Marx and Engels’ Thought on the Party Spirit Cultivation of the Proletarian Party and Its Implications

The Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Party pointed out that “to govern the country, the Party must first be governed; only when the Party thrives can the country be strong,” and that it is necessary to “resolutely implement the requirements of the Party’s self-revolution and promote the normalization and long-term effectiveness of the Party’s conduct building.” Party spirit cultivation (党性修养), as the distinctive foundation for the Party’s continuous self-revolution and conduct building in the New Era, has become the key to maintaining the Party’s advanced nature and purity. In December 2024, at the Democratic Life Meeting of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized that “leading cadres must take the tempering of Party spirit and the enhancement of ideological awareness as a lifelong task.” So-called Party spirit (党性) refers to the intrinsic essential attributes of a political party, the characteristic manifestation of its political activities and political propositions, and is centrally embodied in the class character represented by the party. Party spirit is the universality built on the particularity of party members, the essential attribute that distinguishes one party from others. At the value level, it is manifested as class stance, guiding ideology, and governing philosophy; at the institutional level, as operational mechanisms, organizational structures, and intra-Party regulations; and at the practical level, as policy propositions, basic programs, and strategic plans. Party spirit cultivation, then, refers to the process by which party members, through long-term training and development, elevate their understanding of Party spirit, their awareness, policy level, and moral sentiments to a new level. It is the external manifestation of Party spirit and the necessary guarantee for fulfilling the Party’s historical tasks. It is a fine tradition of the Communist Party of China and an inherent requirement of the development of the times. Strengthening Party spirit cultivation means that the broad masses of party members, through the systematic application of a series of basic norms, consciously resist all kinds of erroneous values and ideological tendencies, strictly regulate their own words and deeds, and thereby continuously transform their subjective world.

党的二十届四中全会指出“治国必先治党，党兴才能国强”,要“坚决把党的自我革命要求落实到位，推进党的作风建设常态化长效化”。党性修养作为新时代党持续推进自我革命、加强作风建设的鲜明底色，成为保持党的先进性和纯洁性的关键所在。2024年12月，习近平总书记在中共中央政治局民主生活会上强调，“领导干部要把锤炼党性、提高思想觉悟作为终身课题”。所谓党性，是指一个政党内在的本质属性，是其政治活动和政治主张的特性呈现，集中体现为政党所代表的阶级特性。党性是建立在党员特殊性基础上的普遍性，是该党区别于其他政党的本质属性，在价值层面表现为阶级立场、指导思想和执政理念，在制度层面表现为运行机制、组织架构和党内法规，在实践层面表现为政策主张、基本纲领和战略规划。党性修养则指的是党员经过长期的锻炼和培养而使自己的党性认识、觉悟、政策水平和道德情感等方面达到一个新的水平，它是党性的外在体现和完成党的历史任务的必然保障，是中国共产党的优良传统，还是时代发展的内在要求。加强党性修养是指一个政党的广大党员通过对一系列基本准则的系统运用，自觉抵制各类错误价值观念和思想倾向，严格规范自身言行举止，从而不断改造主观世界的活动。

Although Marx and Engels mentioned “Party spirit” (党性) only three times in their writings, they covered three different levels from a broad perspective, referring respectively to the Party spirit of socialist theory (the theoretical level), the Party spirit of Lassalle (the individual spiritual level), and the Party spirit of the Social Democratic Party (the political party organizational level). By comparing this with the content of the requirements for Party spirit cultivation of the Communist Party of China in the New Era, it can be found that in their practice of leading the international communist movement, Marx and Engels had already put forward a series of truthful concepts and scientific requirements concerning the Party spirit cultivation of the proletarian party. They emphasized that the whole party must “take a certain Party-spirited political stand” [n1], must “understand the conditions, course, and general results of the proletarian movement,” must “absolutely observe party discipline,” and must always uphold the value ideals of “sacrificing oneself for humanity” and “working for humanity.” These requirements inherently contain the good political cultivation, theoretical cultivation, disciplinary cultivation, and moral cultivation that a proletarian party should possess, constituting the early framework and ideological source of the system of Party spirit cultivation. In the view of Marx and Engels, Party spirit inherently exists within a political party, and the Party spirit of the proletarian party is specifically embodied as theoretical character, class character, and organizational character. Therefore, against the background of carrying out in-depth study and education on the implementation of the spirit of the Eight-Point Regulations [n2] across the whole Party and implementing the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee, reviewing and sorting out Marx and Engels’ thought on the Party spirit cultivation of the proletarian party is of great theoretical and practical significance for further perfecting the system for comprehensive and strict governance of the Party and for implementing the spirit of the Eight-Point Regulations.

