A Profound Understanding of General Secretary Xi Jinping’s Important Discourses on the Modern Industrial System

The 2024 Central Economic Work Conference designated “guiding the development of new quality productive forces through scientific and technological innovation and building a modern industrial system” as one of the key tasks for achieving sound economic performance in 2025. [1]1 The “156 Projects” refers to the 156 key industrial projects that the Soviet Union agreed to assist China in constructing during the First Five-Year Plan period (1953–1957), which formed the core of China’s initial industrialization drive. On February 8, 2025, when listening to the work reports of the Jilin Provincial Party Committee and the Provincial Government, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that high-quality development is inseparable from innovation-driven growth and industrial support. It is necessary to firmly guard the foundation of the real economy, and coordinate the transformation of traditional industries, the expansion of advantageous industries, and the cultivation of new quality productive forces. This is the latest deployment by the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi

2024年中央经济工作会议将“以科技创新引领新质生产力发展，建设现代化产业体系”作为做好2025年经济工作的重点任务之一。2025年2月8日，习近平总书记在听取吉林省委和省政府工作汇报时指出，高质量发展离不开创新驱动和产业支撑。要守牢实体经济这个根基，统筹推动传统产业转型、优势产业壮大和新质生产力培育。这是以习近平同志为核心的党中央审时度势对建设现代化产业体系作出的最新部署，既抓住当下，又着眼未来。党的十八大以来，习近平总书记高度重视现代化产业体系建设，围绕现代化产业体系的基本内涵、主要特征、重要原则和发展要求等提出了一系列新思想、新观点、新论断，内涵丰富、思想深刻、指导性强，为新时代现代化产业体系建设提供了科学指南。深刻理解习近平总书记关于现代化产业体系的重要论述，有助于我们准确把握建设现代化产业体系这一关乎国家发展全局的战略部署的重大意义、科学内涵、核心要义和实践要求，对于推动高质量发展，全面建设社会主义现代化国家具有重要意义。

I. The Historical Origins and Realistic Foundations of General Secretary Xi Jinping’s Important Discourses on the Modern Industrial System

一、习近平总书记关于现代化产业体系重要论述的历史渊源和现实基础

China’s complete and independent industrial system with a full range of sectors was formed and developed under specific historical conditions, and is the result of a large developing country accelerating socialist industrialization. The theoretical and practical proposition of building a modern industrial system is put forward on the basis that China has already built a complete and independent industrial system with a full range of sectors. It is both a summary of the successful experience of New China’s industrial development and consistent with the realistic foundation of modernization.

我国所拥有的门类齐全、独立完整的产业体系是在特定的历史条件下形成和发展起来的，是发展中大国加快推进社会主义工业化的结果。建设现代化产业体系这一理论和实践命题，是基于我国已经建成门类齐全、独立完整的产业体系而提出的，既是对新中国产业发展成功经验的总结，也符合现代化发展的现实基础。

(I) Two Important Prerequisites for Establishing a Complete and Independent Industrial System with a Full Range of Sectors

（一）建立门类齐全、独立完整产业体系的两个重要前提

At the beginning of the founding of New China, China’s industrial base was weak, its equipment was crude, and its technology was backward. Moreover, the world was then under the pattern of the Cold War between East and West. Western capitalist countries with ideological prejudice were hostile to China, implementing an all-round blockade in political, economic, military and other fields. Against this background, in order to establish an independent industrial system as soon as possible and change the poor and backward appearance, our Party leveraged the advantage of the socialist system in concentrating resources to accomplish major tasks, broke through the Western blockade, and initially established a complete and independent industrial system with a full range of sectors in a relatively short period of time. To systematically grasp the evolutionary laws of building a modern industrial system within a unique historical logic and China’s own national conditions, we must first accurately understand the two important prerequisites for establishing a complete and independent industrial system with a full range of sectors.

新中国成立之初，我国工业基础薄弱、设备简陋、技术落后，加之当时的世界正处于东西方冷战的格局之下，带着意识形态偏见的西方资本主义国家对中国充满敌意，从政治、经济、军事等领域实施全方位封锁。在此背景下，为了尽快建立独立工业体系，改变贫穷落后面貌，我们党发挥社会主义制度集中力量办大事的优势，突破了西方的封锁，用较短时间初步建立了门类齐全、独立完整的产业体系。要在独特的历史逻辑和自身国情中系统把握现代化产业体系建设的演进规律，首先要准确认识建立门类齐全、独立完整产业体系的两个重要前提。

1. An Industrial System Established Under the Conditions of Breaking Through the Blockade of Western Capitalist Countries

1.在突破西方资本主义国家封锁条件下建立的产业体系

After the Second World War, in order to dominate the world, the United States led Western capitalist countries in adopting a Cold War strategy against the Soviet Union and other socialist countries. In November 1949, the United States organized Britain, France, Japan and other countries to establish the “Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls” (CoCom) in Paris, restricting member countries from exporting strategic materials and high technology to socialist countries. In December 1950, the U.S. government announced the freezing of Chinese property under U.S. jurisdiction and prohibited ships registered in the United States from sailing to China. In May 1951, the United States manipulated the Fifth United Nations General Assembly into adopting a resolution imposing an embargo on China. In August of the same year, the U.S. Congress passed the “Battle Act,” requiring countries receiving “U.S. aid” to strictly implement the embargo policy. In September 1952, the United States added a “China Committee” to the CoCom as a specialized agency for the embargo against China, listing more than 500 types of materials as embargoed goods.

第二次世界大战以后，美国为称霸世界，带领西方资本主义国家对苏联等社会主义国家采取了冷战策略。1949年11月，美国组织英、法、日等国在巴黎成立了“巴黎统筹委员会”，限制成员国向社会主义国家出口战略物资和高技术。1950年12月，美国政府宣布冻结中国在美辖区的财产，并禁止在美注册船只开往中国。1951年5月，美国操纵第五届联合国大会通过了对中国实行禁运的决议。同年8月，美国国会通过了“巴特尔法案”，要求接受“美援”的国家严格执行禁运政策。1952年9月，美国在“巴黎统筹委员会”增设“中国委员会”并将其作为对中国实行禁运的专门机构，将500多种物资列为禁运品。

The blockade and embargo by Western countries led by the United States caused serious difficulties for China’s foreign economic trade, forcing us to establish an independent industrial system through socialist industrialization. Based on multiple factors such as the realistic national condition of a weak industrial base, the severe and complex international situation, and the successful experience of Soviet industrialization, the Party Central Committee formulated a strategy of prioritizing the development of heavy industry. In February 1953, Mao Zedong proposed at the Fourth Session of the First National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference that “a nationwide upsurge in learning from the Soviet Union should be launched to build our country.” During the First Five-Year Plan period, China carried out socialist construction in a planned manner, concentrated major forces on developing heavy industry, and made large-scale investments centered on the “156 Projects” [1]1 The “156 Projects” refers to the 156 key industrial projects that the Soviet Union agreed to assist China in constructing during the First Five-Year Plan period (1953–1957), which formed the core of China’s initial industrialization drive. aided by the Soviet Union, initially establishing an independent industrial system. In December 1964, Zhou Enlai proposed at the First Session of the Third National People’s Congress the grand goal of achieving the “Four Modernizations” [2]2 The “Four Modernizations” was a strategic goal first proposed by Zhou Enlai in 1964, aiming to modernize agriculture, industry, national defense, and science and technology by the end of the 20th century., namely, “building China into a powerful socialist country with modern agriculture, modern industry, modern national defense, and modern science and technology.” After China restored its lawful seat in the United Nations in 1971, it quickly established diplomatic relations with some Western countries, breaking the political isolation and economic blockade imposed by the United States and other Western countries for more than 20 years. From 1949 to 1978, China took less than 30 years to establish an independent and relatively complete industrial system, laying the foundation for the rapid development of industrialization after reform and opening up.

以美国为首的西方国家的封锁、禁运给中国的对外经济贸易造成了严重困难，迫使我们通过社会主义工业化建立独立自主的工业体系。基于当时工业基础薄弱的现实国情、严峻复杂的国际形势和苏联工业化的成功经验等多重因素，党中央制定了优先发展重工业的战略。1953年2月，毛泽东在全国政协一届四次会议上提出“应该在全国掀起一个全面学习苏联的高潮，来建设我们的国家”。“一五”时期，我国有计划地进行社会主义建设，集中主要力量发展重工业，以苏联援建的“156项工程”为中心进行大规模投资，初步建立起独立的工业体系。1964年12月，周恩来在三届全国人大一次会议上提出努力实现“四个现代化”的宏伟目标，即“把我国建设成为一个具有现代农业、现代工业、现代国防和现代科学技术的社会主义强国”。1971年中国恢复在联合国的合法席位后，迅速与一些西方国家建交，打破了20多年来美国等西方国家对我国的政治孤立和经济封锁。从1949年至1978年，中国用了不到30年的时间建立了独立的、较为完整的工业体系，为改革开放后工业化快速发展奠定了基础。

2. Adhering to an Industrialization Development Path Centered on Self-Reliance

2.坚持以自力更生为主的工业化发展道路

After the First Five-Year Plan period, the Party Central Committee gradually realized that some of the Soviet Union’s practices were not entirely in line with China’s actual conditions, and that the Soviet model itself had many defects and shortcomings. Therefore, it was necessary to shift from “taking the Soviet Union as a teacher” to “taking the Soviet Union as a mirror.” In June 1958, Mao Zedong proposed “taking self-reliance as the mainstay, with external assistance as a supplement, breaking down superstitions, and independently engaging in industry, agriculture, technological revolution, and cultural revolution.” It was precisely because of adhering to the policy of “taking self-reliance as the mainstay” that, after the Soviet Union completely stopped aid to China in 1960, the industrialization process did not thereby come to an end, but instead shifted to a stage of independent construction.

“一五”时期后，党中央逐渐意识到苏联的一些做法并不完全符合我国实际，而且苏联模式本身就存在着许多缺陷和不足，因此必须从“以苏为师”转向“以苏为鉴”。1958年6月，毛泽东提出“自力更生为主，争取外援为辅，破除迷信，独立自主地干工业、干农业、干技术革命和文化革命”。也正是因为坚持“自力更生为主”的方针，在1960年苏联全面停止对华援助后，工业化进程并没有因此中断，而是转入自主建设阶段。

In March 1978, Deng Xiaoping proposed at the National Conference on Science and Technology that “science and technology are productive forces.” In December of the same year, the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Party [3]3 The Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the CPC, held in December 1978, is widely regarded as the historic turning point that launched China’s reform and opening-up policy. inaugurated the great process of reform and opening up. As opening up deepened, technology imports developed rapidly, covering almost all industrial categories, filling a large number of gaps in technology and production fields, while also yielding some lessons. In 1982, when summing up historical experience in economic construction, Deng Xiaoping pointed out, “Obtaining funds and advanced technology from developed countries is not an easy matter” and “we must strive for foreign assistance on the basis of self-reliance, mainly relying on our own hard struggle.” In September 1988, when meeting with Czechoslovak President Gustáv Husák, Deng Xiaoping put forward the important thesis that “science and technology are the primary productive forces.” Marked by the convening of the 14th National Congress of the CPC in 1992, economic system reform began exploring the establishment of a socialist market economy system; industrialization entered a phase of rapid development, and the contribution of science and technology to economic growth became increasingly significant. In May 1995, Jiang Zemin comprehensively elaborated on the implementation of the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education at the National Conference on Science and Technology, emphasizing that “while learning from and importing advanced foreign technologies, we must unremittingly strive to enhance the country’s independent research and development capabilities.” After China joined the WTO in 2001, opening up entered a brand-new stage, and the strength of the industrial economy rapidly expanded. However, because the extensive development model had not undergone a fundamental transformation, problems such as massive consumption of resources and energy, environmental pollution, and low efficiency became increasingly prominent. At the same time, the gradual opening of the domestic market subjected enterprises to greater pressure from market competition and technological upgrading. Against this backdrop, the 16th National Congress of the Party put forward the strategic deployment of taking a new path of industrialization. Thereafter, important Party meetings and documents repeatedly mentioned “new industrialization” and continuously enriched and developed its connotations. Compared with traditional industrialization, new industrialization places higher demands on scientific and technological innovation, especially independent innovation. In 2006, the National Conference on Science and Technology proposed “building an innovation-oriented country,” emphasizing “striving to take a path of independent innovation with Chinese characteristics” and “persistently giving prominence to enhancing independent innovation capabilities.” The 17th National Congress of the Party further proposed “better implementing the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education, the strategy of strengthening the country through human resources, and the strategy of sustainable development,” emphasizing “accelerating the transformation of the economic development model, promoting the optimization and upgrading of the industrial structure” and “developing a modern industrial system.” During this period, China seized the opportunities of economic globalization, utilized the spillover effects of foreign advanced technology to promote technological progress, gradually narrowed the gap with the world’s advanced technology level, and industrialization advanced rapidly. In 2010, China’s manufacturing output value surpassed that of the United States for the first time, making it the world’s largest manufacturing country.

1978年3月，邓小平在全国科学技术大会上提出“科学技术是生产力”。同年12月，党的十一届三中全会开启了改革开放伟大进程。随着对外开放不断深化，技术引进发展迅速，几乎涵盖所有工业门类，填补了大批技术和生产领域的空白，同时也总结出一些经验。1982年，邓小平在总结经济建设的历史经验时指出，“从发达国家取得资金和先进技术不是容易的事情”“必须在自力更生的基础上争取外援，主要依靠自己的艰苦奋斗”。1988年9月，邓小平在会见捷克斯洛伐克总统胡萨克时提出“科学技术是第一生产力”的重要论断。以1992年党的十四大召开为标志，经济体制改革开启了建立社会主义市场经济体制的探索，‌工业化进入快速发展阶段，‌科技对经济增长的贡献日益显著。1995年5月，江泽民在全国科学技术大会上全面阐述实施科教兴国战略，强调“我们必须在学习、引进国外先进技术的同时，坚持不懈地着力提高国家的自主研究开发能力”。2001年中国加入世贸组织后，对外开放进入了一个崭新的阶段，工业经济实力迅速壮大。然而，由于粗放型发展方式并未实现根本性转变，资源和能源大量消耗、环境污染和效率低下等问题日益突出。与此同时，国内市场的逐步开放使企业面临更大的市场竞争和技术升级压力。在此背景下，党的十六大提出走新型工业化道路的战略部署。此后，党的重要会议和文件多次提及“新型工业化”，并不断丰富发展其内涵。与传统工业化相比，新型工业化对科技创新尤其是自主创新提出更高要求‌。‌2006年全国科技大会提出“建设创新型国家”，强调“努力走中国特色自主创新道路”“坚持把提高自主创新能力摆在突出位置”。党的十七大进一步提出“更好实施科教兴国战略、人才强国战略、可持续发展战略”，强调“加快转变经济发展方式，推动产业结构优化升级”“发展现代产业体系”。这一时期，我国抓住经济全球化机遇，利用国外先进技术的溢出效应促进技术进步，逐步缩小同世界先进技术水平的差距，工业化快速推进。2010年我国制造业产值首次超越美国，成为全球制造业第一大国。

(II) The Realistic Foundation for Building a Modernized Industrial System in the New Era

（二）新时代建设现代化产业体系的现实基础

As socialism with Chinese characteristics enters the New Era [4]4 The New Era refers to the period beginning with the 19th National Congress of the CPC in 2017, under the leadership of Xi Jinping, characterized by the principal contradiction of unbalanced and inadequate development versus the people’s growing needs for a better life., China faces new development environments, conditions, and stages, with a series of major changes occurring in internal conditions and the external environment. To adapt to the new development situation and actively respond to various challenges, the Party Central Committee realized that we must accelerate the construction of a modernized industrial system with Chinese characteristics that meets the requirements of industrialization and modernization. The report of the 17th National Congress of the Party proposed “developing a modern industrial system and vigorously promoting the integration of informatization and industrialization.” The report of the 18th National Congress of the Party proposed “accelerating the formation of a new economic development model, shifting the foothold of development to improving quality and efficiency” and “striving to build a new system for modern industrial development.” In 2012, the proportion of China’s tertiary industry exceeded that of the secondary industry, and the industrial structure achieved a transformation from “secondary-tertiary-primary” to “tertiary-secondary-primary.” Further, the report of the 19th National Congress of the Party pointed out that China’s economy had shifted from a stage of high-speed growth to a stage of high-quality development, emphasizing the need to “build an industrial system with coordinated development of the real economy, scientific and technological innovation, modern finance, and human resources.” The report of the 20th National Congress of the Party [5]5 The 20th National Congress of the CPC was held in October 2022. outlined the grand blueprint for comprehensively advancing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-path modernization, formally proposed the development requirement of “building a modernized industrial system,” and made important deployments.

