Principle-Level Contributions That Enrich and Develop Marxist Political Economy

Marxism is a scientific system composed of a series of basic principles. To study and apply Marxism, the most fundamental task is to study and apply its basic principles. General Secretary Xi Jinping has stressed that as practice deepens, the Party’s theoretical innovations will become increasingly rich. It is necessary to continuously deepen theoretical research and interpretation, focusing on studying and interpreting the principle-level theoretical achievements among the new concepts and new theses put forward by our Party.

马克思主义是由一系列基本原理构成的科学体系。学习和运用马克思主义，最根本的是要学习和运用马克思主义基本原理。习近平总书记强调，随着实践进程的深化，党的理论创新成果会越来越丰富。要不断深化理论研究阐释，重点研究阐释我们党提出的新理念新论断中原理性理论成果。

Marxist political economy is an important component of Marxism. Xi Jinping’s economic thought is the theoretical crystallization and the latest achievement of adapting Marxist political economy to the Chinese context and the needs of the times. This thought is guiding and driving the great practice of China’s economic development in the New Era. Our Party continuously sums up experience, deepens understanding, grasps laws, and innovates theory, forming a series of new principle-level achievements in contemporary Chinese Marxist political economy, thereby making important principle-level contributions to enriching and developing Marxist political economy.

马克思主义政治经济学是马克思主义的重要组成部分，习近平经济思想是马克思主义政治经济学中国化时代化的理论结晶和最新成果。这一思想正在指导和推动新时代我国经济发展的伟大实践。我们党不断总结经验、深化认识、把握规律、创新理论，形成了当代中国马克思主义政治经济学一系列新的原理性成果，为丰富发展马克思主义政治经济学作出了重要原理性贡献。

Deeply Grasp the Scientific System of the Basic Principles of Marxist Political Economy

深刻把握马克思主义政治经济学基本原理的科学体系

The basic principles of Marxist political economy centrally embody the standpoints, viewpoints, and methods of Marxist political economy, manifest the essential characteristic of the unity of scientificity and revolutionary character, and express the law-based understanding of economic development. They possess universal and fundamental guiding significance for people’s economic practice activities.

马克思主义政治经济学的基本原理，集中体现了马克思主义政治经济学的立场观点方法，体现了科学性和革命性相统一的本质特征，体现了关于经济发展的规律性认识，对于人们的经济实践活动具有普遍的根本的指导意义。

Marx and Engels, based on the world outlook and methodology of dialectical materialism and historical materialism, and through in-depth research on human economic activities, founded Marxist political economy. They revealed the laws of motion of human society, especially capitalist society, and the historical inevitability of socialism replacing capitalism, and elucidated the basic principles of Marxist political economy. According to their theoretical content and scope of application, these can be divided into the following levels. First, principles concerning the general laws of socio-economic development, including the relations of production being determined by the productive forces and the superstructure being determined by the economic base. Second, principles concerning the laws common to several socio-economic formations, mainly the principles concerning the laws of the commodity economy and the labor theory of value. Third, principles concerning the specific laws of a particular socio-economic formation, mainly the principles concerning the laws of the capitalist economy and the theory of surplus value. Fourth, principles concerning the basic economic features of future socialism and communism.

马克思、恩格斯根据辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义的世界观和方法论，通过对人类经济活动的深入研究，创立了马克思主义政治经济学，揭示了人类社会特别是资本主义社会经济运动规律和社会主义取代资本主义的历史必然性，阐明了马克思主义政治经济学基本原理。按其理论内涵和适用范围，可划分为以下几个层次。一是关于社会经济发展一般规律的原理，包括生产力决定生产关系、经济基础决定上层建筑等。二是关于几种社会经济形态共有规律的原理，主要是关于商品经济规律和劳动价值论的原理。三是关于某种社会经济形态特殊规律的原理，主要是关于资本主义经济规律和剩余价值理论的原理。四是关于未来社会主义和共产主义经济基本特征的原理。

These basic principles founded by Marx and Engels are the origin and foundation of Marxist political economy. Among them, the principles concerning the general laws of socio-economic development apply to all socio-economic formations; they are the basic principles we must uphold when analyzing economic phenomena and grasping economic laws, and they centrally embody the world outlook and methodology of Marxist political economy. The principles concerning the laws of the commodity economy also have applicability to the socialist market economy. The principles concerning the laws of the capitalist economy reveal the historical trend of the emergence, development, and extinction of the capitalist mode of production, while also containing analyses of the general laws of socialized large-scale production and the market economy; they are the core content of Marxist political economy. The principles concerning the basic economic features of future socialism and communism are the scientific guide for socialist revolution and construction. After the establishment of the socialist system, their status becomes more important and their role more prominent; they are an important component of the theoretical system of Marxist political economy. The above levels of principles are an organic whole that is interconnected and internally coherent; they must be understood systematically and completely, and applied creatively and developed richly in conjunction with actual conditions.