虽然马克思恩格斯在其论著中，仅有三次提到“党性”,却以宏阔的视野涵盖了三个不同层面，分别指向社会主义理论(理论层面)的党性、拉萨尔(个人精神层面)的党性和社会党(政党组织层面)的党性。通过对照新时代中国共产党党性修养要求的内容，可以发现马克思恩格斯在领导国际共产主义运动的实践中，早已提出了一系列关于无产阶级政党党性修养的真理性观念和科学性要求。他们强调，全党必须“在政治上采取一定的党性立场”,必须“了解无产阶级运动的条件、进程和一般结果”,必须“绝对遵守党的纪律”,始终秉持“为人类而牺牲自己”和“为人类而工作”的价值理想。这些要求内在地蕴含着无产阶级政党所应具备的良好的政治修养、理论修养、纪律修养和道德修养，构成了党性修养体系的早期框架与思想源头。在马克思恩格斯看来，党性内在地存在于政党之中，无产阶级政党的党性具体地体现为理论性、阶级性和组织性。因此，在全党开展深入贯彻中央八项规定精神学习教育、落实党的二十届四中全会精神的背景下，重温并梳理马克思恩格斯关于无产阶级政党党性修养的思想，对于进一步健全全面从严治党体系、贯彻落实中央八项规定精神等具有重要的理论与现实意义。

I. The Proletarian Party Must “Take a Certain Party-Spirited Political Stand”

一、无产阶级政党必须“在政治上采取一定的党性立场”

Political cultivation is the core and foundation of a party’s Party spirit cultivation and is the fundamental element for the party’s survival and continuation. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that “political cultivation must be placed first in Party spirit cultivation.” Marx and Engels attached great importance to the stand, direction, principle, path, and consciousness of the proletarian party “engaging in politics,” providing theoretical support for the proletarian party to enhance its political cultivation. The political cultivation of the proletarian party cultivates: the political stand of “working for the interests of the vast majority of people”; the political direction of unifying phased goals with long-term goals; the political principle of resolutely upholding the authority of the Party Central Committee and its centralized, unified leadership; the political path of formulating and following a correct political program; and the political consciousness of realizing “the most radical rupture with traditional property relations” and “the most radical rupture with traditional ideas.”

政治修养是一个政党党性修养的核心和根本，是政党存续的根本性要素。习近平总书记指出，“要把政治修养摆在党性修养的首位”。马克思恩格斯高度重视无产阶级政党“从事政治”的立场、方向、原则、道路和意识，为无产阶级政党提升政治修养提供了理论支撑。无产阶级政党的政治修养，修的是“为绝大多数人谋利益”的政治立场，阶段性目标与长远目标相统一的政治方向，坚决维护党中央权威和集中统一领导的政治原则，制定并遵循正确的政治纲领的政治道路，实现“同传统的所有制关系实行最彻底的决裂”和“同传统的观念实行最彻底的决裂”的政治意识。

First, in terms of political stand, the proletarian party must work for the interests of the vast majority of people.

第一，在政治立场上，无产阶级政党要为绝大多数人谋利益。

General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “Party spirit is, in the final analysis, a matter of stand.” As the representative of the broad working class and working masses, the proletarian party must “take a certain Party-spirited political stand,” that is, always adhere to its class character and political stand, taking the defense of the fundamental interests of the proletariat as its core political mission. In the view of Marx and Engels, Party spirit cultivation occupies an important position in the process of the proletarian party’s growth and maturation, and its core is to base itself on the stand of the broad oppressed classes. The proletarian party should clarify its political stand, “become an independent party,” rather than becoming an appendage of the bourgeois party. From the perspective of the revolutionary purpose, the proletarian party is the first party in human history to represent and defend the interests of the exploited classes. It “has no interests separate from the interests of the proletariat as a whole,” consciously serves the proletariat and the masses of the people, and represents the interests of the proletariat at all stages of revolutionary development. The revolutionary movement led by the proletarian party is a struggle against the heavy exploitation and oppression of the proletariat by the bourgeoisie. Its revolutionary goals not only concern the immediate interests of the oppressed classes but also, more importantly, safeguard the fundamental interests of the broad masses at the bottom. From the perspective of the revolutionary cause, with the spread and expansion of the capitalist mode of production worldwide, the aggression and expansion of capital accumulation have evolved into a world-historical existence. “Capitalism opened world history, but the future of world history is not the total victory of capitalism.” Therefore, the revolutionary cause of the proletarian party has also transformed from the liberation of its own nation to “emphasizing and upholding the common interests of the entire proletariat, regardless of nationality,” that is, the liberation of oppressed nations and oppressed peoples worldwide.