中国特色社会主义进入新时代，我国面临新的发展环境、发展条件和发展阶段，内部条件和外部环境发生一系列重大变化。为适应新的发展形势、积极应对各种挑战，党中央意识到我们必须加快建设具有中国特色，符合工业化、现代化要求的现代化产业体系。党的十七大报告提出“发展现代产业体系，大力推进信息化与工业化融合”。党的十八大报告提出“加快形成新的经济发展方式，把推动发展的立足点转到提高质量和效益上来”“着力构建现代产业发展新体系”。2012年，我国第三产业比重超过第二产业，产业结构实现了由“二三一”向“三二一”的转变。进一步地，党的十九大报告指出中国经济已由高速增长阶段转向高质量发展阶段，强调要“建设实体经济、科技创新、现代金融、人力资源协同发展的产业体系”。党的二十大报告擘画了以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴的宏伟蓝图，正式提出“建设现代化产业体系”的发展要求，并作出重要部署。

It is worth noting that although the “modernized industrial system” proposed by the 20th National Congress of the Party is verbally close to the “modern industrial system” and “new system for modern industrial development” respectively proposed by the 17th and 18th National Congresses, their connotations differ. Whether it is “developing a modern industrial system” or “striving to build a new system for modern industrial development,” both were aimed at the development of the industrial system itself, stemming more from the Party Central Committee’s thinking on transforming the economic development model. The “modernized industrial system” more closely links the industrial system with modernization construction, placing greater emphasis on systematically planning the issue of industrial system construction under the overall layout of national modernization, and better aligning with the development requirement that “high-quality development is the primary task in building a modern socialist country in all respects.” Specifically, the New Era brings new opportunities for industrial development, but also new challenges. Only by accelerating the modernization of the industrial system can we better adapt to the new era and new requirements.

值得注意的是，党的二十大提出的“现代化产业体系”与党的十七大和十八大分别提出的“现代产业体系”和“现代产业发展新体系”虽在字面上较为接近，但在内涵意蕴上有所不同。无论是“发展现代产业体系”，还是“着力构建现代产业发展新体系”，都是针对产业体系发展本身而言，更多出于党中央对于转变经济发展方式的思考。“现代化产业体系”则将产业体系与现代化建设更加紧密联系在一起，更加强调将产业体系建设问题置于国家现代化建设的总体布局之下进行系统谋划，更加贴合“高质量发展是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的首要任务”的发展要求。具体来说，新时代给产业发展带来了新的机遇，同时也带来了新的挑战，只有加快推进产业体系现代化才能更好地适应新时代、新要求。

1. The transformation of the economic development stage requires that the driving force of industrial development shift from the past reliance on factor-driven and investment-scale-driven development to innovation-driven development.

1.经济发展阶段的转换要求产业发展驱动力从过去的要素驱动、投资规模驱动发展为主向以创新驱动为主转变

Entering the stage of high-quality development, China’s factor comparative advantages and resource-environment constraints have undergone major trend changes. At the same time, the scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation are profoundly affecting people’s production and lifestyles. China’s competitiveness in traditional labor-intensive industries is weakening, and enhancing scientific and technological innovation capabilities and accelerating the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries have become key for the country and enterprises to maintain competitiveness. Under the combined effect of various factors, the industrial system faces prominent problems such as weakening momentum in the real economy, prominent shortcomings in key factors, and factor structure mismatch. The fundamental way to solve these problems lies in transitioning to innovation-driven development. The key is to, in the process of industrial construction, give greater play to the driving role of new production factors such as technology, data, knowledge, and human capital in industrial development, establish a mechanism for mutual shaping, close coupling, and virtuous circulation of production factors, and form efficient, synergistic new models of industrial chains and industrial organization operating systems. Building a modernized industrial system is a key measure to conform to the general trend of the transformation of old and new driving forces in economic development, to shift the goal of industrial development from emphasizing scale and speed to emphasizing efficiency and quality, and to shift the industrial development model from factor-driven to innovation-driven.

进入高质量发展阶段，我国要素比较优势和资源环境约束发生重大趋势性变化。与此同时，科技革命和产业变革正在深入影响人们的生产与生活方式。我国在传统的劳动密集型产业的竞争力正在减弱，提升科技创新能力和加快传统产业转型升级已经成为国家和企业保持竞争力的关键。种种因素作用下，产业体系面临实体经济动力弱化、关键要素短板突出、要素结构错配等突出问题。要解决这些问题，根本出路在于向创新驱动转型。其关键是在产业建设的过程中更多发挥技术、数据、知识、人力资本等新型生产要素对产业发展的驱动作用，建立生产要素相互塑造、紧密耦合、良性循环的机制，形成高效、协同的产业链新模式和产业组织运行系统。建设现代化产业体系是顺应经济发展新旧动能转换的大趋势，推动产业发展目标从重规模、重速度转向重效益、重质量，产业发展模式从要素驱动转向创新驱动的关键举措。

2. The world today is undergoing changes unseen in a century, and changes in the external development environment require us to place greater emphasis on safeguarding industrial security.

2.当今世界正经历百年未有之大变局，外部发展环境的变化要求我们把维护产业安全放在更加突出的位置

In recent years, developed countries have re-recognized the important role of industry and have successively launched a series of laws and policies to revitalize manufacturing. Global manufacturing has entered a new pattern of coexistence of multiple powers, multi-regional development, and multi-stakeholder co-governance. With the in-depth implementation of China’s innovation-driven development strategy, the leading role of high-tech enterprises in scientific and technological innovation and economic development has become increasingly prominent, and a large number of scientific and technological innovations have begun to rank among the forefront internationally. In some fields, China has transformed from a “follower” into a “parallel runner,” and even become a “leader” in certain frontier areas. Fearing that China’s rise might disrupt the global pattern, Western developed countries, led by the United States, are trying to contain and suppress the development of China’s high-tech industries and strategic emerging industries through various means such as imposing tariffs, technological blockades, and restricting investment in China. Coordinating industrial development and industrial security is a strategic measure to stabilize the economic fundamentals under the changes unseen in a century. As General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized, industrial and supply chains must not falter at critical moments; this is an important feature that a major country’s economy must possess. Building a modernized industrial system means, under the premise of clearly recognizing the new situations and new challenges facing industrial development, solving the “bottleneck” problems [6]6 “Bottleneck” problems (卡脖子) is a Chinese political idiom referring to critical technologies or components that are controlled by foreign entities, leaving domestic industries vulnerable to supply disruptions or coercion. through corresponding systems and measures, mastering core technologies in key links and key areas of industrial and supply chains, unswervingly promoting high-quality industrial development, effectively safeguarding industrial security, and comprehensively enhancing the resilience and security level of industrial and supply chains in keeping with the times.

近年来，发达国家重新认识工业的重要作用，纷纷推出一系列振兴制造业的法律和政策，全球制造业已经进入多强并存、多区域发展、多元共治的新格局。随着我国创新驱动发展战略的深入实施，高新技术企业在科技创新和经济发展中的带动作用日益凸显，一大批科技创新开始走在国际前列。在一些领域，我国已从“跟跑者”变成了“并跑者”，甚至在部分前沿领域成为了“领跑者”。由于担心中国崛起可能打破全球格局，以美国为首的西方发达国家力图通过加征关税、技术封锁、限制对华投资等多种方式，对我国高技术产业和战略性新兴产业发展进行遏制打压。统筹好产业发展和产业安全，是世界百年未有之大变局下稳定经济大盘的战略举措。正如习近平总书记所强调的，产业链、供应链在关键时刻不能掉链子，这是大国经济必须具备的重要特征。建设现代化产业体系就是在认清产业发展面临的新形势新挑战的前提下，通过相应的制度和措施解决“卡脖子”难题，掌握产业链供应链关键环节和重点领域核心技术，坚定不移推动产业高质量发展，切实维护产业安全，与时俱进全方位提升产业链供应链韧性和安全水平。

3. Strategic emerging industries and future industries have become new tracks and new economies in which various countries compete.

3.战略性新兴产业和未来产业成为各国竞相角逐的新赛道、新经济

Possessing strategic emerging industries and future industries that are in a world-leading position is an important hallmark of a manufacturing powerhouse. At present, the cross-fertilisation of multiple disciplines and the cross-border integration of multiple technologies are gradually increasing, continuously giving rise to new disciplinary frontiers, new fields of science and technology, and new forms of innovation. Strategic emerging industries and future industries are characterised by active innovation, dense technology, and broad development prospects. They serve as high-quality soil for nurturing and applying new technologies, and through the driving effect of the industrial chain, they can continuously form new industrial clusters and industrial ecosystems, promoting the optimisation and upgrading of the industrial structure and generating a powerful radiating and driving effect. To occupy a leading position in the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation, major economies such as the United States, the European Union, and Japan have successively introduced policies to increase their strategic deployment of strategic emerging industries and future industries in areas such as top-level design, financial support, talent cultivation, and infrastructure. At present, China’s construction of a modernised industrial system means seizing the precious opportunity that some core technologies of strategic emerging industries and future industries are still in the early stages of development, accelerating the cultivation of strategic emerging industries into pioneering and pillar industries, vigorously developing future industries, actively seizing the industrial high ground formed by the new round of technological revolution, and consolidating the important foundation for developing new quality productive forces, thereby promoting the leap in industrial development from “following” to “leading.”

拥有处于世界领先地位的战略性新兴产业和未来产业，是制造强国的重要标志。当前，多学科交叉汇聚与多技术跨界融合逐渐增多，并不断催生新学科前沿、新科技领域和新创新形态。战略性新兴产业和未来产业具有创新活跃、技术密集、发展前景广阔等特征，是孕育、应用新技术的优质土壤，并且能够通过产业链的带动作用，不断形成新的产业集群和产业生态，推动产业结构优化升级，形成强大辐射带动效应。为在新一轮科技革命和产业变革中占据领先地位，美国、欧盟、日本等主要经济体纷纷出台政策，从顶层设计、资金支持、人才培育、基础设施等方面加大对战略性新兴产业和未来产业的战略部署。当前，我国建设现代化产业体系就是要把握住战略性新兴产业和未来产业的一些核心技术仍处于发展初期的宝贵时机，将战略性新兴产业加快培育成为先导产业和支柱产业，大力发展未来产业，积极抢占新一轮科技革命形成的产业高地，夯实发展新质生产力的重要基础，从而推动产业发展实现从“跟随”到“引领”的跨越。

4. Promoting the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries is an inevitable choice for actively adapting to the new round of technological revolution.

4.推动传统产业转型升级是积极适应新一轮科技革命的必然选择

At present, emerging industries and future industries that have arisen based on new technological innovations, business models, or market demands are developing vigorously and have become an important force driving national economic and social development and the optimisation and upgrading of the industrial structure. However, it should also be noted that the scale of emerging industries and future industries is relatively small; they are still in the stage of growth and development on the whole and cannot yet replace traditional industries as pillar industries. In fact, traditional industries are mostly industries in the industrial system with relatively stable market growth, technological innovation, and profitability performance. The transformation and upgrading of traditional industries is an important source of new drivers of development and is also the necessary path for China to move from a large manufacturing country to a strong manufacturing country. China’s traditional industries have a large scale, accounting for over 80% of the manufacturing sector, but the problems of being “large but not strong” and “comprehensive but not refined” remain prominent. Using advanced technologies such as big data to transform and upgrade traditional industries, and focusing on solving prominent problems existing in traditional industries at the current stage, such as weak innovation capacity, low product added value, high consumption of raw materials and energy, and serious environmental pollution, is not only conducive to raising the level of high-end, intelligent, and green development of industries, allowing traditional industries to radiate new vitality, but can also give rise to new industries, new business forms, and new models. This is of great significance for cultivating and developing new quality productive forces, building a modernised economic system, and ensuring industrial security and national security.

当前，基于新的技术创新、商业模式或市场需求而兴起的新兴产业和未来产业发展态势蓬勃，已成为推动国民经济社会发展和产业结构优化升级的重要力量。但也应看到，新兴产业和未来产业体量偏小，整体上还处于发育成长阶段，尚不能接替传统产业成为支柱产业。实际上，传统产业大多是产业体系中市场成长性、技术创新性、绩效盈利性相对稳定的产业，传统产业转型升级是发展新动能的重要力量，也是我国从制造大国走向制造强国的必经之路。我国传统产业体量大，在制造业中占比超过80%，但“大而不强”“全而不精”问题还比较突出。利用大数据等先进技术对传统产业进行改造和提升，着力解决现阶段传统产业存在的创新能力不强、产品附加值低、原材料和能源消耗量大以及环境污染严重等突出问题，不仅有利于提升产业的高端化、智能化、绿色化水平，让传统产业焕发新的生机活力，还能够催生新产业、新业态、新模式，对于培育和发展新质生产力、建设现代化经济体系、保障产业安全和国家安全等具有重要意义。

II. The Important Significance of General Secretary Xi Jinping’s Important Discourses on the Modernised Industrial System

二、习近平总书记关于现代化产业体系重要论述的重要意义

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC [7]7 The 18th National Congress of the CPC was held in 2012., our Party has continuously deepened its understanding of the stage-specific characteristics and laws of China’s economic development, proposing that high-quality development is the primary task in building a modern socialist country in all respects, placing greater emphasis on leading the development of new quality productive forces through scientific and technological innovation, and accelerating the construction of a modernised industrial system.

党的十八大以来，我们党不断深化对我国经济发展阶段性特征和规律的认识，提出高质量发展是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的首要任务，更加强调以科技创新引领新质生产力发展，加快建设现代化产业体系。

(I) Building a modernised industrial system is an inevitable requirement for promoting high-quality development.

（一）建设现代化产业体系是推动高质量发展的必然要求

The modernised industrial system is an important component of the modernised economic system. The report of the 19th National Congress of the CPC [8]8 The 19th National Congress of the CPC was held in 2017. first proposed the strategic goal of a “modernised economic system.” Building a modernised economic system is a major decision and deployment made by the Party Central Committee from the overall situation of the development of the Party and the country’s undertakings, and is the necessary path for comprehensively improving the overall competitiveness of the economy and promoting high-quality development. On 30 January 2018, when presiding over the third collective study session of the 19th CPC Central Committee Political Bureau [9]9 The 19th CPC Central Committee Political Bureau was the Party leadership body from 2017 to 2022., General Secretary Xi Jinping discussed the important tasks of building a modernised economic system from seven key aspects, including “building an industrial system that is innovation-led and synergistically developed.” This means that the industrial system is an important component of the modernised economic system, and building a modernised economic system must continuously raise the level of modernisation of the industrial system. The modernised economic system is an organic whole. The industrial system, as one of its subsystems, is closely linked and mutually supportive with the market system, the income distribution system, the urban-rural regional development system, the green development system, the comprehensive opening-up system, and the corresponding economic system. Therefore, in practice, it is necessary to adhere to the development concepts of “innovation, coordination, green, openness, and sharing” and to “build and advance all elements as one.”