马克思、恩格斯创立的这些基本原理，是马克思主义政治经济学的本源和基础。其中，关于社会经济发展一般规律的原理，适用于一切社会经济形态，是我们分析经济现象、把握经济规律必须坚持的基本原则，集中体现了马克思主义政治经济学的世界观方法论。关于商品经济规律的原理，对社会主义市场经济也具有适用性。关于资本主义经济规律的原理，揭示了资本主义生产方式产生、发展和灭亡的历史趋势，同时包含了对社会化大生产和市场经济一般规律的分析，是马克思主义政治经济学的核心内容。关于未来社会主义和共产主义经济基本特征的原理，是社会主义革命和建设的科学指南。在社会主义制度建立以后，其地位更加重要、作用更加突出，是马克思主义政治经济学理论体系的重要组成部分。上述几个层次的原理是相互联系、内在贯通的有机整体，必须系统完整理解，并结合实际创造运用、丰富发展。

Marxism is an open theory that continuously develops. The basic principles of Marxism are both the core content of Marxism, which must be upheld unwaveringly, and scientific theories summarized and generalized from objective reality, which must continuously develop in line with the development of the times, practice, and understanding; they are by no means immutable dogmas. The history of the development of Marxist political economy is precisely the history of the basic principles of Marxist political economy advancing with the times.

马克思主义是不断发展的开放的理论。马克思主义基本原理既是马克思主义的核心内容，必须坚持马克思主义基本原理不动摇；又是从客观现实中总结概括出来的科学理论，必须适应时代、实践和认识的发展而不断发展，绝不是一成不变的教条。一部马克思主义政治经济学的发展历史，就是马克思主义政治经济学基本原理与时俱进的历史。

The basic principles of Marxist political economy founded by Marx and Engels themselves all underwent a process from germination to formation, from immaturity to gradual maturity and perfection; they were not achieved overnight. After Marx and Engels, generation after generation of Marxists, integrating with changing realities, continuously deepened their understanding of the laws of economic development in human society, especially capitalist and socialist societies, and continuously enriched and developed the basic principles of Marxist political economy, causing them to deepen and expand in breadth and depth, connotation and extension, and to display vigorous vitality and exuberant dynamism in the process of understanding economic phenomena and guiding economic practice in keeping with the times.

马克思、恩格斯创立的马克思主义政治经济学基本原理，本身都经历了一个从萌芽到形成、从不成熟到逐步成熟完善发展的过程，不是一蹴而就的。马克思、恩格斯之后，一代又一代的马克思主义者结合变化着的实际，不断深化对人类社会特别是资本主义社会和社会主义社会经济发展规律的认识，不断丰富发展马克思主义政治经济学基本原理，使其在广度和深度、内涵和外延上不断深化拓展，在与时俱进地认识经济现象、指导经济实践中展现出蓬勃生机和旺盛活力。

After the founding of New China, we established the socialist system and began an independent exploration of the path of socialist economic construction suited to national conditions. Comrade Mao Zedong repeatedly called on Party cadres throughout the Party to study and research political economy, and engaged in in-depth reflection on a series of basic theoretical issues such as how to establish and perfect the socialist public ownership and distribution according to work systems, and how to view commodity production and the law of value under socialist conditions. He emphasized the need to “take the Soviet Union as a mirror” [1] and follow our own path, and, integrating with China’s actual conditions, put forward a series of principle-level achievements concerning the development of China’s socialist economy. This reflects our Party’s creative exploration of the basic principles and main laws of socialist economic construction suited to China’s national conditions, and systematically answered the epochal question of how to build a socialist economy in a large country like China, which accounted for nearly one-quarter of the world’s population and was extremely backward economically and culturally.