习近平总书记指出：“党性说到底就是立场问题。”作为广大工人阶级和劳动群众的代表，无产阶级政党必须“在政治上采取一定的党性立场”,即始终恪守其阶级属性和政治立场，将维护无产阶级的根本利益作为自己的核心政治使命。在马克思恩格斯看来，党性修养在无产阶级政党成长成熟过程中居于重要地位，其核心是立足于广大被压迫阶级的立场。无产阶级政党应明确自己的政治立场，“成为一个独立的政党”,而不是成为资产阶级政党的附庸。从革命目的上看，无产阶级政党是人类历史上第一个代表和维护被剥削阶级利益的政党，“没有任何同整个无产阶级的利益不同的利益”,自觉服务于无产阶级和人民群众，在革命发展各个阶段始终代表着无产阶级的利益。无产阶级政党领导的革命运动是反抗资产阶级对无产阶级的沉重剥削与压榨，其革命奋斗目标不仅关涉被压迫阶级的切身利益，更在于维护广大底层群众的根本利益。从革命事业上看，随着资本主义生产方式在世界范围内的蔓延与扩张，资本增殖的侵略与膨胀随之演变为世界历史性的存在。“资本主义开启了世界历史，但世界历史的未来并非资本主义的全面胜利。”因此，无产阶级政党的革命事业也从本民族的人民解放转变为“强调和坚持整个无产阶级共同的不分民族的利益”,即世界范围内被压迫民族与被压迫人民的解放。

Second, in terms of political direction, the proletarian party must establish firm political convictions and adhere to the unity of phased goals and long-term goals.

第二，在政治方向上，无产阶级政党要树立坚定的政治信念，坚持阶段性目标与长远目标的统一。

The political orientation is both rooted in actual conditions and guides the future direction. As a mission-oriented party, the political orientation of the proletarian party embodies its party spirit characteristics and is of great significance. General Secretary Xi Jinping

政治方向既植根于现实情况，又引领着未来方向。作为使命型政党，无产阶级政党的政治方向蕴含其党性特质，意义重大。习近平总书记指出：“锤炼党性，首要的就是坚定共产主义远大理想和中国特色社会主义共同理想。”一方面，无产阶级政党的最近目标深刻彰显其党性修养的实践品格与现实指向。对马克思恩格斯而言，党性修养不仅仅是一个重要的理论命题，而且是一个具体、现实的革命命题、实践命题。马克思恩格斯在《共产党宣言》中明确阐释了无产阶级政党在最近目标上所应锤炼的党性，即“使无产阶级形成为阶级，推翻资产阶级的统治，由无产阶级夺取政权”。若要实现无产阶级自身、整个社会乃至全人类的解放，终结被压迫、被剥削的现实境遇，无产阶级政党则必须打碎旧的国家机器，组织、领导并发动消灭资产阶级私有制的革命运动。另一方面，无产阶级政党的长远目标深刻彰显其党性修养的宏大格局与崇高境界。马克思恩格斯深刻洞察社会历史发展的基本规律，揭示了资本主义社会的基本矛盾及其阶段性特征，认识到其必然走向灭亡的历史结局，即人类历史将不可阻挡地进入共产主义这一高阶的社会形态和发展阶段，实现社会生活方式的高阶提升。因此，实现共产主义是无产阶级政党孜孜以求的长远目标、最高目标。基于此，自共产主义者同盟诞生之初，马克思恩格斯便在组织章程中确立准入标准，明确规定申请者需公开表明“承认共产主义”,这一原则体现了无产阶级政党在长远目标上的党性修养要求。《共产党宣言》也描绘了共产主义的理想图景，并将实现共产主义作为无产阶级政党的最高纲领。马克思强调，无产阶级组织成为政党是要“保证社会革命获得胜利和实现革命的最高目标——消灭阶级”,并在此基础上建立社会主义社会，最终迈向共产主义社会。

Third, in terms of political principles, the proletarian party must resolutely uphold the authority of the Party Central Committee and its centralized, unified leadership.

第三，在政治原则上，无产阶级政党要坚决维护党中央权威和集中统一领导。

General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out that “upholding the authority of the Party

习近平总书记指出，“维护党中央权威”是“方向性、原则性问题，是党性”。在社会管理和组织运作的过程中，权威是无产阶级政党凝聚意志、统一行动的重要基础，“没有权威，就不可能有任何的一致行动”。针对巴枯宁无政府主义者“把权威的政治国家废除”的错误观点，恩格斯以“在汪洋大海上航行的船”为例，突出强调了权威的重要作用，而且明确指出了革命的实质，“即用非常权威的手段强迫另一部分人接受自己的意志”。在马克思恩格斯看来，缺乏集中和权威是巴黎公社最终失败的主要原因，无论是革命胜利前形成统一的行动和意志以确保无产阶级政党的政治统治，还是革命胜利后新生政权的有效运行以及对敌对势力即“奴隶主们的一些分散零星的暴动”的镇压，抑或长远地实现“以自由的联合的劳动条件去代替劳动受奴役的经济条件”的劳动解放的宏伟目标，都需要无产阶级政党的集中统一领导和强大的权威。

Fourth, on the political path, the proletarian party must clearly formulate and follow a correct political program.