现代化产业体系是现代化经济体系的重要组成部分。党的十九大报告首次提出“现代化经济体系”的战略目标。建设现代化经济体系是党中央从党和国家事业发展全局出发作出的重大决策部署，是全面提高经济整体竞争力，推动高质量发展的必由之路。2018年1月30日，习近平总书记在中共十九届中央政治局第三次集体学习时重点从七个方面论述了建设现代化经济体系的重要任务，其中就包括“要建设创新引领、协同发展的产业体系”。这意味着产业体系是现代化经济体系的重要组成部分，建设现代化经济体系必须不断提升产业体系的现代化水平。现代化经济体系是一个有机整体，产业体系作为其中一个子系统，与市场体系、收入分配体系、城乡区域发展体系、绿色发展体系、全面开放体系以及相应的经济体制紧密联系、相互支撑，因此在实践中必须坚持“创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享”的发展理念，把各项内容“一体建设、一体推进”。

The new pattern of development is based on the modernised industrial system. Different from the previous requirements for the development of the industrial system from the perspective of building a modernised economic system, the report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC [10]10 The 20th National Congress of the CPC was held in 2022. specifically emphasised “building a modernised industrial system” as an important part of “accelerating the construction of a new pattern of development and striving to promote high-quality development.” This further highlights the strategic supporting role of the modernised industrial system in promoting high-quality development and building a modern socialist country in all respects, meaning that our Party must not only focus on industrial development itself and its impact on economic development, but also deploy the construction of the industrial system within the overall plan of building China into a great modern socialist country in all respects. Looking at the development history of powerful countries in the world, all countries that have successfully achieved modernisation have gone through a process of modernising their industrial systems. Entering the new stage of development, facing the severe and complex development environment and the urgent requirement to resolve unbalanced and inadequate development, China insists on focusing the efforts of economic development on the real economy and making the construction of a modernised industrial system an important task of modernisation. This is not only an important manifestation of adapting to the transformation of the principal contradiction in Chinese society [11]11 The principal contradiction in Chinese society is officially defined as the contradiction between unbalanced and inadequate development and the people's ever-growing needs for a better life., but also a plan for development from a higher starting point. On 31 January 2023, when presiding over the second collective study session of the 20th CPC Central Committee Political Bureau [12]12 The 20th CPC Central Committee Political Bureau is the current Party leadership body, elected in 2022., General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasised that the new pattern of development is based on the modernised industrial system, and the smooth flow of the economic cycle requires the orderly linkage and efficient smoothness of various industries. On the one hand, the new pattern of development takes high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening as the strategic support for national development, which is an inherent requirement for accelerating the construction of a modernised industrial system. Relying on high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening to solve problems such as some core links and key technologies being controlled by others, breaking through the bottlenecks, blockages, and fragile points of supply constraints, and enhancing the resilience and security level of the industrial chain and supply chain, thereby fully releasing the potential of domestic demand, is the necessary path for promoting the transformation of the economic development model from “external circulation as the mainstay” to “internal circulation as the mainstay.” On the other hand, the new pattern of development is an open dual circulation of domestic and international markets, and promoting high-level opening up is an inherent part of accelerating the construction of a modernised industrial system. Adhering to the organic unity of high-level “going global” and high-quality “bringing in,” deepening the flow-oriented opening up of factors such as goods, services, capital, and talent, steadily expanding institutional opening up in rules, regulations, management, and standards, and building a modernised industrial system with stronger international competitiveness are conducive to achieving the mutual promotion of internal and external circulation.

新发展格局以现代化产业体系为基础。区别于之前从建设现代化经济体系的角度提出对产业体系的发展要求，党的二十大报告专门将“建设现代化产业体系”作为“加快构建新发展格局，着力推动高质量发展”的重要内容进行强调，更加凸显了现代化产业体系对于推动高质量发展、全面建设社会主义现代化国家的战略支撑作用，意味着我们党不仅要关注产业发展本身及其对经济发展的影响，还要将产业体系建设放在全面建成社会主义现代化强国的大局中进行部署。纵观世界强国的发展历史，凡是成功实现现代化的国家，都经历过产业体系现代化的过程。进入新发展阶段，面对严峻复杂的发展环境和解决发展不平衡不充分的迫切要求，我国坚持把发展经济的着力点放在实体经济上，把建设现代化产业体系作为现代化建设的重要任务，既是适应我国社会主要矛盾转化的重要体现，又是站在更高起点谋划发展。2023年1月31日，习近平总书记在中共二十届中央政治局第二次集体学习时强调，新发展格局以现代化产业体系为基础，经济循环畅通需要各产业有序链接、高效畅通。一方面，新发展格局以高水平科技自立自强为国家发展的战略支撑，这是加快建设现代化产业体系的内在要求。依靠高水平科技自立自强，解决部分核心环节和关键技术受制于人等问题，突破供给约束堵点、卡点、脆弱点，提升产业链供应链的韧性和安全水平，从而充分释放内需潜力，是推动经济发展模式由“以外循环为主体”转向“以内循环为主体”的必由之路。另一方面，新发展格局是开放的国内国际双循环，而推进高水平对外开放是加快建设现代化产业体系的应有之义。坚持高水平“走出去”和高质量“引进来”有机统一，深化商品、服务、资金、人才等要素流动型开放，稳步拓展规则、规制、管理、标准等制度型开放，建设更具国际竞争力的现代化产业体系，有利于实现内循环和外循环的相互促进。

(II) Building a modernised industrial system is the necessary path for building a modern socialist country in all respects.

（二）建设现代化产业体系是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的必由之路

The modernized industrial system is an industrial system that both follows the general laws of development of a modern industrial system and meets the requirements of Chinese-path modernization. On May 5, 2023, when presiding over the first meeting of the 20th Central Committee for Financial and Economic Affairs, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized that the modernized industrial system is the material and technological foundation of a modernized country. This provides us with the fundamental guidance for grasping the relationship between the modernized industrial system and a socialist modernized country. From a strategic and overall perspective, building a modernized industrial system must both follow the laws of modern industrial development in the general sense and meet the essential requirements of Chinese-path modernization, jointly serving the strategic goal of comprehensively building a great modern socialist country together with modernization in other fields. General Secretary Xi Jinping profoundly pointed out that Chinese-path modernization has five important characteristics, including a huge population, common prosperity for all the people, coordination between material and cultural-ethical progress, harmony between humanity and nature, and taking the path of peaceful development. Among these, modernization with a huge population highlights the extensiveness of Chinese-path modernization. The demographic factor constitutes an important aspect of the material conditions of society and has a significant impact on the mode of production and the level of productive forces. China’s huge population size implies a broader market space, richer human resources, and stronger development momentum, but it also increases the demand for natural resources and intensifies the pressure on resource allocation. Therefore, achieving modernization requires not only possessing a considerable economic scale and maintaining a certain speed of economic growth, but also shifting the foothold for promoting development to improving quality and efficiency, cultivating new advantages in economic development centered on technology, standards, brands, quality, and services. It is precisely for this reason that the 2023 Central Economic Work Conference further proposed that “adhering to high-quality development must be taken as the hard truth of the New Era.” [13]13 The 2023 Central Economic Work Conference was held in Beijing in December 2023. The phrase “high-quality development is the hard truth of the New Era” is a reformulation of the earlier slogan “development is the hard truth,” now specifying the type of development required in the current period. In this sense, building a modernized industrial system is about solving the problem of unbalanced and inadequate development at the industrial level, driving new growth drivers to accumulate strength and take shape, and renewing and upgrading traditional growth drivers, thereby providing strong support for advancing Chinese-path modernization.

现代化产业体系是既遵循现代产业体系发展一般规律，又符合中国式现代化发展要求的产业体系。2023年5月5日，习近平总书记主持召开二十届中央财经委员会第一次会议时强调，现代化产业体系是现代化国家的物质技术基础。这为我们把握现代化产业体系与社会主义现代化国家的关系提供了根本遵循。从战略和全局来看，建设现代化产业体系，既要遵循一般意义上的现代产业发展的规律，又要符合中国式现代化的本质要求，与其他领域现代化共同服务于全面建成社会主义现代化强国的战略目标。习近平总书记深刻指出，中国式现代化具有五个重要特征，包括人口规模巨大、全体人民共同富裕、物质文明和精神文明相协调、人与自然和谐共生、走和平发展道路。其中，人口规模巨大的现代化，凸显了中国式现代化的广泛性。人口因素构成了社会物质条件的重要方面，对生产方式和生产力水平具有重要影响。我国巨大的人口规模意味着更广阔的市场空间、更丰富的人才资源、更强劲的发展动能，但同时也增加了对自然资源的需求，加剧了资源分配的压力。因此，实现现代化不仅需要拥有相当大的经济规模、保持一定的经济增长速度，更需要把推动发展的立足点转到提高质量和效益上来，培育以技术、标准、品牌、质量、服务为核心的经济发展新优势。也正因如此，2023年中央经济工作会议进一步提出“必须把坚持高质量发展作为新时代的硬道理”。从这一意义上讲，建设现代化产业体系是从产业层面解决发展的不平衡不充分问题，推动新动能积厚成势、传统动能焕新升级，为推进中国式现代化提供坚强支撑。

(III) Leading the development of new quality productive forces with scientific and technological innovation, and building a modernized industrial system are important focal points for doing a good job in economic work

（三）以科技创新引领新质生产力发展，建设现代化产业体系是做好经济工作的重要着力点

The 2024 Central Economic Work Conference identified “leading the development of new quality productive forces with scientific and technological innovation, and building a modernized industrial system” as one of the nine key tasks for economic work in 2025. This is a key directive and key arrangement made by the Party Central Committee integrating the implementation of the innovation-driven development strategy with the strategic deployment for building a modernized industrial system, further highlighting the urgency and necessity of strengthening scientific and technological innovation, developing new quality productive forces, and building a modernized industrial system.

2024年中央经济工作会议将“以科技创新引领新质生产力发展，建设现代化产业体系”确定为2025年经济工作的九项重点任务之一。这是党中央融合实施创新驱动发展战略与建设现代化产业体系战略部署作出的关键指引与重点安排，进一步凸显了加强科技创新、发展新质生产力以及建设现代化产业体系的紧迫性、必要性。

In January 2024, General Secretary Xi Jinping delivered an important speech during the 11th collective study session of the 20th Central Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China, emphasizing that developing new quality productive forces is an inherent requirement and an important focal point for promoting high-quality development. The characteristic of new quality productive forces lies in “newness,” and the key lies in “quality”; it is a disruptive transformation of traditional production methods and is closely linked to high-quality development. From the perspective of the development path, new quality productive forces represent a growth leap that breaks away from traditional economic growth modes and paths of productive forces development; relying on innovation-driven development is the key therein, and it is an inevitable result of high-quality development. From the perspective of main characteristics, new quality productive forces possess characteristics of high technology, high efficiency, and high quality, with a substantial increase in total factor productivity as the core indicator; they are an advanced form of productive forces that conforms to the new development concept and are an inevitable requirement for high-quality development. Scientific and technological innovation is the core element for developing new quality productive forces. This is prominently reflected in the following aspects: First, the essence of new quality productive forces is advanced productive forces. The “advanced” here is mainly reflected in technology, and the key lies in strengthening scientific and technological innovation, especially original and disruptive scientific and technological innovation. Original scientific and technological innovation has characteristics such as originality, breakthrough, and guidance, and is the foundation for enhancing original innovation capabilities. Disruptive scientific and technological innovation has the potential to change the “rules of the game” and is the focus of technological competition among major powers. Strengthening original and disruptive scientific and technological innovation can provide new momentum for cultivating and developing new quality productive forces and building a modernized industrial system. Second, industrial innovation is an important form of realization for developing new quality productive forces. Scientific and technological innovation is the endogenous driving force of industrial innovation, and industrial innovation is the landing point of scientific and technological innovation; only when the achievements of scientific and technological innovation are applied to specific industries and industrial chains can they be transformed into actual productive forces. The deep integration of scientific and technological innovation and industrial innovation can effectively enhance the modernization level of the industrial system and create favorable conditions for developing new quality productive forces. Third, coordinating comprehensive innovation with scientific and technological innovation as the core is a key measure for developing new quality productive forces. Currently, developing new quality productive forces faces problems such as incomplete systems and mechanisms, insufficient original technological innovation, slow progress in the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries, and inadequate integration of the real economy and the digital economy. Taking scientific and technological innovation as the main lever and breakthrough point to promote the organic combination of various types of innovation, including industrial innovation, enterprise innovation, and institutional innovation, is the key to unblocking the bottlenecks and blockages that constrain the development of new quality productive forces, and is also the way out for accelerating the building of a modernized industrial system.

2024年1月，习近平总书记在中共二十届中央政治局第十一次集体学习时发表重要讲话，强调发展新质生产力是推动高质量发展的内在要求和重要着力点。新质生产力的特点在“新”，关键在“质”，是对传统生产方式的颠覆性变革，与高质量发展具有密切联系。从发展路径来看，新质生产力是摆脱传统经济增长方式、生产力发展路径的增长跃迁，依靠创新驱动是其中的关键，是高质量发展的必然结果。从主要特征来看，新质生产力具有高科技、高效能、高质量特征，以全要素生产率大幅提升为核心标志，是符合新发展理念的先进生产力质态，是高质量发展的必然要求。科技创新是发展新质生产力的核心要素。突出体现在：一是新质生产力的本质是先进生产力。这里的“先进”主要体现在技术方面，其关键在于加强科技创新，特别是原创性、颠覆性科技创新。原创性科技创新具有原创性、突破性和引导性等特点，是提升原始创新能力的基础。颠覆性科技创新具有改变“游戏规则”的潜力，是大国科技博弈的焦点。加强原创性、颠覆性科技创新，能够为培育和发展新质生产力、建设现代化产业体系提供新动能。二是产业创新是发展新质生产力的重要实现形式。科技创新是产业创新的内生动力，产业创新是科技创新的落脚点，科技创新成果只有应用到具体产业和产业链上才能转化为现实生产力。科技创新和产业创新的深度融合，能够有效提升产业体系的现代化水平，为发展新质生产力创造有利条件。三是统筹以科技创新为核心的全面创新是发展新质生产力的关键举措。目前发展新质生产力面临体制机制尚不健全、原创性技术创新存在不足、传统产业转型升级进展不快，以及实体经济和数字经济融合发展不充分等问题，以科技创新为主要抓手和突破口，推动产业创新、企业创新和制度创新等各类创新有机结合，是打通束缚新质生产力发展的堵点卡点的关键所在，也是加快建设现代化产业体系的出路所在。

III. The Scientific System of General Secretary Xi Jinping’s Important Discourses on the Modernized Industrial System

三、习近平总书记关于现代化产业体系重要论述的科学体系

(I) The Rich Connotation of Building a Modernized Industrial System

（一）建设现代化产业体系的丰富内涵

1. Striving to accelerate the building of a “four-in-one” industrial system

1.着力加快建设“四位一体”的产业体系

The 19th National Congress of the CPC proposed “striving to accelerate the building of an industrial system with coordinated development of the real economy, scientific and technological innovation, modern finance, and human resources,” which mainly endows the industrial system with new connotations from the perspective of coordinated development of factors. The four major factors are interrelated and mutually reinforcing: the real economy is the core and foundation of the modernized industrial system; accelerating the building of a modernized industrial system must adhere to the real economy as the support. Scientific and technological innovation occupies a core position in the overall situation of national modernization and is the fundamental driving force for building a modernized industrial system. Modern finance takes serving the real economy as its starting point and ultimate goal, better meeting the diverse financial needs of the real economy by introducing new transaction methods, tools, and strategies, and is the “blood” for the normal operation and sustainable development of the real economy. Human resources are a necessary condition for accelerating the building of a modernized industrial system, improving the level of productive forces by increasing the accumulation of human resources and promoting technological progress. The essence of building a “four-in-one” modernized industrial system is to return scientific and technological innovation, modern finance, and human resources to the origin of the real economy, making the real economy better, stronger, and larger. General Secretary Xi Jinping also pointed out that “innovation-led, coordinated development” is an important focal point for building the industrial system. Innovation-led mainly emphasizes leading industrial innovation with scientific and technological innovation, relying on scientific and technological innovation to form advantageous industries that master core technologies, thereby gaining the initiative in international competition. Coordinated development mainly emphasizes improving the quality and efficiency of factor allocation to solve the problem of “having factors but lacking coordination” faced by industrial development, thereby enhancing the overall effect of industrial development.

党的十九大提出“着力加快建设实体经济、科技创新、现代金融、人力资源协同发展的产业体系”，主要是从要素协同发展的角度赋予产业体系新的内涵。四大要素相互关联、相互促进：实体经济是现代化产业体系的核心和根基，加快建设现代化产业体系必须坚持以实体经济为支撑；科技创新在国家现代化发展全局中占据核心位置，是建设现代化产业体系的根本动力；现代金融以服务实体经济为出发点和落脚点，通过引入新的交易方式、工具和策略更好地满足实体经济多样化金融需求，是实体经济正常运行和持续发展的“血液”；人力资源是加快建设现代化产业体系的必要条件，通过增加人力资源积累和促进技术进步提高生产力水平。建设“四位一体”的现代化产业体系，其实质就是让科技创新、现代金融和人力资源回归实体经济本源，把实体经济做优做强做大。习近平总书记还指出“创新引领、协同发展”是产业体系建设的重要着力点。创新引领主要强调以科技创新引领产业创新，依靠科技创新形成掌握核心技术的优势产业，从而在国际竞争中掌握主动权。协同发展主要强调通过提高要素配置的质量和效率，解决产业发展所面临的“有要素、不协同”问题，从而提升产业发展的整体效应。

2. Building a modernized industrial system that is autonomous and controllable, safe and reliable, and highly competitive

2.打造自主可控、安全可靠、竞争力强的现代化产业体系

In January 2023, during the second collective study session of the Political Bureau of the 20th CPC Central Committee, General Secretary Xi Jinping proposed building a modernized industrial system that is autonomous and controllable, safe and reliable, and highly competitive. This constitutes an important deployment for constructing a modernized industrial system, made on the basis of a profound understanding and grasp of the changes in the domestic and international environment facing industrial development, and from the strategic height of accelerating the formation of a new pattern of development and enhancing the security and initiative of development. Autonomy and controllability are the primary prerequisites for industrial development; the most important aspect is the autonomous and controllable nature of key core technologies, especially enhancing the autonomous and controllable capability of industrial and supply chains. The emphasis is that key links in the industrial and supply chains must not be controlled by others, and the initiative in industrial development must be firmly held in our own hands. Safety and reliability are the foundation of industrial development, mainly referring to the security, stability, efficiency, and smoothness of industrial and supply chains, particularly the ability to maintain smooth operations in all links of production, distribution, circulation, and consumption when facing various internal and external risks and shocks. Strong competitiveness is an important direction for industrial development, which needs to be built on the basis of autonomy, controllability, safety, and reliability. It mainly refers to the advantages an industry possesses in technology, R&D, and production, enabling it to occupy a favorable position in international competition.