新中国成立后，我们建立了社会主义制度，开始独立探索符合国情的社会主义经济建设道路。毛泽东同志多次号召全党干部学习研究政治经济学，对如何建立完善社会主义公有制和按劳分配制度、如何看待社会主义条件下的商品生产和价值规律等一系列基本理论问题进行了深入思考，强调要“以苏为鉴”，走自己的路，并结合中国实际提出了关于发展中国社会主义经济的一系列原理性成果。这体现了我们党对符合中国国情的社会主义经济建设的基本原则和主要规律的创造性探索，系统回答了在中国这样一个占世界人口近四分之一、经济文化十分落后的大国如何建设社会主义经济的时代课题。

After reform and opening up, Comrade Deng Xiaoping explicitly put forward the major theoretical proposition of “a political economy that integrates the basic principles of Marxism with the practice of Chinese socialism.” Centering on this proposition, our Party continuously advanced the adaptation of Marxist political economy to the Chinese context and the needs of the times, putting forward a series of principle-level achievements concerning the development of an economy with Chinese characteristics, including: the theory of the primary stage of socialism, the theory of the essence of socialism, and the theory of the basic economic system for the primary stage of socialism. These principle-level achievements, grounded in the practice of reform and opening up and socialist modernization, embody our Party’s creative exploration of the basic features and development laws of an economy with Chinese characteristics, systematically answered the epochal question of developing a market economy under socialist conditions and continuously liberating and developing the productive forces, and initially formed a political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

改革开放后，邓小平同志明确提出“马克思主义基本原理和中国社会主义实践相结合的政治经济学”的重大理论命题。围绕这一命题，我们党不断推进马克思主义政治经济学中国化时代化，提出了关于发展中国特色社会主义经济的一系列原理性成果，包括：社会主义初级阶段理论，社会主义本质理论，社会主义初级阶段基本经济制度理论等。这些原理性成果，立足改革开放和社会主义现代化建设实践，体现了我们党对中国特色社会主义经济的基本特征和发展规律的创造性探索，系统回答了在社会主义条件下发展市场经济、不断解放和发展生产力的时代课题，初步形成了中国特色社会主义政治经济学。

The Creative Development of the Basic Principles of Marxist Political Economy in the New Era

马克思主义政治经济学基本原理在新时代的创造性发展

As socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a New Era, China’s economic development has also entered a New Era. New changes in the domestic and international situation and new requirements of practice have brought unprecedented opportunities and challenges to China’s economic development, and have also posed many new major epochal questions for the development of China’s economic theory, requiring profound principle-level summaries and creative answers.

中国特色社会主义进入新时代，我国经济发展也进入了新时代。国内外形势新变化和实践新要求，给我国经济发展带来了前所未有的机遇和挑战，也给我国经济理论发展提出了许多新的重大时代课题，需要作出深刻的原理性总结、创造性回答。

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC [2], in the face of the major issues raised by the times

党的十八大以来，面对时代提出的重大课题，习近平总书记指出，“学习马克思主义政治经济学，是为了更好指导我国经济发展实践，既要坚持其基本原理和方法论，更要同我国经济发展实际相结合，不断形成新的理论成果”“马克思主义政治经济学要有生命力，就必须与时俱进”。在创造性回答我国经济发展新的时代课题中，习近平经济思想提出了关于新时代马克思主义政治经济学一系列新的原理性成果。

For example, the creative proposal to uphold a people-centered development philosophy profoundly elucidates a series of major issues concerning the fundamental purpose of socialist economic development in the New Era and the institutional mechanisms, policies, and practical pathways for achieving this fundamental purpose.

比如，创造性提出坚持以人民为中心的发展思想，深刻阐明了新时代社会主义经济发展根本目的和实现这一根本目的的体制机制、方针政策和实践路径等一系列重大问题。

The creative proposal to uphold the new development philosophy of innovation, coordination, green development, openness, and sharing profoundly elucidates a series of major issues concerning the purpose, driving forces, modes, and pathways of socialist economic development.

创造性提出坚持创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的新发展理念，深刻阐明了社会主义经济发展的目的、动力、方式、路径等一系列重大问题。

The creative proposal to promote high-quality development profoundly elucidates a series of major issues concerning the historical orientation, stage-specific characteristics, and development theme of the socialist economy with Chinese characteristics in the New Era.