第四，在政治道路上，无产阶级政党要旗帜鲜明地制定并遵循正确的政治纲领。

To a certain extent, the scientific nature and practicality of a political program are important criteria for judging the degree of a party’s maturity in development, and also a clear marker of its level of Party spirit cultivation on the political path. Engels pointed out: “A new program is after all a banner publicly raised, and the outside world judges the party by it.” [3]3 Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, *Selected Works of Marx and Engels*, Vol. 3, p. 350. [Translator’s note: This is a reference to Engels’ 1889 letter to G. Trier; the exact wording may vary slightly in different editions.] For the proletarian party, the political program is a scientific guide that directs the direction of its revolutionary practice. The *Communist Manifesto* published in 1848 and the *Inaugural Address of the International Working Men’s Association* published in 1864 are two programmatic documents in the history of the international communist movement, both of which clarified on the political program the basic direction and principle of the proletarian party to “seize political power.” On this basis, the *General Rules of the International Working Men’s Association* drafted by Marx fully expounded the basic principles, policy line, and operational norms of the First International, clearly putting forward the assertion that “the emancipation of the working class must be conquered by the working class itself.” Practice shows that the proletarian party must clearly formulate and follow a correct political program, consciously implement its spirit, and externalize it into specific action guidelines. However, with the development of the workers’ movement, erroneous words and deeds emerged within the party that undermined the importance of the political program. In response, Engels pointed out in 1882 that “if a party without a program is established,” it would be merely a loose alliance of interests rather than a genuine political party, which provided a fundamental guiding principle for the proletarian party to enhance its Party spirit cultivation on the political path.

在一定程度上说，政治纲领的科学性与实践性是政党发展成熟程度的重要评判标准，也是彰显其在政治道路上的党性修养水平的鲜明标识。恩格斯指出：“一个新的纲领毕竟总是一面公开树立起来的旗帜，而外界就根据它来判断这个党。”对于无产阶级政党而言，政治纲领是引领其革命实践方向的科学指南。1848年发表的《共产党宣言》和1864年发表的《国际工人协会成立宣言》是国际共运史上的两大纲领性文献，都在政治纲领上明确了无产阶级政党“夺取政权”的基本方向和原则。在此基础上，由马克思起草的《国际工人协会共同章程》充分阐释了第一国际的基本原则、政策路线与运行规范，明确提出“工人阶级的解放应该由工人阶级自己去争取”的论断。实践表明，无产阶级政党必须旗帜鲜明地制定并遵循正确的政治纲领，自觉贯彻其精神并外化为具体的行动准则。但随着工人运动的发展，党内出现了消解政治纲领重要性的错误言行。对此，恩格斯在1882年指出，“如果建立一个没有纲领的党”,那只是松散的利益联盟而非真正的政党，这为无产阶级政党在政治道路上提升党性修养提供了根本指导原则。

Fifth, on class consciousness, the proletarian party must strive to achieve “the two most thorough ruptures.”

第五，在阶级意识上，无产阶级政党要致力于实现“两个最彻底的决裂”。

In the realms of material production and spiritual production, Marx and Engels put forward “the two most thorough ruptures” to indicate the action strategy and nature-purpose of the proletarian party. On the one hand, the awakening of class consciousness, that is, the transformation of the class-in-itself into a class-for-itself, is a key prerequisite for the formation of the proletarian party. Marx and Engels believed that class is a product of the development of social productive forces to a certain level but “not yet fully developed.” Historically, the socialization of production brought about surplus products, and the continuous increase of surplus products led to the continuous expansion of private appropriation, so that private ownership at the institutional level gradually took shape. The groups that controlled the means of production and surplus products thereby continuously expanded their dominant position, including achieving a certain degree of monopoly over all tangible or intangible products, and thus realized the transformation from a propertied class in the economic sphere to a ruling class that monopolized state power. At the same time, the vast majority of the population was forced to become appendages of this group, which to a certain extent was a realistic manifestation of the insufficient development of productive forces. Therefore, the proletarian party must “break most thoroughly with traditional relations of ownership.” On the other hand, the class consciousness of the proletariat is essentially a thorough opposition to the exploitation of the proletariat by the bourgeoisie. On this basis, the proletariat develops into an independent and genuine revolutionary subject, and establishes a proletarian party that represents its own interests and has distinct principles of Party spirit and Party spirit cultivation. The purpose of its leadership of the social and political liberation movement lies in “breaking most thoroughly with traditional ideas.”