2023年1月，习近平总书记在中共二十届中央政治局第二次集体学习时提出，打造自主可控、安全可靠、竞争力强的现代化产业体系。这是在深刻认识和把握产业发展面临的国内外环境变化的基础上，从加快构建新发展格局，增强发展的安全性和主动权的战略高度对现代化产业体系建设作出的重要部署。自主可控是产业发展的首要前提，最重要的是关键核心技术自主可控，特别是要增强产业链供应链的自主可控能力，重点强调产业链供应链的关键环节不能受制于人，必须牢牢掌握产业发展的主动权。安全可靠是产业发展的基础，主要是指产业链供应链的安全稳定、高效畅通，特别是在面临各种内外部风险和冲击时能够保持生产、分配、流通、消费各个环节畅通。竞争力强是产业发展的重要方向，需要建立在自主可控和安全可靠的基础之上，主要是指产业在技术、研发和生产等方面具备优势，从而能够在国际竞争中占据有利地位。

3. Accelerate the construction of a modernized industrial system supported by the real economy

3.加快建设以实体经济为支撑的现代化产业体系

From April 10 to 13, 2023, during an inspection tour in Guangdong, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that Chinese-path modernization cannot follow the path of shifting from the real to the virtual economy; it must accelerate the construction of a modernized industrial system supported by the real economy. From September 20 to 21, 2023, during an inspection tour in Zhejiang, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized that the real economy should be taken as the foundation for building a modernized industrial system. The real economy is the “ballast stone” of the national economy and the foundation for the construction and operation of a modernized industrial system. With a stable real economy, various production factors have a stable platform for development and can continue to function through continuous optimization of allocation. Manufacturing is the core of the real economy and an important carrier for science and technology to play a role in enhancing comprehensive national power. As the global economy returns to the real economy and developed countries continue to advance their “re-industrialization” strategies, competition among countries over manufacturing has become increasingly fierce, and China’s manufacturing development faces new challenges. Building a modernized industrial system requires not only maintaining the basic stability of the manufacturing share but also vigorously promoting the optimization and upgrading of manufacturing. This is jointly demanded by multiple factors, including the basic characteristics of manufacturing and changes in the domestic and international development environment.

2023年4月10日至13日，习近平总书记在广东考察时指出，中国式现代化不能走脱实向虚的路子，必须加快建设以实体经济为支撑的现代化产业体系。2023年9月20日至21日，习近平总书记在浙江考察时强调，要把实体经济作为构建现代化产业体系的根基。实体经济是国民经济的“压舱石”，是现代化产业体系建设和运行的根基，有稳固的实体经济，各类生产要素才有稳定的发展平台，才能够通过不断优化配置持续发挥作用。制造业是实体经济的核心，也是科技在增强综合国力中发挥作用的重要载体。随着全球经济回归实体经济、发达国家持续推进“再工业化”战略，各国围绕制造业的争夺和竞争愈加激烈，我国制造业发展面临新的挑战。建设现代化产业体系，不仅要保持制造业比重基本稳定，更要大力推进制造业优化升级，这是由制造业的基本特征、国内外发展环境变化等多重因素共同要求的。

4. Accelerate the construction of a modernized industrial system with completeness, advanced nature, and security

4.加快建设具有完整性、先进性、安全性的现代化产业体系

General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized the need to build a modernized industrial system with completeness, advanced nature, and security. Completeness is the most obvious advantage of China’s industrial system and also the foundation for advanced nature and security. It mainly emphasizes maintaining and enhancing advantages such as a full range of industrial categories, strong production capacity, wide product coverage, and flexible adaptability, providing solid support for high-quality development. Advanced nature is an important symbol of building an industrial power and a key goal of constructing a modernized industrial system. It mainly emphasizes, on the basis of maintaining industrial scale advantages, forming new competitive advantages by raising the level of industrial technology, thereby occupying a more favorable position in the global industrial and value chains. Security is an important measure to cope with external shocks and the international environment of “small yards, high fences” and “decoupling and severing supply chains.” [14]14 “Small yards, high fences” (小院高墙) is a metaphor used in Chinese policy discourse to describe the strategy of certain countries, particularly the United States, of erecting high technological barriers and restricting the flow of advanced technologies to China, while maintaining a limited degree of openness. “Decoupling and severing supply chains” (脱钩断链) refers to the policy of reducing economic and technological interdependence between China and other countries, especially the US. It mainly emphasizes that the industrial system can effectively resist or quickly recover when facing emergencies, ensuring the survival security and development security of industries. Thus, completeness, advanced nature, and security are closely linked and mutually reinforcing: maintaining and strengthening the completeness and advanced nature of the industrial system and continuously enhancing industrial competitiveness are the fundamental ways to safeguard industrial security; consolidating and improving the security of the industrial system and ensuring that industrial development is not controlled by others are important foundations and basic prerequisites for the industrial system to possess completeness and advanced nature.

习近平总书记强调要建设具有完整性、先进性、安全性的现代化产业体系。完整性是我国产业体系最明显的优势，也是先进性和安全性的基础，主要强调保持并增强产业门类齐全、生产能力强、产品覆盖面广和适应能力灵活等优势，为高质量发展提供坚实支撑。先进性是建设工业强国的重要标志，是建设现代化产业体系的重要目标，主要强调在保持产业规模优势的基础上，通过提升产业技术水平形成新的竞争优势，从而在全球产业链价值链中占据更有利的位置。安全性是应对外部冲击、“小院高墙”“脱钩断链”国际环境的重要举措，主要强调产业体系在面对突发事件时能够有效抵御或迅速恢复，确保产业生存安全和发展安全。由此可见，完整性、先进性、安全性之间密切联系、相辅相成：保持和加强产业体系的完整性和先进性，不断提升产业竞争力，是维护产业安全的根本途径；巩固提高产业体系的安全性，实现产业发展不受制于人，是产业体系具备完整性和先进性的重要基础和基本前提。

(II) Basic Characteristics and Main Tasks of Building a Modernized Industrial System

（二）建设现代化产业体系的基本特征和主要任务

Regarding the basic characteristics and main tasks of accelerating the construction of a modernized industrial system, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized advancing the upgrading of the industrial base and the modernization of industrial chains; promoting the intelligent, green, and integrated development of industries; actively cultivating strategic emerging industries and future industries; accelerating the formation of new quality productive forces; enhancing new drivers of development; and making the advancement of new industrialization an important task in accelerating the construction of a modernized industrial system.

关于加快建设现代化产业体系的基本特征和主要任务，习近平总书记强调推进产业基础高级化、产业链现代化，推进产业智能化、绿色化、融合化，积极培育战略性新兴产业和未来产业，加快形成新质生产力，增强发展新动能，把推进新型工业化作为加快建设现代化产业体系的重要任务。

1. Accelerate the construction of a modernized industrial system that advances the upgrading of the industrial base and the modernization of industrial chains

1.加快建设推进产业基础高级化、产业链现代化的现代化产业体系

In April 2023, during an inspection tour in Guangdong, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized the need to advance the upgrading of the industrial base and the modernization of industrial chains. In July of the same year, during an inspection tour in Jiangsu, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized the need to comprehensively enhance the level of industrial base upgrading and industrial chain modernization. These are important deployments for developing and strengthening the real economy and accelerating the construction of a modernized industrial system. The industrial base includes the hard environment of products, technologies, and infrastructure that support the formation and development of industries, as well as the soft environment of related mechanisms, systems, policies, regulations, and population quality. The upgrading of the industrial base is the development direction for building a modernized industrial system, mainly referring to improving the level of industrial modernization through technological innovation, management innovation, and structural transformation and upgrading. To this end, it is necessary to focus on the upgrading of the industrial base, utilize existing resources to effectively tackle key core technologies, and break through a batch of core basic components, basic components, basic materials, key basic software, and advanced basic processes, providing dynamic and comprehensive support for industries to move towards the mid-to-high end. The modernization of industrial chains is a concentrated manifestation of the competitiveness of a modernized industrial system, mainly referring to the autonomous controllability, efficient coordination, and intelligence of industrial chains. To this end, it is necessary to consolidate the advantages of a complete industrial system, promote the extension, supplementation, and strengthening of industrial chains, and comprehensively enhance the level of industrial chain modernization.

2023年4月，习近平总书记在广东考察时强调要推进产业基础高级化、产业链现代化。同年7月，习近平总书记在江苏考察时强调要全面提升产业基础高级化和产业链现代化水平。这是对发展壮大实体经济、加快建设现代化产业体系作出的重要部署。产业基础包括支撑产业形成和发展的产品、技术、基础设施等硬环境，以及与之相关的机制体制、政策法规和人口素质等软环境。产业基础高级化是建设现代化产业体系的发展方向，主要是指通过技术创新、管理创新和结构转型升级等途径提高产业现代化水平。为此,必须聚焦产业基础高级化，利用现有资源实施好关键核心技术攻关，突破一批核心基础零部件、基础元器件、基础材料、关键基础软件和先进基础工艺，为产业向中高端迈进提供动态的全方位支撑。产业链现代化是现代化产业体系竞争力的集中体现，主要是指产业链的自主可控、高效协同和智能化。为此，必须巩固完整产业体系优势，促进产业延链补链强链，全面提升产业链现代化水平。

2. Accelerate the construction of a modernized industrial system that promotes intelligent, green, and integrated development

2.加快建设推进产业智能化、绿色化、融合化的现代化产业体系

In May 2023, at the first meeting of the 20th Central Committee for Financial and Economic Affairs, General Secretary Xi Jinping put forward requirements for promoting industrial transformation and development and accelerating the construction of a modernized industrial system, emphasizing the promotion of intelligent, green, and integrated development of industries. Industrial intelligence is an important direction of the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation. Seizing the opportunity for the integrated development of digitalization, networking, and intelligence, supporting and promoting industrial intelligence, and giving full play to the leading role of intelligent manufacturing in industrial transformation will help further improve the overall level of the modernized industrial system. Industrial greening is a powerful measure to actively respond to the tight constraints of resources and the environment, cultivate new economic growth points, and achieve sustainable development. Using new technologies, new means, and new concepts to promote the green transformation of traditional industries, enhance China’s voice in the global green and low-carbon supply chain, and thereby achieve the good effect of increasing the “green content” of industries to enhance the “gold content” of development. Industrial integration is an effective way to achieve resource sharing and optimal allocation. Coordination, smoothness, orderly linkage, and joint development among different industrial categories, different regions, large, medium, and small enterprises, and upstream and downstream links can better leverage the overall effectiveness of the industrial system. While deeply promoting industrial integration, it is also necessary to strengthen factor integration, integration of industry and finance, integration of digital and real economies, institutional integration, and domestic and international integration.

2023年5月，习近平总书记在二十届中央财经委员会第一次会议上对推动产业转型发展、加快建设现代化产业体系提出要求，强调推进产业智能化、绿色化、融合化。产业智能化是新一轮科技革命和产业变革的重要方向。把握数字化、网络化、智能化融合发展的契机，支持和推动产业智能化，充分发挥智能制造对产业变革的引领作用，有助于进一步提高现代化产业体系整体水平。产业绿色化是积极应对资源环境紧约束、培育经济新增长点、实现可持续发展的有力举措。运用新技术、新手段、新理念推动传统产业绿色化改造，提升我国在全球绿色低碳供应链上的话语权，进而达到以提升产业“含绿量”来提升发展“含金量”的良好效果。产业融合化是实现资源共享和优化配置的有效途径。不同产业门类、不同区域、大中小企业和上下游环节之间协同配合、畅通有序、联动发展，能够更好地发挥产业体系的整体效能。在深入推进产业融合的同时，还要加强要素融合、产融结合、数实融合、制度融合和国内外融合。

3. Actively cultivate strategic emerging industries and future industries, accelerate the formation of new quality productive forces, and enhance new drivers of development

3.积极培育战略性新兴产业和未来产业，加快形成新质生产力，增强发展新动能

On September 7, 2023, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out at the Symposium on Promoting the Comprehensive Revitalization of Northeast China in the New Era that we should actively cultivate strategic emerging industries such as new energy, new materials, advanced manufacturing, and electronic information, actively cultivate future industries, accelerate the formation of new quality productive forces, and enhance new momentum for development. General Secretary Xi Jinping explicitly put forward the concept of “new quality productive forces” and closely linked it with “strategic emerging industries and future industries,” setting new and higher requirements for accelerating the construction of a modern industrial system. Strategic emerging industries and future industries represent the main direction of industrial upgrading and technological innovation, are an important manifestation of the “advanced nature” of the modern industrial system, and are also the main battleground for developing new quality productive forces. Developing strategic emerging industries and planning and laying out future industries are important tasks during the 14th Five-Year Plan period. In January 2024, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and six other departments jointly issued the “Implementation Opinions of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and Six Other Departments on Promoting the Innovation and Development of Future Industries,” which, following the logic of “technological innovation – forward-looking identification – achievement transformation,” proposed carrying out major offensives in six key directions: future manufacturing, future information, future materials, future energy, future space, and future health. The 2024 Central Economic Work Conference also put forward clear requirements for “carrying out the ‘AI+’ action and cultivating future industries.” The development needs of strategic emerging industries and future industries will further spur breakthroughs in technological innovation, providing strong support for accelerating the formation of new quality productive forces and enhancing new momentum for development.

2023年9月7日，习近平总书记在新时代推动东北全面振兴座谈会上指出，积极培育新能源、新材料、先进制造、电子信息等战略性新兴产业，积极培育未来产业，加快形成新质生产力，增强发展新动能。习近平总书记明确提出“新质生产力”的概念，并将其与“战略性新兴产业和未来产业”紧密联系在一起，对加快建设现代化产业体系提出了新的更高要求。战略性新兴产业和未来产业代表着产业升级和科技创新的主要方向，是现代化产业体系“先进性”的重要体现，同时也是发展新质生产力的主阵地。发展战略性新兴产业、谋划布局未来产业，是“十四五”时期的重要任务。2024年1月，工信部等七部门联合印发的《工业和信息化部等七部门关于推动未来产业创新发展的实施意见》按照“技术创新—前瞻识别—成果转化”的思路，提出面向未来制造、未来信息、未来材料、未来能源、未来空间、未来健康等六大重点方向开展重大攻坚。2024年中央经济工作会议也对“开展‘人工智能+’行动，培育未来产业”提出明确要求。战略性新兴产业和未来产业的发展需求将进一步催生科技创新的突破，为加快形成新质生产力、增强发展新动能提供强大支撑。

4. Making Promoting New-Type Industrialization an Important Task for Accelerating the Construction of a Modern Industrial System

4.把推进新型工业化作为加快建设现代化产业体系的重要任务

In September 2023, General Secretary Xi Jinping made important deployments on promoting new-type industrialization at the National Conference on Promoting New-Type Industrialization, emphasizing that the requirements of high-quality development should be integrated throughout the entire process of new-type industrialization, and that building a manufacturing powerhouse should be organically combined with developing the digital economy and industrial informatization. Industrialization is the basic prerequisite and important guarantee for modernization; the level of modernization of the industrial system mainly depends on the development level of new-type industrialization. Making promoting new-type industrialization an important task for accelerating the construction of a modern industrial system is an inevitable requirement for realizing Chinese-path modernization. Guided by the new development philosophy, new-type industrialization takes technological innovation as an important engine, green, low-carbon, and circular development as the direction, high-level opening up as the basic foundation, and the integration of digital and real economies as the main feature. It is different from both China’s traditional industrialization and the “post-industrialization” of developed countries; it is an industrialization that fully embodies the requirements of high-quality development. Promoting new-type industrialization, taking high-end, intelligent, and green development as the direction, and fully utilizing new-generation digital technology to transform traditional industries in an all-round, full-angle, and whole-chain manner, helps to promote industrial structure upgrading, technological innovation, and model optimization, thereby improving the quality, efficiency, and competitiveness of industrial development.

