The Qualitative Leap of Talent and New Quality Productive Forces

The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC, in response to the need to develop new quality productive forces, proposed to “build institutions and mechanisms for supporting comprehensive innovation.” [1]1 The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC was held in July 2024. It focused on further deepening reform and advancing Chinese-path modernization. New quality productive forces take as their basic connotation the leap in the quality of laborers, means of labor, objects of labor, and their optimized combination, among which the factor of the laborer is the most active and most revolutionary factor. The factor of the laborer is not homogeneous; there are both complex laborers and simple laborers. Building institutions and mechanisms for supporting comprehensive innovation requires that all kinds of laborers each play their due innovative role in developing new quality productive forces. Correspondingly, it is necessary to advance education, science and technology, and talent development as an integrated whole, so as to provide innovative talent and a large army of innovative, knowledge-based, and skilled laborers for developing new quality productive forces.

中共二十届三中全会根据发展新质生产力的需要提出要“构建支持全面创新体制机制”。新质生产力以劳动者、劳动资料、劳动对象及其优化组合的跃升为基本内涵，其中劳动者要素是最活跃最革命的要素。劳动者要素不是均质的，既有复杂劳动者，又有简单劳动者，构建支持全面创新体制机制要求各种劳动者各自在发展新质生产力中发挥应有的创新作用。相应地需要教育科技与人才发展一体推进，为发展新质生产力提供创新人才和创新型知识型技能型劳动者大军。

I. The Qualitative State of Talent for New Quality Productive Forces

一、新质生产力的人才质态

The essence of new quality productive forces is innovation. The foundation of innovation is talent, especially complex laborers engaged in knowledge, technology, data, and management. The current level of new quality productive forces imposes new requirements on complex labor itself. Complex laborers should also become complex laborers of a new qualitative state, reflecting the new talent demands of new quality productive forces. According to Marx’s theory, complex labor refers to labor possessing specialized technical skills, and acquiring these specialized skills and knowledge requires undergoing specialized training and education. It should be pointed out that complex labor itself is a historical, social, and dynamic category, closely related to the level of science, technology, and education.

新质生产力的本质是创新。创新的基础是人才，尤其是从事知识、技术、数据和管理的复杂劳动者。当前的新质生产力水平对复杂劳动本身有新的要求。复杂劳动者也应成为新质态的复杂劳动者，反映新质生产力的新的人才需求。根据马克思的理论，复杂劳动是指具有一定技术专长的劳动，而获得这些技术专长和知识，需要经受专门的培养和训练。需要指出，复杂劳动本身是个历史的社会的动态的范畴，与科技教育水平密切相关。

First, complex labor is labor that requires education and training. At different stages of development of productive forces and levels of science and technology, the educational and training requirements for becoming complex labor are different. In the past, graduating from junior high school was sufficient to undertake complex labor, but now, without a university degree, without education and training in digital technology and AI, it is difficult to be competent for complex labor in the era of the digital economy and artificial intelligence. This means that what new quality productive forces require are complex laborers of a new qualitative state.

第一，复杂劳动是需要经过教育和培训的劳动。在不同的生产力发展阶段和科技水平下，成为复杂劳动的教育和培训要求是不一样的。在过去只要初中毕业就可以承担复杂劳动了，而现在没有大学毕业，没有经过数字技术和AI的教育和培训，就很难胜任数字经济和人工智能时代的复杂劳动了。这意味着新质生产力所需要的是新质态的复杂劳动者。

Second, Marx once used the concept of the “collective worker” to describe the change in the qualitative state of laborers under the background of technological progress: “With the development of the cooperative character of the labor process itself, the concept of productive labor and its bearer, the productive worker, necessarily expands. To engage in productive labor, it is no longer necessary to put one’s hand to the work oneself; it suffices to be an organ of the collective worker, to perform one of its subordinate functions.” [2]2 Karl Marx, *Capital*, Volume 1, Chapter 14, Section 4. That is to say, what is called labor refers not only to the labor of direct laborers but also to the labor that provides knowledge, technology, and management. These laborers are not necessarily on the front line of production (direct labor) but are an important part of collective labor. In the current stage of new quality productive forces, laborers engaged in knowledge, technology, and management are increasingly becoming the main body of laborers.

第二，马克思曾使用 “总体工人”的概念来描述技术进步背景下劳动者质态的变化：“随着劳动过程的协作性质本身的发展，生产劳动和它的承担者即生产工人的概念也就必然扩大。为了从事劳动生产，现在不一定要亲自动手，只要成为总体工人的一个器官，完成他所属的某一种职能就够了。”也就是称为劳动的不只是指直接劳动者的劳动，还有提供知识、技术、管理的劳动。这些劳动者不一定在生产一线（直接劳动），是总体劳动的重要部分。而在现阶段新质生产力中，从事知识、技术、管理的劳动者越来越成为劳动者的主体。

Third, Marx already discovered at that time that in large-scale industry, with the progress of science and technology, the role of direct labor was significantly declining. Direct labor can achieve higher labor productivity only when combined with factors such as science, technology, and management, producing more social wealth with less labor time. The current new quality productive forces involve scientific and technological productive forces formed by new technologies, green productive forces formed by green technologies, and digital productive forces formed by the digital economy. Correspondingly, the complex laborers who play a decisive role in new quality productive forces are various types of innovative talent. These include laborers engaged in knowledge, technology, management, and data labor. This type of complex laborer, called talent, becomes the primary factor in developing new quality productive forces. It is noteworthy that in the current process of cultivating and developing new quality productive forces, scientific and technological talent is no longer complex labor in the general sense. With the rapid development of digital and intelligent technologies, especially after the emergence of new artificial intelligence technologies such as the DeepSeek large model, not only is a considerable portion of simple labor being replaced, but complex labor is also being replaced, and even part of human intelligence may be replaced. In this context, the R&D talent required by new quality productive forces is talent capable of researching, developing, and utilizing digital and intelligent technologies.

第三，马克思当时已发现在大工业中，随着科技进步，直接劳动的作用在明显下降。直接劳动只有同科技、管理等要素结合才能有更高的劳动生产率，以更少的劳动时间生产出更多的社会财富。当前的新质生产力涉及新科技形成的科技生产力，绿色科技形成的绿色生产力，数字经济形成的数字生产力。与此相应，对新质生产力起决定性作用的复杂劳动者即各类创新型人才。其中包括从事知识、技术、管理和数据劳动的劳动者。被称为人才的这类复杂劳动者成为发展新质生产力的第一要素。值得关注的是，在当前培育和发展新质生产力过程中，科技人才不再是一般意义上的复杂劳动者，随着数字化和智能化技术的日新月异的发展，尤其是产生Deepseek大模型之类的人工智能新科技后，不仅相当部分的简单劳动被替代，复杂劳动也会被替代，而且人的部分智能也可能被替代。在此背景下新质生产力所需要的研发人才是能够研发和利用数字化和智能化技术的人才。

In 2024, at the National Science and Technology Conference, the National Science and Technology Awards Conference, and the Conference of the Two Academies of Sciences, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized: “The strong scientific and technological country we aim to build” must “possess a strong capacity to cultivate and gather high-level scientific and technological talent, and continuously strengthen the ranks of internationally top-tier scientific and technological talent and the national strategic scientific and technological forces.” [3]3 The Two Academies of Sciences refers to the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Engineering. The key to the talent strategy for forming new quality productive forces is to accelerate the building of a national strategic talent force. Scientific and technological innovation talent at all levels serving national strategic needs constitutes the strategic talent force. At the current stage, it is necessary to focus on the development of strategic emerging industries such as the new generation of information technology, artificial intelligence, biotechnology, and new energy, and to cultivate core technical talent in “bottleneck” areas and talent urgently needed for industrial development. [4]4 “Bottleneck” (卡脖子) refers to key technologies in which China is dependent on foreign countries and faces potential supply disruptions.