在物质生产和精神生产领域，马克思恩格斯提出了“两个最彻底的决裂”以表明无产阶级政党的行动策略和性质宗旨。一方面，阶级意识的觉醒即实现自在阶级向自为阶级的转化是无产阶级政党生成的关键前提。马克思恩格斯认为，阶级是社会生产力发展到一定水平但又“不大发展”的产物。历史地看，生产的社会化带来了剩余产品，剩余产品的不断增加导致了私人占有的不断扩大，制度层面的私有制便逐渐形成。掌握生产资料和剩余产品的群体借此不断扩大其优势地位，包括一切有形或无形的产品都实现了一定程度的独占，进而实现从经济领域的有产阶级向垄断国家政权的统治阶级的转变。与此同时，社会人口的绝大多数被迫沦为这一群体的附庸，这在一定程度上是生产力尚未充分发展的现实表征。因此，无产阶级政党要“同传统的所有制关系实行最彻底的决裂”。另一方面，无产阶级的阶级意识本质上是对资产阶级剥削无产阶级的彻底反对。在此基础上，无产阶级发展为独立且真正的革命主体，并建立起代表自身利益的、有着鲜明党性原则和党性修养的无产阶级政党，其领导社会政治解放运动的目的就在于“同传统的观念实行最彻底的决裂”。

II. The Proletarian Party Must “Understand the Conditions, Course, and General Results of the Proletarian Movement”

二、无产阶级政党必须“了解无产阶级运动的条件、进程和一般结果”

Attaching great importance to theoretical and ideological arming is a fine tradition and unique advantage of the proletarian party. The strengthening of theoretical cultivation is a prerequisite for the Party spirit cultivation of the proletarian party, and also the ideological foundation for ensuring the purity and advanced nature of the proletarian party’s Party spirit. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “Political firmness and firmness of Party spirit are inseparable from theoretical firmness.” [4]4 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Opening Ceremony of the Training Course for Young and Middle-Aged Cadres at the Central Party School (National Academy of Governance),” *People’s Daily*, March 2, 2019. In the view of Marx and Engels, the proletarian party is an advanced party armed with scientific theory. It understands the conditions, course, and general results of the proletarian movement, and should possess good theoretical cultivation in the proletarian revolutionary movement.

高度重视思想理论武装是无产阶级政党的优良传统和独特优势，理论修养的强化是无产阶级政党党性修养的先决条件，也是确保无产阶级政党党性纯洁和先进的思想基础。习近平总书记指出：“政治上的坚定、党性上的坚定都离不开理论上的坚定。”在马克思恩格斯看来，无产阶级政党是以科学理论武装的先进政党，了解无产阶级运动的条件、进程和一般结果，在无产阶级革命运动中应具有良好的理论修养。

First, the proletarian party must be guided by a scientific worldview and methodology.

第一，无产阶级政党要以科学的世界观和方法论为指导。

Engels pointed out, “Our Party has the great advantage that it possesses a new scientific world outlook as its theoretical foundation.” In the early days of the founding of the proletarian party, Marx and Engels attached great importance to strengthening the party’s own party spirit cultivation through the proletarian world outlook and methodology, and they conducted profound theoretical education for the broad masses of the proletariat and the people, including the proletarian party, through forms such as assembly speeches, newspapers, and correspondence. They advocated educating and arming the entire party with the proletarian world outlook and methodology, so that the proletariat would “as soon as possible adopt the position of an independent political party,” [5]5 Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, *Collected Works*, Vol. 4, p. 572. [Translator’s note: This is a reference to Marx and Engels’ original text; the specific edition is not provided in the source.] confronting and criticizing various non-Marxist schools and non-proletarian ideologies, preventing non-proletarian world outlooks from flooding into the party, and always maintaining the advanced nature and purity of the proletarian party, rather than “making concessions to these ideas and wishes.” [6]6 Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, *Collected Works*, Vol. 34, p. 378. [Translator’s note: This is a reference to Marx and Engels’ original text; the specific edition is not provided in the source.] During the reorganization of the League of the Just, Marx and Engels put forward basic requirements for its members, such as “not believing in any religion” and “understanding the conditions, the course of development, and the ultimate goal of the proletarian movement.” On this basis, they repeatedly emphasized the extreme importance of the scientific world outlook and methodology of the proletarian party, especially clearly pointing out in the *Communist Manifesto* that, in order for the proletariat to make full use of the political and social conditions formed by bourgeois rule, communists must “educate the workers to become as clearly aware as possible of the hostile opposition between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat.”

恩格斯指出，“我们党有个很大的优点，就是有一个新的科学的世界观作为理论的基础”。在无产阶级政党创建初期，马克思恩格斯就高度重视以无产阶级的世界观和方法论加强自身的党性修养，并通过集会演说、报刊书信等形式对包括无产阶级政党在内的广大无产阶级和人民群众进行了深刻的理论教育。他们主张以无产阶级世界观和方法论教育、武装全党，使无产阶级“尽快采取自己独立政党的立场”,对抗和批判各种非马克思主义流派和非无产阶级思想，防止非无产阶级世界观涌入党内，始终维系无产阶级政党的先进性和纯洁性，而不能“向这些思想和愿望作出让步”。在正义者同盟的改组过程中，马克思恩格斯就对盟员提出了“不信仰一切宗教”“了解无产阶级运动的条件、发展道路和最终目的”等方面的基本要求。在此基础上，他们多次强调无产阶级政党科学的世界观和方法论的极端重要性，特别是在《共产党宣言》中明确指出，为了使无产阶级能够充分利用资产阶级统治形成的政治条件和社会条件，共产党人必须“教育工人尽可能明确地意识到资产阶级和无产阶级的敌对的对立”。

Second, the proletarian party must take the scientific theory of Marxism as its guide to action.