2023年9月，习近平总书记在全国新型工业化推进大会上对推进新型工业化作出重要部署，强调把高质量发展的要求贯穿新型工业化全过程，把建设制造强国同发展数字经济、产业信息化等有机结合。工业化是现代化的基本前提和重要保障，产业体系的现代化水平主要取决于新型工业化的发展水平。把推进新型工业化作为加快建设现代化产业体系的重要任务，是实现中国式现代化的必然要求。在新发展理念的引领下，新型工业化以科技创新为重要引擎、以绿色低碳循环为发展方向、以高水平开放为基本依托、以数实融合为主要特征，既有别于我国传统的工业化，也不同于发达国家的“后工业化”，是全面体现高质量发展要求的工业化。推进新型工业化，以高端化、智能化、绿色化为方向，充分利用新一代数字技术对传统产业进行全方位、全角度、全链条改造，有助于推动产业结构升级、技术创新和模式优化，从而提高工业化发展的质量、效益和竞争力。

IV. The Practical Orientation of General Secretary Xi Jinping’s Important Discourses on the Modern Industrial System

四、习近平总书记关于现代化产业体系重要论述的实践指向

(I) Building a Modern Industrial System Should Achieve the “Five Persistences”

（一）建设现代化产业体系应做到“五个坚持”

Regarding the basic principles to be followed in building a modern industrial system, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized at the first meeting of the 20th Central Committee for Financial and Economic Affairs [15]15 The 20th Central Committee for Financial and Economic Affairs: A leading body of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party responsible for economic policy. Its first meeting in 2023 focused on building a modern industrial system. the need to achieve the “Five Persistences,” providing a scientific action guide for accelerating the construction of a modern industrial system with completeness, advanced nature, and security.

关于建设现代化产业体系所要遵循的基本原则，习近平总书记在二十届中央财经委员会第一次会议上强调要做到“五个坚持”，为加快建设具有完整性、先进性、安全性的现代化产业体系提供了科学的行动指南。

1. Persisting in Taking the Real Economy as the Priority and Preventing the Shift from Real to Virtual is the Core Requirement for Accelerating the Construction of a Modern Industrial System

1.坚持以实体经济为重，防止脱实向虚，是加快建设现代化产业体系的核心要求

General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasizes that when focusing on the digital economy and the virtual economy, one must never forget that the real economy is the foundation. The real economy and the virtual economy are closely linked. The real economy requires the virtual economy to provide efficient, convenient, and high-quality power support; the virtual economy requires the real economy to provide a material foundation and cannot exist independently of the real economy. Accelerating the construction of a modern industrial system must handle the relationship between the real economy and the virtual economy, strengthen the coordination and cooperation of financial, fiscal, and industrial policies, promote the concentration of various production factors towards the real economy, and enable the virtual economy to better serve the real economy.

习近平总书记强调抓数字经济、虚拟经济，一定不要忘了实体经济是基础。实体经济和虚拟经济存在密切联系。实体经济需要虚拟经济提供高效、便捷、优质的动力支持；虚拟经济需要实体经济提供物质基础，它不能脱离实体经济而独立存在。加快建设现代化产业体系必须处理好实体经济和虚拟经济的关系，加强金融、财政、产业等政策协调配合，促进各类生产要素向实体经济聚集，让虚拟经济更好地服务于实体经济。

2. Persisting in Making Progress While Maintaining Stability, Step by Step, and Not Being Greedy for Grandiose or Foreign Things is an Important Methodology for Accelerating the Construction of a Modern Industrial System

2.坚持稳中求进、循序渐进，不能贪大求洋，是加快建设现代化产业体系的重要方法论

The modern industrial system involves multiple fields such as finance, fiscal policy, science and technology, ecological environmental protection, and opening up to the outside world; it is a huge systematic project. Persisting in making progress while maintaining stability, step by step, mainly emphasizes that accelerating the construction of a modern industrial system requires a good grasp of the work pace, achieving a footing in reality, taking a long-term view, and making scientific plans. Not being greedy for grandiose or foreign things mainly emphasizes the need to respect the objective laws of industrial development and not to engage in blind construction divorced from one’s own conditions and comparative advantages. For different regions, it is necessary to fully combine the characteristics of factor endowments and industrial development conditions to find the right direction and make precise efforts, accelerating the construction of a modern industrial system with distinctive advantages.

现代化产业体系涉及财政、金融、科技、生态环保和对外开放等多个领域，是一个庞大的系统工程。坚持稳中求进、循序渐进，主要强调加快建设现代化产业体系要把握好工作节奏，做到立足实际、着眼长远、科学规划。不能贪大求洋，主要强调要尊重产业发展的客观规律，不能脱离自身条件和比较优势搞盲目建设。就不同区域而言，要充分结合要素禀赋特征和产业发展情况找准方向、精准发力，加快建设具有特色优势的现代化产业体系。

3. Persisting in the Integrated Development of the Three Industries and Avoiding Fragmentation and Opposition is the Main Direction for Accelerating the Construction of a Modern Industrial System

3.坚持三次产业融合发展，避免割裂对立，是加快建设现代化产业体系的主攻方向

There is a relationship of mutual dependence and mutual promotion among the three industries: the primary industry is the foundation of economic development and social stability, providing preconditions for the sustainable development of the secondary and tertiary industries; the secondary industry is the core of the modern industrial system, and its level of modernization largely determines the development level of the primary and tertiary industries; the tertiary industry develops on the basis of the primary and secondary industries and simultaneously promotes the development of the primary and secondary industries. Therefore, accelerating the construction of a modern industrial system cannot unilaterally emphasize the development of any single industry; instead, it should promote the coordinated development of the three industries through industrial integration, enhancing the comprehensive strength of industrial development.

三次产业之间存在相互依赖、相互促进的关系：第一产业是经济发展和社会稳定的基础，为第二、三产业持续发展提供前提条件；第二产业是现代化产业体系的核心，其现代化水平在很大程度上决定了第一、三产业的发展水平；第三产业是在第一、二产业的基础之上发展起来的，同时对第一、二产业发展具有促进作用。因此，加快建设现代化产业体系不能片面地强调发展任何一个产业，而是要通过产业融合推动三次产业协调发展，提升产业发展的综合实力。

4. Persisting in Promoting the Transformation and Upgrading of Traditional Industries and Not Simply Abandoning Them as “Low-End Industries” is an Important Pathway for Accelerating the Construction of a Modern Industrial System

4.坚持推动传统产业转型升级，不能当成“低端产业”简单退出，是加快建设现代化产业体系的重要途径

General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasizes the need to deeply grasp the new stage-specific characteristics and new requirements of development, persist in taking the solidification, strengthening, and optimization of the real economy as the main direction, and work on both the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries and the development and expansion of strategic emerging industries. Traditional industries cannot be said to be backward industries; there is also new quality productive forces and high technology within traditional industries. Traditional industries play a positive role in absorbing employment, improving the living standards of the people, and driving the development of related industries; they are an important foundation for economic development. Although some traditional industries have problems such as poor independent R&D capabilities, low production efficiency, and excessive resource consumption, this does not mean that traditional industries are low-end industries. The upgrading of traditional industries must never be a matter of “retreating and being done with it”; it is necessary to deeply implement the strategy of building a manufacturing powerhouse, implement the project for rebuilding the industrial foundation, strengthen the construction of basic industrial capabilities, deeply implement the intelligent manufacturing and green manufacturing projects, promote the transformation and upgrading of the manufacturing industry, deeply implement the quality improvement action, and promote manufacturing products to “increase variety, improve quality, and create brands.”

习近平总书记强调，要深刻把握发展的阶段性新特征新要求，坚持把做实做强做优实体经济作为主攻方向，一手抓传统产业转型升级，一手抓战略性新兴产业发展壮大。传统产业不能说是落后产业，传统产业里面也有新质生产力，也有高科技。传统产业在吸纳就业、提高国民生活水平及带动相关产业发展等方面具有积极作用，是经济发展的重要基础。虽然一些传统产业存在自主研发能力差、生产效率不高和资源消耗过度等问题，但这并不意味着传统产业就是低端产业。传统产业升级决不能“一退了之”，必须深入实施制造强国战略，实施产业基础再造工程，加强产业基础能力建设，深入实施智能制造和绿色制造工程，推动制造业转型升级，深入实施质量提升行动，推动制造业产品“增品种、提品质、创品牌”。

5. Persisting in Open Cooperation and Not Closing the Door to Build Things is to Provide Strong Support for Accelerating the Construction of a Modern Industrial System

5.坚持开放合作，不能闭门造车，为加快建设现代化产业体系提供有力支撑

The modern industrial system is not a closed self-circulating system but an open system with factor flows and information exchange with the outside world. After years of development, China’s industrial development has made historic achievements, but there is still a certain gap compared with developed countries in the high-tech field. In this situation, closing the door to build things means backwardness and elimination; a closed industrial development model is not feasible. It is necessary to always persist in open cooperation, fully utilize both domestic and international markets and resources, deeply participate in the global industrial division of labor and cooperation, strengthen the linkage of domestic and international industrial and supply chains, maintain positive interaction with the external world, and on the basis of continuously improving the modernization level of China’s industrial and supply chains and continuously enhancing their resilience and security level, strengthen international cooperation in industrial and supply chains through concrete actions, so that the fruits of development can better benefit the people of all countries.

现代化产业体系不是封闭的自我循环体系，而是与外界存在要素流动和信息交换的开放系统。经过多年发展，我国产业发展取得了历史性成就，但是在高科技领域与发达国家相比仍存在一定差距。在这种情况下，闭门造车意味着落后和被淘汰，封闭的产业发展模式是不可行的。必须始终坚持开放合作，充分利用国内国际两个市场两种资源，深度参与全球产业分工和合作，强化国内外产业链供应链联动，保持与外部世界的良性互动，在不断提高我国产业链供应链现代化水平，不断增强产业链供应链韧性和安全水平的基础上，以实际行动强化产业链供应链国际合作，让发展成果更好惠及各国人民。

(II) Leading the Construction of a Modern Industrial System with Technological Innovation

（二）以科技创新引领现代化产业体系建设

General Secretary Xi Jinping attaches great importance to the leading role of technological innovation in the process of building a modern industrial system, emphasizing the need to lead the construction of a modern industrial system with technological innovation.

习近平总书记高度重视发挥科技创新在现代化产业体系建设过程中的引领作用，强调要以科技创新引领现代化产业体系建设。

1. It is necessary to lay out the industrial chain around the development of new quality productive forces, promote the supplementation of the chain for short-board industries, the extension of the chain for advantageous industries, the upgrading of the chain for traditional industries, and the establishment of the chain for emerging industries, enhance the resilience and security level of the industrial chain and supply chain, and ensure that the industrial system is autonomous, controllable, safe, and reliable.

1.要围绕发展新质生产力布局产业链，推动短板产业补链、优势产业延链、传统产业升链、新兴产业建链，提升产业链供应链韧性和安全水平，保证产业体系自主可控、安全可靠

The industrial chain is an important carrier for developing new quality productive forces. Laying out the industrial chain around the development of new quality productive forces and achieving the deep integration of scientific and technological innovation with industrial innovation are urgent needs for developing new quality productive forces and building a modernized industrial system. First, promoting the supplementation of the chain for short-board industries is crucial for enhancing the resilience of the industrial chain and supply chain. Only by concentrating high-quality resources to make a joint effort to tackle key problems, making up for the bottlenecks and shortcomings of the “six foundations” [16]16 The “six foundations” (六基) refer to six foundational areas of industry: core basic components (零部件), key basic materials, advanced basic processes and techniques, industrial technical foundations, basic software, and basic standards. of industry, and enhancing the foundational capabilities of industry can we gradually shake off dependence on foreign technology and products, thereby achieving a safe and stable industrial chain. Second, extending the chain for advantageous industries is key to enhancing the competitiveness of the industrial system. Give play to the supporting and leading role of large enterprises in technological innovation and industrial development, guide small and medium-sized enterprises to focus on their main business, deepen their industry, strengthen innovation, and take the development path of being “specialized, refined, distinctive, and innovative” [17]17 “Specialized, refined, distinctive, and innovative” (专精特新) is a policy designation for small and medium-sized enterprises that are specialized in a niche market, have refined management, offer distinctive products or services, and are innovative., further consolidate the leading position of advantageous industries, and continuously build a competitive advantage across the entire industrial chain. Third, upgrading the chain for traditional industries is an important area for stimulating new quality productive forces. Encourage traditional industries to increase innovation investment in light of the actual situation of transformation and upgrading and the trends of technological change, rely on new technologies such as big data and artificial intelligence to transform and upgrade traditional industries, promote the integration of traditional industries with other industries, and drive the high-end, intelligent, and green development of traditional industries. This will make new contributions to promoting an overall leap in the level of productive forces. Fourth, establishing the chain for emerging industries is an important guarantee for accelerating the cultivation of new quality productive forces and enhancing new drivers and new advantages. The development of new quality productive forces is inseparable from the development of new industries. Relying mainly on innovations in key generic technologies, cutting-edge leading technologies, modern engineering technologies, and disruptive technologies, cultivating and expanding strategic emerging industries, and accelerating the layout and construction of future industries can provide broad space for the development of new quality productive forces.

产业链是发展新质生产力的重要载体，围绕发展新质生产力布局产业链，实现科技创新和产业创新的深度融合，是发展新质生产力、建设现代化产业体系的迫切需要。第一，推动短板产业补链对于增强产业链供应链的韧性至关重要。集中优质资源合力攻关，补齐产业“六基”的瓶颈与短板，提升产业基础能力，才能逐渐摆脱对外国技术和产品的依赖，进而实现产业链安全稳定。第二，优势产业延链是提升产业体系竞争力的关键所在。发挥大企业在技术创新和产业发展中的支撑引领作用，引导中小企业专注主业、深耕行业、强化创新，走“专精特新”的发展道路，进一步巩固优势产业领先地位，不断打造全产业链竞争优势。第三，传统产业升链是激发新质生产力的重要领域。鼓励传统产业结合转型升级实际和技术变化趋势加大创新投入，依靠大数据、人工智能等新技术改造提升传统产业，促进传统产业与其他产业的融合，推动传统产业高端化、智能化、绿色化发展，将为推动生产力水平整体跃升作出新贡献。第四，新兴产业建链是加快培育新质生产力、增强新动能新优势的重要保障。新质生产力的发展离不开新产业的发展，以关键共性技术、前沿引领技术、现代工程技术、颠覆性技术创新为主要依托，培育壮大战略性新兴产业，加快布局建设未来产业，能够为新质生产力发展提供广阔空间。

2. It is necessary to scientifically lay out scientific and technological innovation and industrial innovation around strategic tasks such as advancing new-type industrialization and accelerating the building of a manufacturing powerhouse, a quality powerhouse, a cyber powerhouse, and a digital China.

2.要围绕推进新型工业化和加快建设制造强国、质量强国、网络强国、数字中国等战略任务，科学布局科技创新、产业创新

New-type industrialization is an industrialization that embodies the requirements of developing new quality productive forces and accelerating the building of a modernized industrial system. Its characteristics are mainly reflected in the following: First, a new source of efficiency. New-type industrialization is an innovation-driven, high-quality industrialization. It emphasizes deeply implementing the innovation-driven development strategy, continuously advancing basic research and tackling key core technologies, achieving a continuous leap in industrial technological capability, providing strong impetus for accelerating the transformation and upgrading of traditional manufacturing and solidly advancing the high-quality development of advanced manufacturing, and pushing manufacturing to accelerate its move toward the mid-to-high end of the global value chain. Second, new factors of production. Unlike traditional industrialization, new-type industrialization no longer relies on large amounts of labor input and natural resources to drive industrial development. Instead, it emphasizes giving play to the important role of production factors such as knowledge, technology, human capital, and data, in order to adapt to the trends of globalization and digitalization and continuously improve production efficiency and industrial competitiveness. Third, a new organizational form. In the digital era, the development of the platform economy has given rise to new forms of industrial organization with technological innovation, application innovation, and model innovation at their core. These can use data-driven, platform-supported, and network-based systems to provide favorable conditions for the integration of manufacturing and service industries. By increasing the proportion of service elements in inputs and outputs, they promote innovation in production models, organizational methods, and management processes, making the servitization of manufacturing an important direction for the transformation and upgrading of manufacturing, thereby achieving the extension and enhancement of the manufacturing value chain. Fourth, new binding constraints. Green and low-carbon development is an important trend in the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation. Against the backdrop of achieving the goals of carbon peak and carbon neutrality, promoting the green development of industry is an important part of advancing new-type industrialization. It is necessary to further improve the efficient, clean, low-carbon, and circular green manufacturing system, and strive to achieve a high degree of unity among economic, social, and ecological benefits. On the new journey of the New Era, Chinese-path modernization has endowed new-type industrialization with a special connotation. Advancing new-type industrialization can provide a powerful material foundation and technological support for accelerating the building of a modernized industrial system and advancing Chinese-path modernization. It is an inevitable requirement for comprehensively advancing the building of a strong country and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-path modernization.

