinery also has a tendency to constantly absorb workers, because, once the productive forces have developed to a certain stage, surplus value can only be increased by increasing the number of workers employed simultaneously.” As productive forces and productivity continue to rise, the organic composition of capital correspondingly increases, and more and more workers are excluded from the production process. Under the capitalist production system, machinery becomes an important tool for capitalists to extract surplus value. When the scale of advanced capital remains stable, facing the rising trend of the organic composition of capital, capitalists, in pursuit of higher profits, must continuously reduce the number of employed laborers. This in turn requires investing more capital in the R&D of new technologies and the upgrading of machinery and equipment, prompting a further increase in the organic composition of capital, leading to a further decline in labor demand for capital, and expanding the scope of technology’s substitution for labor. On the one hand, the opportunities for low-skilled workers to combine with continuously iterating new technologies gradually decrease; new technologies do not create more employment opportunities for workers. On the other hand, technological progress can also generate more job positions, having a positive impact on employment. “With the expansion of machine production in an industrial sector, the production in those sectors that provide means of production for this sector will first increase.” Although the continuous increase in the organic composition of capital causes the relative quantity of variable capital to continuously decrease, “the relative decrease and absolute increase in the number of employed workers go hand in hand,” as long as the absolute magnitude of capital accumulation growth is greater than the relative decrease in variable capital. In the long run, with the transformation of workers, technological change does not drastically affect the total number of employed workers; on the contrary, machinery creates more employment opportunities. Marx also found that technological progress affects the employment structure: “Machinery necessarily expels workers in the labor sectors where it is applied, but it can cause an increase in employment in other labor sectors.” Technological development can replace medium-skilled labor, prompting it to flow toward the ranges of low-skilled and high-skilled labor, redistributing labor resources across various industries, and changing the occupational structure of the labor market as well as the knowledge and skill structures of workers.

马克思认为，技术进步对于就业具有二重性，在资本主义条件下技术进步将导致人口相对过剩。技术进步能够变革生产模式，使劳动过程越来越向资本和技术密集型转变，在这个过程中劳动力需求被生产要素所替代，特别是低端制造业和服务业。“技术进步有时潜在地代替工人，有时实际地排挤工人”,“机器一方面具有不断抛出工人的趋势……另一方面机器还具有不断吸收工人的趋势，因为，一旦生产力发展到一定阶段，剩余价值只有靠增加同时雇用的工人人数的办法才能提高”。随着生产力与生产率持续提升，资本有机构成也相应不断提高，越来越多的劳动者被排斥出生产流程。在资本主义生产体系下，机器沦为资本家榨取剩余价值的重要工具。当预付资本规模维持稳定时，面对资本有机构成不断上升的趋势，资本家为追求更高利润，不得不持续减少雇佣劳动力的数量。这又需要将更多的资本投入新技术的研发和机器设备的更新换代，促使资本有机构成进一步提高，导致劳动对于资本的需求进一步下降，技术对于劳动力的替代范围不断扩大。一方面，低技能劳动者与不断迭代的新技术结合的机会逐渐减少，新技术并没有为工人创造更多就业机会；另一方面，技术进步也能催生更多工作岗位，对就业产生积极影响。“随着机器生产在一个工业部门的扩大，给这个工业部门提供生产资料的那些部门的生产首先会增加”。尽管资本有机构成的不断提高会使可变资本相对量不断减少，但是“就业工人人数的相对减少和绝对增加是并行不悖的”,只要资本积累规模增长绝对幅度相较于可变资本相对减少的幅度更大。从长远来看，随着工人的转型，技术变革并不会剧烈影响工人就业总量，机器反而还会创造出更多的就业机会。马克思还发现技术进步也会影响就业结构，“机器在应用它的劳动部门必然排挤工人，但是它能引起其他劳动部门就业的增加”。科技发展可以通过替代中等技能劳动力，促使其流向低技能和高技能劳动力范围，使劳动力资源在各行各业进行再分配，改变劳动力市场上的职业结构以及劳动者的知识结构和技能结构。

II. Labor Alienation under the AI Revolution

二、人工智能革命下的劳动异化

In his *Critique of Political Economy*, Marx summarized and concluded alienated labor from phenomenon to essence, pointing out that “the realization of labor appears as the loss of realization for the workers; objectification appears as the loss of and bondage to the object; appropriation appears as estrangement, as alienation.” [1]1 Karl Marx, *Critique of Political Economy* (1859). The quotation is from the “Estranged Labour” section of the *Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844*. Against the backdrop of the AI revolution, this thesis takes on new practical significance. AI alienation, as a prominent manifestation of contemporary technological alienation, profoundly affects the labor market. It not only changes the mode of labor but may also lead to the alienation of workers from their own labor products and production activities, thereby influencing the demand structure of the labor market, labor relations, and income distribution. Only by clarifying the labor alienation brought about by AI can we, under socialist conditions, better guide AI development, foster its strengths and circumvent its weaknesses, and enable it to serve humanity in driving labor market transformation and optimizing employment structures.

马克思在《政治经济学批判》中，从现象到本质对异化劳动作了概括与总结，指出“劳动的这种现实化表现为工人的非现实化，对象化表现为对象的丧失和被对象奴役，占有表现为异化、外化”。人工智能革命背景下，这一论断展现出新的现实意义。人工智能异化作为当下科技异化的突出表现，深刻影响着劳动力市场。它不仅改变了劳动方式，还可能导致劳动者与自身劳动产品、生产活动相异化，进而影响劳动力市场的需求结构、劳动关系以及收入分配等。只有理清人工智能带来的劳动异化，才能在社会主义条件下，更好地引导人工智能发展，扬长避短，使其在推动劳动力市场变革、促进就业结构优化等方面为人类服务。

AI deepens the alienation between physical and mental labor. The so-called alienation of physical and mental labor refers to the substitution and alteration of physical and mental labor in traditional labor divisions by AI development, leading to a distortion of workers’ roles and positions in the labor process. As the most fundamental mode of human practice, physical labor will gradually be replaced by automated machine systems with the development of AI. For example, in manufacturing, a large number of repetitive physical labor positions on assembly lines, such as assembly work and handling tasks, are being replaced by robots. AI’s substitution for human labor is not limited to physical labor but extends to mental labor, especially conscious activities based on formal logical thinking, such as data entry, simple financial accounting, and basic legal document drafting—mental labor with a certain regularity and repetitiveness—which are also gradually being replaced by AI. The cause of this alienation lies in AI technology’s pursuit of efficient, precise, and low-cost production models. Under the logic of capital, capitalists, in pursuit of profit maximization, tend to adopt AI technologies that can increase production efficiency and reduce labor costs. Over time, humans may lose opportunities for cultivation and training in physical and mental abilities, work skills, and logical thinking. In terms of physical labor, workers lack opportunities for hands-on operation, so their physical fitness and practical skills are not exercised; in terms of mental labor, people overly rely on AI for logical analysis and problem-solving, weakening their own subjective initiative, independent thinking, and innovative capacity. Human understanding of the meaning of labor shifts; labor is no longer an important way for humans to express creativity and realize value but is instead regarded as a passive “service collaboration” dependent on technology. This is a phenomenon of technology alienating human life, thought, and work methods.