第二，无产阶级政党要以马克思主义的科学理论为行动指南。

As a guide to action in practice rather than a rigid dogma, the scientific theory of Marxism is an indispensable spiritual force, fundamental principle, and guide to action for the party spirit cultivation of the proletarian party. The practice of the proletarian revolutionary movement has proven that the guidance of Marxist scientific theory plays an important role in the maturation of the party spirit cultivation of the proletarian party and in advancing the revolutionary cause. Historically, it was precisely because they were constrained by bourgeois and petty-bourgeois ideas rather than guided by scientific theory that the French League of the Just (founded 1836), the Society of the Seasons (founded 1837), and the British Chartists (founded 1838) experienced serious confusion at the level of ideological construction and organizational operation. In the process of reorganizing and transforming the League of the Just, Marx and Engels profoundly criticized and ultimately overcame non-communist ideologies such as Proudhonism, “True Socialism,” and Weitlingism. For example, in Engels’ view, if theory lacks party spirit, it will lack a certain spiritual force. He pointed out that “True Socialism” prattled about the critique of “human nature,” but “because its own theory had no party spirit,” it lost its spiritual force. In 1847, Marx and Engels guided the creation of the first proletarian party in history—the Communist League—which unequivocally took scientific socialism as its guiding ideology and was supported by the *Communist Manifesto* and the *Rules of the Communist League* as its policies, principles, and strategic foundations. Among these, Marx and Engels’ exposition in the *Communist Manifesto* of the immediate and ultimate goals of the proletarian party constitutes a qualitative stipulation of the party spirit cultivation of the proletarian party. In the *Rules of the Communist League*, a series of specific requirements put forward by Marx and Engels for its members, such as “acknowledge communism” and “the mode of life and activity must be in conformity with the aims of the League,” are both an inherent stipulation of the essential attributes of the proletarian party and an inherent requirement for the party spirit cultivation of the proletarian party. As the theoretical cornerstone of the proletarian party, these two programmatic documents fully elucidate the policy propositions, basic program, and strategic planning of the proletarian party, providing scientific methodological guidance for the founding and development of the proletarian party.

作为实践的行动指南而非僵化的教条，马克思主义的科学理论是无产阶级政党党性修养不可或缺的精神力量、根本遵循和行动指南。无产阶级革命运动的实践证明，马克思主义科学理论的指导在无产阶级政党党性修养成长成熟、推进革命事业中具有重要作用。历史地看，正是囿于资产阶级、小资产阶级思想而非科学理论的指导，法国的正义者同盟(1836年成立)、四季社(1837年成立)和英国的宪章派(1838年成立)才出现了思想建设和组织运作层面的严重混乱。在对正义者同盟进行改组、改造的过程中，马克思恩格斯深刻批判并最终战胜了蒲鲁东主义、“真正的社会主义”和魏特林主义等非共产主义思想。例如，在恩格斯看来，理论如果缺乏党性，就会缺少一定的精神力量，指出“真正的社会主义”空谈“人性”的批判，但“由于自己的理论没有党性”而丧失了精神力量。1847年，马克思恩格斯指导创建了历史上第一个无产阶级政党——共产主义者同盟，它旗帜鲜明地以科学社会主义为指导思想，并以《共产党宣言》和《共产主义者同盟章程》为方针、政策和策略支撑。其中，马克思恩格斯在《共产党宣言》中对无产阶级政党最近目标和最终目标的阐释，是对无产阶级政党党性修养的质的规定。在《共产主义者同盟章程》中，马克思恩格斯对盟员提出的“承认共产主义”“生活方式和活动必须符合同盟的目的”等一系列具体要求，既是对无产阶级政党本质属性的内在规定，也是对无产阶级政党党性修养所提出的内在要求。作为无产阶级政党的理论基石，这两大纲领性文献充分阐释了无产阶级政党的政策主张、基本纲领和战略规划，为无产阶级政党的创立与发展提供了科学的方法论指引。

Third, the proletarian party must conduct timely and sound theoretical education.