2024年，习近平总书记在全国科技大会、国家科学技术奖励大会、两院院士大会上强调：“我们要建成的科技强国”，“拥有强大的高水平科技人才培养和集聚能力，不断壮大国际顶尖科技人才队伍和国家战略科技力量。”形成新质生产力的人才战略关键是加快建设国家战略人才力量。服务于国家战略需要的各层次科技创新人才是战略人才力量。现阶段需要聚焦新一代信息技术、人工智能、生物技术、新能源等战略性新兴产业发展，培育“卡脖子”领域核心技术人才和产业发展急需人才。

Developing new quality productive forces requires deploying the innovation chain around the industrial chain. Correspondingly, it is necessary to promote the docking and deep integration of the innovation chain, industrial chain, and talent chain, and to deploy the talent chain around the innovation chain and industrial chain. Strengthening the “talent chain” can activate the “innovation chain” and the “industrial chain.” The key to the docking of the talent chain and the innovation chain lies in having corresponding innovative talent at every link of the innovation chain. For example, in the basic research stage, research talent engaged in disruptive and frontier scientific research; in the incubation stage of new technologies, R&D talent; in cultivating and building strategic emerging industries and future industries, technology entrepreneurs and skilled laborers with a spirit of craftsmanship. In particular, strategic scientists and technology entrepreneurs are the chain leaders of the talent chain.

发展新质生产力需要围绕产业链部署创新链。与此相应，需要推进创新链、产业链和人才链对接和深度融合，围绕创新链和产业链部署人才链。做强“人才链”就能激活“创新链”和“产业链”。人才链与创新链对接关键在于创新链的每个环节都需要有相应的创新人才，例如在基础研究阶段从事颠覆性、前沿性科学研究的研究人才，孵化新技术阶段的研发人才，培育和打造战略性新兴产业和未来产业的科技企业家以及具有工匠精神的技能型劳动者。尤其是战略科学家和科技企业家是人才链的链主。

Strategic scientific and technological talent is the most active and most decisively determining active subject in the formation of new quality productive forces. Strategic scientists are the chain leaders of the disruptive and frontier scientific and technological innovation chain. At the Central Talent Work Conference in 2021, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “We must vigorously cultivate and employ strategic scientists, adhere to the standard of practice, and discover among those leading major national scientific and technological tasks scientists with profound scientific literacy, who have long fought on the front line of scientific research, with broad vision, forward-looking judgment, cross-disciplinary understanding ability, and strong organizational leadership ability for large-scale operations. We must adopt a long-term perspective, consciously discover and cultivate more high-level composite talents with the potential of strategic scientists, and form an echelon of growing strategic scientists.” [5]5 The Central Talent Work Conference was held in September 2021, outlining the strategy for building a talent-strong country. Strategic scientists are, first, scientists, proficient in cutting-edge technologies in a certain field such as the new generation of information technology, artificial intelligence, biotechnology, and new energy technology in today’s world, and proficient in their professional specialty. Second, they are strategists, mastering the development trends of strategic emerging industries and future industries. They possess strategic thinking that looks to the world and the future, and can discern trends in scientific and technological development, major national needs, and international competition. Finally, they are leaders of organized scientific research, especially possessing the organizational ability to break through key core technologies in “bottleneck” areas.

战略科技人才是新质生产力形成中最活跃、最具决定意义的能动主体。战略科学家则是颠覆性前沿性科技创新链的链主。习近平总书记在2021年中央人才工作会议上指出：“要大力培养使用战略科学家，坚持实践标准，在国家重大科技任务担纲领衔者中发现具有深厚科学素养、长期奋战在科研第一线，视野开阔，前瞻性判断力、跨学科理解能力、大兵团作战组织领导能力强的科学家。要坚持长远眼光，有意识地发现和培养更多具有战略科学家潜质的高层次复合型人才，形成战略科学家成长梯队。”战略科学家首先是科学家，精通当今世界新一代信息技术、人工智能、生物技术、新能源技术等某个领域的前沿技术，精通本专业业务。其次是战略家，掌握战略性新兴产业和未来产业发展趋势。有放眼世界和未来的战略思维，能洞察科技发展、国家重大需求、国际竞争的趋势。最后是有组织科研的领军者，尤其是具有突破“卡脖子”领域的关键核心技术的组织能力。

Technology entrepreneurs are the chain leaders who promote technological and industrial innovation. Enterprises are the main body of innovation. The key to enterprises becoming the main body of innovation is that there must be organizers of innovation within the enterprise. These organizers are entrepreneurs, especially technology entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs are a factor of production, a generalization of management quality and ability. In developing new quality productive forces, technology entrepreneurs must possess the following qualities:

科技企业家是推动技术和产业创新的链主。企业是创新主体，企业成为创新主体的关键是企业中要有创新的组织者。这个组织者就是企业家，尤其是科技企业家。企业家是一种生产要素，是对管理素质和能力的概括。在发展新质生产力中科技企业家必须具有如下素质：

First, they must possess the innovative spirit of entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs are operators; they become entrepreneurs only when they are engaged in innovative activities. As Schumpeter said, “Everyone is an entrepreneur only when he actually ‘carries out new combinations,’ and loses that character as soon as he has built up his business, when he settles down to running it as other people run their businesses.” [6]6 Joseph Schumpeter, *The Theory of Economic Development* (1912). Innovation involves risk; aversion to risk means no innovation. Therefore, the innovative spirit of entrepreneurs is summed up as the spirit of daring to take innovation risks. Entrepreneurs not only are not averse to risk but also dare to take risks, are bold in pioneering, and continuously innovate. This is the basic quality of entrepreneurs. The innovative function of technology entrepreneurs lies in continuously guiding innovation and promptly adjusting the direction of innovation according to the ultimate market goals, until products of higher quality and lower cost enter the market and achieve financial returns.