创造性提出推动高质量发展，深刻阐明了新时代中国特色社会主义经济的历史方位、阶段性特征和发展主题等一系列重大问题。

The creative proposal to develop new quality productive forces profoundly elucidates a series of major issues, including the great significance, basic elements, objective laws, historical trends and main pathways of developing new quality productive forces.

创造性提出发展新质生产力，深刻阐明了发展新质生产力的重大意义、基本要素、客观规律、历史趋势和主要路径等一系列重大问题。

The creative establishment of public ownership as the mainstay with diverse forms of ownership developing side by side, distribution according to work as the mainstay with multiple modes of distribution coexisting, and the socialist market economy system as the basic socialist economic system profoundly elucidates the basic features of the socialist economic system with Chinese characteristics and the basic direction for further deepening economic system reform.

创造性将公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展，按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存，社会主义市场经济体制等作为社会主义基本经济制度，深刻阐明了中国特色社会主义经济制度的基本特征和进一步深化经济体制改革的基本方向。

The creative proposal to build a high-standard socialist market economy system profoundly elucidates the institutional attributes, institutional advantages and basic characteristics of the socialist market economy, as well as the dialectical relationship of organic integration between an effective market and a competent government.

创造性提出构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制，深刻阐明了社会主义市场经济的制度属性、体制优势和基本特点以及有效市场和有为政府有机结合的辩证关系。

The creative proposal to properly coordinate the relationship between aggregate supply and aggregate demand profoundly elucidates the laws of change in supply and demand under the conditions of a socialist market economy and the main pathways for achieving unimpeded economic circulation.

创造性提出统筹好总供给和总需求关系，深刻阐明了社会主义市场经济条件下供给和需求的变动规律以及实现经济循环畅通的主要路径。

The creative proposal to promote integrated urban-rural development profoundly elucidates the correct path for realizing agricultural and rural modernization and for promoting a new type of worker-peasant and urban-rural relationship featuring mutual promotion between industry and agriculture, mutual complementarity between urban and rural areas, coordinated development and common prosperity.

创造性提出推动城乡融合发展，深刻阐明了实现农业农村现代化和推动形成工农互促、城乡互补、协调发展、共同繁荣的新型工农城乡关系的正确道路。

The creative proposal to build a community with a shared future for mankind and to promote inclusive and beneficial economic globalization profoundly elucidates the internal logic, main characteristics, confronting contradictions and development direction of economic globalization.

创造性提出构建人类命运共同体和推动普惠包容的经济全球化，深刻阐明了经济全球化的内在逻辑、主要特点、面临的矛盾和发展方向。

The creative proposal to coordinate development and security profoundly elucidates the great significance, basic principles and concrete requirements for realizing a positive interaction between high-quality development and high-level security.

创造性提出统筹发展和安全，深刻阐明了实现高质量发展和高水平安全良性互动的重大意义、基本原则和具体要求。

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The above-mentioned principle-level achievements in Xi Jinping’s economic thought adhere to the unity of inheritance and development, and the unity of upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground. They embody the theoretical explorations with distinct subjectivity and originality made by the Chinese Communists in the New Era to enrich and develop the basic principles of Marxist political economy. This is manifested in the following aspects.

习近平经济思想中的上述原理性成果，坚持继承和发展相统一、守正和创新相统一，体现了新时代中国共产党人为丰富发展马克思主义政治经济学基本原理作出的具有鲜明主体性、原创性的理论探索。具体表现为以下几个方面。

First, enriching the connotation of existing theories and making expansive developments to the basic theories of Marxist political economy. For example, Marxism holds that economics is the foundation of politics, politics is the concentrated expression of economics, and economics and politics are inseparable. Comrade Mao Zedong emphasized that political work is the lifeblood of all economic work. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping, proceeding from the overall situation of the Party and

第一，丰富原有理论的内涵，对马克思主义政治经济学基本理论作拓展性发展。比如，马克思主义认为，经济是政治的基础，政治是经济的集中表现，经济和政治密不可分。毛泽东同志强调，政治工作是一切经济工作的生命线。党的十八大以来，习近平总书记从新时代党和国家事业发展的全局出发，继承和发展了马克思主义关于经济与政治辩证关系的思想，创造性地提出加强党对经济工作的全面领导，深刻阐述了其重大意义、目标任务、体制机制和实践要求等一系列重大问题，深刻阐明了社会主义条件下经济和政治高度统一的关系以及社会主义政治对社会主义经济巨大的能动作用，丰富发展了马克思主义政治经济学关于经济与政治辩证统一的原理。

