Promoting the Development of New Quality Productive Forces through the New-Type Nationwide System

The new-type nationwide system is a major theoretical innovation in the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics and an organizational model and operational mechanism unique to China for accelerating high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening. In 2023, during an inspection tour in local areas, General Secretary Xi Jinping put forward the concept of “new quality productive forces,” emphasizing the need to “integrate scientific and technological innovation resources, lead the development of strategic emerging industries and future industries, and accelerate the formation of new quality productive forces.” The proposal of “new quality productive forces” enriches and develops the Marxist theory of productive forces. In December of the same year, the Central Economic Work Conference stressed the need to “lead the construction of a modern industrial system through scientific and technological innovation.” “Developing new quality productive forces” and “improving the new-type nationwide system” are important measures for promoting industrial innovation through scientific and technological innovation and driving high-quality development. The adaptation of relations of production to the development of productive forces is a basic principle of Marxist political economy. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized that “to develop new quality productive forces, we must further deepen reforms comprehensively and form new-type relations of production that are compatible with them.” The essence of new quality productive forces is advanced productive forces, and the development of advanced productive forces urgently requires the transformation and innovation of relations of production. The new-type nationwide system is precisely a manifestation of the superiority of the socialist system in “concentrating resources to accomplish large undertakings.” On the basis of fully leveraging the role of the market mechanism, it optimizes the allocation of innovation resources around national strategic needs. This is an emerging form of innovation resource allocation and an important manifestation of new-type relations of production. Through the leadership of the Party and the state over major scientific and technological innovations, the immense driving force of new quality productive forces is unleashed to promote high-quality economic development.

新型举国体制是中国特色社会主义政治经济学的重大理论创新，是我国特有的加快推进高水平科技自立自强组织模式和运行机制。2023年，习近平总书记在地方考察期间提出了“新质生产力”概念，强调“整合科技创新资源，引领发展战略性新兴产业和未来产业，加快形成新质生产力”。“新质生产力”的提出是对马克思主义生产力理论的丰富与发展。同年12月，中央经济工作会议上强调，“以科技创新引领现代化产业体系建设”。“发展新质生产力”与“完善新型举国体制”是以科技创新推动产业创新、推动经济高质量发展的重要举措。生产关系与生产力发展相适应是马克思主义政治经济学基本原理。习近平总书记强调，“发展新质生产力，必须进一步全面深化改革，形成与之相适应的新型生产关系”。新质生产力本质就是先进生产力，先进生产力的发展亟需生产关系的变革创新，而新型举国体制正是“集中力量办大事”的社会主义制度优越性的体现，在充分发挥市场机制作用的基础上，围绕国家战略需求优化创新资源配置。这是创新资源配置的新兴形式，也是新型生产关系的重要体现。通过党和国家对重大科技创新的领导，释放新质生产力的巨大动能以推动经济高质量发展。

The “Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Deepening Reforms Comprehensively to Advance Chinese-Path Modernization” (hereinafter referred to as the “Decision”), reviewed and approved at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, [1]1 The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China was held in July 2024 and focused on further deepening reforms comprehensively to advance Chinese-path modernization. states: “We must thoroughly implement the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education, the strategy of strengthening the country through talent, and the innovation-driven development strategy, coordinate and advance the integrated reform of the systems and mechanisms for education, science and technology, and talent, improve the new-type nationwide system, and enhance the overall effectiveness of the national innovation system.” General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “Changes unseen in a century are accelerating, the technological revolution and major-power games are intertwined, and the high-tech field has become the forefront and main battlefield of international competition, profoundly reshaping global order and development patterns.” To build a strong scientific and technological power with world-leading scientific and technological strength and innovation capability, it is necessary to fully leverage the advantages of the new-type nationwide system to provide strategic support for the country’s scientific and technological development and security. At the 27th meeting of the Central Committee for Comprehensively Deepening Reforms, General Secretary Xi Jinping further emphasized: “To improve the new-type nationwide system for tackling key core technologies, it is necessary to organically combine the government, the market, and society, scientifically coordinate, concentrate resources, optimize mechanisms, and collaborate on tackling key problems.” To this end, we must deeply understand, from a new perspective, the great significance of the new-type nationwide system in supporting the development of new quality productive forces, analyze, in a scholarly manner, the internal mechanism of interaction between new quality productive forces and the new-type nationwide system, implement, with a strong sense of mission, the key reform tasks for improving the new-type nationwide system, promote the release of innovation and reform dividends through institutional and mechanism reforms, and further accelerate the development of new quality productive forces.

党的二十届三中全会审议通过的《中共中央关于进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化的决定》(下文简称《决定》)指出：“必须深入实施科教兴国战略、人才强国战略、创新驱动发展战略，统筹推进教育科技人才体制机制一体改革，健全新型举国体制，提升国家创新体系整体效能。”习近平总书记指出：“世界百年未有之大变局加速演进，科技革命与大国博弈相互交织，高技术领域成为国际竞争最前沿和主战场，深刻重塑全球秩序和发展格局。”要建成具有位于世界前列的科技实力和创新实力的科技强国，需要充分发挥新型举国体制的优势，为国家科技发展和安全提供战略支撑。在中央全面深化改革委员会第二十七次会议上，习近平总书记进一步强调：“健全关键核心技术攻关新型举国体制，要把政府、市场、社会有机结合起来，科学统筹、集中力量、优化机制、协同攻关。”为此，要以全新视野深刻认识新型举国体制支撑新质生产力发展的重大意义，以学理方式剖析新质生产力与新型举国体制相互作用的内在机理，以强烈使命感落实完善新型举国体制的改革重点任务，以体制机制改革促进释放创新改革红利，进一步加快新质生产力发展。

I. Deeply Understanding the Great Significance of Improving the New-Type Nationwide System for Tackling Key Core Technologies

一、深刻认识健全关键核心技术攻关新型举国体制的重大意义

Technology empowers development, and innovation determines the future. The new-type nationwide system is a new organizational system and institutional arrangement that, under the conditions of the socialist market economy with Chinese characteristics, better leverages the role of the government and the market, fully utilizes the institutional advantage of concentrating resources to accomplish large undertakings, and takes scientific coordination, resource concentration, mechanism optimization, and collaborative tackling of key problems as its basic principles. It is a new achievement in adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times. It has great practical significance and far-reaching historical significance for promoting high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening and driving China’s high-quality economic and social development.

科技赋能发展，创新决胜未来。新型举国体制是在中国特色社会主义市场经济条件下，更好发挥政府作用和市场作用，充分发挥集中力量办大事的制度优势，以科学统筹、集中力量、优化机制、协同攻关为基本方针的新型组织体系和制度安排，是马克思主义政治经济学中国化时代化的新成果。对推进高水平科技自立自强，驱动中国经济社会高质量发展，具有重大现实意义和深远历史意义。

(I) Improving the New-Type Nationwide System for Tackling Key Core Technologies Is an Inevitable Requirement for Leveraging the Superiority of the Socialist System and Promoting the Development of New Quality Productive Forces

(一)健全关键核心技术攻关新型举国体制是发挥社会主义制度优越性、促进新质生产力发展的必然要求

The new-type nationwide system is an affirmation of the achievements of the nationwide system during the planned economy period and an institutional response to current technological hegemony. In *Capital*, Marx profoundly elaborated on the issue of productive forces: “The productivity of labor is determined by many circumstances, among others, by the average degree of skill of the workers, the state of science and the degree of its practical application, the social organization of the process of production, the extent and effectiveness of the means of production, and the natural conditions.” As the industrial revolution continuously develops, the degree of socialization and large-scale production of technology increases, with a prominent manifestation being the transformation from scattered, small-scale individual production to concentrated, large-scale social production. After World War II, capitalism gradually shifted from the stage of general monopoly to the stage of state monopoly, forming a confrontation between the socialist camp and the capitalist camp in the world. Among these, technological competition was one of the most important aspects of competition between the two camps. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Western capitalist camp led by the United States dominated the world’s leading position in science and technology, rooted in the inevitable trend of capitalist economic development, namely, the general law of the increase in the organic composition of capital under private ownership. “Science and technology can generate enormous scale effects and cost savings. In pursuit of excess profits, enterprises will inevitably conform to the general law of capital accumulation growth.” In today’s world, the technological hegemony circle built by Western countries led by the United States has imposed multifaceted and long-term suppression and containment on China’s scientific and technological development. Against the backdrop of responding to a series of major risks, challenges, and external forces’ containment and suppression, China formed a special model of “concentrating collective wisdom to tackle key problems” and “joint construction” under the conditions of the planned economy—the nationwide system. With continuous breakthroughs in key core technologies such as the “two bombs, one satellite, and one submarine,” [2]2 “Two bombs, one satellite, and one submarine” refers to China’s successful development of nuclear bombs (atomic and hydrogen), intercontinental ballistic missiles, artificial satellites, and nuclear submarines during the 1960s–1980s, symbolizing major achievements of the traditional nationwide system. the great innovative wisdom of the Chinese nation and the immense superiority of the socialist system were greatly demonstrated. Improving the new-type nationwide system is an affirmation of the achievements of the traditional nationwide system, a scientific path for consolidating development advantages and solving current development difficulties, and an active exploration by China to seek breakthroughs in scientific and technological development. It is also a powerful institutional response to the technological hegemony and bullying of Western countries.