第一，具有企业家的创新精神。企业家是经营者，经营者只有在从事创新活动时才能成为企业家。就如熊彼特所说，“每一个人只有当他实际上，‘实现新组合’时才是一个企业家，一旦当他建立起他的企业以后，也就是当他安定下来经营这个企业，就像其他的人经营他们的企业一样的时候，他就失去了这种资格。这自然是一条规则”。创新有风险，厌恶风险就没有创新。因此企业家的创新精神就被归结为敢冒创新风险的精神。企业家不但不厌恶风险，而且敢冒风险、勇于开拓、不断创新。这是企业家的基本素质。科技企业家的创新职能就在于不间断地引导创新并根据最终的市场目标及时调整创新方向，直至开发出品质更高成本更低的产品进入市场并取得财务回报。

Second, possessing a scientific and technological vision. New quality productive forces originate from disruptive and cutting-edge technologies. In developing new quality productive forces, tech entrepreneurs possess the qualities of scientists, have a scientific and technological vision, can keenly identify and lead the trends in the development of new quality productive forces, and, at the forefront of the era of new technologies and new industries, become guides for incubating new technologies and industrial innovation. Just as Bill Gates and Steve Jobs once discovered IT and led the new quality productive forces represented by the internet, now Musk and Cook are leading the new quality productive forces represented by space technology and artificial intelligence. In China, Ren Zhengfei has led the new quality productive forces represented by the new generation of the information industry. The development of the DeepSeek artificial intelligence large model is also an innovative achievement of tech entrepreneurs.

第二，具有科技视野。新质生产力以颠覆性前沿性科技为源头。在发展新质生产力中，科技企业家具有科学家的素质，有科技视野，能敏锐地发现并引领新质生产力发展的趋势，在新科技新产业的时代潮头，成为孵化新技术和产业创新的引导者。就像比尔·盖茨、乔布斯等当年发现IT并引领了互联网为代表的新质生产力，现在马斯克、库克正在引领以空间技术、人工智能为代表的新质生产力。中国的任正非引领了以新一代信息产业为代表的新质生产力。Deepseek人工智能大模型的开发也是科技企业家的创新成就。

Third, possessing the ability to coordinate the various parties of industry, academia, and research. Developing new quality productive forces requires the integration of two major innovation systems—enterprise technological innovation and university knowledge innovation—and the organization and coordination of new technology incubation activities involving multiple entities. The coordination of these two innovation subjects relies mainly on the role of tech entrepreneurs. The main content of coordination is to build a collaborative innovation platform for industry, academia, and research, gathering and cultivating various types of innovative talent around innovation goals.

第三，具有协调产学研各方的能力。发展新质生产力需要对企业的技术创新与大学的知识创新两大创新系统进行集成，对多个主体进入的新技术孵化活动进行组织协调，两个创新主体的协调主要靠科技企业家的作用。协调的主要内容是构建产学研协同创新平台，围绕创新目标集聚和培育各类创新人才。

Fourth, possessing market development capabilities. Tech entrepreneurs are the market pioneers of new technologies and new products. The knowledge and technology market is the market with the most incomplete information. New technologies and new products reflecting new quality productive forces are not accepted by the market from the outset. Therefore, tech entrepreneurs need to proactively connect the process of technological innovation and market transformation from a forward-looking perspective. They must be able to grasp the frontiers of technological development and changes in market demand, guide both the incubation of new technologies and orient consumers, cultivate consumers for the achievements of new technologies and new industries, and ensure that the developed new technologies have good market prospects.

第四，具有市场开拓能力。科技企业家是新技术、新产品的市场开拓者。知识和技术市场是信息最不完全的市场，反映新质生产力的新科技、新产品不是一开始就能被市场接受的。因此科技企业家需要从前瞻性视角主动连接科技创新和市场转化过程。能够把握技术发展的前沿以及市场需求的变化，既能对孵化的新技术进行导向，也可以对消费者进行导向，培育新科技新产业成果的消费者，使开发出来的新技术拥有良好的市场前景。

According to the requirement of the 20th National Congress of the CPC to promote the spirit of entrepreneurship and accelerate the building of world-class enterprises, cultivating tech entrepreneurs requires not only corresponding institutional construction but also effective incentives. It is necessary to encourage entrepreneurs to have the vision of scientists, and also to encourage scientists engaged in technological entrepreneurship to possess the innovative spirit and operational capabilities of entrepreneurs.

根据中共二十大关于弘扬企业家精神，加快建设世界一流企业的要求，培育科技企业家，不仅需要相应的制度建设，还需要有效的激励。既要促使企业家具有科学家的视野，又要促使从事科技创业的科学家具有企业家的创新精神和经营能力。

II. Education Racing with Technology

二、教育与技术赛跑

The foundation for developing new quality productive forces lies in education. Developing new quality productive forces embodies the modernization of people. Technology changes with each passing day; education must not only not lag behind but must race with technology and stay ahead of technological progress. The development of new quality productive forces requires not only a qualitative leap in the quality of complex laborers but also a qualitative leap in the quality of simple laborers. Their knowledge level and capability hierarchy must not only meet the needs of scientific and technological innovation development but also form a long-term vision, leading new quality productive forces through the cultivation and renewal of knowledge.

发展新质生产力基础在教育。发展新质生产力体现人的现代化。技术日新月异，教育不但不能落后，还要与技术赛跑，走在技术进步的前面。新质生产力的发展不仅需要复杂劳动者质态的跃升，也需要简单劳动者质态的跃升。他们的知识水平和能力层次不仅仅是要满足科技创新发展的需要，更要形成长远眼光，通过知识的培养与更新来引领新质生产力。

Based on the scientific judgment that "the technical basis of modern industry is revolutionary," Marx proposed: "Modern industry, through machinery, chemical processes and other methods, constantly revolutionizes the technical basis of production, and with it the functions of the workers and the social combinations of the labor process. Thus, it also constantly revolutionizes the division of labor within society, and incessantly throws masses of capital and of workers from one branch of production to another. Therefore, the nature of large-scale industry determines the change of labor, the alteration of functions, and the comprehensive mobility of the worker." Consequently, a life-and-death issue for the worker is "to replace the detail worker of today, who is merely a fragment of a man, with the fully developed individual, fit for a variety of labors, ready to face any change of production, and to whom the different social functions he performs are but so many modes of giving free scope to his own natural and acquired powers."

马克思基于“现代工业的技术基础是革命的”的科学判断提出：“现代工业通过机器、化学过程和其他方法，使工人的职能和劳动过程的社会结合不断地随着生产的技术基础发生变革。这样，它也同样不断地使社会内部的分工发生革命，不断地把大量资本和大批工人从一个生产部门投到另一个生产部门。因此，大工业的本性决定了劳动的变换、职能的更动和工人的全面流动性。”由此，对工人提出的生死攸关的一个问题是，“用那种把不同社会职能当作互相交替的活动方式的全面发展的个人，来代替只是承担一种社会局部职能的局部个人”。

In *Capital in the Twenty-First Century*, Thomas Piketty proposed the theory of "education racing with technology," arguing that education is not only about disseminating new knowledge to adapt workers' employability to technological progress but also about creating new knowledge, staying ahead of technological progress, and leading technological change. In their book *The Race between Education and Technology*, Harvard economists Claudia Goldin and Lawrence Katz, through an examination of the relationship between educational development and income inequality in the 20th-century United States, also discovered a similar race-like relationship between educational progress and technological change. Especially when the pace of educational development exceeds that of technology, it brings significant human capital dividends, which can even bridge income gaps.