Second, proposing new results of principle, making innovative developments to the basic theories of Marxist political economy. For example, Marxism holds that modernization is an inevitable trend in the development of human society. Marx pointed out that "the country that is more developed industrially only shows, to the less developed, the image of its own future." However, capitalist modernization has deep-seated ills, bringing profound disasters to the people of its own country and the peoples of the world. How to achieve economic modernization under socialist conditions is an entirely new课题. The Communist Party of China has led the people in building a modern socialist country and successfully embarked on the path of Chinese-path modernization. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping has put forward a series of important views on how to build a great modern socialist country and achieve economic modernization, emphasizing that "building a modernized economic system is an urgent requirement for getting over the critical pass and a strategic goal of China's development," "accelerating the construction of a modern industrial system supported by the real economy," and "realizing new industrialization is the key task." These views profoundly expound the basic characteristics, main content, and development path of China's economic modernization, deepen the understanding of the laws of socialist economic modernization, enrich the path choices for developing countries to achieve economic modernization, and develop the principles of Marxist political economy concerning economic modernization.

第二，提出新的原理性成果，对马克思主义政治经济学基本理论作创新性发展。比如，马克思主义认为，现代化是人类社会发展的必然趋势。马克思指出，“工业较发达的国家向工业较不发达的国家所显示的，只是后者未来的景象”。但是，资本主义现代化存在着深刻的弊病，给本国人民和世界人民带来了深重灾难。社会主义条件下如何实现经济现代化，是一个全新的课题。中国共产党领导人民建设社会主义现代化国家、成功走出中国式现代化道路。党的十八大以来，习近平总书记围绕如何建设社会主义现代化强国、实现经济现代化发表一系列重要观点，强调“建设现代化经济体系是跨越关口的迫切要求和我国发展的战略目标”“加快建设以实体经济为支撑的现代化产业体系”“实现新型工业化是关键任务”，深刻阐述了中国经济现代化的基本特征、主要内容和发展路径，深化了对社会主义经济现代化规律的认识，丰富了发展中国家实现经济现代化的路径选择，发展了马克思主义政治经济学关于经济现代化的原理。

Third, creatively applying basic principles to reach new conclusions, making breakthrough developments to the basic theories of Marxist political economy. For example, Marx believed that the pursuit of value augmentation and the exploitation and appropriation of surplus value are the essence of capital. Therefore, once society possesses the means of production, commodity production will be eliminated, and market economy and capital relations will also be eliminated. Marx and Engels did not envision that a market economy could be practiced under socialist conditions, and of course, they did not envision how a socialist country would deal with the issue of capital. After reform and opening up, we gradually broke through the traditional concept of opposing the socialist market economy to capital, creatively putting forward the category of public capital. Especially since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping has explicitly stated that "research on capital theory under the new era conditions must be strengthened," requiring that the positive role of capital as a factor of production be brought into play, and that capital be supported and guided to develop in a standardized and healthy manner. Our understanding of the nature of capital has gradually deepened, our understanding of the role of capital has become more comprehensive, our grasp of the laws of capital has become more profound, and our ability to govern the operation of capital has continuously improved. We have explicitly put forward the major strategic policy of promoting the healthy development of capital in accordance with the law, elucidated the special nature and important role of capital under socialist conditions, and enriched and developed the principles of Marxist political economy concerning capital.