新型举国体制是对计划时期举国体制成就肯定和当下应对技术霸权的制度回应。在《资本论》中，马克思对生产力问题进行了深刻阐述：“劳动生产力是由多种情况决定的，其中包括：工人的平均熟练程度，科学的发展水平和它在工艺上应用的程度，生产过程的社会结合，生产资料的规模和效能，以及自然条件。”当产业革命不断发展，技术生产的社会化、大型化程度不断提高，突出的表现是由分散的小规模的个体生产转变为集中的、大规模的社会生产。二战后，资本主义从一般垄断阶段逐渐转向国家垄断阶段，世界上形成了社会主义阵营和资本主义阵营的对抗，其中，科技竞争是两大阵营对抗最重要的竞争方面之一。在苏联解体后，以美国为首的西方资本主义阵营主导了世界的科技领先地位，根源在于资本主义经济发展的必然趋势，即私有制下资本有机构成提高的一般规律。“科学技术可以产生巨大的规模效应和成本节约，企业为追求超额利润，必然会顺应资本积累增长的一般规律。”如今世界，以美国为首的西方国家打造的技术霸权圈对中国科技发展进行了多方面、长期的打压和遏制。在应对一系列重大风险挑战和外部势力遏制打压的背景下，中国在计划经济条件之下形成了特殊的“集智攻关”与“合力建设”模式——举国体制。伴随着“两弹一星一艇”等关键核心技术不断取得突破，极大地彰显了中华民族伟大的创新智慧和社会主义制度的巨大优越性。健全新型举国体制，这是对传统举国体制成就的肯定，也是厚植发展优势、破解当下发展难题的科学路径，更是当下中国寻求科技发展突破的主动探索，对西方国家技术霸权霸凌有力的制度回应。

The key to transforming new relations of production lies in perfecting the new national system for mobilizing resources. Productive forces, as the fundamental driving force of human social development, are the most revolutionary and dynamic factor, determining the nature and form of relations of production. “New quality productive forces are advanced productive forces in which innovation plays a leading role, breaking away from traditional modes of economic growth and paths of productive force development, and are characterized by high technology, high efficiency, and high quality, conforming to the new development philosophy.” The salient feature of new quality productive forces is innovation, manifested in possessing disruptive technological innovation, having high-value-added productive services, and being able to drive profound changes in industrial organization. These “new features” and “new elements” of new quality productive forces take shape on the basis of traditional relations of production. To make relations of production adapt to the development of productive forces, it is necessary to break through the old organizational forms, management models, and operational mechanisms of traditional relations of production, and to break the shackles to give birth to new relations of production. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized during the 11th collective study session of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee: “Relations of production must be compatible with the development requirements of productive forces. To develop new quality productive forces, we must further deepen reforms comprehensively and form new relations of production that are compatible with them.” [3]3 The reference is to Xi Jinping’s remarks at the 11th collective study session of the Political Bureau of the 20th CPC Central Committee, held on January 31, 2024, which focused on promoting the development of new quality productive forces. This thesis creatively elaborates the category of new relations of production, providing a basic theoretical basis for our scientific grasp of the dialectical unity between new relations of production and new quality productive forces. Alongside the new round of technological and industrial revolutions led by information technology and artificial intelligence, emerging technologies and techniques have been widely integrated into all links of social production, circulation, exchange, and consumption, changing the relationships between humans and nature, humans and things, and even between humans themselves. This objectively necessitates promoting the transformation of relations of production. New quality productive forces are driven by technological innovation. The key to transforming new relations of production is to reform old organizational forms, management models, and operational mechanisms around national strategic needs, and to unite national strategic forces to jointly overcome key scientific and technological difficulties. In other words, developing new quality productive forces means tackling and breaking through key core technologies. Transforming new relations of production requires continuously perfecting the new national system for mobilizing resources for tackling key core technologies. Perfecting the new national system for mobilizing resources for tackling key core technologies aims to enhance the overall effectiveness of the national innovation system and to build a science and technology innovation system that meets the needs of national scientific and technological innovation and productive force development in the New Era.

新型生产关系变革的关键在于健全新型举国体制。生产力作为人类社会发展的根本动力，是最为革命、活跃的因素，决定了生产关系的性质与形式。“新质生产力是创新起主导作用，摆脱传统经济增长方式、生产力发展路径，具有高科技、高效能、高质量特征，符合新发展理念的先进生产力质态。”新质生产力的显著特点就是创新，体现为具备颠覆性的科技创新，具有高附加值的生产性服务，能够推动产业组织深刻变革。新质生产力的这些“新特征”“新要素”形成于传统生产关系之上，要使生产关系适应生产力的发展，需要突破传统生产关系旧有的组织形式、管理模式、运行机制，打破束缚催生出新型生产关系。习近平总书记在中共中央政治局第十一次集体学习时强调：“生产关系必须与生产力发展要求相适应。发展新质生产力，必须进一步全面深化改革，形成与之相适应的新型生产关系。”这一论断创造性地阐释了新型生产关系的范畴，为我们科学把握新型生产关系与新质生产力的辩证统一关系提供了基本理论依据。伴随着新一轮以信息技术、人工智能为引领的科技革命和产业革命，新兴科技和技术广泛融入了社会生产、流通、交换、消费各个环节，改变了人与自然、人与物甚至人与人之间的关系，这在客观上必然要求推动生产关系的变革。新质生产力是以科技创新为牵引，新型生产关系变革的关键就是围绕国家战略需要，改革旧有组织形式、管理模式和运行机制，联合国家战略力量共同攻克关键科技难题。换言之，发展新质生产力就是要对关键核心技术的攻关与突破，新型生产关系变革就需要不断健全关键核心技术攻关新型举国体制。健全关键核心技术攻关新型举国体制，旨在提升国家创新体系整体效能，构建适应新时代国家科技创新和生产力发展需求的科技创新体系。

(II) Perfecting the new national system for mobilizing resources for tackling key core technologies is a practical necessity for building a comprehensive innovation system and institutions and promoting high-quality development of China’s economy.

(二)健全关键核心技术攻关新型举国体制是构建全面创新体制机制、推动我国经济高质量发展的现实需要

Deepening the reform of the science and technology system focuses on perfecting the new national system for mobilizing resources for tackling key core technologies. The “Decision” [4]4 “The Decision” refers to the “Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively to Advance Chinese Modernization,” adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee in July 2024. emphasizes: “Education, science and technology, and talent are the foundational and strategic pillars of Chinese-path modernization.” It makes systematic arrangements and integrated reforms for “building a comprehensive innovation system and institutions.” The essence of innovation-driven high-quality development is to promote efficiency transformation through innovation-driven power transformation, thereby promoting quality transformation. This helps accelerate the formation of new quality productive forces and continuously shape new advantages and new momentum for development. To support the building of a comprehensive innovation system and institutions and promote comprehensive innovation centered on scientific and technological innovation, the Party and the state have formulated a development strategy layout focused on promoting the integrated reform of the education, science and technology, and talent systems and institutions, and led by perfecting the new national system for mobilizing resources. The new national system for mobilizing resources is a fundamental top-level design in the modernization of the science and technology governance system and governance capacity, and an important institutional foundation for building a strong nation in science and technology. Since entering the New Era, the new national system for mobilizing resources has been an important strategic lever for achieving high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening and deepening the reform of the science and technology system, and is the key to achieving national development and security on the new journey of Chinese-path modernization. On the one hand, our Party has taken “perfecting the new national system for mobilizing resources” as an important part of the reform of the national innovation system and institutions in the New Era, and has achieved significant reform results in major science and technology projects such as quantum communication, deep-sea exploration, Mars exploration, and clean energy. On the other hand, “by taking perfecting the new national system for mobilizing resources as the guide, through strengthening strategic scientific and technological forces, optimizing the allocation of innovation resources, enhancing basic scientific and technological capabilities, and strengthening national scientific and technological strategic consulting,” China’s scientific and technological strength has been significantly enhanced. Under circumstances where the hard constraints faced by the strategic mission of the national innovation system have increased significantly, the new national system for mobilizing resources needs to lead and open up new momentum in core technologies in frontier fields to achieve high-quality economic development; needs to explore organizational models for tackling key core technologies to enhance the overall effectiveness of the national innovation system; and needs, while the conditions, combination methods, and allocation efficiency of production factors in China’s economic development change, to further grasp the core operational mechanisms such as organizational methods, practical carriers, institutional arrangements, and policy guarantees for scientific and technological innovation interaction under the conditions of the socialist market economy.

深化科技体制改革重点在于健全关键核心技术攻关新型举国体制。《决定》强调：“教育、科技、人才是中国式现代化的基础性、战略性支撑。”对“构建支持全面创新体制机制”作出了系统部署和一体化改革。创新驱动的高质量发展的实质，就是通过创新的动力变革推动效率变革，进而促进质量变革。这有助于加快新质生产力的形成，不断塑造发展的新优势新动能。党和国家为支持构建全面创新体制机制，推进以科技创新为核心的全面创新，制定了推进教育科技人才体制机制一体改革为重点、健全新型举国体制为引领的发展战略布局。新型举国体制是科技治理体系和治理能力现代化中根本性的顶层设计，是建设科技强国的重要制度基础。进入新时代以来，新型举国体制是实现高水平科技自立自强、深化科技体制改革的重要战略抓手，是中国式现代化新征程实现国家发展和安全的关键所在。一方面，我们党将“健全新型举国体制”作为新时代国家创新体制机制改革的重要内容，已在量子通信、深海勘探、火星探测、清洁能源等重大科技项目取得了重大改革成效。另一方面，“以健全新型举国体制为引领，通过强化战略科技力量、优化创新资源配置、提升科技基础能力和加强国家科技战略咨询”，使得我国科技实力显著提升。新型举国体制是国家创新体系的战略使命面临的硬约束明显增多的情况下，需要在前沿领域核心技术引领开拓新动能以实现经济高质量发展，需要在关键核心技术攻关组织模式上探索以提升国家创新体系整体效能，需要在我国经济发展的生产要素条件、组合方式、配置效率改变的同时，进一步把握社会主义市场经济条件下的科技创新互动的组织方式、实践载体、制度安排、政策保障等核心运行机制。

The current world development faces the contradiction of booming science and technology coexisting with slowing economic growth. From the demand side, China’s economy has entered a new stage of development, shifting from the past “scale-speed extensive growth” (high-speed growth) to “quality-efficiency intensive growth” (medium-high-speed growth). Digital and intelligent transformation, new business forms and new economy, artificial intelligence and cloud computing drive the reshaping of the dynamic mechanism of economic growth, all relying on scientific and technological strength and innovation capability. Innovation is a sharp weapon for a nation. Countries compete fiercely in the field of innovation to seize the commanding heights of scientific and technological development and the initiative in development. From the supply side, the marginal contribution of traditional production factors such as human resources, capital factors, and natural resources is increasingly declining, resource constraints continue to strengthen, and the original factor-driven production supply model is difficult to meet the high-level development needs of building a modern powerful country. High-level development needs essentially follow the growth logic of economic momentum “production-supply,” that is, promoting economic development and value creation through technological progress and scientific and technological innovation. Achieving technological progress and scientific and technological innovation is a path that must be adhered to for a long time, and it is also the real trump card in international comprehensive national strength competition. This requires building new quality productive forces by perfecting a comprehensive innovation system and institutions, accelerating the promotion of technological progress and the transformation of production momentum, and making innovation the living source of China’s economic growth.