第三，无产阶级政党要适时开展良好的理论教育。

Marx and Engels believed that organizing the proletarian party into “a conscious class party” through certain theoretical arming and theoretical education is the inevitable destination of the proletarian party’s theoretical cultivation. The core characteristic that distinguishes the proletarian party from other parties lies in its possession of “a new scientific world outlook as its theoretical foundation.” This is reflected not only in its clear understanding of its own historical mission but also in its mastery of the correct path to human liberation. Under the bourgeoisie, theoretical education is alienated into a means of class rule. Through the “production and distribution of ideas,” [7]7 Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, *The German Ideology*, in *Collected Works*, Vol. 5, p. 59. [Translator’s note: This is a reference to Marx and Engels’ original text; the specific edition is not provided in the source.] it broadly influences and manipulates the proletariat and the broad masses of working people, thereby “reasonably” transforming bourgeois ideology into the “real motives and starting points of behavior” for the proletariat and the broad masses of working people. To escape the spiritual domination of the bourgeoisie, the proletarian party must make full use of the positive factors of theoretical education to conduct ideological education and theoretical propaganda among the proletariat itself and the broad masses of working people, waging a broad struggle against the bourgeoisie from both political and theoretical aspects, thereby promoting the ideological liberation and awakening of class consciousness of the proletariat and the broad masses of working people. The resoluteness of the proletarian party in revolutionary practice, its people-centered nature in political stance, and its thoroughness in theoretical education determine the consistency of its interests with those of the proletariat and the broad masses of working people. Therefore, conducting sound theoretical education is by no means a tool for the proletarian party to engage in class oppression and political deception, but rather an ideological guidance and theoretical persuasion within its own organization. Only by continuously strengthening theoretical education can the proletarian party forever maintain its political character ideologically and theoretically, and consciously resist the ideological erosion of various erroneous trends of thought and hostile forces in the revolution.

马克思恩格斯认为，通过一定的理论武装、理论教育将无产阶级政党组织成“一个自觉的阶级政党”,是无产阶级政党进行理论修养的必然归宿。无产阶级政党区别于其他政党的核心特质，在于其有“新的科学的世界观作为理论的基础”,这不仅体现在其明晰自身的历史使命，而且体现在其掌握通往人类解放的正确道路。在资产阶级那里，理论教育被异化为阶级统治的手段，通过“思想的生产和分配”,广泛地影响和操控无产阶级和广大劳动群众，从而将资产阶级的意识形态“合理”转化为无产阶级和广大劳动群众的“行为的真实动机和出发点”。要想摆脱资产阶级的精神统治，无产阶级政党就要充分利用理论教育的积极因素对无产阶级自身和广大劳动群众进行思想教育和理论宣传，从政治和理论两个方面与资产阶级开展广泛的斗争，从而推动无产阶级和广大劳动群众的思想解放和阶级意识的觉醒。无产阶级政党在革命实践中的坚决性、政治立场上的人民性、理论教育上的彻底性，决定了其与无产阶级和广大劳动群众利益的一致性。因此，开展良好的理论教育绝不是无产阶级政党进行阶级压迫和政治欺骗的工具，而是其组织内部的思想引导与理论说服。无产阶级政党只有不断加强理论教育，才能从思想上、理论上永葆政治本色，才能在革命中自觉抵御各种错误思潮和敌对势力的思想侵蚀。

Fourth, the proletarian party must always adhere to the truth.

第四，无产阶级政党要始终坚守真理。

History and practice have fully proven that every deviation from the principle of truth leads to the degeneration and disintegration of the proletarian party. Only by discovering truth in the practice of criticizing the old world and defending truth in the struggle to transform the world can the proletarian party truly “think in a revolutionary way” and lead all of humanity toward liberation. Marx and Engels’ emphasis on the necessity for the proletarian party to adhere to the truth profoundly reflects their core principles in revolutionary theory and political practice. First, they highlight the power of truth to liberate the subject. Marx and Engels pointed out that to promote the proletarian revolution and the liberation of all humanity, the proletarian party must consciously “take philosophy as its spiritual weapon.” [8]8 Karl Marx, *Introduction to a Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right*, in *Collected Works*, Vol. 3, p. 187. [Translator’s note: This is a reference to Marx’s original text; the specific edition is not provided in the source.] In the process of leading the proletarian revolutionary practice, they not only focused on summing up the experience of struggle and elevating it to theoretical principles, but also wrote a series of articles to criticize and counter various erroneous schools of thought. These measures upheld and consolidated the “party spirit” stance of the Marxist scientific system. In the *Introduction to a Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right*, Marx pointed out: “Theory, once it seizes the masses, also becomes material force.” [9]9 Ibid. Only by arming the party with truth can the class consciousness of the proletariat be awakened, transforming it from a “class in itself” into a “class for itself.” Second, there is the critique of “false ideology.” In *The German Ideology*, Marx and Engels criticized the bourgeoisie for obscuring social contradictions through ideology. If the proletarian party abandons the truth, it will degenerate into an appendage of bourgeois thought. Engels warned the proletarian party: “The more ruthlessly and disinterestedly science proceeds, the more it finds itself in harmony with the interests and aspirations of the workers.” [10]10 Frederick Engels, *Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy*, in *Collected Works*, Vol. 26, p. 387. [Translator’s note: This is a reference to Engels’ original text; the specific edition is not provided in the source.] Third, they emphasize the practical character of truth. Marx pointed out: “The question whether objective truth can be attributed to human thinking is not a question of theory but is a practical question.” [11]11 Karl Marx, *Theses on Feuerbach*, in *Collected Works*, Vol. 5, p. 3. [Translator’s note: This is a reference to Marx’s original text; the specific edition is not provided in the source.] Truth is not only theoretical cognition but also a weapon of class struggle. Only by adhering to the truth can the proletarian party reveal the exploitative nature of capitalism and provide a scientific basis for revolution. In general, truth is like an inextinguishable spark; with each stripping away of disguise, it illuminates the path for humanity to break free from its shackles. Only by anchoring itself to truth can the ship of the proletarian party avoid being swept away by the undercurrents of history.