人工智能加深了体力劳动与脑力劳动相异化。所谓体力劳动与脑力劳动的异化，指的是人工智能的发展对传统劳动分工中体力劳动与脑力劳动的替代和改变，导致劳动者在劳动过程中的角色和地位发生扭曲。作为人类最基本的实践方式，体力劳动将随着人工智能的发展而逐步被自动化机器体系所替代。例如在制造业中，流水线上的装配工作、搬运工作等大量重复性体力劳动岗位正被机器人取代。人工智能对人类劳动的替代不仅限于体力劳动，还拓展到脑力劳动，尤其是基于形式逻辑思维的意识活动，如数据录入、简单的财务核算、基础的法律文书撰写等具有一定规律性和重复性的脑力劳动，也逐渐被人工智能所替代。造成这种异化的原因在于人工智能技术追求高效、精准、低成本的生产模式。在资本逻辑下，资本家为追求利润最大化，倾向于采用能提高生产效率、降低人力成本的人工智能技术。长此以往，人类有可能缺失在身心、工作技能以及逻辑思维能力上的培养和训练。在体力劳动方面，劳动者缺乏实际动手操作的机会，身体素质和动手能力得不到锻炼；在脑力劳动方面，人们过度依赖人工智能进行逻辑分析和问题解决，自身的主观能动性、独立思考能力和创新思维被削弱。人类对劳动意义的理解发生偏移，劳动不再是人类体现创造力和实现价值的重要途径，而是被视为被动依赖技术的“服务性协作”,这是技术对人生活、思维和工作方式方面的异化现象。

AI deepens the alienation of the human subject. AI’s capabilities—autonomous learning and decision-making, data-driven operation, efficient processing, multi-domain application, and human-machine interaction—will intensify the alienation of the human subject. Humans are the sum of social relations, social beings existing within a network of social relations. Marx believed that alienated labor reduces humans to tools for maintaining physical survival: “Alienated labor turns spontaneous, free activity into a means, thus turning the species-life of humans into a means for maintaining their physical existence.” [2]2 Karl Marx, *Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844*, “Estranged Labour.” Workers no longer enjoy the initiative and pleasure of controlling labor; labor becomes a form of mental torment. In the digital information age represented by AI, individuals’ social relationship networks extend from real society to the virtual world. As a “civilization of high entanglement between society and technology,” [3]3 A reference to the concept of “techno-social entanglement” in critical technology studies, emphasizing the inseparable interweaving of technology and society. individuals are gradually de-subjectified, reduced to combinations of information and data. If excessive attention is paid to the virtual world while real life is neglected, this leads to distorted social relations. Especially driven by the logic of capital, data is tightly integrated with capital; people’s thoughts and ideologies are increasingly controlled and guided by digital platforms with monopolies over data and information, producing surplus value for these platforms without compensation, and humans face the risk of negative alienation. Data gradually transforms into a new means for capitalists to control workers; algorithmic black boxes further exacerbate workers’ loss of control over their own work, and people’s spiritual and moral crises deepen continuously. All of human production and life, even the entire life cycle, is “pan-networked” as data, with online activities increasingly replacing offline ones. The purpose of AI development is to help humans transform the material world and expand human cognitive space; the relationship between AI and humans is one of control and being controlled, so AI’s autonomous awareness should not be equated with human will. Human-to-human relations gradually shift from dependence on commodities, money, and other material things to dependence on data and information; some AI products can interact directly with people, resulting in fragmented social relations and instrumentalized personalities.

人工智能加深了人类主体的异化。人工智能具备的自主学习与决策、数据驱动、高效处理、多领域应用、人机交互等能力，将加剧人类主体的异化。人是社会关系的总和，是处于社会关系网络中的社会存在物。马克思认为异化的劳动变成人类维持肉体生存的工具，“异化劳动把自主活动、自由活动贬低为手段，也就把人的类生活变成维持人的肉体生存的手段”,劳动者不再享受支配劳动的主动和愉悦，劳动变成一种精神折磨。在以人工智能为代表的数字信息时代，个人社会关系网络从现实社会延伸到虚拟世界。作为“社会与技术高度纠缠的文明”,个体逐渐被去主体化，沦为信息和数据的结合体。如果过分关注虚拟世界而忽视现实生活则会导致畸形的社会关系。特别是受到资本的逻辑驱使，数据同资本紧密结合，人们的思想和意识形态不断受到具有数据信息垄断权的数字平台的控制与引导，无偿为数字平台生产更多的剩余价值，人面临消极异化的风险。数据逐步转化为资本家控制劳动者的新手段，算法黑箱进一步加剧了劳动者对自身工作掌控力的丧失，并且人的精神危机和道德危机也不断加深，人的一切生产和生活，甚至整个生命周期都作为数据被“泛网络化”,线上活动越来越取代线下活动。人工智能发展的目的是帮助人类改造物质世界、拓宽人类的认知空间，与人类之间是控制与被控制的关系，因此不能将人工智能的自主意识与人类的意志相等同。人与人的关系逐渐从对商品、货币等物的依赖转换为对数据、信息的依赖，部分人工智能的产品可同人直接交往，其结果是社会关系趋于碎片化、人格趋于工具化。

AI deepens the alienation of workers from their labor products. Under the capitalist social context, workers’ labor products do not belong to the workers themselves; the outcome of labor stands opposed to the labor process and the workers’ labor. Marx stated, “The worker’s relation to labor produces the capitalist—or whatever one calls the master of labor—in relation to that labor.” [4]4 Karl Marx, *Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844*, “Estranged Labour.” Marx argued, “The more the worker expends his strength in labor, the more powerful becomes the alien, objective world he creates against himself, the poorer he himself, his inner world, becomes, and the less belongs to him.” [5]5 Ibid. AI technology, by replacing a large number of workers to achieve increased productivity, causes the value of workers’ labor power to continuously depreciate while labor products continuously appreciate. As a technological advance, AI, while greatly improving productivity and thereby raising the organic composition of capital, leads to a reduced demand for labor per unit of capital. At the same time, robots can directly replace workers with corresponding skill levels, thereby suppressing employment. High-skilled labor continuously replaces medium- and low-skilled labor, leading to polarization in the average social wage rate. Workers are forced to provide data production for capitalists at lower costs, yet their own labor value is not reasonably recognized. Low-skilled workers’ purchasing power for labor products continuously declines, and their degree of alienation from labor products deepens.