当下世界发展面临科技蓬勃发展与经济增速放缓并存的矛盾，从需求端来看，中国经济进入新发展阶段，由过去的“规模速度型粗放增长”(高速增长)转向“质量效率型集约增长”(中高速增长)。数智化转型、新业态新经济、人工智能和云计算驱动等重塑经济增长的动力机制都依托于科技实力与创新能力。创新就是国之利器，各国在创新领域激烈竞争，以抢占科技发展制高点和发展主动权。从供给端看，人力资源、资本要素、自然资源等传统生产要素的边际贡献递减趋势日益明显，资源约束持续增强，原有要素驱动的生产供给模式难以满足建设现代化强国的高阶发展需求。高阶发展需求本质上是遵循经济动能“生产—供给”的增长逻辑，即通过技术进步和科技创新来推动经济发展和价值创造。实现技术进步和科技创新是一条必须长期坚持的路线，也是国际上综合国力竞争中的真正王牌，这就要求通过健全全面创新体制机制以构建新质生产力，加速推动技术进步与生产动能变革，让创新成为中国经济增长的活水源头。

(III) Perfecting the new national system for mobilizing resources for tackling key core technologies is an inevitable choice for adapting to the new pattern of international scientific and technological competition and winning the initiative in development.

(三)健全关键核心技术攻关新型举国体制是适应国际科技竞争新格局、赢得发展主动权的必然选择

The current domestic and international environment presents a series of new issues and challenges for China’s development, but the overall trend facing China’s development is one where strategic opportunities coexist with risks and challenges. At this stage, China is adapting to the trends of the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, adjusting institutional structures to accommodate technological change, breaking through the constraints of the traditional science and technology system at the institutional level, achieving innovation in the national science and technology innovation management system, and making significant progress in key core technology areas such as artificial intelligence, quantum technology, and biotechnology, with disruptive technological innovations emerging continuously. At the same time, the world is undergoing changes unseen in a century, accelerating in evolution; scientific and technological innovation has become the most central bargaining chip in the competition among major world powers. The contradiction between the rise of China’s scientific and technological innovation and external suppressive pressure is intensifying, and human society has ushered in a new opportunity to reshape the international landscape of scientific and technological competition. Major world powers, in order to seize opportunities for scientific and technological development, are all accelerating the adjustment of the organizational systems and management frameworks of their research structures, striving to gain an advantage in the new round of scientific and technological competition. Since modern times, Western developed countries have mastered the discourse power over the production system and the value division system through scientific research and technological innovation. Even when they transfer most of their industrial and manufacturing systems to other countries or regions, they can still, in coordination with financial hegemony, extract high profits and added value from the international division of labor chain. Currently, the world economy is recovering weakly, and beneath the surface of the reshaping of the global industrial and supply chain landscape lies a fierce international competition battlefield. At present, Western developed countries are continuously increasing their investment in independent innovation capabilities in frontier technology fields, building moats in major frontier scientific and technological innovation areas, and once again attempting to occupy the commanding heights of science and technology in the new international order. At this moment, challenges and opportunities coexist. China is adept at nurturing opportunities within crises, grasping changes within opportunities, and seizing the major direction of world scientific and technological progress. Taking the example of developed clean energy photovoltaic cell technology, at a critical juncture when the energy landscape is being reshaped, China has accurately grasped the future source of power. The photovoltaic industry and clean energy will certainly replace oil as the ultimate kinetic energy source for emerging industries and future industries. Historical experience tells us that after World War II, whoever controlled oil held the initiative in development. In the future, whoever masters the core technological innovation of clean new energy will grasp the initiative in future development. China’s new energy enterprises, through optimizing technological routes and continuously improving conversion efficiency, thereby reducing costs and increasing efficiency, promote the mature development of the overall industry through technological innovation, ultimately consolidating the foundation for the sustained development of emerging and future industries, and continuously strengthening China’s international leading advantage in new energy development. For this reason, it is necessary to recognize, from the perspective of grand history, grand macro-economics, and grand strategy, the importance and urgency of seizing the innovation and development opportunities brought by the independent controllability of key core technologies. By perfecting the new-type nationwide system for mobilizing resources, fully leveraging the institutional advantage of concentrating resources to accomplish major tasks, centering on national strategic needs, better playing the decisive role of the market and the role of the government, transforming from a “follower” to a “leader” in important scientific and technological fields, accelerating the construction of new competitive advantages in science and technology that support the development of new quality productive forces, and winning the initiative in future development.

当前国内外环境给我国发展带来一系列新课题新挑战，但我国发展所面临的总体趋势是战略机遇与风险挑战并存。在此阶段，中国顺应新一轮科技革命和产业变革趋势，以制度结构变迁适应技术变革，突破对传统科技体制制度层面的束缚，在国家科技创新管理体制实现创新，在人工智能、量子技术、生物技术等关键核心技术领域取得了重大进展，颠覆性技术创新不断涌现。与此同时，世界百年未有之大变局加速演进，科技创新成为世界大国角逐最核心的筹码，中国科技创新崛起与外部遏制压力之间的矛盾加剧，人类社会迎来了重塑国际科技竞争格局的崭新机遇。世界主要大国为争取科技发展机遇，都加快调整科研结构的组织体系和管理框架，力求在新一轮科技竞争中赢得优势。近代以来，西方发达国家通过科技研发和技术创新掌握了生产体系和价值分工体系的话语权，即使将大部分的工业和制造体系转移至其他国家或地区，依然能够配合金融霸权在国际分工链中汲取高额利润和附加值。目前，世界经济复苏疲软，在全球产业链供应链格局面临重塑的背景下潜藏着激烈的国际竞争战场。当下西方发达国家在前沿技术领域不断加码自主创新能力建设，在重大前沿科技创新领域建造护城河，再次企图占领新国际秩序中科技制高点。当下时刻，挑战与机遇并存，中国善于在危机中孕育先机，在先机中把握变局，把握世界科技进步的大方向。以发展的清洁能源光伏电池技术为例，在面临能源格局重塑的关键时期，中国准确把握了未来的动力源泉，光伏产业和清洁能源一定是代替石油作为新兴产业和未来产业最终的动能来源。从历史经验可以知悉，二战后，掌握石油者就掌握了发展的主动权，未来，谁掌握了清洁新能源的核心技术创新，谁就能把握未来发展的主动权。我国新能源企业通过技术路线的优化、不断提升转化效率，进而降本增效，通过技术创新推动整体产业成熟发展，最终为发展新兴产业和未来产业夯实持续发展的底气，持续巩固了我国新能源发展国际领先优势。为此，要从大历史、大宏观、大格局的高度，认识抓住由关键核心技术自主可控所带来的创新发展机遇的重要性与紧迫性。通过健全新型举国体制，充分发挥集中力量办大事的制度优势，围绕国家战略需求，更好发挥市场的决定性作用和政府作用，在重要科技领域由“跟随者”向“领跑者”转变，加快构筑支撑新质生产力发展的科技竞争新优势，赢得未来发展的主动权。

II. Deeply Grasp the Internal Mechanism of Perfecting the New-Type Nationwide System for Mobilizing Resources for Key Core Technology Breakthroughs to Promote the Development of New Quality Productive Forces

二、深刻把握健全关键核心技术攻关新型举国体制推动新质生产力发展的内在机理

Science and technology lead the era; innovation determines the future. Marx believed that “productive forces arise from cooperation itself.” [5]5 This is a paraphrase of a concept from Marx’s *Capital*, Volume 1, Chapter 13, on cooperation and the social productive power of labor. The particularity of the new-type nationwide system for mobilizing resources lies in the fact that it is a unique organizational model for promoting large-scale division of labor and cooperation in China. That is, through the division of labor and cooperation in the field of scientific and technological innovation, it promotes the aggregation of advanced production factors to form a powerful synergy for scientific and technological innovation and advances key core technology breakthroughs. It is necessary to take the innovation ecology that solidifies the foundation of scientific and technological innovation as external support, the efficient synergistic mechanism between the government and the market as operational guarantee, and the construction of innovation consortia with enterprises as the main body as the core driving force, to effectively promote the formation and development of new quality productive forces.

科技引领时代，创新决胜未来。马克思认为，“生产力是由协作本身产生的”。新型举国体制的特殊性在于，它是我国特有的大规模促进分工与协作组织模式，即通过在科技创新领域的分工协作，促进先进生产要素集聚形成强大的科技创新合力，推进关键核心技术攻关。要以筑牢科技创新根基的创新生态为外部支撑、以发挥政府与市场高效协同机制作用为运行保障、以企业为主体的创新联合体建设为核心动能，有力促进新质生产力的形成与发展。

(I) External Support: Solidify the Foundation of Scientific and Technological Innovation, Build a Good Innovation Ecology, and Accelerate the Transformation of Achievements

(一)外部支撑：筑牢科技创新根基建设良好创新生态加快成果转化

New quality productive forces originate from the technological breakthroughs brought about by the new round of scientific and technological revolution. How scientific and technological innovation, as the core element of new quality productive forces, can be transformed into actual productive forces is a current focus. The “Decision” [6]6 This refers to the “Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform and Promoting Chinese-Path Modernization,” adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee in July 2024. has made important arrangements for “perfecting the systems and mechanisms for developing new quality productive forces according to local conditions,” clearly elucidating the urgency of solidifying the foundation of scientific and technological innovation and creating a good innovation ecology under the new development pattern in China. In other words, scientific and technological competition is essentially competition in innovation ecology. To solidify the foundation of scientific and technological innovation and promote the development of new quality productive forces, it is necessary to clarify the direction and laws of the transformation of the scientific and technological innovation paradigm in the New Era, carry out overall planning around the innovation ecology, and provide strong external support through the advantages of organizational and management frameworks.