皮凯蒂在《21世纪资本论》中提出了“教育与技术赛跑”理论，提出教育不仅仅是传播新知识，使劳动者的就业能力适应技术进步，还要创造新知识，走在技术进步的前面，引领技术进步。哈佛大学经济学家克劳迪娅·戈尔丁和劳伦斯·卡茨在《教育和技术的赛跑》一书中通过对美国20世纪教育发展与收入不平等之间关系进行考察时也发现了教育进步与技术变革之间存在类似赛跑的关系。尤其是当教育的发展速度超过技术时，就会带来明显的人力资本红利，甚至可以弥合收入差距。

In the current process of modernization, the rapidly advancing digitalization and intelligence will inevitably lead to the comprehensive mobility of social division of labor, skill requirements, and corresponding employment. New technologies such as artificial intelligence will not only largely replace simple labor positions but will also substantially replace complex labor positions, entering fields beyond human reach. This raises the requirement of "education racing with technology" and the priority of education in the integrated advancement of education, science and technology, and talent:

在当下的现代化进程中，正在迅速推进的数字化和智能化，不可避免地会导致社会分工、技能要求及相应的就业的全面流动性。人工智能等新科技不仅在很大程度上替代简单劳动的岗位，而且将会在很大程度上替代复杂劳动岗位，进入人不能及的领域。由此提出“教育与技术赛跑”、教育科技人才一体推进中教育先行的要求：

On the one hand, education departments, especially higher education, must not only disseminate knowledge but also create knowledge, prompting continuous knowledge renewal among scientific and technological innovation personnel. To meet the needs of new quality productive forces, the content of specialties and disciplines in higher and vocational education needs forward-looking deployment. For example, top universities in developed countries like the United States now offer artificial intelligence courses, enabling students to master the most cutting-edge scientific and technological knowledge in a timely manner and become leaders in new technologies.

一方面，教育部门尤其是高等教育不只是传播知识，更需要创造知识，促使科技创新人员的知识不断更新。适应新质生产力需要，高等和职业教育的专业、学科内容需要超前布局，比如现在美国等发达国家的一流大学均开设人工智能课程，让学生及时掌握最前沿的科技知识，成为新科技的引领者。

On the other hand, through lifelong education, overcoming new technological divides such as the digital divide, prompting workers to continuously enhance their employability in adapting to the development of new quality productive forces, and cultivating a contingent of comprehensively developed workers suited to new quality productive forces.

另一方面，通过终身教育克服数字鸿沟之类的新科技鸿沟，促使劳动者适应新质生产力发展不断提升就业能力，培育适应新质生产力的全面发展的劳动者大军。

This section specifically studies the qualitative state of simple laborers within new quality productive forces. In any era, under any technological conditions, simple laborers exist and are needed. Since the Industrial Revolution, every technological advance has brought profound changes to the job market, with new technologies displacing simple laborers, such as machines displacing workers. However, in the process of technological progress, humanity has not experienced sustained, widespread unemployment. The main reasons are twofold: first, new technologies provide new job positions for simple laborers; second, simple laborers themselves also upgrade with technological progress. Both aspects are inseparable from the progress of education and training, meaning the simplicity of simple labor is also dynamic and historical. Marx said: "Simple average labor, it is true, varies in its character in different countries and at different cultural epochs." Simple labor will undergo a qualitative improvement with the emergence of new quality productive forces. For example, in the past, simple labor referred to positions that could be handled by someone with only a primary school education; later, it required a middle school graduate; now, simple labor demands a higher level of education. Conversely, what was once complex labor may degrade into today's simple labor. Developing new quality productive forces does not mean only emphasizing the contribution of complex labor, nor should it be unilaterally assumed that complex labor should replace simple labor, or that simple laborers should be eliminated. It also requires attention to the improvement of simple labor and its skill levels. China is a populous country with significant employment pressure. Giving priority to employment is not an expedient measure but a long-term development strategy. The improvement of the skill level of simple labor is an important aspect of the modernization of people.

这里特别研究新质生产力中的简单劳动者质态。任何时代，任何技术条件下都会存在而且都需要简单劳动者。自工业革命以来，任何技术进步都会带来就业市场的深刻变革，新技术排挤简单劳动者，如机器排挤工人。但是技术进步过程中人类并未出现持续、普遍的失业问题。其原因主要有两个方面，一是，新技术会为简单劳动者提供新的就业岗位；二是简单劳动者自身也会随着技术进步而升级。这两个方面都离不开教育和培训的进步，这意味着简单劳动的简单性也是动态的、历史的。马克思说：“简单平均劳动本身在不同的国家和不同的文化时代具有不同性质。”简单劳动会随着新质生产力的产生而出现质的提升。例如过去的简单劳动指的是只要接受过小学教育就能胜任的岗位，后来必须是中学毕业生才能胜任的岗位，现在简单劳动所要求的学历会更高。反过来说，过去的复杂劳动可能降为现在的简单劳动。发展新质生产力不是只强调复杂劳动的贡献，不能单向地认为要用复杂劳动替代简单劳动，或者说淘汰简单劳动者，也需要关注简单劳动及其技能水平的提升。中国是人口众多的国家，劳动力就业压力很大，就业优先不是权宜之计，而是长期发展战略。简单劳动的技能水平提升是人的现代化的重要方面。

Specific to the current scenario of new quality productive forces, the substitution of humans by new technologies is very evident. The rapid application of automation, artificial intelligence, and humanoid robot technologies has replaced a large number of traditional positions, resulting in many unmanned workshops, unmanned stores, and unmanned driving. Not only simple labor jobs with high repetitiveness and low skills are being replaced, but some complex labor positions are also being replaced, such as supermarket cashiers. At the same time, many workers who have lost their jobs have turned to courier services. But in the near future, courier services may also be replaced by drones and robots. This echoes Marx's idea of the comprehensive development of people at that time. The corresponding countermeasure is to replace the detail worker who merely bears a partial social function with the comprehensively developed individual who treats different social functions as alternating modes of activity. The specific path is: "to secure for the children of the working class a polytechnic education that will make them familiar with the scientific basis of all the processes of production and with the practical use of the elementary tools of all trades." This is what is referred to today as vocational education and lifelong education for workers.

具体到当前的新质生产力场景，新技术对于人的替代是非常明显的。自动化、人工智能、人形机器人技术的快速应用取代了大量的传统岗位，出现了很多的无人车间、无人商店、无人驾驶等。不仅重复性高、低技能的简单劳动就业岗位被替代，某些复杂劳动岗位也被替代，如超市的收银员等。与此同时，许多失去岗位的劳动者转向快递。但是不久的将来，快递也可能被无人机、机器人所替代。这就应了马克思当时所讲的人的全面发展思想。相应的对策是用那种把不同社会职能当作互相交替的活动方式的全面发展的个人，来代替只是承担一种社会局部职能的局部个人。具体路径是：“使理论的和实践的工艺教育在工人学校中占据应有的位置。”这就是今天所讲的对劳动者的职业教育和终身教育。

In developing new quality productive forces, promoting the qualitative leap of simple labourers means shifting from “human-machine substitution” to “human-machine symbiosis.” We note that the widespread application of digital technology has also created a large number of emerging simple labour positions. In the past, simple labour meant serving machines; now it means serving the internet and digital-intelligent equipment—for example, writing code and analysing data according to certain algorithms, adapting to and operating intelligent machinery empowered by network and computing power, adapting to and piloting drones, and closely cooperating with human-computer interactive robots. These all require that labourers in the context of new quality productive forces possess a certain capacity to adapt to the new scientific and technological knowledge, skills, and digital literacy of the digital-intelligent era. Therefore, to meet the demands of new positions, simple labourers need to continuously upgrade their skills to adapt to digital transformation and the needs of digital technology. This involves not only learning technology-related knowledge such as programming and data processing but also enhancing soft skills required for working in a digital environment, such as collaboration and innovation capabilities.