人工智能加深了劳动者同劳动产品相异化。在资本主义的社会背景下，工人的劳动产品不属于工人自身，劳动结果对立于劳动过程和工人劳动。马克思提出，“工人对劳动的关系，生产出资本家——或者不管人们给劳动的主宰起个什么别的名字——对这个劳动的关系”。马克思认为，“工人在劳动中耗费的力量越多，他亲手创造出来反对自身的、异己的对象世界的力量就越强大，他自身、他的内部世界就越贫乏，归他所有的东西就越少”。人工智能技术通过替代大量劳动者达到生产力的提高，从而工人劳动力价值不断贬值，劳动产品则不断增值。作为技术进步的人工智能，在大幅改善生产率进而提高资本有机构成的同时，导致等量资本对劳动力的需求减少。同时，机器人能够直接取代相应技能水平的劳动者，进而对就业产生抑制作用。高技能劳动力持续替代中低技能劳动力，导致社会平均工资率出现两极分化。劳动者被迫以更低的成本为资本家提供数据生产，而其自身的劳动价值却得不到合理的认可。低技能工人对劳动产品的购买力不断下降，与劳动产品的异化程度也在不断加深。

AI deepens the alienation of workers from their production activities. The number of employees and the scale of R&D in contemporary high-tech industries are increasing dramatically; the economy and society are becoming deeply technologized; changes in production technology cause changes in productive forces and thus in production organizations. With the development of science and technology, the integrated development of technology and the economy gives rise to new industrial fields, and social organizational structures and management models are constantly transforming. In capitalist society, AI development accelerates the polarization between rich and poor, continuously raises the organic composition of capital, and deepens the degree to which workers are eliminated and marginalized by machines. Therefore, although AI can increase labor productivity and reduce physical labor, the pursuit of surplus value leads to more and more workers being excluded from the production process, resulting in polarization between rich and poor. The relationship between subject and object becomes inverted; AI development produces “social exclusion” for the “digital poor,” [6]6 “Digital poor” refers to those excluded from access to or control over digital technologies and data, often lacking the skills or resources to participate in the digital economy. reducing them to a group without employment and without labor value. Capitalist mass production is a process where humans assist machines in production; human work, relative to the complex processes of machine production, becomes simpler and more mechanical, and workers are not liberated from alienated labor. AI development makes human uselessness more apparent; some production systems exhibit increasing independence, even achieving unmanned operation. Due to capitalists’ monopoly over the means of production and AI technology—rather than the technology itself—the application of AI creates a large “useless class,” [7]7 “Useless class” (无用阶级) is a term popularized by Yuval Noah Harari in *Homo Deus* (2015), referring to people rendered economically and socially redundant by automation and AI. leading to an “economic singularity” [8]8 “Economic singularity” (经济奇点) is a concept from futurist discourse, denoting a hypothetical point where AI and automation make human labor largely obsolete, causing fundamental disruption to economic systems. of stagnant social mobility. Labor, as the most fundamental human ability and right, is facing the danger of being stripped away by machines.

人工智能加深了劳动者同生产活动相异化。当代高新科技产业的从业人数、研发规模日益剧增，经济社会日益深度科技化，生产技术引起生产力变化进而引起生产组织的变化。随着科学技术的发展，科技和经济融合发展，新的产业领域不断涌现，社会组织结构和管理模式不断变革。在资本主义社会中，人工智能的发展会加速贫富分化，不断提高资本有机构成，工人被机器淘汰和被边缘化的程度不断加深。因此，人工智能虽然能够提高劳动生产率，减少体力劳动，但是由于对超额剩余价值的追求，越来越多的工人将被排除生产过程之外，导致贫富两极分化。主客体间关系呈现出颠倒化，人工智能的发展对“数字穷人”产生了“社会排斥”,导致他们沦为无人雇佣、失去劳动价值的群体。资本主义大生产是人辅助机器进行生产，人的工作相对于机器生产的复杂流程而言更加简单与机械，劳动者并没有从异化劳动中解放出来。人工智能的发展使得人的无用性更加明显，一些生产系统表现出越来越强的独立性，甚至出现了无人化。由于资本家对生产资料和人工智能技术的垄断而不是技术本身，人工智能的应用造就了大量“无用阶级”,导致出现社会流动停滞的“经济奇点”。劳动作为人类最基本的能力和权利，正在面临被机器剥夺的危险。

The labor alienation brought about by the artificial intelligence revolution has multifaceted effects on the labor market. First, the demand structure of the labor market changes. Traditional manual labor and some mental labor positions in the labor market decrease, while demand for high-skilled and innovative talent increases, creating a phenomenon of high-skilled shortage and low-skilled surplus in the labor market, exacerbating employment inequality. Second, data labor becomes a new form in the labor market. Workers shift from being traditional labor subjects to objects managed by algorithms, and their autonomy is weakened. Labor relations shift from offline to online, and connections between workers are replaced by data and information, causing fragmentation of labor relations, making it difficult for workers to collectively fight for rights and interests. Facing technologically monopolistic capital, low-skilled workers are gradually marginalized, further intensifying inequality in the labor market. Third, the alienation of workers from their own labor products leads to uneven distribution. The logic of capital drives enterprises to pursue excess surplus value, further squeezing workers. The application of artificial intelligence enhances production efficiency and accelerates the output speed of labor products. However, the main part of the value-added labor products is appropriated by capitalists, causing the labor value of workers to continuously depreciate, thereby exacerbating the imbalance in the labor market.