新质生产力源于新一轮科技革命带来的技术突破，科技创新作为新质生产力的核心要素如何能够转化为现实的生产力是当下重点。《决定》对“健全因地制宜发展新质生产力体制机制”作出重要部署，清晰阐明了发展新格局下我国筑牢科技创新根基、创建良好的创新生态的紧迫性。换言之，科技竞争，本质就是创新生态竞争。筑牢科技创新根基推动新质生产力发展，需要厘清新时代科技创新范式变革的方向和规律，围绕科技创新生态进行统筹规划，通过组织和管理框架优势提供有力外部支撑。

General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “China has a large number of scientific and technological workers and a massive scale of R&D investment, and has initially possessed the conditions to compete on par with international advanced levels in some fields. The key is to improve the scientific and technological innovation ecology, stimulate innovation and creativity, build a stage for the vast number of scientists and scientific and technological workers to display their talents, and let scientific and technological innovation achievements emerge in an endless stream.” [7]7 Xi Jinping, speech at the Symposium of Scientists, September 11, 2020. Currently, “global scientific and technological innovation has entered an unprecedentedly intensive and active period. Various disciplines are deeply cross-integrated, disruptive, original, and foundational technologies are emerging continuously, and the trend of multi-point breakthroughs and cluster breakthroughs is becoming increasingly evident.” [8]8 Xi Jinping, speech at the 19th Academician Conference of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the 14th Academician Conference of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, May 28, 2018. By solidifying the foundation of scientific and technological innovation, building a good innovation ecology, and accelerating the transformation of achievements, it is necessary to clarify the directions of datafication, intelligence, and ecologization in the transformation of the scientific and technological innovation paradigm in the New Era, and to discern the innovation evolution law of “market demand – technological demand – scientific and technological breakthrough – commercial application” under the background of the technological revolution. This helps different scientific and technological innovation entities, while grasping the direction of innovation paradigm transformation and following the laws of evolution, to innovate organizational forms and management framework mechanisms, break through key core technologies, and promote the transformation of scientific and technological achievements.

习近平总书记指出：“我国拥有数量众多的科技工作者、规模庞大的研发投入，初步具备了在一些领域同国际先进水平同台竞技的条件，关键是要改善科技创新生态，激发创新创造活力，给广大科学家和科技工作者搭建施展才华的舞台，让科技创新成果源源不断涌现出来。”当前，“全球科技创新进入空前密集活跃期，各学科领域深度交叉融合，颠覆性、原创性、基础性技术不断涌现，多点突破、群发性突破态势愈发明显”。通过筑牢科技创新根基建设良好创新生态加快成果转化，需要厘清新时代科技创新范式变革的数据化、智能化和生态化方向，洞察科技革命背景之下“市场需求—技术需求—科技突破—商业化应用”的创新演化规律，有助于不同科技创新主体在把握创新范式变革方向、遵循演化规律的前提下创新组织形式和管理框架机制，突破关键核心技术、促进科技成果转化。

The digital-intelligent transformation of the scientific and technological innovation paradigm empowers the entire process of productive forces development, integrating into every link from scientific research to technological innovation to industrial production. Taking the biological field as an example, the Deep Potential team, a Sino-US collaboration, adopted a brand-new research method of “deep learning-based molecular dynamics simulation,” expanding the scale of molecular dynamics simulations with first-principles accuracy to 100 million atoms, improving computational efficiency by more than 1,000 times. This is the first time internationally that intelligent supercomputing has been combined with physical models, leading scientific computing from traditional computing models towards intelligent supercomputing. “Driven by the new scientific research paradigm, the innovation model of new quality productive forces is also evolving from a linear model to a synergistic, ecological innovation. In this transformation process, the boundaries between basic research and applied research gradually blur, the chain and cycle of scientific and technological innovation are greatly shortened, and the innovation mode shifts from point-like to multi-dimensional spiral leaps. By constructing an innovation network, innovation entities, information, and resources are closely connected, providing strong support for the emergence of technological singularities.” [9]9 This appears to be a quotation from a Chinese policy analysis or academic article, not a single identifiable source. At the same time, thanks to the transformation of the scientific research paradigm, the links between scientific research and development and application are becoming closer, innovation activities are continuously extending downstream, the distance from “market demand” to “commercial application” is increasingly shortened, and the orientation of scientific and technological innovation towards national needs and the people’s life and health has become a reality. The organizational methods and management frameworks of scientific research innovation fully leverage China’s institutional advantage of concentrating resources to accomplish major tasks. It is necessary to strengthen the state-led layout of big science research and theoretical science research, and accelerate the transformation of scientific and technological achievements to better serve economic development.

数智化的科技创新范式变革赋能了整个生产力发展过程，融入了从科学研究到技术创新再到产业生产的各个环节，以生物领域为例，中美合作的深度势能团队采用全新的“基于深度学习的分子动力学模拟”研究方法，将具有第一性原理精度的分子动力学模拟规模扩展到1亿个原子，计算效率提升1000倍以上，这是国际上首次实现智能超算与物理模型相结合，引领了科学计算从传统的计算模式朝着智能超算方向前进。“在新科研范式驱动下，新质生产力的创新模式也正在从线性模式向协同式、生态式创新演进。这一转变过程中，基础研究与应用研究的界限逐渐模糊，科技创新链条和周期大幅缩短，创新方式也由点状转变为多维螺旋式跃升。通过构建创新网络，创新主体、信息和资源被紧密连接在一起，为技术奇点的涌现提供有力支撑。”同时，得益于科研范式的变革，科技研发与应用结合环节更加紧密，创新活动不断向下游延伸，从“市场需求”到“商业化应用”的距离日益缩短，科技创新面向国家需求、面向人民生命健康的导向成为现实，科研创新的组织方式和管理框架充分利用我国集中力量办大事的制度优势。要强化国家主导的大科学研究和理论科学的研究布局，加速科技成果的转化更好服务于经济发展。

(II) Operational Guarantee: Better Leverage the Role of the Government and the Market Mechanism to Promote the Allocation of Innovation Resources

(二)运行保障：更好发挥政府作用与市场机制作用促进创新资源配置

The formation and development of new quality productive forces are achieved through the efficient synergy of government and market mechanisms to promote the combined leap and innovative allocation of traditional production factors. Through the overall planning of the whole country as a single chessboard, [10]10 “The whole country as a single chessboard” (全国一盘棋) is a standard Chinese political idiom meaning unified national planning and coordination. more favorable macroeconomic environment and institutional conditions are created for market operation, providing operational guarantees for accelerating the formation and development of new quality productive forces.

新质生产力的形成与发展是通过发挥政府和市场机制高效协同以促进传统生产要素的组合跃升和创新配置。通过全国一盘棋的统筹布局为市场运行创造更加良好的宏观经济环境和制度条件，以提供加快形成和发展新质生产力的运行保障。

The “Decision” [of the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee] emphasizes: “We must better leverage the role of market mechanisms, create a fairer and more dynamic market environment, and achieve optimization of resource allocation efficiency and maximization of benefits.” [11]11 The “Decision” refers to the “Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform and Promoting Chinese-Path Modernization,” adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC in July 2024. From the perspective of actual phenomena, emerging industries and technological applications represented by automotive intelligent driving and the low-altitude economy of drones bring the people the dividends of technological convenience and fast lifestyle services, while also causing relatively significant shocks to traditional taxi industries and logistics industries, impacting existing employment positions. Even in some areas, problems of excessive marketization and over-concentration of production factors have appeared, whereupon the government carries out “governance and correction.” But this is actually an inverted understanding of the government’s role in economic and social management. This means that, facing new problems arising from the defects of market spontaneity and blindness, the government can only passively respond in a reactive manner, thereby repeatedly balancing between “laissez-faire” and “control,” which is not conducive to coordinating an effective market and a competent government. Through the historical experience of government governance, the real logic of governance is precisely the opposite. Only when the government plays a preventive and guiding role in economic and social management can market mechanisms function better, can the potential for socioeconomic development be better released, and can efficient coordination between government and market effectively promote the formation and development of new quality productive forces. This is because the current economic and social development process faces various challenges; the challenges themselves exhibit characteristics of both commonality and individuality. There are both common problems at the institutional and mechanism levels that do not match the development of new quality productive forces, and individual problems of regional development imbalance caused by differences in local resource endowments. This requires the government to both “loosen up” and “control effectively” to achieve a balance between “reining in” and “letting go.” Taking the data factor as an example, the new demands and new business forms spawned by the data factor are an important component of China’s economic development, aligning with the advanced productive forces evolution direction required by the qualitative state of new quality productive forces. Currently, both innovation-driven development and scientific research applications require data for support, and new technologies and new business forms also need massive amounts of data to achieve information-driven growth. However, China’s data production factors exhibit an unbalanced distribution between the eastern coastal regions and the central-western regions. The eastern coastal regions have a higher population proportion and possess large amounts of data factor resources along with relatively complete digital infrastructure construction, while the central-western regions have more prominent advantages in natural resources and have advantages in data server construction, storage, and data management. By leveraging the dominant role of the government in resource allocation within the new national system for mobilizing resources nationwide, combining the capital, management, and aggregate advantages of the east with the energy and natural advantages of the west, orderly guiding the dense computing power demands of the east to the west, enabling cross-regional flow of data factors, and weaving a national computing power “single network,” overall planning is carried out from the height of a national chessboard. On this basis, market mechanisms can function better. Various digital enterprises seek to deploy servers and big data centers in the central-western regions, which both alleviates energy constraints in the east and opens up new growth drivers for the development of the central-western regions. In short, the government must create more development space for the market through institutional and mechanism reforms, allowing the market to fully play its role in serving new quality productive forces. This is inseparable from the strong guarantee provided by the new national system for mobilizing resources nationwide in coordinating the relationship between government and market.