在发展新质生产力中促进简单劳动者的质态跃升，也就是从“人机替代”转变为“人机共生”。我们关注到，数字技术的广泛应用也创造了大量新兴的简单劳动岗位，过去的简单劳动是服侍机器，现在的简单劳动则是服侍互联网和数智设备，例如依据一定的算法编写代码、数据分析，适应并运用网力算力赋能的智化机器设备，适应并驾驭无人机，与人机交互型机器人的密切合作等等。这些都是在新质生产力背景下的劳动者必须具备一定的适应数智时代新科技知识和技能、数字素养。因此，为了应对新的岗位需求，简单劳动者需要不断提升技能，以适应数字化转型和数字技术的需求，既要学习编程、数据处理等与技术相关的知识，也要提升在数字化环境中工作所需的软技能，如协作和创新能力。

Clearly, the modern industrial foundation entering the digital-intelligent era is even more revolutionary. People in modern society should be in a continuous process of education, lifelong learning, and constantly updating their knowledge and skill structures. Under the conditions of the digital economy, the widespread application of digital technology continuously repels simple labour while simultaneously driving its upgrading. The path for upgrading simple labour lies mainly in two aspects: First, the mobility of labourers between positions serves as an accelerator for their upgrading. With technological progress and industrial upgrading, it will become the norm for labourers no longer to work in a single position for life. Mobility forces labourers to engage in lifelong learning. To this end, it is necessary to improve the labour market and provide smooth channels for labour mobility. Second, strengthen skills training for simple labourers to raise their skill levels. Education that forms new quality productive forces cannot be limited to school education; it also requires promoting lifelong education such as on-the-job training for labourers, so that simple labourers become a labour force adapted to new quality productive forces. Unlike school education, on-the-job education primarily provides education in specialised knowledge and skills, including various types of technical training and management training. Its significance includes two aspects: first, continuously increasing the scale returns of education, achieving specialised knowledge, skills, and human capital accumulation; second, reducing unemployment among low-skilled workers, as labourers in different positions must all adapt to the needs of new technological development. Especially in the process of developing new quality productive forces, lifelong education should be used to upgrade the skills of low-skilled groups and reduce structural unemployment among low-skilled labour.

显然，进入数智时代的现代产业基础更是革命性的，现代社会的人应处在一个连续不断的教育过程中，终身学习，不断更新自己的知识结构和技能结构。数字经济条件下数字技术的广泛应用不断地排斥着简单劳动，同时又在推动简单劳动升级。简单劳动升级路径主要在两个方面：第一，劳动者的岗位流动是其升级的加速器。随着技术进步和产业升级，劳动者不再终身就业于一个岗位将是常态。流动迫使劳动者终身学习。为此，需要完善劳动力市场，为劳动力流动提供顺畅的通道。第二，加强对简单劳动者的技能培训，提升从业者的技能水平。形成新质生产力的教育不能仅限于学校教育，还需要推进劳动者在职培训之类的终身教育，使简单劳动者成为适应新质生产力的劳动者大军。与学校教育不同，在职教育主要是提供专业的知识和技能的教育，包括各类技术的培训和管理的培训。其意义包括两个方面：其一是持续提升教育的规模收益，实现专业化的知识技能和人力资本积累；其二是减少低技能工人的失业，从事不同岗位工作的劳动者都要适应新技术发展的需要。尤其是在发展新质生产力过程中，通过终身教育提升低技能群体的技能，减少低技能劳动力的结构性失业。

Next comes the issue of sharing the costs of education in a race with technology. Generally speaking, driven by new quality productive forces, it is necessary for labourers to bear education costs to enhance their own employability, but this cannot stop there. Enterprises in sectors of new quality productive forces must also bear corresponding education costs, invest in human capital, and solve the problem of labourers competent for new technologies through on-the-job training. Since education and training for labourers have spillover effects, promoting an overall qualitative improvement of the entire society’s labour force, the government must also share the education costs of improving labourers’ qualitative state, raise the educational level of the entire nation, and create a labour force of knowledge-based, innovative, and skilled workers.

接下来就有个与技术赛跑的教育费用的分担问题。一般说来，在新质生产力的驱使下劳动者为增强自身的就业能力承担教育费用是必要的，但不能停留在此。新质生产力部门的企业也必须承担相应的教育费用，进行人力资本投资，通过在职培训解决胜任新技术所需的劳动者。由于对劳动者的教育培训具有溢出效应，促进全社会劳动者整体质态的提升，政府也必须分担提高劳动者质态的教育费用，提高全民族的教育水平，造就知识型创新型技能型劳动者大军。

III. Institutional Mechanisms to Incentivise the Qualitative Leap of Talent

三、激励人才质态跃升的体制机制

The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC decided to further require “improving relevant rules and policies to accelerate the formation of relations of production more compatible with new quality productive forces.” [n] Clearly, an important aspect of the new type of relations of production is to build, in talent development, institutional mechanisms that support comprehensive innovation and stimulate the innovation vitality of talent. Talent is not only a provider of knowledge and skills but also the “core” that drives the high-level synergy and continuous iteration of various factors. From the perspective of original innovation, high-level scientific research talent, relying on profound academic accumulation and interdisciplinary thinking, provides the possibility of breaking through “bottleneck” technologies [n] and becomes a core element of the national innovation system. At the stage of technology development and industrialisation, it requires both composite talent with practical experience and problem-solving abilities to open up the key links from R&D to the market, and professionals with keen market insight and management skills to integrate resources, optimise processes, and accelerate the transformation of achievements into actual productive forces.

中共二十届三中全会决定进一步要求“健全相关规则和政策，加快形成同新质生产力更相适应的生产关系”。显然，新型生产关系的重要方面是在人才发展上构建支持全面创新的体制机制，激发人才创新活力，人才不仅是知识与技能的提供者，更是推动各类要素实现高度协同与持续迭代的“内核”。从原始创新层面看，高层次科研人才依托深厚的学术积淀与跨学科思维，为突破“卡脖子”技术提供可能性，成为国家创新体系的核心要素；在技术开发与产业化阶段，既需要拥有实践经验与攻关能力的复合型人才来打通研发到市场的关键环节，也需要具有敏锐市场洞察与管理才能的专业人士整合资源、优化流程，加速成果向现实生产力的转化。

1. Incentivising the Chain Leaders of the Scientific and Technological Innovation Chain and the Industrial Innovation Chain

1.激励科技创新链和产业创新链的链主

The construction of an innovation talent chain that produces disruptive science and technology and achieves widespread application includes basic research talent, applied R&D talent, management talent, entrepreneurial talent, and skilled talent. It involves multiple links such as talent cultivation, the science and technology system, and educational development, requiring integrated, systematic, and coordinated advancement, adhering to systematic thinking, and coordinating the integrated reform of the education, science and technology, and talent institutional systems. Since it has been clarified that strategic scientists and technology entrepreneurs are respectively the chain leaders of the scientific and technological innovation chain and the industrial innovation chain, cultivating and fully leveraging the role of strategic scientists and technology entrepreneurs has become the top priority of the institutional mechanism for innovation talent development.