人工智能革命带来的劳动异化对劳动力市场的影响是多方面的。第一，劳动力市场的需求结构发生变化。劳动力市场中传统的体力劳动和部分脑力劳动岗位减少，而对高技能、创新型人才的需求增加，造成劳动力市场高技能短缺和低技能过剩的现象，加剧就业不平等。第二，数据劳动成为劳动力市场的新形态。劳动者从传统的劳动主体转变为被算法管理的对象，劳动者的自主性被削弱。劳动关系从线下向线上转移，劳动者之间的联系被数据和信息替代，造成劳动关系的碎片化，使劳动者很难通过集体的力量去争取权益，面对技术垄断资本，低技能劳动者逐渐被边缘化，进一步加剧劳动力市场的不平等。第三，劳动者同自己劳动产品相异化会导致分配不均。资本逻辑驱使企业追求超额剩余价值，进一步压榨劳动者。人工智能的应用提升了生产效率，加快了劳动产品的产出速度。然而，劳动产品增值的主要部分被资本家占有，导致劳动者的劳动价值不断贬值，进而加剧了劳动力市场的不平衡。

III. The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Labor Market under Socialist Conditions

三、社会主义条件下人工智能对劳动力市场的影响

Under socialist conditions, artificial intelligence should serve society centered on the people-centered development philosophy. The research, development, and application of artificial intelligence technology must focus on solving issues of common concern to the people, such as improving the quality and efficiency of public services like healthcare, education, and housing. From the historical development of human labor, labor evolves from externalized self-directed labor to alienated wage labor, and ultimately to free labor unified with human essence. Under communist conditions, labor is primarily characterized by human free labor. In socialist countries with public ownership as the mainstay, artificial intelligence is an important tool for promoting social development, improving people's quality of life, and achieving social fairness and justice. The state centrally manages capital and resources, ensuring that technological progress serves the interests of all people, rather than the private interests of a few capitalists. From a Marxist perspective, the trend of social decentralization indicates that the means of production will become wealth commonly owned by all members of society. In this situation, the fruits of productive forces development will be shared by all members of society, thereby promoting society's advance toward communism. Under conditions of public ownership, the original intention and goal of developing artificial intelligence should be to help workers escape capitalist exploitation and ultimately achieve the liberation of all humanity.

在社会主义条件下，人工智能要围绕以人民为中心的发展思想来为社会服务。人工智能技术的研发和应用需着眼于解决人民群众普遍关心的问题，如提高医疗、教育、住房等公共服务的质量和效率。从人类的劳动发展的历程来看，劳动表现为人的外化的自在劳动，发展到异化的雇佣劳动，最终发展到与人的本质相统一的自由劳动，共产主义条件下的劳动是以人的自由劳动为主要内容的。在公有制为主体的社会主义国家中，人工智能是推动社会发展、提高人民生活质量和实现社会公平正义的重要工具。国家对资本和资源集中管理，确保技术进步能够服务于全体人民的利益，而不是少数资本家的私利。从马克思主义的视角来看，社会的去中心化趋势预示着生产资料将成为全体社会成员共同拥有的财富。在这种情况下，生产力的发展成果将由全体社会成员共享，从而推动社会向共产主义方向迈进。在公有制条件下，发展人工智能的初衷和目标应当是助力劳动者摆脱资本家的剥削，最终实现全人类的解放。

The development of artificial intelligence technology is profoundly changing the nature and intensity of labor. Unlike traditional technological progress, which mainly replaces manual labor with machine production, artificial intelligence not only plays a role in the field of manual labor but also enters the field of mental labor on a large scale. Through automation and intelligence, artificial intelligence improves work efficiency and reduces human labor intensity. Under socialist conditions, the development and application of artificial intelligence are regarded as important tools for promoting social progress, capable of improving production efficiency and working conditions, thereby reducing labor intensity and enhancing well-being, which is consistent with socialism's goal of pursuing workers' welfare and social fairness. Socialism adheres to the people-centered development concept, and the application of artificial intelligence technology aims to liberate human productive forces and reduce human manual labor in the production process, thereby better achieving this goal. In traditional industrial production, a large number of repetitive, dangerous, and high-intensity tasks are often completed by humans, which is not only inefficient but also poses threats to workers' physical and mental health. The application of artificial intelligence technology can take over these tasks, reduce workers' labor intensity, and improve production safety. In Marxist theory, labor alienation refers to workers losing control and a sense of belonging to their labor and output during the production process. The application of artificial intelligence enables workers to engage more in meaningful and creative work, enhancing labor autonomy and satisfaction. The previous full-time work mode based on division of labor is transforming into flexible work modes, such as working from home, part-time jobs, and various forms of freelance work becoming widespread. The extensive quantity of labor gradually decreases, while the intensive quality of labor continuously increases, and labor autonomy and creativity are also constantly enriched. The development of artificial intelligence is triggering profound changes in the field of social production, gradually liberating people from direct material production labor. This liberation creates more freely disposable time and resources for people, thereby providing conditions for achieving free and comprehensive development. At the same time, the progress of artificial intelligence also lays a solid foundation of productive forces for realizing communist society.

人工智能技术的发展正在深刻地改变劳动的本质和强度。与传统技术进步主要以机器生产替代体力劳动不同，人工智能不仅在体力劳动领域发挥作用，还体现在大规模地进入脑力劳动领域。通过自动化和智能化，人工智能提高了工作效率，减轻了人类的劳动强度。在社会主义条件下，人工智能的发展和应用被视为推动社会进步的重要工具，能够提高生产效率和改善工作条件，从而降低劳动强度，增强幸福感，这与社会主义追求劳动者福祉和社会公平的目标是一致的。社会主义坚持以人民为中心的发展理念，而人工智能技术的应用旨在解放人类的生产力，减少人类在生产过程中的体力劳动，从而更好地实现这一目标。在传统工业生产中，大量重复性、危险性和高强度的工作往往由人类完成，不仅效率低下，还对劳动者的身心健康构成威胁。人工智能技术的应用能够接管这些任务，减轻工人的劳动强度，提高生产安全性。在马克思主义理论中，劳动异化是指劳动者在生产过程中对自己的劳动和产出失去控制和归属感，而人工智能的应用使得劳动者能够更多地从事有意义、有创造性的工作，提高了劳动的自主性和满足感。以往分工的全日制工作方式正转变为弹性工作方式，例如居家办公、兼职以及各类自由职业广泛流行。劳动的外延量逐步地减少，劳动的内涵量不断地提升，劳动的自主性和创造性也在不断丰富。人工智能的发展正在引发社会生产领域的深刻变革，使人们从直接的物质生产劳动中逐步解放出来。这种解放为人们创造了更多可自由支配的时间与资源，从而为实现自由而全面的发展提供了条件。同时，人工智能的进步也为实现共产主义社会奠定了坚实的生产力基础。