《决定》强调：“必须更好发挥市场机制作用，创造更加公平、更有活力的市场环境，实现资源配置效率最优化和效益最大化。”从现实表象来看，以汽车智能驾驶和无人机低空经济为代表的新兴产业和技术应用，给人民带来科技便利的红利和快捷生活服务的同时，也对传统出租行业、物流行业造成了较大的冲击，对现有就业岗位造成了影响。甚至，在部分领域出现了过度市场化和生产要素过于集中的问题，随即，政府进行“治理与矫正”。但这其实是对于政府在经济和社会管理中角色的颠倒认知。这意味着，面临市场自发性和盲目性的缺陷所产生的新问题，政府只得被动地消极应对，进而在“放任”和“统制”之间反复平衡，这不利于统筹好有效市场和有为政府。通过政府治理的历史经验总结，真实的治理逻辑恰是相反的。只有政府在经济和社会管理中发挥提前预防和导向作用，市场机制才能更好发挥作用，社会经济发展的潜力才能更好地释放，政府与市场的高效协同才能有力促进新质生产力的形成与发展。这是因为，当前经济社会发展过程存在着种种挑战，挑战本身呈现出共性与个性的特征，既存在体制机制层面不匹配新质生产力发展的共性问题，也有不同地方的资源禀赋差异导致区域发展不平衡的个性问题，这需要政府既要“放得活”又要“管得住”以达到“收”和“放”的平衡。以数据要素为例，数据要素所催生的新需求、新业态是我国经济发展重要组成部分，符合新质生产力质态要求的先进生产力演进方向。当下创新驱动和科研应用都需要数据提供支撑，新技术与新业态也都需要海量数据以实现信息驱动，但我国数据生产要素在东部沿海地区与中西部地区呈现非均衡分布，东部沿海地区人口占比高，掌握着大量数据要素资源以及相对完善的数字基础设施建设，中西部地区的自然资源优势较为突出，在数据服务器建设储存和数据管理方面存在优势。通过发挥新型举国体制中政府在资源配置中的主导作用，将东部的资本、管理、总量优势与西部的能源和自然优势相结合，将东部密集算力需求有序引导到西部，使得数据要素跨域流动，编制全国算力“一张网”，从全国一盘棋的高度进行统筹布局。在此基础上，市场机制就能够更好发挥作用。各数字化企业在中西部地区寻求服务器和大数据中心的布局，既缓解了东部的能源紧张，又开辟了中西部地区发展的新动能。简言之，政府要通过体制机制改革为市场创造更多的发展空间，让市场充分发挥作用以服务于新质生产力，这离不开新型举国体制对于协调政府和市场关系运行的有力保障。

(III) Core Driving Force: Innovation Consortia with Enterprises as the Main Body Facilitating the Deep Integration of Technological Innovation and Industrial Innovation

(三)核心动能：以企业为主体的创新联合体助力科技创新与产业创新深度融合

Innovation consortia are typically new organizational forms led by leading enterprises, uniting research institutes and small and medium-sized enterprises to promote collaborative innovation in industry, academia, and research and to facilitate the transformation and application of scientific and technological achievements. Facing challenging technological revolutions and fierce industrial competition, leading enterprises play a leading and driving role, reconnecting dispersed innovation entities, prompting close cooperation between upstream and downstream, and forming an innovation system with aligned goals, collaborative research, strong innovation capabilities, and high output. Innovation consortia with enterprises as the main body are important carriers for achieving major breakthroughs in technological development. As engines for realizing high-quality development of enterprises themselves, they increase the supply of high-quality innovative technologies, enhance the overall efficiency of the national innovation system, and promote the integrated development of technological innovation and industrial innovation. They are the core driving force for cultivating and developing new quality productive forces.

创新联合体通常是由领军企业牵头，联合科研院所和中小企业，促进产学研协同创新和推动科技成果转化落地的新型组织形式。面对充满挑战的科技革命和激烈的产业竞争，领军企业发挥引领带动作用，将分散的创新主体重新联结，促使上下游紧密合作，形成目标一致、协同攻关、创新实力强劲、成果高产的创新体系。以企业为主体的创新联合体是实现科技发展重大突破的重要载体，作为实现企业自身高质量的发展引擎，增加高质量的创新科技供给，提升国家整体创新体系整体效能，推动科技创新和产业创新的融合发展，是培育和发展新质生产力的核心动能。

At a time when the level of technological innovation is undergoing a historic leap, the state is the “examiner setting the questions” for continuously deepening the reform of the science and technology system, enterprises are the “answerers solving the practical problems” of tackling key core technologies, and the people are the “evaluators assessing the effectiveness” of integrating technological innovation and industrial innovation. “From the perspective of enterprises as decision-makers in technological innovation, leading science and technology enterprises, as the main body, play a dominant role in technological innovation decision-making,” [12]12 This is a quotation from a Chinese policy document or academic source, likely from the Ministry of Science and Technology or a related think tank, emphasizing the decision-making role of leading enterprises in technological innovation. holding a large number of invention patents and leading most technological innovations. For example, in the power industry, State Grid Corporation of China has established a three-tier innovation system with directly affiliated scientific research and industrial units, provincial power companies, and grassroots innovation forces as the main body, and has jointly established research institutes with higher education institutions to accelerate the tackling of key technologies for the energy internet. In April 2024, IPRdaily, a global comprehensive intellectual property information service provider, counted artificial intelligence invention patents applied for and published by enterprises in China over the past 10 years (April 1, 2014, to March 31, 2024). State Grid Corporation of China holds 11,567 AI invention patents. State Grid has ranked first among central enterprises in patent holdings for 10 consecutive years and ranks first among central enterprises in the number of invention patents held. While creating a “Chinese brand” in global energy grid core technologies and leading the world, State Grid, as a leading science and technology enterprise, by leading and participating in national major science and technology projects and jointly refining scientific and technological issues with higher education institutions and research institutes, has injected an inexhaustible driving force for innovation into achieving technological self-reliance and self-strengthening in the national grid. From the perspective of leading science and technology enterprises promoting collaborative innovation in industry, academia, and research, leading science and technology enterprises possess significant advantages in management models, innovative technologies, and talent teams. By integrating innovation resources, creating an innovation ecosystem in the field, and building strong innovation bases, they demonstrate strong capabilities in researching and developing common key industrial technologies. This benefits from deep cooperation between enterprises and higher education institutions and research institutes, achieving solid results in technological innovation and industrial application. At the same time, China’s leading science and technology enterprises support the development of technology-based small and medium-sized enterprises through methods such as technology licensing, patent technology sharing, and joint research and development, helping to enhance the R&D capabilities of small and medium-sized enterprises. From the perspective of closely linking upstream and downstream to promote the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, leading science and technology enterprises, as the “chain leaders” of the industrial chain, have absolute centripetal force within the upstream and downstream industrial and supply chains. They can attract a group of leading enterprises through key links such as innovation, capital, and talent, and by strengthening upstream and downstream cooperation, promote the re-optimization of the industrial chain. To this end, strong support should be given to leading science and technology enterprises to extend into basic research and applied research fields, truly connecting basic research, technological application, and industrial development. By playing a leading role, leading science and technology enterprises coordinate efforts from both the supply side of technological R&D and the demand side of industrial application, achieving efficient transformation of scientific and technological achievements, facilitating the deep integration of technological innovation and industrial innovation, and providing core driving force for the development of new quality productive forces.

正逢科技创新水平实现历史性跃迁的时刻，国家是不断深化科技体制改革的“出卷人”，企业是解决关键核心技术攻关实际问题的“答卷人”，人民是评价科技创新和产业创新融合成效的“阅卷人”。“从企业作为技术创新决策者的角度来看，科技领军企业作为主体，在技术创新决策中发挥着主导作用”，掌握了大量发明专利，引领了大部分科技创新。例如，在电力行业，国家电网建成以直属科研产业单位、省级电力公司、基层创新力量为主体的三级创新体系，并与高等院校分别成立了联合研究院，以加快能源互联网关键技术攻关。2024年4月全球知识产权综合信息服务提供商IPRdaily，统计了近10年(2014年4月1日至2024年3月31日)企业在中国申请并公开的人工智能发明专利，国家电网拥有11567件AI发明专利。国家电网专利拥有量连续10年位居央企第一，发明专利拥有量排名央企第一。实现了在全球能源电网核心技术打造“中国品牌”的同时领跑世界，国家电网作为科技领军企业，通过牵头和参与国家重大科技项目，与高等院校和科研院所共同凝练科技问题，为实现国家电网技术自立自强，注入了发展创新的不竭动力源泉。从科技领军企业推动产学研协同创新角度来看，科技领军企业在管理模式、创新技术、人才队伍方面具备较大的优势，通过整合创新资源、营造该领域的创新生态，构建实力强劲的创新基地，展示了产业共性关键核心技术研发的强大能力。这得益于企业与高等院校、科研院所进行的深度合作，在科技创新和产业化应用方面做出了扎实的成绩。同时，我国科技领军企业通过技术许可，专利技术共享和共同研发等方式助力科技型中小企业的发展，帮助提升中小企业的研发能力。从紧密结合上下游促进科技成果转化的角度来看，科技领军企业作为产业链的“链主”，在上下游产业链供应链之中具有绝对向心力，能够通过创新、资金、人才等关键环节吸引一批领军企业，通过加强上下游合作，促进产业链条的再优化。为此，要大力支持科技领军企业向基础研究和应用研究领域延伸，把基础研究、科技应用和产业发展真正贯通起来。科技领军企业通过发挥引领作用，从科技研发的供给端和产业应用的需求端协同发力，实现科技成果的高效转化，助力科技创新与产业创新深度融合，为新质生产力发展提供核心动能。

III. Deeply Implementing the Key Tasks for Perfecting the New National System for Mobilizing Resources Nationwide for Tackling Key Core Technologies

三、深入落实健全关键核心技术攻关新型举国体制的重点任务

Developing new quality productive forces is a systematic project and a long-term task. Perfecting the new national system for mobilizing resources nationwide for tackling key core technologies is equally an arduous reform task. It requires both the courage to challenge cutting-edge scientific and technological difficulties and the overall strategy of coordinated planning and systematic advancement. To this end, it is necessary to improve the Party’s centralized and unified leadership over scientific and technological work, construct an integrated allocation mechanism conducive to tackling core technologies, build a scientific and technological innovation system with enterprises as the main body, promote higher-level open cooperation in scientific and technological innovation, and by grasping the development laws of new quality productive forces, consolidate the national strategic scientific and technological forces, adapt measures to local conditions, plan comprehensively, and form a collaborative and efficient new national system for mobilizing resources nationwide.