产生颠覆性科学技术并且得到广泛应用的创新人才链建设包括基础研究人才、应用研发人才、管理人才、创业人才和技能人才等，涉及人才培养、科技体制和教育发展等多个环节，需要一体化、系统化、协同化推进，坚持系统思维，统筹教育科技人才体制机制一体改革。既然已经明确战略科学家和科技企业家分别是科技创新链和产业创新链的链主，培育并充分发挥战略科学家和科技企业家的作用就成为创新人才发展体制机制的重中之重。

The introduction and cultivation of strategic scientists, leading scientific and technological talent, and innovation teams hinge on two aspects: First, the construction of strategic innovation highlands, providing a stage for strategic scientists and leading innovation talent and teams in various scientific fields, and building platforms for all types of talent to start businesses and pursue careers. Second, building an institutional system that “gathers talent from all over the world” to use them, actively creating an open innovation ecosystem that attracts and gathers global high-end talent. This is the institutional guarantee for fully leveraging the leading role of strategic scientists, including establishing evaluation, incentive, and environmental mechanisms that reflect the value of various types of talent. The functions and roles of different types of talent in the innovation system vary, requiring classified evaluation and classified policy implementation. The policy system should be improved in areas such as education and cultivation, discovery and evaluation, use and management, and distribution and incentives for innovative talent, especially granting full trust and scientific decision-making authority to strategic scientists.

引进和培养战略科学家、科技领军人才和创新团队，关键在两个方面：一是战略性创新高地的建设，为战略科学家及各个科学领域的领军创新人才及团队提供用武之地，为各类人才搭建干事创业的平台。二是构建起“聚天下英才”而用之的制度体系，积极打造吸引集聚全球高端人才的开放创新生态。这是充分发挥战略科学家的领军作用的制度保障，其中包括建立体现各类人才价值的评价、激励机制和环境。各类人才在创新体系中的职能和作用不同，需要分类评价和分类施策，在创新人才的教育与培养、发现与评价、使用与管理、分配与激励等方面完善政策体系，尤其是要给战略科学家充分信任和科研决策权。

In developing new quality productive forces, promoting the entrepreneurial spirit means, importantly, promoting the spirit of technology entrepreneurs. It requires not only prompting entrepreneurs to have the vision of scientists but also prompting scientists engaged in technology entrepreneurship to possess the innovative spirit and operational capabilities of entrepreneurs. On this basis, building world-class enterprises and cultivating technology entrepreneurs requires not only corresponding institutional construction but also effective incentives. First is the incentive of property rights and economic interests. Not only must their property rights and returns be protected, but enterprises should also be encouraged to become bigger, stronger, and better, reflecting the value of entrepreneurs. Second is granting sufficient tolerance for scientific and technological innovation and entrepreneurship, that is, giving opportunities for success. Therefore, a fault-tolerance and error-correction mechanism for industrial innovation means creating a good atmosphere that encourages innovation and tolerates failure.

在发展新质生产力中弘扬企业家精神，重要的是弘扬科技企业家精神。既要促使企业家具有科学家的视野，又要促使从事科技创业的科学家具有企业家的创新精神和经营能力。在此基础上建设世界一流企业，培育科技企业家，不仅需要相应的制度建设，还需要有效的激励。首先是产权和经济利益的激励。不仅要保护其产权与收益，还要鼓励企业做大做强做优，体现企业家价值。其次是给予科技创新创业足够的宽容，就是给成功以机会。因此产业创新的容错纠错机制就是营造鼓励创新、宽容失败的良好氛围。

2. Incentivising Various Types of Venture Capitalists for Innovation and Entrepreneurship

2.激励各类创新创业风险投资家

Future industries require both science and technology at the international frontier and future market value. Nobel laureate in economics Edmund Phelps, in his book *Mass Flourishing*, describes mass innovation and entrepreneurship as follows: “The modern economy turns those close to actual economic operations and easily exposed to new business ideas into researchers and experimenters who dominate the innovation process from development to application, while scientists and engineers are often summoned by them to provide technical support. In fact, the modern economy turns all kinds of people into ‘idea creators,’ financiers become thinkers, producers become marketers, and end customers also become trendsetters.” Clearly, so-called mass innovation and entrepreneurship by the masses does not mean everyone starts a business, but rather mass participation in innovation and entrepreneurship, with each person contributing according to their ability. The R&D and incubation of future industries mainly involve the following two types of talent.

未来产业既要有处于国际前沿的科技，又要有未来市场价值。诺贝尔经济学奖得主费尔普斯《大繁荣》一书对大众创新创业描述为：“现代经济把那些接近实际经济运行、容易接触新的商业创意的人，变成了主导从开发到应用的创新过程的研究者和实验者，而科学家和工程师往往被他们召集过来提供技术支持。事实上，现代经济把各种类型的人都变成了‘创意者’，金融家成为思考者，生产商成为市场推广者，终端客户也成为弄潮儿。”显然，所谓的大众创新万众创业不是指人人创业，而是指创新创业的大众参与，每个人各尽所能参与创新创业。未来产业的研发和孵化主要涉及以下两类人才。

First, there are the scientists and researchers who propose ideas for new technologies and new industries. Incentivizing them to boldly propose such ideas requires two aspects. On the one hand, when the incubation of new technology succeeds and is adopted, the value of their knowledge capital should be realized, enabling them to obtain corresponding returns. However, if the innovation is unsuccessful, they merely bear the risk that the value of their knowledge capital is not realized, which, relative to risk investors, entails a smaller economic risk. The real, or actual, economic risk of innovation failure is borne by risk investors. On the other hand, after innovative concepts and ideas are proposed, different investment entities participate in risk investment—for example, angel investors and venture capital firms—along with different producers who transform the new ideas, and others who conduct various forms of market promotion for the innovation outcomes, even end customers (consumers) who must evaluate and learn. Bringing these aspects together forms an atmosphere of mass entrepreneurship and mass innovation. To create such an atmosphere of innovation and entrepreneurship, the prerequisite is that the economy has vitality, forming a whole-society atmosphere of innovation and entrepreneurship in terms of institutions and mechanisms, cultural concepts, and social recognition.