第三，对基本原理创造性运用得出新的结论，对马克思主义政治经济学基本理论作突破性发展。比如，马克思认为，追求价值增殖、剥削占有剩余价值是资本的本质，因此，一旦社会占有生产资料，商品生产就将被消除，市场经济和资本关系也将被消除。马克思、恩格斯没有设想社会主义条件下可以搞市场经济，当然也就没有设想社会主义国家如何对待资本的问题。改革开放以后，我们逐步突破了把社会主义与市场经济相对立、与资本相对立的传统观念，创造性地提出公有资本的范畴。特别是党的十八大以来，习近平总书记明确提出“要加强新的时代条件下资本理论研究”，要求发挥资本作为生产要素的积极作用，支持和引导资本规范健康发展。我们对资本性质的理解逐步深化，对资本作用的认识更趋全面，对资本规律的把握更加深入，对资本运行的治理能力不断提高，明确提出依法促进资本健康发展的重大战略方针，阐明了社会主义条件下资本的特殊性质和重要作用，丰富发展了马克思主义政治经济学关于资本的原理。

In summary, Xi Jinping's economic thought contains very rich theoretical results of principle. Based on the practice of socialist economic development with Chinese characteristics in the New Era, it has conducted new explorations and made new generalizations of the basic characteristics and development laws of the socialist economy with Chinese characteristics. It systematically answers the epochal question of how to achieve high-quality development in the New Era so as to provide a solid economic foundation for comprehensively building a great modern socialist country and realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. It has laid a theoretical foundation for developing the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the New Era and made important contributions to enriching and developing the basic principles of Marxist political economy, especially socialist political economy.

总之，习近平经济思想包含着十分丰富的原理性理论成果，立足新时代中国特色社会主义经济发展实践，对中国特色社会主义经济的基本特征和发展规律进行了新的探索、作出了新的概括，系统回答了新时代如何实现高质量发展从而为全面建成社会主义现代化强国、实现中华民族伟大复兴提供坚实经济基础的时代课题，为发展新时代中国特色社会主义政治经济学奠定了理论基础，为丰富发展马克思主义政治经济学特别是社会主义政治经济学基本原理作出重要贡献。

Opening Up New Horizons for Contemporary Chinese Marxist Political Economy

开拓当代中国马克思主义政治经济学新境界

General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that since the founding of New China, especially since reform and opening up, China has undergone profound changes. The Chinese people, who are in the midst of this historic transformation, are more qualified and capable of revealing the historical experience and development laws contained therein, and of making original Chinese contributions to the development of Marxism. This profoundly reflects the high theoretical consciousness and strong sense of mission of contemporary Chinese Communists in upholding and developing Marxist political economy. In the great era of the intertwining and turbulent changes of the changes unseen in a century and the strategic overall situation of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, the development of contemporary Chinese Marxist political economy faces unprecedented opportunities and challenges, and bears a major responsibility of the times, namely: to refine and summarize the regular results of China's economic development practice, to elevate practical experience into a systematized economic theory, to continuously open up new horizons for contemporary Chinese Marxist political economy, and to contribute Chinese wisdom to enriching and developing the basic principles of Marxist political economy.

习近平总书记指出，新中国成立以来特别是改革开放以来，中国发生了深刻变革，置身这一历史巨变之中的中国人更有资格、更有能力揭示这其中所蕴含的历史经验和发展规律，为发展马克思主义作出中国的原创性贡献。这深刻体现了当代中国共产党人坚持和发展马克思主义政治经济学的高度理论自觉和强烈使命担当。在世界百年未有之大变局和中华民族伟大复兴战略全局相互激荡、风云变幻的大时代，当代中国马克思主义政治经济学的发展面临着前所未有的机遇和挑战，肩负着重大的时代责任，这就是：提炼和总结我国经济发展实践的规律性成果，把实践经验上升为系统化的经济学说，不断开拓当代中国马克思主义政治经济学新境界，为丰富发展马克思主义政治经济学基本原理贡献中国智慧。

Since the founding of New China, especially since reform and opening up, we have adhered to taking economic construction as the central task, continuously liberated and developed productive forces, and completed the industrialization process that took developed countries several hundred years in just a few decades, creating a miracle of rapid economic development. We have the responsibility and the conditions to systematically summarize the successful experience of China's economic development, reveal the historical experience and development laws contained therein, and enrich and develop the principles of Marxist political economy concerning the laws of economic development.

新中国成立以来特别是改革开放以来，我们坚持以经济建设为中心，不断解放和发展生产力，仅用几十年时间就走完发达国家几百年走过的工业化历程，创造了经济快速发展的奇迹。我们有责任、有条件系统总结中国经济发展的成功经验，揭示其中蕴含的历史经验和发展规律，丰富发展马克思主义政治经济学关于经济发展规律的原理。

Developing a market economy under socialist conditions is a great innovation. We have persisted in organically integrating the socialist system with the market economy, effectively preventing the ills of a capitalist market economy, and have opened a broader path for socialist economic construction. We have the responsibility and the conditions to systematically summarize the successful experience of the development of the socialist market economy, to reveal the laws inherent in it, and to enrich and develop the principles of Marxist political economy concerning the laws of the commodity economy and the market economy.