发展新质生产力是一项系统工程和长期任务，健全关键核心技术攻关新型举国体制同样是一项艰巨的改革任务。既要有敢于挑战前沿科学技术难题的勇气，又要有统筹规划、系统推进的整体谋略。为此，要完善党对于科技工作的集中统一领导，构建有利于核心技术攻关的一体化配置机制，建设以企业为主体的科技创新体系，推动更高水平科技创新开放合作，通过把握新质生产力的发展规律，凝聚国家战略科技力量，因地制宜、统筹规划，形成协同高效的新型举国体制。

(I) Improving the Party’s Centralized and Unified Leadership over Scientific and Technological Work

(一)完善党对科技工作的集中统一领导

The leadership of the Communist Party of China is the greatest strength of the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics. The centralized, unified leadership of the Party Central Committee over scientific and technological work concerns the success or failure of China’s scientific and technological development. Only by better leveraging this greatest political advantage of Party leadership can we build a synergistic and efficient organizational mobilization system, gather a powerful joint force to drive scientific and technological innovation, and ensure that the reform and development of the science and technology system always advances in the correct direction.

中国共产党领导是中国特色社会主义制度的最大优势。党中央对科技工作的集中统一领导关乎中国科技发展成败，只有更好发挥党的领导这一最大政治优势，才能构建起协同高效的组织动员体系，凝聚起推动科技创新的强大合力，确保科技体制改革发展始终沿着正确方向前进。

First, it is necessary to improve the system of centralized, unified leadership of the Party Central Committee over scientific and technological work. Centralized, unified leadership by no means refers to taking over all aspects of scientific and technological innovation achievements; rather, it means giving play to the Party’s core leadership role of exercising overall leadership and coordinating all parties. “Strengthen the top-level design and overall coordination of scientific and technological work by the Central Science and Technology Commission.” [13]13 The Central Science and Technology Commission is a high-level leading body established under the Party Central Committee to strengthen centralized and unified leadership over scientific and technological work, responsible for top-level design and overall coordination. In advancing the construction of a comprehensive innovation system and mechanisms, the reform of the science and technology system should be placed in a more prominent position, with emphasis on systemic integration. Through holistic planning and overall promotion of the reform of the science and technology system and mechanisms, “strengthen the coordination of strategic planning, policies and measures, major tasks, scientific research forces, resource platforms, and regional innovation.” In focusing on building a comprehensive innovation system and mechanisms, adhere to a problem-oriented approach, place greater emphasis on highlighting key points, start from the blockages and bottlenecks at the level of the science and technology innovation system and mechanisms, allow all types of advanced and high-quality innovation factors to converge on new quality productive forces, and emphasize the construction of a synergistic and efficient decision-making and command system and an organizational implementation system, so as to gather a powerful joint force to drive scientific and technological innovation.

第一，要完善党中央对科技工作集中统一领导的体制。集中统一领导绝不是指对科技创新成果的包办，而是发挥党总揽全局、协调各方的领导核心作用。“加强中央科技委员会对科技工作的顶层设计和统筹协调。”在推进构建全面创新体制机制上，要将科技体制改革放置在更加突出的位置，注重系统集成，以全局性谋划、整体性推进科技体制机制改革，“加强战略规划、政策措施、重大任务、科研力量、资源平台、区域创新等方面的统筹”。在着力构建支持全面创新体制机制上，坚持问题导向，更加重视突出重点，从科技创新体制机制层面的卡点、堵点入手，让各类先进优质的创新要素向新质生产力集聚，注重协同高效的决策指挥体系和组织实施体系建构，凝聚推动科技创新的强大合力。

Second, it is necessary to build a work pattern of efficient synergy between the government and the market. Building a synergy mechanism between the government and the market cannot be an empty slogan of “old wine in new bottles.” Building an efficient synergy mechanism between the government and the market requires both better leveraging the role of the market and better leveraging the role of the government. From the perspective of better leveraging the role of the market, emphasizing giving full play to the decisive role of the market in the allocation of scientific and technological resources means requiring full attention to the degree of marketization in the circulation of innovation factors, the flow of personnel and technology, management processes, and the evaluation mechanisms for scientific and technological innovation achievements. Let market-oriented means truly serve the needs of the country’s scientific research tasks, fully utilize the decisive role of the market in resource allocation, improve the industrial innovation division of labor system, the innovation spatial pattern, and the support for the innovation and entrepreneurship service system. From the perspective of better leveraging the role of the government, the government must both take precautions and prevent the negative effects of the market in advance, and also play a bridging and linking role for cross-sectoral exchanges and cooperation among innovation entities from all sectors of society. The core technology research model under the new nationwide system for mobilizing resources involves unified strategic deployment in several important scientific and technological fields, issuing a batch of new major scientific and technological projects in a task-oriented manner. This urgently requires the government to govern according to the specific “item” of different scientific and technological projects, formulate reasonable task indicator schedules, scientifically set assessment objectives and methods, etc., so as to achieve an intangible service process and tangible results. During the critical period of developing new quality productive forces and promoting revolutionary breakthroughs in core technology research, the government must act as a “conductor behind the scenes,” playing a beautiful symphony that coordinates the overall situation of national scientific and technological development, fully凝聚 social innovation forces, and use technological revolutionary breakthroughs to give birth to the development of new quality productive forces.

第二，要构建政府与市场高效协同发力的工作格局。构建政府与市场协同机制不能是新瓶装旧酒的空头口号。构建政府与市场高效协同机制既要更好发挥市场作用，也要更好发挥政府作用。从更好发挥市场作用层面来看，强调充分发挥市场在科技资源配置中的决定作用，就是要求充分重视在创新要素流通、人员和技术流动、管理流程、科技创新成果评价机制的市场化程度。让市场化的手段真正服务于国家科研攻关任务需求，充分利用市场对资源的决定性作用，健全产业创新分工体系、创新空间格局和完善对创新创业服务体系的支撑。从更好发挥政府作用层面来看，政府既要对市场的负面作用做到未雨绸缪、提前预防，又要为社会各界创新主体的跨界交流合作发挥桥梁纽带作用。新型举国体制下的核心技术攻关模式，是在若干重要科技领域统一实施战略部署，以任务导向形式发布一批新的重大科技项目，这亟须政府针对不同科技项目因“项”施政，制定合理的任务指标进度，科学制定考核目标与方式等，做到服务过程无形，结果有形。发展新质生产力，推动关键核心技术攻关实现革命性突破的关键时期，政府要作为“幕后的指挥家”奏响协调国家科技发展全局的优美乐章，充分凝聚社会创新力量，以技术革命性突破催生新质生产力发展。

Third, it is necessary to strengthen the construction of national strategic scientific and technological forces, and optimize their positioning and layout. The “Decision” [14]14 The “Decision” refers to the “Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform and Promoting Chinese-Path Modernization,” adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC in July 2024. emphasizes: “Improve the national laboratory system.” National laboratories themselves shoulder the responsibility of focusing on important national security fields; they are the general platform and general chain leader for scientific and technological research, producing more strategic and critical major scientific and technological achievements. In improving the degree of organization of basic research, it is necessary to give play to the institutionalized organizational role of national research institutions, targeting basic research that meets major national strategies and the needs of industries and sectors, supported by original basic theories, and mastering underlying technical principles as a source supply. By continuously improving the investment mechanism that combines competitive support and stable support, a more robust national strategic force will be formed, thereby consolidating the foundation and base of scientific and technological innovation.

第三，要加强国家战略科技力量建设，优化定位和布局。《决定》中强调：“完善国家实验室体系。”国家实验室本身肩负着聚焦国家重要的安全领域的职责，是科技攻关的总平台、总链长，多出战略性、关键性重大科技成果。在提高基础研究组织化程度方面，要发挥国家科研机构建制化组织作用，面向国家重大战略和行业产业需求的基础研究，以原创基础理论作为支撑，掌握底层技术原理作为源头供给。通过不断完善竞争性支持和稳定支持相结合的投入机制，形成更加健全的国家战略力量，以筑牢科技创新根基和底座。

(II) Building an Integrated Allocation Mechanism Conducive to Tackling Key Core Technologies

(二)构建有利于关键核心技术攻关的一体化配置机制

Building a new nationwide system for mobilizing resources conducive to tackling key core technologies urgently requires establishing an integrated allocation that integrates the innovation chain, industrial chain, capital chain, and talent chain (hereinafter referred to as the “four chains”). Scientific and technological innovation has now evolved into an integrated, networked, and comprehensive activity, with technology and industry becoming more closely linked. It is necessary to break the relatively fragmented state of the “four chains,” unblock the blockages, sticking points, and breakpoints in the process of transforming scientific and technological achievements into industries, build an integrated allocation mechanism for the rational allocation and free flow of factors, promote the deep integration of the “four chains,” and further release the kinetic energy of scientific and technological innovation.