一是提出新科技新产业创意的科学家和科研人员。激励其敢于提出新科技新产业创意需要两个方面。一方面，孵化新技术取得成功并被采用后，其知识资本价值应该得到实现从而获得相应的收益，但创新不成功，只是承担其知识资本价值没有得到实现的风险，相对风险投资者来说经济风险较小。真正或者说实际承担创新失败经济风险的是风险投资者。另一方面，创新构想和创意提出后，还有不同投资主体参与风险投资，例如天使投资人、风险投资公司，还有不同生产商对新创意进行转化，还有人对创新成果进行各种市场推广，连终端客户（消费者）也要进行评价和学习。将这些方面合起来，就是形成大众创业、万众创新的氛围。而要形成这种创新创业氛围，前提是经济要有活力，从体制机制、文化理念、社会认同上形成全社会的创新创业氛围。

Second, there are those who specialize as risk investors. As Knight pointed out: “In the modern economy, the trend toward separation between the creation of new enterprises and the operation of established enterprises is very marked. One group of investors creates enterprises with the object of deriving income from their normal operation. A larger number expect to obtain profits from the sale of the established enterprise and then use this capital for new ventures.” The activity of angel investors and industrial fund investors directly affects the degree of technological and industrial innovation activity in a region. To obtain higher income from equity transfer, risk investors not only invest capital but also use their professional knowledge to help enterprises successfully go public and achieve high market value. To effectively incentivize these venture capital investors, it is necessary to provide them with convenience for entering and exiting new ventures. This requires establishing a well-developed capital market such as the STAR Market [10]10 The STAR Market (科创板, Kēchuāngbǎn), officially the Science and Technology Innovation Board, is a Shanghai stock exchange board launched in 2019 to serve high-tech and strategic emerging enterprises, with more flexible listing rules than the main board. and the ChiNext [11]11 ChiNext (创业板, Chuàngyèbǎn) is the Shenzhen Stock Exchange’s growth enterprise market, launched in 2009, designed for innovative and high-growth start-ups. to provide a convenient exit channel for risk investment, enabling them to enter new innovation projects.

二是专事风险投资人。就如奈特所指出的：“在现代经济中新企业的创建和建成后企业的经营之间的分离的趋势很明显。一部分投资者创建企业的目的是从企业的正常经营中得到收益。更多的人则期望从建成后的企业的出售中获得利润，然后再用这些资本进行新的风险投资活动。”天使投资人及产业基金投资人的活跃直接影响一个地区的科技和产业创新的活跃程度。风险投资人为了获得更高的股权转让收入，不只是投入资本，还以其专业知识帮助企业成功上市并获取高的市场价值。为了有效激励这些风险资本投资人就要为其提供进入和退出新创企业的便利。这就要求建立完善的科创板和创业板之类的资本市场，为风险投资提供便捷的退出通道，以便进入新的创新项目。

The two categories of innovation and entrepreneurship risk investors mentioned above: the former embodies the value of knowledge capital, the latter embodies the value of material capital. The risk capital value of the two is not a zero-sum relationship but one of shared returns. Regarding the risk-sharing between knowledge capital and venture capital, in order to incentivize knowledge capital (scientific knowledge and ideas used to incubate new technologies) and venture capital, the government builds science parks, participates in establishing incubators and maker spaces. The guiding investment provided by the government here is also, in essence, risk investment. This can, to a certain extent, alleviate the risk pressure on material capital risk investors.

以上两类创新创业风险投资家，前者体现知识资本价值，后者体现物质资本价值。两者的风险资本价值不是此消彼长，而是共享收益的关系。就知识资本和风险投资的风险分担来说，为激励知识资本（用于孵化新技术的科学知识和创意）和风险投资，政府建设科技园、参与建孵化器和众创空间，政府在这里提供的引导性投入实际上也是风险投资。这可以在一定程度上减轻物质资本风险投资者的风险压力。

3. Income Distribution Incentives for Innovative Talent

3.收入分配的创新人才激励

Developing new quality productive forces requires perfecting the income distribution system oriented towards talent groups; this is the internal driving force for solving the development of new quality productive forces. The incentive of income distribution needs to distinguish between different approaches in the field of basic research and the industrial field, with the focus on adopting different methods to incentivize the innovation of scientific, technological, and industrial innovators.

发展新质生产力需要完善面向人才群体的收入分配制度，这是解决发展新质生产力的内在动力。收入分配的激励需要区分基础研究领域和产业领域的不同方式，重点是采取不同方式激励科技和产业创新人员的创新。

In research institutes and universities engaged in scientific and technological innovation, establish evaluation and incentive mechanisms that reflect the value of various types of talent, granting scientists more trust and autonomous decision-making power. Implement differentiated and diversified salary systems and incentive methods, including annual salary systems, project commissions, and other diverse channels, so that high-end talent or scientific and technological personnel who have made outstanding contributions receive returns matching their value. In the selection and evaluation of talent, a multi-dimensional evaluation of factors such as academic contributions to major national science and technology strategies, scientific research potential, formulation of technical standards, and effectiveness of achievement transformation should be comprehensively considered. Establish an assessment system that places greater emphasis on strategic significance and innovation quality, forming a more scientific and transparent selection and promotion mechanism, with a focus on perfecting the systems for achievement transformation, income distribution, and intellectual property protection. The value of scientific and technological achievements should be scientifically evaluated, and intellectual property should be protected. All these are distribution mechanisms that incentivize scientific and technological innovation and are also important pathways to stimulate the innovation vitality of technical talent.

在从事科技创新的科研院所和高校，建立体现各类人才价值的评价和激励机制，给科学家更多的信任和自主决策权。推行差异化、多元化的薪酬制度和激励方式，包括年薪制、项目提成等多元渠道，让高端人才或作出突出贡献的科技人才获得与其价值相匹配的回报。在人才的选拔与评价方面，应综合考虑对国家重大科技战略的学术贡献、科研潜能、技术标准制定、成果转化成效等多维评价要素，建立更加注重战略意义与创新质量的考核体系，形成更加科学透明的选拔与晋升机制，重点完善成果转化、收益分配和知识产权保护制度，科技成果的价值得到科学的评价，知识产权得到保护。所有这些都是激励科技创新的分配机制，也是激发技术人才创新活力的重要路径。

On collaborative innovation platforms for industry, academia, and research, scientists who originally only engaged in basic research are attracted to enter platforms for incubating new technology innovations. Their goals in participating in R&D are not entirely the same as those of enterprises. When they enter industry-academia-research innovation platforms, the level of science and technology and the value of its outcomes are their main objectives. What they seek is the funding needed to continue scientific research, ultimately to fully realize the value of their scientific research on the incubatable, applicable new technologies. Of course, they will also pay attention to the ownership or sharing of intellectual property rights formed upon the successful incubation of new technologies; this is an affirmation of their knowledge value. For enterprises, the main means of incentivizing universities and their scientists to enter collaborative innovation platforms is to provide scientists with sufficient funding for extended research and related R&D conditions, and to use the intellectual property rights they enjoy as the basis for distributing innovation income.

在产学研协同创新平台上，原来只是从事基础研究的科学家被吸引进入孵化新技术创新平台，其参与研发的目标与企业不完全相同。他们进入产学研创新平台，科技水平及其成果价值是其追求的主要目标。他们所要追求的是延续科学研究所需要的资金投入，以最终在孵化出的可以应用的新技术上充分实现其科学研究的价值。当然他们也会关注新技术孵化成功所形成的知识产权的归属或分享，这是对其知识价值的肯定。对企业来说，激励大学及其科学家进入协同创新平台的主要手段，就是为科学家提供充分的延伸研究的资金和相关研发条件，并且将其享有的知识产权作为创新收益分配的依据。

In science and technology enterprises, complex labor based on knowledge, technology, management, etc., creates higher value in new quality productive forces than simple labor. These factors should have a higher share in the income distribution structure. To support the upgrading of the qualitative state of simple labor, it is necessary to increase vocational training and increase human capital investment in simple laborers. The possibility of distribution according to the contribution of each factor in new quality productive forces lies in the following: according to the theory of two-stage distribution—first, distribution by the market to enterprises, then distribution by enterprises to employees—not all enterprises in reality have the capacity to develop new quality productive forces. In the first stage of distribution facing enterprises, enterprises with new quality productive forces obtain higher income from society. This distribution mechanism is essentially a market evaluation and competition mechanism. Industries and enterprises adopting the outcomes of new quality productive forces have higher productivity levels and stronger market competitiveness, enabling them to capture a larger share of income from the market. Only industries and enterprises that rely on new quality productive forces to obtain higher income in the market have the capacity, in the subsequent second stage of distribution, to distribute higher income to the owners of various factors who have contributed to the development of new quality productive forces. This income distribution mechanism is a promotion mechanism for new quality productive forces. Science and technology enterprises can grant technical shares to scientific and technical personnel, allowing them to share in the enterprise’s profits.