在社会主义条件下发展市场经济，是一个伟大创举。我们坚持把社会主义制度和市场经济有机结合起来，有效防范资本主义市场经济的弊端，为社会主义经济建设开辟了更加广阔的道路。我们有责任、有条件系统总结社会主义市场经济发展的成功经验，揭示其中蕴含的规律，丰富发展马克思主义政治经济学关于商品经济和市场经济规律的原理。

Entering the New Era, socialism with Chinese characteristics is becoming the banner of the development of scientific socialism in the 21st century and the mainstay of the revitalization of world socialism. The socialist economic system with Chinese characteristics is increasingly mature and well-defined, and its advantages are constantly being demonstrated. We have the responsibility and the conditions to systematically summarize the successful experience of the self-development and self-improvement of China’s socialist economic system, to reveal the laws inherent in it, and to enrich and develop the principles of Marxist political economy concerning the socialist economic system.

进入新时代，中国特色社会主义正成为21世纪科学社会主义发展的旗帜，成为振兴世界社会主义的中流砥柱，中国特色社会主义经济制度日益成熟定型、优势得到不断彰显。我们有责任、有条件系统总结中国社会主义经济制度自我发展和完善的成功经验，揭示其中蕴含的规律，丰富发展马克思主义政治经济学关于社会主义经济制度的原理。

Our country is increasingly moving to the center of the world stage, adhering to a higher level of opening up, promoting the building of an open world economy, guiding the healthy development of economic globalization, promoting the building of a community with a shared future for mankind, and becoming a stable source of power for world economic growth. We have the responsibility and the conditions to systematically summarize the successful experience of China’s opening up, to reveal the general laws inherent in it, and to enrich and develop the principles of Marxist political economy concerning economic globalization and the world economy.

我国日益走近世界舞台中央，坚持更高水平的对外开放，推动建设开放型世界经济，引导经济全球化健康发展，推动构建人类命运共同体，成为世界经济增长的稳定动力源。我们有责任、有条件系统总结中国对外开放的成功经验，揭示其中蕴含的一般规律，丰富发展马克思主义政治经济学关于经济全球化和世界经济的原理。

We must deeply recognize that the basic principles of Marxism, especially the basic principles of socialist political economy, cannot remain merely in the writings of the classical Marxist writers such as Marx, Engels, and Lenin, but must be embodied in the extremely rich practical activities and theoretical innovations of the Party and the people in vigorously developing the socialist economy. General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out, “The cause we are engaged in—we are pioneers and explorers. No one has provided us with experience that can be adopted through a ‘take-it-or-leave-it’ attitude. We must continuously explore and break through in theory to guide practice, and use the laws discovered in practice to elevate our theory.” The adaptation of Marxist political economy to the Chinese context and the needs of the times is both a process of concretely applying the basic principles of Marxist political economy in China—that is, a process of transformation from the general to the particular—and a process of enriching and developing the basic principles of Marxist political economy through China’s practice—that is, a process of theoretical elevation from the particular to the general. These two aspects are organically unified and inseparable.

我们要深刻认识到，马克思主义基本原理特别是关于社会主义政治经济学的基本原理，不能仅仅停留于马克思、恩格斯、列宁等马克思主义经典作家的著作中，而必须体现到党和人民奋力发展社会主义经济的无比丰富的生动实践和理论创新中。习近平总书记指出，“我们搞的事业，我们是先行者、探索者，没有人给我们提供可以采用拿来主义态度的经验，必须通过理论上不断探索、不断突破来指导实践，并用实践中摸索到的规律来升华我们的理论”。马克思主义政治经济学中国化时代化，既是马克思主义政治经济学基本原理在中国的具体运用过程，即从一般到特殊的转化过程；也是马克思主义政治经济学基本原理通过中国的实践得到丰富发展的过程，即从特殊到一般的理论升华过程。这两个方面有机统一、不可分割。