新型工业化是体现新质生产力发展和加快现代化产业体系建设要求的工业化，其特征主要体现在：第一，新的效率源泉。新型工业化是创新驱动的高质量工业化，强调深入实施创新驱动发展战略，持续推进基础研究和关键核心技术攻关，实现产业技术能力的不断跃升，为加快传统制造业转型升级、扎实推进先进制造业高质量发展提供强劲动力，推动制造业加速迈向全球价值链中高端。第二，新的生产要素。与传统工业化不同，新型工业化不再依靠大量的劳动力投入和自然资源来推动工业发展，而是强调发挥知识、技术、人力资本、数据等生产要素的重要作用，以适应全球化和数字化趋势，不断提高生产效率和产业竞争力。‌第三，新的组织形态。在数字时代，平台经济的发展催生了以技术创新、应用创新、模式创新为内核的新的产业组织形态，能够利用数据驱动、平台支撑和网络系统为制造业与服务业的融合提供有利条件，通过增加服务要素在投入和产出中的比重，推动生产模式、组织方式和管理流程等方面的创新，使制造业服务化成为制造业转型升级的重要方向，进而实现制造业价值链的延展和提升。第四，新的约束条件。绿色低碳是新一轮科技革命和产业变革的重要趋势。在实现碳达峰碳中和目标背景下，推动工业绿色发展是推进新型工业化的重要内容，必须进一步完善高效、清洁、低碳、循环的绿色制造体系，努力实现经济效益、社会效益、生态效益的高度统一。新时代新征程，中国式现代化对新型工业化赋予了特殊内涵。推进新型工业化能够为加快建设现代化产业体系、推进中国式现代化提供强大物质基础和技术支撑，是以中国式现代化全面推进强国建设、民族复兴伟业的必然要求。

3. It is necessary to vigorously develop the digital economy, promote the deep integration of the digital economy and the real economy, and build digital industry clusters with international competitiveness.

3.要大力发展数字经济，促进数字经济和实体经济深度融合，打造具有国际竞争力的数字产业集群

Promoting the deep integration of the digital and real economies is an inevitable requirement for accelerating the building of a modernized industrial system. In recent years, the digital economy has developed with strong momentum and has become a new engine for economic recovery and growth. Countries around the world have successively introduced policies to promote the development of the digital economy, and international competition in the digital economy field is becoming increasingly fierce. Driven by a series of favorable policies, the scale of China’s digital economy continues to expand and maintain relatively fast growth, and its position and role in the national economy have become further prominent. Seizing the historical opportunity of digital-era development, vigorously developing the digital economy, and promoting the deep integration of the digital economy and the real economy are crucial for accelerating the development of new quality productive forces and promoting the building of a modernized industrial system. First, the digital industry has characteristics such as high innovativeness, strong permeability, and wide coverage. Vigorously developing core industries of the digital economy, such as digital product manufacturing, digital product services, digital technology application, and digital factor-driven industries, is conducive not only to meeting market demand for convenient, efficient, and personalized products and services but also to promoting the digital transformation of other industries through technological empowerment, thereby optimizing and upgrading the economic structure. Second, the high-quality development of the real economy urgently requires shaping new development advantages. Fully releasing the value of data elements, giving play to the amplifying, superimposing, and multiplying effects of digital technology, using the powerful linking capabilities of digital platforms to promote cooperation and sharing among enterprises, optimizing resource allocation, and realizing the empowerment of the real economy by the digital economy will promote profound changes in production methods, business models, and organizational structures, thereby leading to an increase in total factor productivity. Third, the real economy is the cornerstone of the development of the digital economy. Digital technology can generate greater value only when applied to the real economy. Promoting the application of digital technology in important fields such as manufacturing, agriculture, and services, and accelerating the digital transformation of traditional industries are important measures for accelerating the conversion of old and new growth drivers and making the real economy stronger, better, and bigger. Fourth, accelerating new-type industrialization, cultivating and expanding advanced manufacturing clusters, and building digital industry clusters with international competitiveness are strategic choices for seizing the new opportunities of the new round of technological revolution and industrial revolution. Based on the foundation of China’s real economy and digital economy development, fully leveraging the scale advantages of advanced manufacturing and the competitive advantages of factors such as technology and data, promoting the deep integration of the real economy and the digital economy, and achieving resource sharing and complementary advantages in industrial development will provide strong momentum for promoting high-quality development.

促进数实深度融合是加快建设现代化产业体系的必然要求。近年来，数字经济发展势头强劲，已经成为经济复苏和经济增长的新引擎，世界各国纷纷出台了推动数字经济发展的相关政策，数字经济领域的国际竞争日趋激烈。在一系列利好政策的推动下，我国数字经济规模不断扩张、保持较快增长，在国民经济中的地位和作用进一步凸显‌。抓住数字时代发展的历史机遇，大力发展数字经济，促进数字经济和实体经济深度融合，对于加快发展新质生产力，推动建设现代化产业体系至关重要。第一，数字产业具有高创新性、强渗透性、广覆盖性等特点。大力发展数字产品制造业、数字产品服务业、数字技术应用业和数字要素驱动业等数字经济核心产业，既有利于满足市场对便捷、高效、个性化产品和服务的需求，又能够通过技术赋能推动其他产业的数字化转型，促进经济结构的优化和升级。第二，实体经济高质量发展迫切需要塑造发展新优势。充分释放数据要素价值，发挥数字技术的放大、叠加、倍增等作用，利用数字平台强大的链接能力促进企业间的合作与共享，优化资源配置，实现数字经济赋能实体经济，将推动生产方式、商业模式和组织结构的深刻变革，进而带来全要素生产率的提高。第三，实体经济是数字经济发展的基石。数字技术只有应用于实体经济才能产生更大价值，促进数字技术在制造业、农业、服务业等重要领域的应用，加快推进传统产业数字化改造，是加快新旧动能转换，做实做强做优实体经济的重要举措。第四，加快推进新型工业化，培育壮大先进制造业集群，打造具有国际竞争力的数字产业集群是把握新一轮科技革命和产业革命新机遇的战略选择。立足我国实体经济和数字经济发展基础，充分发挥先进制造业的规模优势以及技术和数据等要素的竞争优势，推动实体经济和数字经济深度融合，实现产业发展的资源共享、优势互补，将为推动高质量发展提供强劲动能。

4. It is necessary to focus on the goal of building an agricultural powerhouse, increase scientific and technological innovation and the application of innovation achievements in areas such as seed industry and agricultural machinery, use innovative technology to advance the development of modern agriculture, and ensure national food security.

4.要围绕建设农业强国目标，加大种业、农机等科技创新和创新成果应用，用创新科技推进现代农业发展，保障国家粮食安全

The 20th National Congress of the CPC made an overall plan for comprehensively promoting rural revitalization, for the first time proposing the strategic goal of “accelerating the building of an agricultural powerhouse,” and emphasizing the need to “deeply implement the seed industry revitalization action, and strengthen agricultural science and technology and equipment support.” The key to moving from a large agricultural country to an agricultural powerhouse lies in relying on scientific and technological innovation. Modernized agriculture is an important foundation for building a modern industrial system, and promoting the innovative development of agricultural science and technology is the fundamental path to achieving efficient agricultural production, increasing farmers’ incomes, and promoting rural economic development. According to statistics from the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, in 2023, the contribution rate of agricultural scientific and technological progress in China reached 63.2%, an increase of 8.7 percentage points compared to 2012. After years of effort, China’s agricultural science and technology has made significant progress, and the overall level of agricultural science and technology innovation has entered the world’s first phalanx. Agricultural science and technology has become an important support for ensuring the stable and safe supply of grain and important agricultural products. However, compared with developed countries, there are still deficiencies in the development of agricultural science and technology, which are mainly manifested in insufficient integration of innovation entities, inadequate transformation of scientific and technological achievements, and weak industrial driving capacity. Accelerating the tackling of key core technologies in agriculture and comprehensively enhancing the independent innovation capability of agricultural science and technology is the only way to cultivate new quality productive forces in the agricultural field and promote high-quality development of rural agriculture. On the one hand, strengthening the support of agricultural science and technology innovation is an inherent requirement of building an agricultural powerhouse. For a large country with a population of over 1.4 billion, food security is the foundation for achieving economic development, social stability, and national security. Scientific and technological innovation can not only improve agricultural production efficiency and the quality of agricultural products, enhancing the international competitiveness of China’s agriculture, but also help promote rural environmental governance and sustainable agricultural development, continuously improving farmers’ living standards. To consolidate the agricultural and rural foundation of Chinese-path modernization, it is necessary to anchor the goal of building an agricultural powerhouse, scientifically plan and promote high-level self-reliance and self-strengthening in agricultural science and technology, enhance the core driving force for high-quality agricultural development, and provide solid scientific and technological support for ensuring stable and increased grain production. On the other hand, frontier fields such as biotechnology and information technology have become the focus of global scientific and technological competition, with all countries vying to seize the high ground in agricultural science and technology. Facing increasingly fierce international competition, China must keep up with the world’s agricultural science and technology frontiers, vigorously promote the digital and intelligent transformation of agriculture, use more efficient, greener, and smarter agricultural science and technology to improve comprehensive agricultural production capacity, accelerate the cultivation and expansion of emerging industries in the agricultural field such as biological breeding and smart agriculture, lay out future agriculture such as bio-manufacturing and artificial intelligence in advance, and actively enhance the international competitiveness of agriculture.

党的二十大对全面推进乡村振兴作出总体部署，首次提出“加快建设农业强国”的战略目标，强调要“深入实施种业振兴行动，强化农业科技和装备支撑”。从农业大国迈向农业强国，关键是要依靠科技创新。现代化的农业是建设现代化产业体系的重要根基，推动农业科技创新发展是实现高效农业生产、增加农民收入、促进农村经济发展的根本途径。据农业农村部统计，2023年我国农业科技进步贡献率达63.2%，比2012年提高8.7个百分点。经过多年努力，我国农业科技取得了长足进展，农业科技创新整体水平已经迈入世界第一方阵，农业科技已经成为保障粮食和重要农产品稳定安全供给的重要支撑。但与发达国家相比，农业科技发展仍然存在不足，集中体现在创新主体融合不足、科技成果转化不够以及产业带动能力不强等方面。加快推进农业关键核心技术攻关，全面提升农业科技自主创新能力，是培育发展农业领域新质生产力，推动农村农业高质量发展的必由之路。一方面，强化农业科技创新支撑是建设农业强国的题中之义。对于一个拥有14亿多人口的大国来说，粮食安全是实现经济发展、社会稳定、国家安全的基础。科技创新不仅能够提升农业生产效率和农产品质量，增强我国农业在国际上的竞争能力，而且还有助于推动农村环境治理和农业可持续发展，不断提高农民生活水平。夯实中国式现代化的农业农村基础，必须锚定建设农业强国目标，科学谋划和推进高水平农业科技自立自强，增强农业高质量发展的核心驱动力，为确保粮食稳产增产提供坚实的科技支撑。另一方面，生物技术和信息技术等前沿领域已经成为全球科技竞争的焦点，各国都在抢占农业科技制高点。面对日益激烈的国际竞争，我国必须紧跟世界农业科技前沿，大力推动农业数字化智能化变革，以更加高效、更加绿色、更加智能的农业科技来提高农业综合生产能力，加快生物育种、智慧农业等农业领域的新兴产业培育壮大，超前布局生物制造、人工智能等未来农业，积极提升农业的国际竞争力。

(III) Improve the systems and mechanisms for building a modern industrial system

（三）健全现代化产业体系建设的体制机制

The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC proposed the “six adherences” major principles that must be implemented for further comprehensively deepening reform, one of which is “adhering to taking institutional construction as the main line,” and made important arrangements for “improving the systems and mechanisms for promoting high-quality economic development” and “building systems and mechanisms for comprehensively supporting innovation.” This means that the Party Central Committee places institutional construction in a more prominent position, emphasizing the provision of strong guarantees for Chinese-path modernization through institutional and mechanism innovation. Therefore, building a modern industrial system must also focus on institutional construction, and promote the practical effectiveness of various tasks through continuously improving systems and mechanisms.

党的二十届三中全会提出进一步全面深化改革必须贯彻的“六个坚持”重大原则，其中之一是“坚持以制度建设为主线”，并对“健全推动经济高质量发展体制机制”“构建支持全面创新体制机制”作出重要部署。这意味着党中央把制度建设摆在更加突出位置，强调以体制机制创新为中国式现代化提供强大保障。因此，建设现代化产业体系也必须注重制度建设，通过不断健全体制机制推动各项工作切实取得实效。

1. Improve the systems and mechanisms for developing new quality productive forces according to local conditions

1.健全因地制宜发展新质生产力体制机制

Developing new quality productive forces according to local conditions is not only about promoting technological innovation, but also requires strengthening institutional innovation. First, improve the systems and mechanisms for promoting high-level self-reliance and self-strengthening in science and technology. Leverage the advantages of the new nationwide system for mobilizing resources [18]18 The “new nationwide system for mobilizing resources” (新型举国体制) refers to a state-led mechanism that concentrates national resources on strategic scientific and technological breakthroughs, updated from the original planned-economy version to incorporate market mechanisms and enterprise participation., comprehensively enhance technological innovation capabilities, accelerate breakthroughs in a number of key core technology “bottleneck” problems, vigorously promote original and disruptive scientific and technological innovation, continuously improve the level of transformation and industrialization of scientific and technological achievements, and enhance the supply of key technologies supporting high-quality industrial development. Second, strengthen the institutional supply for new fields and new tracks. Further strengthen relevant institutional supply and policy incentives, establish a growth mechanism for investment in future industries, effectively leverage the leverage effect and guiding role of fiscal funds, encourage enterprises to actively participate in laying out frontier fields of future industries, and follow the idea of “technological innovation – forward-looking identification – achievement transformation” to vigorously promote the industrialization of frontier technologies and assist the development of future industries. Focus on key industries and fields such as next-generation information technology, artificial intelligence, aerospace, new energy, new materials, high-end equipment, biomedicine, and quantum technology, improve policies and governance systems for promoting the development of strategic emerging industries, strengthen the tackling of the entire industrial chain, support for all factors, and development of the entire ecosystem, and cultivate and expand strategic emerging industries. Third, improve the systems and mechanisms for promoting the optimization and upgrading of traditional industries. Continue to exert efforts in institutional constraints and standard leadership, continuously improve the mechanism for the formulation and implementation of national standards, use the improvement of national standards to lead the optimization and upgrading of traditional industries, fully release the effectiveness of standards in forcing and leading, make high standards the “assistant” for industrial transformation and upgrading, and promote traditional industries to radiate new vitality. Fourth, improve the systems and mechanisms for promoting the gathering of various advanced production factors towards the development of new quality productive forces. By innovating the mode of allocating production factors, promote the recombination and continuous optimization of new production factors such as information, technology, and data, promote the continuous improvement of the allocation efficiency of traditional production factors such as labor, land, and capital, and then promote the development of new quality productive forces through the optimal allocation of resources.