在科技企业中，基于知识、技术、管理等的复杂劳动在新质生产力中较简单劳动创造更高的价值，这些要素在收入分配结构中应该有更高的份额。为了支持简单劳动质态的升级，需要加大职业培训，增加简单劳动者的人力资本投入。这种按新质生产力中各个要素的贡献进行分配的可能性在于：根据先由市场对企业，然后由企业对员工进行分配的两次分配理论，现实中不是所有企业都有能力发展新质生产力的。在先面对企业的分配中，新质生产力企业从社会得到更高的收入，这种分配机制实际上是市场评价和竞争机制。采用新质生产力成果的产业和企业生产力水平高，在市场上有更高的竞争力，就能从市场获取更多份额的收入。也只有依靠新质生产力在市场获得更高收入的产业和企业才有能力在接下来的第二次分配中给对发展新质生产力作出贡献的各个要素所有者分配更高的收入。这种收入分配机制是新质生产力的促进机制。科技企业可以给科技人员一定的技术股份使其分享企业收益。

For technology entrepreneurs, perfect the system for management factors to participate in income distribution. According to Marx’s viewpoint, management input (i.e., the input of the entrepreneurial factor), as a form of labor, should receive the labor income of complex labor. However, it simultaneously exists in the functional form of capital and should participate in the distribution of capital income (profit), not be limited solely to labor income. To become a true entrepreneur, besides needing sufficient operational autonomy, one must also bear innovation risks and share innovation returns within the distribution mechanism. The calculation methods for entrepreneur compensation typically include: first, equity distribution, i.e., participating in residual income; second, annual salary, reflecting the value of the entrepreneur’s human capital; third, stock options, linking the entrepreneur’s income to the enterprise’s market value. Although each of these distribution methods has its advantages and disadvantages, entrepreneurs sharing in profits through diversified distribution forms such as annual salary and equity can both demonstrate their management skills and input, and encourage more managers to become entrepreneurs, reduce managerial corruption, promote management innovation, and stimulate the management potential and innovation value of talent. Technology entrepreneurs are also innovators; innovation and entrepreneurship are integrated. All these innovative behaviors are manifestations of the entrepreneur’s human capital. Whether and to what extent an innovative enterprise succeeds is related to the entrepreneur’s human capital. The full evaluation and realization of the value of entrepreneurial human capital constitutes the greatest incentive for innovation at this stage. The basic method of incentive is equity incentive, which is the equity-ization of human capital value. Therefore, the equity structure of technology start-up enterprises cannot consist solely of the amount of capital invested; it must also include the human capital equity of the technology entrepreneur.

对科技企业家，健全管理要素参与收入分配的制度。根据马克思的观点，管理投入（亦即企业家要素投入）作为一种劳动应获得复杂劳动劳动收入，但同时它又以资本职能形式存在，应该参与资本收入（利润）的分配，而不仅仅局限在劳动收入。要成为真正的企业家，除了需要足够的经营自主权外，还要在分配机制中承担创新风险并分享创新收益。企业家报酬的计算方式通常包括：一是股权分配，即参与剩余收益；二是年薪，体现企业家的人力资本价值；三是期权，使企业家的收益与企业市值挂钩。尽管这几种分配方式各有利弊，但企业家借助年薪、股权等多样化的分配形式分享利润，既能展现其管理才能与投入，也能鼓励更多经营者成为企业家，减少经营者腐败，并推动管理创新，激发人才的管理潜能和创新价值。科技企业家同时也是创新者，创新和创业是融为一体的。所有这些创新行为是企业家人力资本的体现。创新企业能否或者在多大程度上成功，就同企业家的人力资本相关。企业家人力资本的价值能够得到充分的评价并得到实现是对这个阶段创新的最大的激励。激励的基本方式是股权激励，这是人力资本价值股权化。因此科技创业企业的股权结构不能只是投入的资金份额，还必须包括科技创业者的人力资本股权。

4. Benign competition for talent among regions has built an institutional system that “gathers talent from all over the world” and puts it to use, actively creating an open innovation ecosystem that attracts and assembles global high-end talent. In different regions, the density of high-tech population determines the density of new quality productive forces in that region. Thus, in the talent market, the flow and concentration of high-end specialized talent has become the norm in developing new quality productive forces. This gives rise to inter-regional competition for talent. Building a unified national talent market and breaking down administrative barriers to talent flow will inevitably put pressure on economically relatively backward regions to lose talent. According to the requirement of developing new quality productive forces in light of local conditions, benign competition for talent among regions mainly involves structural aspects: first, the new quality productive forces projects developed by each region cannot be homogeneous. Projects of different types have different demands for specialized innovative talent, especially in establishing industrial and innovation highlands based on the region’s comparative advantages, providing specialized talent with a stage to fully display their abilities. Second, each region needs to create an environment that assembles innovative talent. Corresponding reform measures mainly involve: the level of urbanization is an important condition for attracting talent, and the improvement of basic public services, especially education and medical care, promotes the introduction of high-level talent. At the same time, the research conditions of the employing unit and the environment for free exploration are also very important for attracting high-end talent. (Author affiliations: Nanjing University, Nanjing Normal University)

4.地区人才良性竞争构建起“聚天下英才”而用之的制度体系，积极打造吸引集聚全球高端人才的开放创新生态，在不同地区，高科技人口密度决定一个地区的新质生产力的密度。这样，在人才市场上高端的专业性人才的流动和集聚成为发展新质生产力的常态。由此产生地区间的人才竞争。建设全国统一的人才大市场，打破人才流动的行政性障碍，不可避免会给经济相对落后的地区带来人才流出的压力。根据因地制宜发展新质生产力的要求，地区间人才的良性竞争主要涉及结构方面：一是各个地区发展的新质生产力项目不可能是同质的。不同质的项目对专业性创新人才有不同的需求，尤其是根据本地区的比较优势建立产业和创新高地，给专业性人才提供充分发挥才能的用武之地。二是各个地区需要创造集聚创新人才的环境。相应的改革措施主要涉及：城市化水平是吸引人才的重要条件，基本公共服务尤其是教育医疗水平的提升促进高层次人才引进。同时，所在单位的科研条件及自由探索的环境对吸引高端人才也非常重要。（作者单位分别为：南京大学、南京师范大学）

Online editor: Paul

网络编辑：保罗