构建有利于关键核心技术攻关的新型举国体制，亟须建立创新链、产业链、资金链、人才链(下文简称“四链”)融会贯通的一体化配置。科技创新如今已演变成一种集成化、网络化、综合性的活动，技术与产业联系更为紧密。要打破“四链”相对分割的状态，打通科技成果转化为产业过程的堵点、卡点、断点，构建要素合理配置、自由流动的一体化配置机制，促进“四链”深度融合，进一步释放科技创新动能。

First, create the “dual-core driving” traction role of the innovation chain and industrial chain, promoting the organic integration of innovation and production. The innovation chain and industrial chain are interrelated and mutually reinforcing. The innovation chain connects various links from technology research and development to industrialization, playing a role in strengthening, complementing, and stabilizing the industrial chain. The industrial chain connects various links from raw materials to end products, playing a demand-pulling role for the innovation chain, driving the realization of value and application of scientific and technological achievements. It is necessary to deploy the innovation chain around the upstream, midstream, and downstream of the industrial chain, providing technological supply for front-end basic research, mid-end technology research and development, and back-end industrialization respectively, so as to enhance the resilience and competitiveness of the industrial chain. Layout the industrial chain around the innovation chain, achieving cost reduction and efficiency improvement in upstream raw material manufacturing, quality optimization in midstream component manufacturing, and efficient transformation of downstream end products, so as to promote the transformation of achievements and continuous innovation of the innovation chain. Through the “dual-core driving” of the innovation chain and industrial chain, accelerate the transformation from basic research to product landing, and from the replacement and updating of individual technological products to the formation of new industrial layouts, so as to achieve a true organic integration of scientific and technological innovation and industrial development.

首先，打造创新链产业链的“双核驱动”牵引作用，促进创新与生产的有机融合。创新链和产业链相互关联，相互促进。创新链连接从技术研发到产业化的各个环节，对产业链有着强化、互补、稳固的作用，产业链连接从原材料到终端产品的各环节，对创新链具有需求牵引的作用，带动科技成果的价值实现和应用落地。要围绕产业链的上游、中游、下游部署创新链，分别提供前端的基础研究、中端的技术研发、后端的产业化的技术供给，以增强产业链的韧性和竞争力。围绕创新链布局产业链，上游原材料制造降本增效、中游零部件制造提质优化、下游终端产品高效转化，以促进创新链的成果转化和持续创新。通过创新链产业链的“双核驱动”加速从基础研究到产品落地转化，从单个科技产品的更新替代推动形成新的产业布局，以实现科技创新和产业发展的真正有机融合。

Second, strengthen the catalytic and supporting role of the capital chain, providing financial “living water” for the innovation chain and industrial chain. Capital, as an important factor of production, is an important catalyst for the innovation chain and industrial chain. On the input side, it is necessary to appropriately expand the sources of capital input from the capital chain into the innovation chain and industrial chain. In addition to central and local fiscal funds, and funds from commercial banks and non-bank financial institutions, it is also necessary to appropriately expand the entry of enterprise funds and other social capital. On the operation side, give full play to the catalytic power of capital, regulate the use and supervision of capital during operation through mechanisms, ensuring both “flexibility in release” and “control in management.” On the return side, while paying attention to the return on investment, it is also necessary to accelerate the speed of capital recovery, so as to ensure that the capital chain can continuously meet the capital needs of the innovation chain and industrial chain.

其次，强化资金链的催化支撑作用，为创新链、产业链提供金融“活水”。资金作为重要的生产要素是创新链产业链的重要催化剂。在投入端，要适度扩大资金链在创新链产业链的资金投入来源，除了中央、地方财政资金、商业银行和非银行金融机构的资金来源，还要适度扩大企业资金和其他社会资本进入。在运营端，充分发挥资本的催化力量，通过机制规范资金运营过程中的使用和监管，既要“放得活”也要“管得住”。在收益端，注重投资回报率的同时，也要加快资金回笼速度，以确保资金链能够源源不断地满足创新链产业链的资金需求。

Finally, build the leading and transforming role of the talent chain, providing intellectual support for the innovation chain and industrial chain. The core of the “dual-core driving” of the innovation chain and industrial chain is essentially talent-driven; both innovation and industrial cycles are inseparable from the intellectual support of the talent chain. The “Decision” emphasizes, “Deepen the reform of the systems and mechanisms for talent development.” This emphasizes that talent, as a core competitiveness, is the foundation of innovation endeavors and industrial development. The types of talent chains involve talents in research and development, transformation, production, logistics, marketing, and other aspects; different types of talents provide intellectual support for the development of the innovation chain and industrial chain. Building a talent chain requires an integrated strategy, constructing mechanisms for rational use, specialized evaluation, efficient flow, positive incentives, and diversified service guarantees, fully stimulating the innovation and creativity vitality of market talents, and providing strong talent support for the development of the innovation chain and industrial chain.

最后，建设人才链的引领转化作用，为创新链、产业链提供智力支持。创新链产业链“双核驱动”的核心实质是人才驱动，创新和产业循环都离不开人才链的智力支持。《决定》强调,“深化人才发展体制机制改革”，这就是强调人才作为核心竞争力，作为创新事业和产业发展的根本。人才链的种类涉及研发、转化、生产、物流、营销等各方面人才，不同方面的人才为创新链产业链发展提供智力支撑。建设人才链需要一体化的谋略，构建合理使用、专属评价、高效流动、正向激励和多元服务保障机制，充分激发市场人才的创新创造活力，为创新链和产业链发展提供有力人才支撑。

(III) Building a Scientific and Technological Innovation System with Enterprises as the Main Body

(三)建设以企业为主体的科技创新体系

State-owned enterprises already possess strong innovation capabilities, core competitiveness, and institutional advantages in original innovation; they are the core force for high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening under the new nationwide system for mobilizing resources. At the same time, it is also necessary to encourage the development and growth of small and medium-sized enterprises. It is necessary to accelerate the construction of industry-university-research support carriers that fully integrate achievement transformation, improve incentive mechanisms, create a proactive and active scientific and technological innovation ecosystem, strengthen efficient synergy, and create a scientific and technological innovation environment with a reasonable layout of innovation resources. This is for enterprises, as the main body of scientific and technological innovation, to enhance their own innovation vitality and capabilities, continuously promote technological innovation, enterprise system innovation, and scientific and technological management system innovation, thereby enhancing the social scientific and technological innovation capability and level, and promoting the construction of the industrial scientific and technological innovation system.

国有企业已具备了较强的创新能力、核心竞争力和原始创新制度优势，是新型举国体制下高水平科技自立自强的核心力量，同时，也要鼓励中小企业发展壮大。要加快成果转化充分融合的产学研支撑载体，完善激励机制、营造积极主动的科技创新生态，强化高效协同、打造合理创新资源布局的科技创新环境。这是企业作为科技创新主体，为提升企业自身创新活力和能力，不断推动技术创新、企业制度创新和科技管理制度创新，进而提升社会科技创新能力和水平，推动产业科技创新体系建设。

Taking "deep integration of industry, academia, and research" as the entry point, we must build innovation support carriers for the transformation of achievements. The transformation of achievements is the "last kilometer" of innovative development and value realization. On the one hand, research organizations are mainly distributed in institutions of higher learning and scientific research institutes, holding the seller's market for R&D investment and intellectual property rights, and possessing relatively high discourse power in project planning and achievement evaluation, while enterprises urgently needing to transform innovative achievements into practical applications constitute a relatively weaker buyer's market. To strengthen the dominant position of enterprises in the integration of industry, academia, and research, this must fundamentally be achieved by enhancing enterprises' discourse power and status in innovation decision-making, R&D investment, research organization, and achievement transformation. On the other hand, different enterprises face significant differences in discourse power during the process of participating in major science and technology projects, particularly in risk prevention and the distribution of profits from science and technology projects. The "Decision" [15]15 The "Decision" refers to the "Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform and Promoting Chinese-Path Modernization," adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC in July 2024. emphasizes: "Uphold and implement the 'two unswervinglys'." [16]16 The "two unswervinglys" refers to the policy of unswervingly consolidating and developing the public sector of the economy, and unswervingly encouraging, supporting, and guiding the development of the non-public sector of the economy. It is necessary to increase support for scientific and technological innovation by private enterprises, match financial management systems compatible with the financial systems of private enterprises, enhance private enterprises' ability to resist risks and prevent and control them, and increase their motivation to participate in national science and technology攻关 tasks, as well as their internal drive to actively build science and technology infrastructure and innovation platforms.

以“产学研深度融合”为切入点，打造成果转化的创新支撑载体。成果转化是创新发展和价值实现的“最后一公里”。一方面，科研组织主要分布在高等院校和科研院所，掌握着研发投入和知识产权的卖方市场，在项目规划和成果评价方面具有较高的话语权，而对于急迫将创新成果转化落地的企业而言是相对较为弱势的买方市场。要强化企业在产学研融合中的主导地位，从根本上要通过提升企业在创新决策、研发投入、科研组织、成果转化等方面的话语权和地位来实现。另一方面，不同企业在参与重大科技项目过程面临风险防范和科技项目盈利分配时期的话语权是具有显著差异的。《决定》强调：“坚持和落实‘两个毫不动摇’。”要加大民营企业科技创新的扶持力度，匹配与民营企业财务制度相适应的财政经费管理制度，增强民营企业抵御风险和防控能力，增强民营企业参与国家科技攻关任务的积极性及主动建造科技基础设施和创新平台搭建的内在动力。

Taking "improving incentive mechanisms" as the key point, we must create a proactive and dynamic science and technology innovation ecosystem. Creating a proactive and dynamic science and technology innovation ecosystem for enterprises requires a two-pronged approach, addressing both the hard environment and the soft environment, and continuously improving incentive mechanisms. The hard environment refers to incentives through the comprehensive use of fiscal, tax, financial, and other policy tools; the soft environment refers to incentives through cultural dimensions such as promoting the entrepreneurial spirit and enhancing social recognition. Under the hard environment of comprehensively using fiscal, tax, financial, and other policy tools, when enterprises take the lead or participate in national major science and technology攻关 tasks, they urgently need support from innovation factors such as land, technology, capital, and talent. This requires hard-environment incentive measures to accelerate the concentration of innovation factors in enterprises. In addition to hard-environment incentives, enterprises also need soft-environment incentives such as market and social recognition to encourage entrepreneurs to fully exert their innovative spirit and assume social responsibilities. The soft environment can also compensate for difficulties in the current science and technology innovation ecosystem, such as enterprises' difficulty in concentrating innovation resources and the limited coverage of public resources, thereby creating a more proactive and dynamic science and technology innovation ecosystem.