Marx believed that with the development of science and technology, the means of production will inevitably replace specific individuals, and the creation of wealth "depends more on the power of the agents set in motion during labor time... hence exchange value is no longer the measure of use value... the production based on exchange value will collapse, and the direct material production process itself will shake off poverty and antagonistic forms." [9]9 Karl Marx, *Grundrisse der Kritik der Politischen Ökonomie* (1857–1858), Notebook VII. The passage discusses how the development of fixed capital (machinery) reduces the role of direct labor in wealth creation, undermining the basis of exchange-value production. The integration of big data, artificial intelligence, and the internet with the real economy provides more opportunities for industrial development. Big data-based artificial intelligence promotes the rapid development of productive forces, preparing material conditions for people's comprehensive development. Household disposable income actually increases with the decline in prices of goods and services brought about by production process automation, and demand for various goods and services will also increase, thereby driving the entire social economy and increasing total economic output. The connotation of labor's sociality and sharing is also continuously expanding. Communist society emphasizes "common ownership," and the development of internet technology enables resource circulation between urban and rural areas and between regions, gradually narrowing gaps. The wider the scope and the greater the number of people sharing information and knowledge, the greater the expected value realized. Additionally, the development of artificial intelligence will lead to more and more manual and mental labor being replaced by artificial intelligence, resulting in technological unemployment. But from the perspective of overall human history, technological innovation does not necessarily lead to large-scale unemployment across society. In the long run, although the employment structure changes, total employment may not be greatly affected. During the Industrial Revolution, machine-based production replaced many manual labor positions but also spawned a large number of new job opportunities, such as factory workers and production managers. Similarly, while the development of artificial intelligence will reduce some traditional job positions due to substitution effects, it can also open up many new positions, such as in the research and development of new technologies, the manufacturing of artificial intelligence equipment, after-sales service, and maintenance, all of which require a large number of talents with professional knowledge and high technical skills. From a long-term perspective, as related industries continue to develop and upgrade, their employment scale is expected to further expand, moving toward a more advanced stage of development.

马克思认为，随着科技的发展，生产工具必定取代具体的人，财富的创造“较多地取决于在劳动时间内所运用的作用物的力量……因而交换价值也不再是使用价值的尺度……以交换价值为基础的生产便会崩溃，直接的物质生产过程本身也就摆脱了贫困和对立的形式”。大数据、人工智能、互联网与实体经济相互融合，给产业发展提供了更多的机遇。基于大数据的人工智能促进了生产力的高速发展，为人的全面发展准备了物质条件。家庭可支配收入随着生产过程自动化带来的商品和服务价格的下降实际上增加，各类商品和服务的需求也将增加，进而拉动整个社会经济，增加经济总量。劳动社会性和共享性内涵也在不断扩大。共产主义社会强调“共有”,互联网技术的发展使得城乡之间和区域之间实现资源流通，差距逐渐缩小。信息和知识共享的范围越广、人数越多，其预期实现的价值就会越大。此外，人工智能的发展将使得越来越多的体力和脑力劳动被人工智能取代，出现技术性失业。但从人类整体历史来看，技术创新并不一定会导致全社会出现大规模失业。从长期来看，尽管就业结构有所改变，就业总量未必会遭受太大影响。在工业革命时期，机器化生产虽然取代了众多手工劳动岗位，但同时也催生了大量新的工作机会，例如工厂工人和生产管理人员等。与之相似，人工智能的发展虽会因替代效应削减部分传统工作岗位，却也能开辟诸多新岗位，如新技术的研发与设计、人工智能设备的生产制造、售后服务以及维修保养等领域，这些都需要大量具备专业知识和高技术水平的人才。从长期视角来看，随着相关行业的不断发展与升级，其就业规模有望进一步扩大，迈向更高级的发展阶段。

The development of artificial intelligence under socialist conditions focuses on protecting the rights and interests of workers. Scientific and technological development serves the overall interests of society, rather than merely pursuing economic efficiency. Therefore, in the process of research, development and application of AI technology, greater attention is paid to the technology’s impact on workers, ensuring that technological progress does not lead to the impairment of workers’ rights and interests. When workers’ rights and interests are harmed, the state takes measures to protect workers. Under the socialist system, the development of AI focuses on reducing social inequality. AI technology can increase production efficiency, lower product costs, and through intelligent public services enable more people to enjoy high-quality goods and services, such as intelligent medical care, education and transport systems, which can raise the coverage and quality of social services and narrow the gap between urban and rural areas and between different social groups. With regard to the technological unemployment of the “digital poor”, under socialist conditions it is possible, through top-level social design, to break the irrational division-of-labour model dominated by the logic of capital in capitalist industrial society, liberating people from passive alienated labour. As more and more new intelligent posts emerge, the labour market places new demands on the quality of workers. Workers not only need to master basic digital skills, but must also be able to adapt to rapid changes in work content and environment. To meet these requirements, workers need to engage in lifelong learning, continuously upgrading their skills and knowledge. At the same time, the development of AI also emphasises fairness and inclusiveness, striving to ensure that everyone can benefit from technological progress. This includes providing more training opportunities and creating new employment opportunities to absorb those workers who may become unemployed as a result of technological development. The education and training system under the socialist system is also being continuously improved to help workers adapt to the demands of intelligentisation. With the development and progress of science and technology, workers must possess a higher quality of intelligent technology and a knowledge structure suited to the needs of an intelligent society, which also drives the diversification of workers’ skills.

社会主义条件下的人工智能的发展注重保护劳动者的权益。科技发展服务于社会整体利益，而不是单纯追求经济效益。因此，人工智能技术的研发和应用过程中，会更加注重技术对劳动者的影响，确保技术进步不会导致劳动者的权益受损。当劳动者权益受损时，国家会采取措施保护劳动者。在社会主义制度下，人工智能的发展注重减少社会不平等。人工智能技术可以提高生产效率，降低产品成本，通过智能化的公共服务使更多人能够享受到高质量的商品和服务，如智能医疗、教育和交通系统，可以提高社会服务的覆盖面和质量，缩小城乡和不同社会群体之间的差距。对于“数字穷人”的技术性失业，在社会主义条件下可以通过社会顶层设计，打破资本主义工业社会中由资本逻辑主导的不合理的劳动分工模式，将人从被动的异化劳动中解放出来。随着越来越多智能化新岗位的涌现，劳动力市场对劳动者的素质提出了新的要求。劳动者不仅需要掌握基本的数字技能，还必须能够适应工作内容和环境的快速变化。为了满足这些要求，劳动者需要进行终身学习，持续提升自己的技能和知识水平。同时，人工智能的发展也强调公平性和包容性，致力于确保所有人都能从技术进步中受益。这包括提供更多的培训机会，以及创造新的就业机会来吸纳那些可能因技术发展而失业的劳动者。社会主义制度下的教育和培训体系也在不断完善，以帮助劳动者适应智能化的需求。随着科技的发展与进步，劳动者要具备更高的智能化技术的素质和知识结构来适应智能社会的需求，这也推动了劳动者技能朝着多元化方向发展。

IV. Pathways for AI to Promote the Labour Market

四、人工智能促进劳动力市场的实现路径

In stark contrast to the situation in capitalist societies where AI technology intensifies labour alienation, in the process of building socialist modernisation with Chinese characteristics, science and technology represented by AI serve not as tools for capital exploitation, but as important instruments for achieving the free and comprehensive development of human beings. Our country currently faces changes unseen in a century, and the path of development is full of opportunities and challenges. Under the 14th Five-Year Plan, adhering to the new development pattern with domestic circulation as the mainstay and domestic and international circulations reinforcing each other is the requirement and inevitable trend of the New Era. We should grasp the new development pattern and rationally use intelligent technology to better unblock bottlenecks in the labour market, thereby achieving high-quality employment.