因地制宜发展新质生产力不仅仅是推动技术创新，同时还需要加强制度创新。一是健全推动科技高水平自强自立的体制机制。发挥新型举国体制优势，全面提升技术创新能力，加快突破一批关键核心技术“卡脖子”难题，大力推进原创性、颠覆性科技创新，不断提高科技成果转化和产业化水平，增强支撑产业高质量发展的关键技术供给。二是加强新领域新赛道制度供给。进一步强化相关制度供给和政策激励，建立未来产业投入增长机制，切实发挥财政资金的杠杆效应和导向作用，鼓励企业积极参与布局未来产业前沿领域，按照“技术创新—前瞻识别—成果转化”的思路，大力推动前沿技术产业化，助力未来产业发展。聚焦新一代信息技术、人工智能、航空航天、新能源、新材料、高端装备、生物医药、量子科技等重点行业领域，完善推动战略性产业发展政策和治理体系，加强全产业链攻关、全要素支持、全生态发展，培育壮大战略性新兴产业。三是健全推动传统产业优化升级的体制机制。在制度约束和标准引领方面持续发力，不断完善国家标准制定和实施机制，以国家标准提升引领传统产业优化升级，充分释放标准倒逼和引领的效能，让高标准成为产业转型升级的“助攻手”，推动传统产业焕发新的生机活力。四是健全促进各类先进生产要素向发展新质生产力集聚体制机制。通过创新生产要素配置方式，推动信息、技术和数据等新型生产要素重新组合、持续优化，促进劳动、土地和资本等传统生产要素不断提升配置效率，进而以资源的优化配置推动新质生产力发展。

2. Improve the system for promoting the deep integration of the real economy and the digital economy

2.健全促进实体经济和数字经济深度融合制度

The integration of the digital economy and the real economy has spawned a large number of new industries, new business forms, and new models. A sound institutional guarantee is the foundation for supporting the healthy development of new industries, new business forms, and new models, and can provide a long-term and stable development environment for the deep integration of the real economy and the digital economy. First, improve the systems and mechanisms for enhancing the leading position of advantageous industries. Establish common technology platforms, strive to break through key common technologies across industries and fields, accelerate the demonstration application and iterative upgrading of new technologies, new products, and new business forms, and strengthen the “lengthening of long boards” of industrial chains in key advantageous fields. Second, optimize the operation and supervision mechanism of major industrial funds. Strengthen the supervision and management of the operation mode, flow direction, and investment effect of industrial guidance funds, especially ensure that major matters such as the investment direction, investment plan, and investment agreement of industrial funds are effectively supervised, so as to better play the positive role of industrial funds in promoting industrial innovation and upgrading. Third, establish a mechanism to maintain a reasonable proportion of manufacturing investment. Strengthen top-level design, establish a mechanism conducive to encouraging investment in manufacturing, and continuously optimize the policy system supporting the development of manufacturing towards high-end, intelligent, and green development. Fourth, accelerate the construction of systems and mechanisms for promoting the development of the digital economy. To solve problems existing in the development of the digital economy, such as institutional lag, imperfect laws and regulations, and the digital divide, it is necessary to build a policy system that adapts to the characteristics of the development of the digital economy, and promote digital industrialization and industrial digitization with a high level of institutional supply. Fifth, improve the normalized supervision system for the platform economy. Continuously expand and innovate in the concepts, methods, and means of platform economy supervision, focus on solving the problem that China’s current platform economy supervision model and governance system do not fully match the characteristics and development laws of the platform economy itself, create an efficient, standardized, fair, open, and inclusive development environment, and promote the standardized, healthy, and sustainable development of the platform economy. Sixth, improve the basic institutional system for data. Establish a data source sharing mechanism, achieve effective protection, efficient circulation, and full development and utilization of data, and break down barriers to data source monopolies. Build an institutional system with data property rights as the core, enhance the ability to supervise data security governance, focus on solving various problems currently existing in data property rights, data development and utilization, and data rights protection, and promote the compliant and efficient circulation of data elements.

数字经济与实体经济的融合催生了大量新产业、新业态、新模式。完善的制度保障是支持新产业、新业态、新模式健康发展的基础，能够为实体经济和数字经济深度融合提供长期稳定的发展环境。一是健全提升优势产业领先地位体制机制。建立共性技术平台，着力突破跨行业、跨领域的关键共性技术，加速新技术、新产品、新业态的示范应用和迭代升级，加强重点优势领域产业链“锻长板”。二是优化重大产业基金运作和监管机制。加强对产业引导基金的运作模式、流动去向和投放效果等方面的监督和管理，特别是要确保产业基金的投资方向、投资方案及投资协议等重大事项受到有效监督，从而更好地发挥产业基金在促进产业创新和升级等方面的积极作用。三是建立保持制造业合理比重投入机制。加强顶层设计，建立有利于鼓励制造业投入的机制，不断优化支持制造业向高端化、智能化、绿色化发展的政策体系。四是加快构建促进数字经济发展体制机制。解决数字经济发展过程中存在的制度滞后、法律法规不健全和数字鸿沟等问题，必须构建适应数字经济发展特点的政策体系，以高水平制度供给推进数字产业化和产业数字化。五是健全平台经济常态化监管制度。在平台经济监管理念、方式和手段等方面持续拓展创新，着力解决目前我国平台经济监管模式和治理体系与平台经济自身特征和发展规律不完全匹配的问题，打造高效规范、平等竞争、开放包容的发展环境，推动平台经济规范健康持续发展。六是完善数据基础制度体系。建立数据源共享机制，实现数据有效保护、高效流通和充分开发利用，打破数据源垄断壁垒。构建以数据产权为核心的制度体系，提升数据安全治理监管能力，着力解决目前数据产权、数据开发利用及数据权益保护等方面存在的各种问题，促进数据要素合规高效流通。

3. Improve the systems and mechanisms for developing the service industry

3.完善发展服务业体制机制

To meet the requirements of perfecting the modern industrial system and to resolve problems existing in the service sector—such as small scale, low efficiency, insufficient openness, and shallow industrial integration—it is imperative to strengthen institutional construction, innovate systems and mechanisms through deepening reform, unblock the institutional sticking points and blockages that hinder high-quality development of the service sector, and build a new, high-quality and efficient service system. First, improve the policy system supporting service sector development. Based on the current development situation, start from aspects such as development concepts, factor preferences, market access, and regulatory models, accelerate the improvement of a policy support system with clear orientation and forceful measures, and create a fair, open, competitive, and orderly development environment. Second, optimize service sector accounting. Improve the quality and efficiency of accounting work by refining industry classifications, expanding data source channels, and optimizing survey methods, ensuring that all links, processes, and steps of service sector accounting strictly comply with relevant regulations, so that accounting results truly and accurately, comprehensively and promptly reflect the development of the service sector, thereby providing an important basis for scientifically formulating service sector development plans and further promoting service sector development. Third, promote the integrated development of producer services. Producer services have distinct characteristics such as technology intensity, innovation intensity, and knowledge intensity. Developing producer services requires expanding the scope of production factor use, breaking down invisible barriers to cross-regional business operations for enterprises—such as “rolling doors,” “glass doors,” “revolving doors,” and “spring doors”[19]19 These terms (“rolling doors,” “glass doors,” “revolving doors,” “spring doors”) are metaphors in Chinese policy discourse for various forms of hidden barriers to market entry and cross-regional business operations.—promoting exchanges and cooperation between regions, and assisting the development of new quality productive forces. Fourth, improve the mechanism for diversifying the development of consumer services. This mainly addresses the mismatch between the supply of consumer services and the people’s internal demands for a better life, so as to better meet the people’s personalized, diversified, and high-quality service consumption needs. Fifth, perfect the laws, regulations, and institutional systems for intermediary service organizations. Enable intermediary service organizations to truly become important market economy entities, and by perfecting relevant laws, regulations, and institutional systems, promote honesty, trustworthiness, and lawful performance of duties by intermediary service organizations, providing an important prerequisite for accelerating the development of the service sector.

适应完善现代化产业体系的要求，解决服务业存在的规模较小、效率不高、开放度不足和产业融合度不深等问题，必须切实加强制度建设，通过深化改革,创新体制机制，打通阻碍服务业高质量发展的制度卡点、堵点，构建优质高效的服务业新体系。一是完善支持服务业发展政策体系。结合发展现状，从发展理念、要素偏好、市场准入、监管模式等方面入手，加快完善导向鲜明、措施有力的政策支持体系，营造公平开放、竞争有序的发展环境。二是优化服务业核算。通过细化行业分类、拓展数据来源渠道以及优化调查方法等方式提高核算工作的质量和效率，使服务业核算的各个环节、流程和步骤严格遵守相关规定，确保核算结果真实准确、全面及时反映服务业的发展情况，从而为科学制定服务业发展规划、进一步推动服务业发展提供重要依据。三是推进生产性服务业融合发展。生产性服务业具有技术密集、创新密集、智力密集等鲜明特征，发展生产性服务业必须拓展生产要素使用范围，破除企业跨地区经营“卷帘门”“玻璃门”“旋转门”“弹簧门”等隐形壁垒，促进地区间的交流和合作，助力新质生产力发展‌。四是健全加快生活性服务业多样化发展机制。主要解决生活性服务业的供给与人民对美好生活内在需求尚不匹配的问题，以更好满足人民群众个性化、多样化、品质化服务消费需求。五是完善中介服务机构法规制度体系。使中介服务机构真正成为重要的市场经济主体，通过完善相关法规制度体系促进中介服务机构诚实守信、依法履责，为加快发展服务业提供重要前提。

4. Improve the systems and mechanisms for modern infrastructure construction

4.健全现代化基础设施建设体制机制

Modern infrastructure is an important support and guarantee for the modern industrial system. The main tasks for improving the systems and mechanisms for modern infrastructure construction include: First, build a planning and standards system for new-type infrastructure. By strengthening top-level design, clarify the construction and application standards for new-type infrastructure, adhere to a people-centered, demand-oriented, and scenario-driven approach, and form “hard support” that serves national strategies and smooths economic circulation. Second, improve the mechanism for the integrated utilization of new-type infrastructure. Adapt to the trends of digitalization, networking, intelligence, and integration in industrial development, improve the mechanism for the integrated utilization of new-type infrastructure, efficiently and securely connect new-type infrastructure across different industries and fields, and enhance the operational efficiency of the entire infrastructure system. Third, promote the digital transformation of traditional infrastructure. Strengthen the application of new technologies such as big data, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence in fields such as transportation, energy, water conservancy, and municipal administration, substantially enhance the service capacity of traditional infrastructure, and accelerate the filling of shortcomings in traditional infrastructure. Fourth, broaden diversified investment and financing channels. Infrastructure construction investment is large in scale, long in cycle, and involves multiple departments; it is necessary to continuously broaden project investment and financing channels, improve coordination mechanisms for major project construction to better meet the financing needs of infrastructure construction, and promote the accelerated implementation of projects. Fifth, deepen the reform of the comprehensive transportation system. The key is to improve comprehensive transportation systems and mechanisms, promote cost reduction, quality improvement, and efficiency enhancement in transportation and logistics. Sixth, improve the mechanisms for the construction, operation, and management of major water conservancy projects. The focus is to ensure the high-quality advancement of major water conservancy projects by strengthening the quality assurance of preliminary work and standardizing project review and approval, effectively leveraging the important role of institutional construction in ensuring flood control safety, water supply safety, and ecological safety.

现代化基础设施是现代化产业体系的重要支撑和保障，健全现代化基础设施建设体制机制的主要任务包括：一是构建新型基础设施规划和标准体系。通过加强顶层设计，明确新型基础设施建设和应用标准，坚持以人为本、需求导向、场景牵引，形成服务国家战略、畅通经济循环的“硬支撑”。二是健全新型基础设施融合利用机制。顺应产业发展的数字化、网络化、智能化及融合化等趋势，健全新型基础设施融合利用机制，将不同行业和领域的新型基础设施高效、安全地连接在一起，提升整个基础设施体系的运行效率。三是推进传统基础设施数字化改造。加强大数据、云计算、人工智能等新技术在交通、能源、水利、市政等领域的应用，大幅提升传统基础设施的服务能力，加快补齐传统基础设施短板。四是拓宽多元化投融资渠道。基础设施建设投资规模大、周期长、涉及多个部门，需不断拓宽项目投融资渠道，健全重大项目建设协调机制以更好地满足基础设施建设融资需求，推动项目加快落地。五是深化综合交通运输体系改革。其关键是通过完善综合交通运输体制机制，促进交通物流降本、提质、增效。六是健全重大水利工程建设、运行、管理机制。其重点是通过强化前期工作质量保障、规范项目审查审批等方式确保重大水利工程高质量推进，有效发挥制度建设在保障防洪安全、供水安全、生态安全等方面的重要作用。

5. Improve the system for enhancing the resilience and security level of industrial and supply chains

5.健全提升产业链供应链韧性和安全水平制度

General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasizes further establishing the concept that development is the absolute principle and security is also the absolute principle. Industrial security mainly emphasizes the security of industrial and supply chains. The focus of improving the system for enhancing the resilience and security level of industrial and supply chains lies in: First, improve the systems and mechanisms for strengthening key industrial chains. Focus on key industrial chains such as aerospace, integrated circuits, machine tools, and biotechnology, advance “chain supplementation and chain strengthening” starting from technology, actively carry out breakthroughs in key core technologies, adopt multiple measures simultaneously to unblock broken points and blockages in industrial chains, and promptly build autonomous and controllable industrial and supply chains. Second, promote technological breakthroughs and application of achievements across the entire chain. Leverage the advantages of the new nationwide system for mobilizing resources under the conditions of the socialist market economy, unify leadership, decision-making, and command, form long-term support for breakthroughs in key core technologies, promote the integrated allocation of projects, bases, talent, and funds in key fields, and strengthen scenario innovation and service guarantees for the transformation of scientific and technological achievements. Third, establish a mechanism for security risk assessment and response in industrial and supply chains. Improve the mechanisms for formulating and implementing industrial policies, continuously enhance industrial governance capacity and governance levels, and more effectively coordinate development and security. Fourth, improve the cooperation mechanism for the orderly gradient transfer of industries within the country. Based on actual conditions such as resource endowments, locational advantages, and industrial foundations, combine with the development requirements of the modern industrial system to carry out industrial development planning and layout, innovate models for interregional industrial transfer cooperation, and promote the cross-regional extension of industrial chains. Fifth, improve the system for the exploration, production, supply, storage, and sales coordination and integration of strategic mineral resources. Firmly adhere to the bottom line of safe development, enhance the capacity to guarantee the supply of strategic resources, and focus on ensuring the security of strategic mineral resources such as oil, natural gas, coal, rare earths, and crystalline graphite.

习近平总书记强调，进一步树立发展是硬道理、安全也是硬道理的理念。产业安全主要强调产业链供应链安全。健全提升产业链供应链韧性和安全水平制度重点在于：一是健全强化重点产业链发展体制机制。聚焦航空航天、集成电路、工业母机、生物技术重点产业链，从技术入手推进“补链强链”，积极开展关键核心技术攻关，多措并举打通产业链断点堵点，抓紧打造自主可控的产业链供应链。二是全链条推进技术攻关、成果应用。发挥社会主义市场经济条件下新型举国体制优势，统一领导、统一决策、统一指挥，形成对关键核心技术攻关的长期支持，推动重点领域项目、基地、人才、资金一体化配置，加强科技成果转化的场景创新和服务保障。三是建立产业链供应链安全风险评估和应对机制。完善产业政策制定和实施机制，不断提升产业治理能力和治理水平，更加有效地统筹发展和安全。四是完善产业在国内梯度有序转移的协作机制。立足资源禀赋、区位优势和产业基础等实际情况，结合现代化产业体系的发展要求进行产业发展规划和布局，创新区域间产业转移合作模式，推动产业链跨地区延伸。五是完善战略性矿产资源探产供储销统筹和衔接体系。牢牢守住安全发展这条底线，提升战略性资源供应保障能力，重点保障石油、天然气、煤炭、稀土、晶质石墨等战略性矿产资源安全。

6. Comprehensively advance the integrated reform of education, science and technology, and talent systems and mechanisms

6.统筹推进教育科技人才体制机制一体改革

Education, science and technology, and human talent are the foundational and strategic underpinnings of Chinese-path modernization. First, deepen comprehensive education reform to highlight the guiding advantage of education. Education is the foundation for cultivating human talent; deepening comprehensive education reform must be driven by the needs of scientific and technological development and national strategy, and must advance reforms in areas such as educational methods, school-running models, management systems, and guarantee mechanisms, so as to effectively cultivate high-quality talent for the development of the modern industrial system, with a focus on cultivating innovative talent and highly skilled talent, thus building a “reservoir” of industrial talent. Second, deepen the reform of the science and technology system to highlight the leading advantage of science and technology. Optimize the organizational mechanisms for major scientific and technological innovation, leverage the institutional advantage of concentrating resources to accomplish major tasks, strengthen the coordination and organization of innovation resources, and continue to strengthen cross-field and cross-disciplinary collaborative research. Improve the management of science and technology plans and strengthen organized basic research. Improve the mechanisms for the allocation, management, and use of central government science and technology funds, further regulate the use of such funds, and maximize incentives for researchers to produce high-quality scientific research results. Deepen the reform of the mechanisms for transforming scientific and technological achievements, providing more favorable environments and conditions for the transformation of research results and fully unleashing the innovative vitality of researchers. Build a science and technology finance system that is compatible with scientific and technological innovation, accelerate the formation of a virtuous cycle of “science and technology—industry—finance,” and assist the development of new quality productive forces. Third, deepen the reform of the systems and mechanisms for talent development to highlight the creative advantage of human talent. By improving mechanisms for discovering, selecting, and cultivating young innovative talent, improving mechanisms for the orderly flow of talent, strengthening talent incentive mechanisms, and improving support and guarantee mechanisms for introducing overseas talent, build a high-quality talent team, create a scientific and technological innovation environment where all kinds of talent can be “attracted, retained, and well-utilized,” fully mobilize the innovative vitality of scientific and technological talent, and thus consolidate the talent support for building the modern industrial system. Fourth, build comprehensive systems and mechanisms for innovation. Promote the integrated reform of the systems and mechanisms for education, science and technology, and human talent in a coordinated manner, and use the “three-in-one” [20]20 The term “new quality productive forces” (新质生产力) refers to a concept introduced by Xi Jinping in 2023, emphasizing advanced productive forces driven by technological innovation, high quality, and efficiency, as distinct from traditional factor-driven growth. coordinated construction of education, science and technology, and human talent to drive the development of new quality productive forces and the construction of the modern industrial system. The reform of the education system should achieve “three focuses,” namely, focusing on improving the level and quality of independent talent cultivation, focusing on supporting high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening, and focusing on enhancing the capacity to serve economic and social development, thus making the “first move” in education. The reform of the science and technology system mainly focuses on the “three major areas” of scientific research, experimental development, and promotion and application, thus making the “move for self-strengthening” in science and technology. The reform of the talent system should accomplish the “three major tasks” of improving independent cultivation mechanisms, accelerating the building of a national strategic talent force, and promoting the rational regional distribution of talent, thus making the “innovative move” in talent. Adhere to the “three-in-one” coordinated construction, accelerate the building of a modern industrial system, and use new quality productive forces to promote high-quality development.