以“完善激励机制”为关键点，营造积极主动的科技创新生态。营造企业积极主动的科技创新生态，需要从硬环境和软环境两方面双管齐下，不断完善激励机制。硬环境是指通过综合运用财税、金融等政策工具进行激励，软环境是通过弘扬企业家精神、增强社会的认同程度等文化维度进行激励。在综合运用财税、金融等政策工具等硬环境下，企业在主动牵头或参与国家重大科技攻关任务时，亟需土地、技术、资金和人才等创新要素支持，要通过硬环境的激励手段促进创新要素向企业加速集聚。除了硬环境激励之外，企业同样需要获取市场和社会认同等软环境的激励，以促进企业家充分发挥创新精神、承担社会责任。软环境还可以弥补当下科技创新生态中，企业集聚创新资源难、公共资源覆盖有限等困境，营造更加积极主动的科技创新生态。

Taking "strengthening collaborative innovation" as the foothold, we must create a scientific and rational regional innovation layout. "Since the Industrial Revolution, Marshall was the first to analyze regional economic innovation from the perspective of industrial spatial agglomeration, arguing that the externalities and economies of scale generated by the concentration of industries in a particular region are important drivers of regional development." [17]17 This is a reference to Alfred Marshall, the British economist, and his analysis of industrial agglomeration in his 1890 work "Principles of Economics." With the rise of innovation ecosystems, academia has taken the regional innovation ecosystem as a new direction for regional innovation research, emphasizing that the government, as an important participant in the regional innovation ecosystem, should improve the coordination of regional policies, promote the free flow of regional factors, and achieve the synergistic agglomeration of industries and enterprises. Enterprises are the key to coordinating various types of innovation in the regional innovation layout. It is necessary to highlight the dominant position of enterprises in innovation, cultivating not only leading science and technology enterprises with the ability to guide industrial development but also more specialized and sophisticated "little giant" [18]18 "Little giant" enterprises are a category of specialized and sophisticated small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in China that produce novel and unique products, recognized by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology. small enterprises, allowing them to showcase their talents in more vertical niche areas of projects. We must fully leverage the internal synergy of the regional innovation system, enabling large, medium, and small enterprises to intensively cultivate resources in different fields, matching the industrial needs of regional development, and creating a scientific, rational, collaborative, and efficient regional innovation layout.

以“强化协同创新”为落脚点，打造科学合理的区域创新布局。“自工业革命以来，Marshall最早从产业空间集聚视角分析区域经济创新，认为产业在某一特定地区集聚而产生的外部性和规模经济是促进区域发展的重要动力。”随着创新生态系统的兴起，学界将区域创新生态系统作为区域创新研究的新方向，强调政府作为区域创新生态系统重要参与者，要提高区域政策协同性，促进区域要素自由流动，实现产业和企业集聚协同。企业是区域创新布局中协调各类创新的关键，要突出企业在创新中的主体地位，既要培育具有引领产业发展能力的科技领军企业，也要培育更多专精特新“小巨人”小企业，在更多项目的垂直细分领域各展其才。充分发挥区域创新系统内部协同，让大中小企业在不同领域资源精耕细作，以匹配区域发展的产业需求，打造科学合理、协同高效的区域创新布局。

(IV) Promoting Higher-Level Open Cooperation in Science and Technology Innovation

(四)推动更高水平科技创新开放合作

Scientific and technological progress is a global and epochal issue; only open cooperation is the right path. As China enters a new stage of scientific and technological development, foreign science and technology exchanges have gradually deepened. The turbulent international situation and the rapid development of science and technology have placed higher demands on open cooperation in science and technology. To address new challenges, we need to respond more actively to changes and seek change. We must open our minds, deeply participate in global science and technology governance, cultivate advantages in cooperative resources, better coordinate the relationship between openness and security, and plan and promote scientific and technological innovation with a global perspective.

科技进步是世界性、时代性课题，唯有开放合作才是正道。随着我国迈入科技发展新阶段，对外科技交流也逐渐深入，波谲云诡的国际局势和一日千里的科技发展对科技开放合作提出了更高要求。应对新的挑战，需要更加积极应变求变，要敞开胸怀，深度参与全球科技治理，培育合作资源优势，更好统筹开放和安全的协调发展关系，以全球视野谋划和推进科技创新。

Deeply participate in global science and technology governance and lay a theoretical foundation for cooperation. The more science and technology advances, the closer the connection with the world. Humanity needs open cooperation more than ever to enjoy the dividends of scientific and technological development and to address common challenges such as artificial intelligence risks, the decoupling and fragmentation of the international division of labor and industrial chains, and health and medical security. This requires China not only to strengthen the breadth and depth of its participation in global science and technology governance but also to shift its identity from a "participant" in the formulation of global science and technology rules and standards to a "leader," forming international consensus and norms through the formulation of rules and standards. On the one hand, we should benchmark against the world's leading science and technology countries, enhance our own innovation capacity and attractiveness to high-tech talent, continuously improve policies for attracting talent in high-end science and technology fields and scarce talent, and use diversified policies to attract overseas talent. On the other hand, we should avoid blind competition, build "asymmetric" competitive advantages in certain international science and technology fields, accumulate late-mover advantages to enhance China's "asymmetric" competitive advantages in frontier science and technology, photovoltaic energy, the digital economy, and green development, and continuously promote innovation in science and technology issues through theoretical innovation, thereby enhancing discourse power in global science and technology governance.

深度参与全球科技治理，奠定合作理论基础。科技愈进步,与世界的联系就愈紧密，人类比以往任何时候都迫切需要开放合作，以享受科技发展红利和应对人工智能风险、国际分工产业链脱钩断裂、卫生医疗安全等共同挑战。这不仅要求我国加强参与全球科技治理的广度和深度，还需要将身份从全球科技规则制定和标准制定的“参与者”转向“引领者”，通过制定规则和标准上升形成国际共识与规范。一方面，对标世界科技领先国家，增强自身创新能力和对高技术人才吸引力，在高端科技领域和紧缺人才不断完善引进政策，以多元化的政策吸引海外人才。另一方面，避免盲目竞争，打造国际部分科技领域“非对称”竞争优势，积累后发优势提升我国在前沿科技、光伏能源、数字经济、绿色发展等方面的“非对称”竞争优势，通过理论创新不断推动科技议题创新，在全球科技治理中提升话语权。

Leverage the agglomeration effect of large-scale scientific facilities and cultivate advantages in cooperative resources. As of the end of 2023, China has planned and built 77 national major science and technology infrastructure projects, i.e., large-scale scientific facilities, with 57 such facilities under construction or in operation, covering major scientific research fields, with some facilities' comprehensive levels entering the global "first echelon." [19]19 "First echelon" is a Chinese political and bureaucratic term meaning the leading or top tier globally. We must strengthen the internationalization of the construction and operation of large-scale scientific facilities, enabling the effective cross-border flow of scientific and technological achievements, technical resources, and data elements. By enhancing the convenience of factor flow, technical resources and data elements can empower scientific research and technological progress and generate enormous spillover effects. The construction and application of large-scale scientific facilities are themselves a process of scientific and technological innovation, providing advantageous support for international frontier science and technology and technological development. At the same time, they can become cradles for talent growth and treasure troves for gathering talent, better leveraging the cluster effect to solve major frontier scientific and technological issues.

发挥大科学装置集聚效应，培育合作资源优势。截至2023年底，中国已布局建设77个国家重大科技基础设施即大科学装置，在建和运行的大科学装置达57个，已覆盖主要科研领域，部分设施综合水平迈入全球“第一方阵”。加强大科学装置建设运行的国际化建设，让科技成果、技术资源和数据要素能够有效地跨境流动，通过增强要素流通便利性，使技术资源和数据要素赋能科技研究和科技进步并产生巨大的溢出效应。大科学装置建设和应用本身就是科技创新的过程，为国际前沿科技和科技发展提供优势支撑，同时能够成为人才成长摇篮和汇聚人才的宝库，更好地发挥集群效应，解决重大前沿科技问题。

Actively coordinate openness and security, and build safeguards for cooperation security. Currently, the global environment is complex and volatile, with both opportunities and crises coexisting. On the basis of scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening, carrying out high-level international science and technology cooperation requires coordinating the relationship between development and security. Science and technology security is often closely related to national industrial security, economic security, and intellectual property security. Under the framework of opening up to the outside world, at the national level, it is necessary to strengthen industrial security protection rules and provide support for international science and technology cooperation from the legislative level. At the research team organization level, it is necessary to enhance science and technology security awareness, assert the team's own R&D achievement rights, and be vigilant against infiltration by external forces.

积极统筹开放和安全，打造合作安全保障。当前，全球环境复杂多变，机遇和危机并存，在科技自立自强基础上开展国际高水平科技合作要统筹好发展和安全的关系。科技安全往往与国家产业安全、经济安全和知识产权安全紧密相关。在对外开放合作框架之下，从国家层面要加强产业安全保护规则、从立法层面对国际科技合作提供支持。从研究团队组织层面，要提升科技安全意识，主张团队自己的研发成果权利，警惕外部势力的渗透。

Online Editor: Paul

网络编辑：保罗