与资本主义社会中人工智能技术加剧劳动异化的情况形成鲜明对比，在中国特色社会主义现代化建设进程中，以人工智能为代表的科学技术并非服务于资本剥削，而是作为实现人的自由而全面发展的重要工具。我国当前面临着百年未有之大变局，发展道路上充满了机遇与挑战。在“十四五”规划下，坚持以国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局，是新时代的发展要求与必然趋势，应该把握新的发展格局，合理利用智能化技术更好地畅通劳动力市场堵点，从而实现高质量就业。

First, uphold the socialist system and ensure the dominant and equal status of workers. Under the socialist system, the key to unblocking bottlenecks in the labour market lies not only in providing sufficient job positions, but more importantly in ensuring that these positions can effectively safeguard workers’ rights and interests, improve their quality of life, and promote their comprehensive development. Upholding the socialist system, the primary task is to ensure the dominant and equal status of workers in social and economic activities. Workers are the decisive force in the development of productive forces, participants in the production process, and the main force in creating social wealth. Therefore, the development of society and enterprises must be closely linked to the interests and needs of workers. The development of AI should serve the realisation of human value and the survival and development of humanity. It should be guided within the framework of the socialist system, with proper risk prevention, organically integrating human labour with AI, relying on technological progress to improve employment, education and social security, and fully leveraging the advantages of science and technology in developing productive forces and promoting social progress. Under the socialist system, we should adhere to the people-centered value orientation, uphold the advantages of public ownership of the means of production, ensure that the development of AI serves the people, and reject capital’s monopoly and control over AI. Furthermore, the development of AI should be closely integrated with improving people’s lives, bridging the digital divide and the social inequality it brings. It is necessary to enhance the scientific and technological literacy of the entire population, especially in rural and remote areas, by balancing the distribution of educational resources to ensure that everyone has the opportunity to access and learn AI technology. At the same time, applications suitable for different groups should be developed, particularly assistive tools for special groups such as the elderly and people with disabilities, so that they too can enjoy the conveniences brought by AI technology. Technological progress should be transformed into social progress, ensuring that the fruits of technological development benefit the majority of people. In addition, the government should actively guide and regulate the development and policy-making of AI, safeguarding the interests of the people and preventing technological and ethical risks. Particular vigilance is needed against the monopoly of data by large technology companies; user data has become one of the most important factors of production in the AI era and the most critical factor in market competition, and these key data elements can bring huge profits to giants. The application of AI technology in public services should be increased, achieving openness and sharing of technology, improving the efficiency and quality of public services, and making AI technology a genuine force for promoting the progress of human society.

第一，坚持社会主义制度，确保劳动者主体地位和平等地位。在社会主义制度下，打通劳动力市场堵点的关键不仅在于提供充足的工作岗位，更在于确保这些岗位能够切实保障劳动者的权益，提升他们的生活质量，并促进其全面发展。坚持社会主义制度，首要任务是确保劳动者在社会和经济活动中的主体地位和平等地位。劳动者是生产力发展的决定性力量，是生产过程的参与者，是创造社会财富的主力军。因此，社会和企业的发展必须与劳动者的利益和需求紧密相连。人工智能的发展应服务于人的价值实现和人类的生存与发展，应在社会主义制度框架内引领其发展，做好风险防范，将人类劳动与人工智能有机统一，依靠技术进步改善就业、教育和社会保障，充分发挥科学技术在发展生产力和推动社会进步中的优势。在社会主义制度下，应坚持以人民为中心的价值导向，坚持生产资料公有制的优势，确保人工智能的发展服务于人民，摒弃资本对人工智能的垄断与控制。此外，应将人工智能的发展与改善人民生活紧密结合，弥补智能鸿沟及其带来的社会不平等。要提高全民的科技素养，特别是在农村和偏远地区，通过教育资源的均衡分配，确保每个人都有机会接触和学习人工智能技术。同时，开发适合不同群体的应用，特别是为老年人、残疾人等特殊群体设计辅助工具，使他们也能享受到人工智能技术带来的便利。将技术进步转化为社会进步，确保技术发展成果能够惠及大多数人。此外，政府应积极引导和管控人工智能的发展与政策制定，维护人民的利益，防范技术和伦理风险。特别是要警惕大型科技企业对数据的垄断，用户数据已成为人工智能时代最重要的生产要素之一，也是最为关键的市场竞争要素，这些关键数据要素会为巨头带来巨额利润。应加大人工智能技术在公共服务中的运用，实现技术的开放与共享，提高公共服务的效率和质量，使人工智能技术真正成为推动人类社会进步的力量。

Second, formulate strategic plans related to AI and cultivate high-quality talent. Marx and Engels fully affirmed the driving role of science and technology in labour productivity and even human history. “Labour productivity develops with the continuous progress of science and technology.” [10]10 Marx, *Capital*, Volume 1, Chapter 13, Section 1. It is necessary to make a good strategic plan for AI development, increase support for research and development of core key technologies in the new generation of information technology, and determine the long-term and short-term goals of AI technology development as well as the specific paths to achieve these goals. Allocate financial, human and material resources rationally to ensure the smooth progress of AI technology research and development. Formulate policies conducive to AI development, guiding and supporting leading enterprises and university research institutes in conducting research, tackling key problems, and transforming achievements in core technologies. High-quality talent is the key to promoting the development of AI technology and an important support for ensuring the smooth operation of the labour market. The advantage of the socialist system lies in its ability to concentrate resources to accomplish major tasks; the state can integrate resources more effectively, formulate unified strategic plans, coordinate universities, research institutions and enterprises to jointly overcome difficulties, and cultivate high-quality talent adapted to AI development. The education system needs reform, introducing basic programming and logical thinking training at the primary and secondary school levels, and offering specialised courses in AI-related majors at the higher education level. At the same time, schools can cooperate with enterprises to provide students with internship and practical opportunities, enabling them to apply theoretical knowledge to solving practical problems. In addition, lifelong learning for members of society should be encouraged, with online courses and workshops provided to help people continuously update their knowledge and skills. In the intelligent era, people should be encouraged to innovate and create technology, especially supporting the development of the sharing economy, to address the challenges brought by technological progress to workers. The government should formulate relevant policies to encourage and support the healthy development of China’s AI industry, enhance its international competitiveness, and strengthen its employment-creation effect. The AI industry will lead many emerging industries, playing a positive role in alleviating employment problems and encouraging innovation and entrepreneurship. Therefore, it is necessary to break various constraints that restrict enterprise innovation, improve standards for new business forms, new products and new technologies, and while adhering to prudent regulation, encourage a market environment of fair competition and innovation.