教育科技人才是‌中国式现代化的基础性、战略性支撑。一是深化教育综合改革，突出教育先导性优势。教育是人才培养的根本，深化教育综合改革必须以科技发展、国家战略需求为牵引，围绕育人方式、办学模式、管理体制、保障机制等方面深入推进改革，切实为现代化产业体系发展培养高素质人才，注重培养创新型人才和高技能人才，筑好产业人才的“蓄水池”。二是深化科技体制改革，突出科技主导性优势。优化重大科技创新组织机制，发挥集中力量办大事的制度优势，加强创新资源统筹和力量组织，继续强化跨领域跨学科协同攻关。改进科技计划管理，加强有组织的基础研究。完善中央财政科技经费分配和管理使用机制，进一步规范科技经费的使用，更大限度激励科研人员产出高质量科研成果。深化科技成果转化机制改革，为科研成果转化提供更加有利的环境和条件，充分释放科研人员的创新活力。构建同科技创新相适应的科技金融体制，加快形成“科技—产业—金融”良性循环，助力新质生产力发展。三是深化人才发展体制机制改革，突出人才创造性优势。通过完善青年创新人才发现、选拔、培养机制，完善人才有序流动机制，强化人才激励机制，完善海外引进人才支持保障机制等方式，打造高质量人才队伍，营造各类人才都能“引得来、留得住、用得好”的科技创新环境，充分调动科技人才创新活力，从而夯实现代化产业体系建设的人才支撑。四是构建全面创新体制机制。统筹推进教育科技人才体制机制一体化改革，以教育科技人才“三位一体”协同建设推动新质生产力发展和现代化产业体系建设。教育体制改革实现“三个聚焦”，即聚焦提高人才自主培养水平和质量、聚焦支撑高水平科技自立自强、聚焦提升服务经济社会发展能力，下好教育“先手棋”。科技体制改革主要聚焦科学研究、实验开发和推广应用“三大领域”，下好科技“自强棋”。人才体制改革做好完善自主培养机制、加快建设国家战略人才力量、促进人才区域合理布局的“三篇大文章”，走好人才“创新棋”。坚持“三位一体”协同建设，加快建设现代化产业体系，以新质生产力推动高质量发展。

V. The Value Implications of General Secretary Xi Jinping’s Important Discourses on the Modern Industrial System

五、习近平总书记关于现代化产业体系重要论述的价值意蕴

General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important discourses on the modern industrial system adhere to the integration of the basic tenets of Marxism with China’s specific realities and with the best of traditional Chinese culture. They are an important component of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era and represent a major original contribution.

习近平总书记关于现代化产业体系的重要论述，坚持把马克思主义基本原理同中国具体实际相结合、同中华优秀传统文化相结合，是习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的重要组成部分，具有重大原创性贡献。

(I) Summarizing and Sublimating the Experience of China’s Industrial System and Modernization Construction

（一）总结和升华了我国产业体系和现代化建设经验

China has completed in just a few decades the industrialization process that took developed countries several centuries, reflecting the arduous exploration and unremitting struggle of the Communist Party of China to achieve socialist modernization. Standing at the historical starting point of the New Era and the new journey, General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important discourses on the modern industrial system inherit and carry forward valuable experiences such as the institutional advantage of concentrating resources to accomplish major tasks, adhering to independence and self-reliance in exploring China’s industrialization path, and insisting on placing scientific and technological innovation at the core of the national development strategy. On this basis, combined with the latest practices of China’s economic development, they elucidate the connotations, characteristics, and tasks of building a modern industrial system, as well as the relationship between building a modern industrial system and promoting high-quality development and comprehensively building a modern socialist country. They emphasize that by deeply implementing the innovation-driven development strategy, continuously enhancing scientific and technological innovation capabilities, and developing new quality productive forces, we can solve the current problems facing the industrial system, such as being “large but not strong,” “comprehensive but not refined,” and “broad but not deep,” thereby achieving the reinforcement and supplementation of basic industries, the consolidation of the leading level of advantageous industries, and the forward-looking layout of future industries, thus providing a continuous driving force for stable, healthy, and sustainable economic development. General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important discourses on the modern industrial system possess a broad historical perspective and forward-looking strategic thinking, connecting the past, present, and future. They not only profoundly answer the major question of “what kind of industrial system should be built to adapt to new situations, solve new problems, and meet new challenges,” but also contain the profound reflection on “how to plan the construction of the industrial system at a higher level to match the goal of comprehensively building a great modern socialist country.” They achieve a dialectical unity of theoretical logic, historical logic, and practical logic, successfully opening up a new realm for the industrial system and modernization construction.

中国用几十年时间走完了发达国家几百年走过的工业化历程，映照出了中国共产党为实现社会主义现代化作出的艰辛探索与不懈奋斗。站在新时代新征程的历史起点上，习近平总书记关于现代化产业体系的重要论述，继承和发扬了集中力量办大事的制度优势、坚持独立自主、自力更生探索中国工业化道路、坚持把科技创新摆在国家发展全局的核心位置等宝贵经验。在此基础上，结合中国经济发展最新实践，阐明了建设现代化产业体系的内涵、特征和任务，以及建设现代化产业体系与推动高质量发展，全面建设社会主义现代化国家的关系，强调通过深入实施创新驱动发展战略，不断提升科技创新能力，发展新质生产力等途径，破解当前产业体系面临的“大而不强”“全而不精”“宽而不深”等问题，实现基础产业的夯基补短、优势产业领先水平的巩固、未来产业的超前布局，进而为经济平稳、健康、可持续发展提供源源不断的动力。习近平总书记关于现代化产业体系的重要论述具有宏阔的历史视野和前瞻的战略思考，贯通过去、现在和未来，既深刻回答了“应该建设什么样的产业体系以适应新形势、解决新问题、应对新挑战”的重大问题，又蕴含着“如何在更高层次上谋划产业体系建设，以匹配全面建成社会主义现代化强国目标”的深邃思考，实现了理论逻辑、历史逻辑与实践逻辑的辩证统一，成功开创了产业体系和现代化建设的新境界。

(II) Breaking Through the Western Industrial Theory’s Understanding of “Modern Industrial Structure”

（二）突破了西方的产业理论关于“现代产业结构”的认识

The mainstream view of Western industrial theory holds that the shift of the industrial structure from manufacturing-dominated to service-dominated is an important sign of industrial structure transformation and upgrading, and that the service sector’s share of the three industries must reach at least 70% before an economy can be called a modern economy, i.e., entering a post-industrial society. However, this view, which simply emphasizes measuring a country’s economic and social development and modernization level based on the evolution of the industrial structure, has to some extent led to the decline of manufacturing and “industrial hollowing out” in Western developed countries. In proposing the construction of a modern industrial system, General Secretary Xi Jinping did not blindly copy the

西方产业理论的主流观点认为，产业结构由制造业主导向服务业主导转变是产业结构转型升级的重要标志，服务业在三次产业中的比重至少达到70%，才能称为现代经济，即进入后工业社会。然而，这种单纯强调从产业结构演进来衡量一个国家经济社会发达程度和现代化水平的观点，在一定程度上导致了西方发达国家的制造业衰落和“产业空心化”。习近平总书记提出建设现代化产业体系，没有盲目照搬西方“现代产业结构”理论，不刻意降低工业比重而提高服务业比重，而是突破了以三次产业结构划分产业体系的传统做法，从要素协同、统筹产业发展与安全等角度不断赋予产业体系新的内涵，着重强调建设以实体经济为支撑的现代化产业体系，统筹推进传统产业升级、新兴产业壮大、未来产业培育，实现了对西方产业理论的超越。

(3) Enriching and Developing the Marxist Theory of Productive Forces

（三）丰富和发展了马克思主义生产力理论

Productive forces are the ultimate decisive factor driving the forward development of human society; the state of development of productive forces represents the breadth and depth of humanity’s transformation and utilization of nature. The fundamental task of socialism is to liberate and develop the social productive forces. Marxism holds that labor productivity develops continuously with the ongoing progress of science and technology, and it attaches great importance to the development of science and technology and their application in production. General Secretary Xi Jinping has combined the Marxist theory of productive forces with the practical experience of Chinese-path modernization, and with great foresight has put forward the major theoretical and practical issue of developing new quality productive forces, emphatically stressing the need to lead the development of new quality productive forces through scientific and technological innovation and to build a modern industrial system. New quality productive forces take scientific and technological innovation as their core element, representing the most active and most driving part of the industrial system, and play an important role in driving the construction of a modern industrial system and high-quality development. General Secretary Xi Jinping’s profound elaboration on the basic connotation, main characteristics, key tasks, and realization pathways of new quality productive forces constitutes a systematic strategic reflection on the issue of liberating and developing social productive forces in the New Era based on China’s national conditions. It is an innovation and development of the Marxist theory of productive forces, further deepening the understanding of the laws governing the development of productive forces, and enriching the content of Xi Jinping’s economic thought.

生产力是推动人类社会向前发展的最终决定性因素，生产力的发展状况代表着人类改造和利用自然的广度和深度。社会主义的根本任务是解放和发展社会生产力。马克思主义认为劳动生产力是随着科学和技术的不断进步而不断发展的，并且十分重视科学技术的发展及其在生产中的应用。习近平总书记将马克思主义生产力理论与中国式现代化的实践经验相结合，高瞻远瞩地提出发展新质生产力这一重大理论和实践问题，并着重强调以科技创新引领新质生产力发展，建设现代化产业体系。新质生产力以科技创新为核心要素，代表着产业体系中最为活跃和最具带动力的部分，对现代化产业体系建设和高质量发展具有重要驱动作用。习近平总书记对新质生产力的基本内涵、主要特征、重点任务及实现路径等方面的深刻阐述，是立足中国国情对新时代解放与发展社会生产力问题的系统性战略思考，是对马克思主义生产力理论的创新和发展，进一步深化了对生产力发展规律的认识，丰富了习近平经济思想的内涵。

(4) Providing a Chinese Solution for Developing Countries to Realize Modernization

（四）为发展中国家实现现代化提供了中国方案

Differences in historical culture and social systems determine the diversity of development paths chosen by various countries; each country should explore a modernization path suited to its own conditions based on its national circumstances. However, in reality, some countries have chosen the wrong frame of reference in the process of achieving modernization. Disregarding their own national conditions and historical stage of development, they have wholly copied the Western model, taking what developed countries have and do as the goal of achieving modernization, leading them to fall into a growth trap from which it is difficult to extricate themselves. For example, some Latin American countries, during the transition from an industrial economy to a service economy, experienced “premature deindustrialization,” and because their service sectors were insufficiently developed, industrial upgrading could not be sustained, ultimately causing them to fall into the “middle-income trap.” [21]21 The “middle-income trap” refers to a situation where an economy, after reaching a certain income level (typically middle-income), fails to sustain growth and stagnates, often due to structural problems such as premature deindustrialization or lack of innovation. Unlike the practices of other countries, China, on the basis of having a complete range of industries and an independent and comprehensive industrial system, creatively proposed building a modern industrial system to respond to the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation and to seize the initiative in future development, presenting a new picture different from the Western model of industrial development and modernization. General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important discourses on the modern industrial system condense the fruits of the long-term practical explorations of the Communist Party of China and the Chinese people, open up a new realm, a new pattern, and a new height for the construction of the industrial system, and expand the path for developing countries to achieve modernization.

历史文化和社会制度的差异，决定了各国选择发展道路的多样性，每个国家都应基于自身国情探寻契合自身的现代化道路。然而，现实中一些国家在实现现代化的过程中选错了参照系，不顾自身发展的国情和历史方位，全盘照搬西方模式，将发达国家有什么、做什么作为实现现代化的目标，导致其陷入增长的困境难以自拔。例如，拉丁美洲一些国家在从工业经济向服务经济过渡时，由于“过早去工业化”，加之服务业又不够发达，导致产业升级无法持续，最终落入“中等收入陷阱”。不同于其他国家的做法，中国在拥有门类齐全、独立完整的产业体系的基础上，创造性地提出建设现代化产业体系，以应对新一轮科技革命和产业变革、把握未来发展主动权，展现出了不同于西方产业发展和现代化模式的新图景。习近平总书记关于现代化产业体系的重要论述，凝结了中国共产党和中国人民长期实践探索的成果，开辟了产业体系建设的新境界新格局新高度，拓展了发展中国家走向现代化的路径。

VI. Conclusion

六、结语

On the new journey of the New Era, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core views China’s economic development with a comprehensive, dialectical, and long-term perspective, creatively putting forward the new concept of a “modern industrial system” and the new task of “building a modern industrial system.” From the perspective of promoting development, building a modern industrial system is highly consistent with China’s goals of optimizing structure, transforming the development model, switching growth drivers, and achieving comprehensive and balanced development; it is the necessary path to high-quality development. From the overall perspective of modernization construction, the modern industrial system meets the development requirements of the New Era, can provide support for modernization in other fields, and serves as the material and technological foundation of a modern country. From the perspective of international competition, focusing on building a modern industrial system with completeness, advanced nature, and security, accelerating the creation of a number of new growth engines, and enhancing the resilience and security level of industrial and supply chains will help China better win strategic initiative in future development and international competition. General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important discourses on the modern industrial system possess extremely rich ideological connotations and constitute a scientific theoretical system. We must continuously deepen the systematic study and theoretical interpretation of this important thought, and fully leverage its guiding role in theoretical and practical innovation. At the same time, General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important discourses on the modern industrial system are an open and continuously developing scientific system; we must study the leadership methods, thinking methods, and working methods contained within them with an open vision, innovative thinking, and a developmental perspective. Looking to the future, General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important discourses on the modern industrial system will continue to guide China toward becoming a great modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious, and beautiful, and will contribute Chinese wisdom and Chinese solutions to world modernization.

新时代新征程，以习近平同志为核心的党中央用全面、辩证、长远的眼光看待中国经济发展，创造性地提出了“现代化产业体系”这一新概念和“建设现代化产业体系”的新任务。从推动发展的角度来看，建设现代化产业体系与我国优化结构、转变发展方式、转换增长动力和实现全面均衡发展的目标高度一致，是推动高质量发展的必由之路。从现代化建设的全局来看，现代化产业体系符合新时代的发展要求，能够为其他领域的现代化提供支撑，是现代化国家的物质技术基础。从国际竞争的角度来看，着力构建具有完整性、先进性和安全性的现代化产业体系，加快打造一批新的增长引擎，提升产业链供应链韧性和安全水平，有助于我国在未来发展和国际竞争中更好地赢得战略主动。习近平总书记关于现代化产业体系的重要论述具有极其丰富的思想内涵，是一个科学的理论体系，我们要不断深化对这一重要思想的体系化研究和学理化阐释，充分发挥其对理论创新和实践创新的指导作用。同时，习近平总书记关于现代化产业体系的重要论述是一个开放的、不断发展的科学体系，要以开放视野、创新思维、发展眼光研究蕴含其中的领导方法、思想方法、工作方法。面向未来，习近平总书记关于现代化产业体系的重要论述将继续引领中国走向富强民主文明和谐美丽的社会主义现代化强国，并为世界现代化贡献中国智慧、中国方案。

(Author affiliations: Liaoning University)

(作者单位：辽宁大学)

Online editor: Paul

网络编辑：保罗