On the one hand, from a global perspective, the development of the socialist economic form is not yet fully developed in breadth and depth, nor has it become the dominant universal form. Some of the universal laws it contains are relatively clear, but more remain to be explored in practice. As Engels emphasized, the so-called “socialist society” is not something immutable, but, like any other social system, should be regarded as a society that is constantly changing and reforming. On the other hand, universality resides in particularity. General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out: “The more national it is, the more global it is. Solving national problems well gives us a stronger ability to solve world problems; summarizing China’s practice well gives us a stronger ability to provide ideas and methods for solving world problems. This is the law of development from particularity to universality.” *Capital* studies the capitalist mode of production and its laws of motion. The typical location of this mode of production was England; therefore, Marx mainly used England as an example in his theoretical exposition to summarize the basic principles of capitalist political economy. Today, when we study socialist political economy, reveal the general laws of the socialist economy, and summarize and generalize the basic principles of socialist political economy, we must of course take the most typical and richest actual form of socialist economic development as the main object. This main object is the economic form of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

一方面，从世界范围看，社会主义经济形态的发展在广度和深度上尚不充分，还没有成为占主导地位的普遍形态。其所包含的普遍规律有些比较清楚，更多还有待在实践中继续探索。正如恩格斯强调的，所谓“社会主义社会”不是一种一成不变的东西，而应当和任何其他社会制度一样，把它看成是经常变化和改革的社会。另一方面，普遍性寓于特殊性之中。习近平总书记指出：“越是民族的越是世界的。解决好民族性问题，就有更强能力去解决世界性问题；把中国实践总结好，就有更强能力为解决世界性问题提供思路和办法。这是由特殊性到普遍性的发展规律。”《资本论》研究资本主义生产方式及其运动规律，这种生产方式的典型地点是英国，因此，马克思在理论阐述上主要用英国作例证概括资本主义政治经济学的基本原理。今天我们研究社会主义政治经济学，揭示社会主义经济的一般规律，总结概括社会主义政治经济学的基本原理，当然要以社会主义经济发展最典型、最丰富的现实形态为主要对象，这个主要对象，就是中国特色社会主义经济形态。

At present, changes of a magnitude not seen in a century are unfolding in the world, in our times, and in history in ways previously unseen. The breadth and depth of these changes far exceed what the classical Marxist writers could have imagined at the time. Many new, complex, major theoretical and practical issues emerging in the economic sphere cannot find ready-made answers in the classical principles of Marxist political economy. We need to boldly explore in practice and continuously break through in theory, to provide new answers that conform to China’s actual conditions and the requirements of the times, to arrive at new understandings that conform to objective laws, and to guide economic development practice with the continuously developing basic principles of Marxist political economy adapted to the Chinese context and the needs of the times. We must base ourselves on the “rich mine” of the rich practice of reform and opening up and socialist modernization in the New Era, uphold fundamental principles and break new ground, maintain confidence in our own path and independence, use Chinese reasoning to summarize Chinese experience well, elevate Chinese experience into Chinese theory, and create more new principle-level theoretical achievements of Marxist political economy that possess both distinct subjectivity and broad universality, that are both rooted in Chinese practice and lead the development of the times, thereby contributing Chinese wisdom to enriching and developing the basic principles of Marxist political economy.

当前，世界之变、时代之变、历史之变正以前所未有的方式展开，这种变化的广度和深度远远超出了马克思主义经典作家当时的想象，经济领域中出现的许多新的复杂的重大理论和实践问题，从马克思主义政治经济学经典原理中不可能找到现成答案，需要我们在实践中大胆探索、在理论上不断突破，作出符合中国实际和时代要求的新的回答，得出符合客观规律的新的认识，用不断发展的中国化时代化的马克思主义政治经济学基本原理指导经济发展实践。我们要立足新时代改革开放和社会主义现代化建设丰富实践的“富矿”，坚持守正创新、自信自立，用中国道理总结好中国经验，把中国经验提升为中国理论，创造更多既有鲜明主体性、又有宽广普遍性，既立足中国实践、又引领时代发展的马克思主义政治经济学新的原理性理论成果，为丰富发展马克思主义政治经济学基本原理贡献中国智慧。

(The author is a researcher at the Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era Research Center and a professor at the School of Economics, Renmin University of China)

（作者系中国人民大学习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想研究院研究员、经济学院教授）

Online editor: Huihui

网络编辑：慧慧