第二，制定人工智能相关战略规划，培养高素质人才。马克思恩格斯充分肯定科学技术对劳动生产力乃至人类历史的推动作用。“劳动生产力是随着科学和技术的不断进步而不断发展的”。要做好人工智能发展的战略规划，加大对新一代信息技术领域关键核心技术研发的支持力度，确定人工智能技术发展的长远目标和短期目标以及实现这些目标的具体路径。合理分配财政、人力和物力资源，确保人工智能技术研发的顺利进行。制定有利于人工智能发展的政策，引导和支持领军企业和高校科研院所对核心技术进行研究、攻关和成果转化。高素质人才是推动人工智能技术发展的关键，也是确保劳动力市场顺畅运行的重要支撑。社会主义制度的优势在于能够集中力量办大事，国家可以更有效地整合资源，制定统一的战略规划，协调高校、科研机构和企业共同攻克难关，培养出适应人工智能发展的高素质人才。教育体系需要进行改革，在中小学阶段引入基础编程和逻辑思维训练，在高等教育阶段开设人工智能相关专业课程。同时，学校可与企业合作，为学生提供实习和实践机会，让他们能够将理论知识应用于解决实际问题。此外，还应鼓励社会成员进行终身学习，提供在线课程和工作坊，帮助人们不断更新知识和技能。在智能时代，应鼓励人们进行创新和技术创造，特别是支持共享经济的发展，以应对技术进步给劳动者带来的挑战。政府应制定相关政策，鼓励和支持我国人工智能产业的健康发展，提高我国人工智能产业的国际竞争力，增强其就业创造效应。人工智能产业将引领许多新兴产业，对于缓解就业问题和鼓励创新创业具有积极作用，因此，需要打破制约企业创新的各种约束，完善新业态、新产品和新技术标准，在坚持审慎监管的同时，鼓励公平竞争和创新的市场环境。

Third, adopt reasonable income distribution and redistribution policies, and provide public welfare jobs. The socialist system can ensure the inclusive sharing of technological dividends, narrow the social digital divide, and enhance the well-being of the whole society. Facing the mismatch between skills and technology, the government can increase education and training for low-skilled labor, helping them better adapt to the emerging high-skill-intensive industrial structure and technological environment. The government should provide lifelong learning opportunities for simple labor groups such as migrant workers, and integrate vocational education and skills training resources to improve their skill levels and employment competitiveness. In response to changes in employment demand, diversified training content should be formulated at different levels to meet the needs of labor at different levels. For workers at the primary skill level, training focuses on basic understanding and operation of AI technology; for workers at the intermediate skill level, training should place more emphasis on technology application; and for workers at the advanced skill level, training may include the design, development, and innovation of AI technology. Attention should be paid to the ability of medium-skilled groups to apply AI technology. Medium-skilled groups are the bridge connecting basic operations and high-end innovation. Enhancing the AI technology application ability of this group is crucial for the adaptability and competitiveness of the entire labor market. The government and non-governmental organizations should provide financial support to enterprises and institutions that conduct AI-related knowledge training, ensuring they can adapt to the needs of new positions. These funds can be used to help institutions purchase necessary equipment, hire professional lecturers, and develop training materials suitable for labor at different levels. The social security system should be improved, especially by strengthening the protection of unemployment relief, starting from unemployment insurance and minimum income guarantees for families, to provide adequate living security for labor groups severely impacted by the transition between old and new employment structures, in order to cope with possible short-term unemployment problems. Establish a comprehensive and flexible unemployment insurance system to ensure sufficient funds to support the basic living of the unemployed during their search for new jobs and retraining. Provide retraining programs and career guidance services to help the unemployed acquire new skills and adapt to new employment opportunities. For low-income families, provide necessary economic assistance to ensure their basic living needs are met. Given that AI technology may exacerbate wage income inequality, with high-skilled labor potentially gaining more benefits and low-skilled labor facing the risk of income decline, consideration can be given to appropriately increasing the income tax on high-skilled labor groups and using transfer payments to balance wage income inequality. At the same time, provide incentive measures for high-skilled labor to encourage their participation in social services and public affairs, thereby giving back to society.

第三，采取合理的收入分配和再分配政策，提供公益工作岗位。社会主义制度能够确保技术红利的普惠共享，缩小社会数字鸿沟，提升全社会福祉。面对技能与技术不匹配的问题，政府可以加大对低技能劳动力的教育和培训力度，帮助他们更好地适应新兴的高技能密集型产业结构和技术环境。政府应为农民工等简单劳动群体提供终身学习的机会，并整合职业教育与技能培训资源，以提升他们的技能水平和就业竞争力。应针对就业需求的变化，分层次制定多元化的培训内容以满足不同层次劳动力的需求。对于初级技能层次的劳动者，培训侧重于人工智能技术的基本理解和操作，对于中等技能层次的劳动者，培训应该更加注重技术应用，而对于高级技能层次的劳动者，培训则可能包括人工智能技术的设计、开发和创新。要重视中等技能人群应用人工智能技术的能力。中等技能人群是连接基础操作和高端创新的桥梁。提升这一群体的人工智能技术应用能力对于整个劳动力市场的适应性和竞争力至关重要。政府和非政府组织应为开展人工智能相关知识培训的企业和机构提供资金支持，确保其能够适应新岗位的需求。这些资金可用于帮助机构购买必要的设备、聘请专业讲师以及开发适合不同层次劳动力的培训材料。要完善社会保障体系，特别是增强失业救济的保障力度，从失业保险和家庭最低收入保障等方面入手，为在新旧就业结构转型中受到较大冲击的劳动群体提供充分的生活保障，以应对短期内可能出现的失业问题。建立全面且灵活的失业保险制度，确保有足够资金支持失业者在寻找新工作及再培训期间的基本生活。提供再培训项目和职业指导服务，帮助失业者掌握新技能，适应新的就业机会。对于低收入家庭，提供必要的经济援助，确保他们的基本生活需求得到满足。鉴于人工智能技术可能会加剧工资收入的不平等，高技能劳动力可能会获得更多收益，而低技能劳动力可能面临收入下降的风险，可以考虑适当提高高技能劳动力群体的收入税，利用转移支付来平衡工资收入不平等。同时，为高技能劳动力提供激励措施，鼓励他们参与社会服务和公共事业，以此来回馈社会。

Fourth, reconstruct a new division of labor system, stimulate workers’ potential, and promote the free and comprehensive development of individuals. In capitalist society, workers create free time, but a minority enjoy social free time by appropriating surplus products, and workers are at a disadvantage in competition, losing the opportunity for free and comprehensive development. “The tendency of capital is always: on the one hand, to create disposable time, and on the other hand, to convert this disposable time into surplus labor.” [11]11 Karl Marx, Grundrisse der Kritik der Politischen Ökonomie, Notebook VII. The use of machinery fundamentally changes the material basis of the labor process, and thus also fundamentally changes the social form of the labor process. In capitalist society, the use of machinery leads to unemployment and poverty for workers, but in socialist society, the use of machinery can be employed to reduce labor intensity and increase workers’ leisure time, thereby promoting the comprehensive development of individuals. The new division of labor system should be flexible, innovative, and personalized. Workers are no longer passive executors performing simple repetitive labor in the production process, but rather active innovation participants relying more on knowledge, skills, and creativity. The flexibility of the labor market includes flexible working hours, workplaces, and contract forms, which are important features of the new division of labor system. The regulatory capacity of the labor market under the socialist system provides an effective response mechanism to the employment shocks brought by AI technological change. By offering diverse work options, it helps workers find jobs matching their skills and interests, thereby stimulating their potential. In the current development of China’s labor market, involution [12]12 “Involution” (内卷, nèijuǎn) refers to a phenomenon of intensified competition within a system that leads to no genuine progress or innovation, often used in contemporary Chinese discourse to describe excessive workplace competition and overwork. has become a new label of this era. Many enterprises have overtime work phenomena, especially prominent in industries such as the internet and finance. Therefore, today’s society needs to abandon the capital logic of turning leisure time into time for creating surplus value, establish a sound labor protection mechanism, build a people-centered working environment, and give play to people’s subjective initiative in the labor process. This not only protects people’s physical health but also, to a large extent, stimulates workers’ creativity, enabling workers themselves to improve efficiency and promote the long-term healthy development of the labor market.

第四，重新构建新型劳动分工体系，激发劳动者潜能并促进人的自由全面发展。在资本主义社会，劳动者创造了自由时间，但少数人通过占有剩余产品而享有社会自由时间，劳动者在竞争中处于劣势地位，丧失自由全面发展的机会。“资本的趋势始终是：一方面创造可以自由支配的时间，另一方面把这些可以自由支配的时间变为剩余劳动”。机器的使用，使得劳动过程的物质基础发生了根本的变化，从而也使得劳动过程的社会形式发生了根本的变化。在资本主义社会中，机器的使用导致了劳动者的失业和贫困，但在社会主义社会中，机器的使用可以被用来减小劳动强度，增加劳动者的闲暇时间，从而促进人的全面发展。新型劳动分工体系应具有灵活性、创新性和个性化。劳动者不再是在生产过程中进行简单重复劳动的被动工作执行者，而是更多地依赖于知识、技能和创造力的积极创新参与者。劳动力市场的灵活性包括灵活的工作时间、工作地点和合同形式，这是新型劳动分工体系的重要特征。社会主义制度下的劳动力市场调控能力为人工智能技术变革带来的就业冲击提供了有效应对机制，通过提供多样化的工作选择，帮助劳动者找到与其技能和兴趣相匹配的工作，从而激发他们的潜能。在当前中国劳动力市场发展情形下，内卷已经成为这个时代的新标签，很多企业存在超时工作现象，尤其在互联网、金融等行业中更为突出。因此，当今社会需要摒弃将闲暇时间变成创造剩余价值时间的资本逻辑，建立健全的劳工保障机制，构建以人民为中心的劳动环境，发挥人在劳动过程中的主观能动性。这不仅是对人们身体健康的保护，更在很大程度上激发劳动者的创造性，使劳动者自身提高效率，促进劳动力市场的长期健康发展。

In summary, at the national level, it is necessary to establish and improve a market supervision system, promptly stop monopolistic behavior, legally punish non-compliant enterprises and urge them to rectify, encourage the development of emerging enterprises, break industry monopolies, and promote market diversification. Use new technologies such as AI to develop diversified supervision channels, provide the public with convenient reporting and complaint channels, use big data and AI technology to monitor market behavior in real time, encourage media and public participation in supervision, and form an effective social supervision mechanism. At the enterprise level, enterprises should engage in healthy competition by improving product quality, innovating services, optimizing management, and other means. Management should use advanced technological means to manage talent, tap into workers’ maximum potential, increase educational investment in AI-related specialties, cultivate local professional talent, and attract international talent to participate in the construction of the domestic AI industry. At the worker level, workers need to clearly recognize their own advantages, interests, and career goals, assess the match between their skills and future market demand, and make adjustments. Use technology to enhance their own abilities and make lifelong learning a necessary quality. Under the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, AI will become an important force in promoting the adaptation of relations of production to productive forces and promoting the comprehensive development of individuals. The state, enterprises, and all sectors of society should work together to ensure that the development achievements of AI technology benefit everyone and promote the building of a community with a shared future for mankind.

综上所述，对于国家层面，需要建立健全市场监管体系，及时制止垄断行为，依法处罚违规企业并促其整改，鼓励新兴企业发展，打破行业垄断，促进市场多元化。利用人工智能等新技术开发多元化监督渠道，为公众提供便捷的举报和投诉渠道，运用大数据和人工智能技术实时监控市场行为，鼓励媒体和公众参与监督，形成有效的社会监督机制。于企业层面，企业间应良性竞争，通过提高产品质量、创新服务、优化管理等方式进行健康竞争。管理层应利用先进技术手段管理人才，挖掘劳动者最大潜力，加大对人工智能相关专业的教育投入，培养本土专业人才，吸引国际人才参与国内人工智能产业建设。于劳动者层面，劳动者需清晰认识自身优势、兴趣和职业目标，评估技能与未来市场需求的匹配度并做好调整。利用技术提升自身能力，将终身学习作为必备素质。在中国特色社会主义制度下，人工智能将成为推动生产关系与生产力相适应、促进人的全面发展的重要力量。国家、企业和社会各界应当共同努力，以确保人工智能技术的发展成果惠及每一个人，推动构建人类命运共同体。

(Author affiliations: Party School of the Jiangsu Provincial Committee of the CPC, Hunan University)

（作者单位分别为：中共江苏省委党校、湖南大学）

Online editor: Paul

网络编辑：保罗