历史和实践充分证明，每一次对真理原则的背离，都会导致无产阶级政党的蜕化与瓦解。唯有在批判旧世界的实践中发现真理，在改造世界的斗争中捍卫真理，无产阶级政党才能真正做到“革命地思考”,引领全人类走向解放。马克思恩格斯对无产阶级政党必须坚守真理的重视，深刻体现了他们在革命理论与政治实践中的核心原则。一是突出强调真理解放主体的力量。马克思恩格斯指出，为了推动无产阶级革命和全人类解放，无产阶级政党必须自觉“把哲学当做自己的精神武器”。他们在领导无产阶级革命实践的过程中，不但注重总结斗争经验，使之上升为理论原则，还撰写了一系列文章批判和反击各类错误思想流派，这些举措坚持和巩固了马克思主义科学体系的“党性”立场。在《〈黑格尔法哲学批判〉导言》中，马克思指出：“理论一经掌握群众，也会变成物质力量。”唯有以真理武装政党，才能唤醒无产阶级的阶级意识，使之从“自在阶级”转化为“自为阶级”。二是对“虚假意识形态”的批判。马克思恩格斯在《德意志意识形态》中批判资产阶级通过意识形态遮蔽社会矛盾。无产阶级政党如果放弃真理，便会沦为资产阶级思想的附庸。恩格斯警告无产阶级政党：“科学越是毫无顾忌和大公无私，它就越符合工人的利益和愿望。”三是突出真理的实践性特质。马克思指出：“人的思维是否具有客观的真理性，这不是一个理论的问题，而是一个实践的问题。”真理不仅是理论认知，更是阶级斗争的武器。无产阶级政党只有坚守真理，才能揭示资本主义剥削本质，为革命提供科学依据。总体而言，真理如不灭的星火，在对伪装的每一次剥落中，都在照亮人类挣脱枷锁的路径；唯有以真理为锚，无产阶级政党的航船才不会被历史的暗流裹挟而去。

III. The Proletarian Party Must “Absolutely Observe Party Discipline”

三、无产阶级政党必须“绝对遵守党的纪律”

As the basic organizational unit of a modern political system, the vitality of a political party depends on strict organizational discipline. General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out: “Organizational discipline is an important component of Party spirit cultivation.” [12]12 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the National Conference on Organizational Work” (July 3, 2018). To a certain extent, without organizational discipline, Party spirit cultivation is impossible. Marx emphasized that the proletarian party must “absolutely observe party discipline”; strict organizational discipline is an important guarantee for the unity and solidarity of the proletarian party internally and for winning revolutionary victory. Engels also pointed out: “Discipline is the primary condition for an effective and strong organization, and it is what the bourgeoisie fears most.” Strengthening the disciplinary cultivation of the proletarian party is not only a necessary guarantee for establishing a centralized and unified leading proletarian party but also an important guarantee for the proletarian party to achieve one victory after another.

作为现代政治系统的基本组织单元，政党的生命力有赖于严格的组织纪律性。习近平总书记指出：“组织纪律性是党性修养的重要内容。”在一定程度上说，没有组织纪律性，党性修养就无从谈起。马克思强调无产阶级政党必须“绝对遵守党的纪律”,严明的组织纪律是无产阶级政党党内团结统一、赢得革命胜利的重要保障。恩格斯也指出：“纪律是一个有成效的和坚强的组织的首要条件，是资产阶级最害怕的。”加强无产阶级政党的纪律修养不仅是建立集中统一领导的无产阶级政党的必要保证，而且是无产阶级政党实现一个又一个胜利的重要保证。

First, the proletarian party must uphold democratic centralism.

第一，无产阶级政党要坚持民主集中制。

Although Marx and Engels did not explicitly propose the concept of democratic centralism, a series of their expositions already permeated with the original conception and theoretical core of democratic centralism. In particular, their interpretation and analysis of the organizational discipline of the proletarian party constitute the basic elements of the proletarian party’s disciplinary cultivation. Marx and Engels believed that, as a political organization with democratic characteristics, the proletarian party must adhere to thorough democratic principles internally in order to effectively eliminate the sectarian tendencies existing in traditional political groups. “When the proletarian parties of various nations unite with each other, they are fully entitled to inscribe the word ‘democracy’ on their banners.” Engels emphasized that the Communist League, the world’s first proletarian party, was “in itself entirely democratic.” While emphasizing inner-party democracy, Marx and Engels also deeply discussed the value of “centralized” leadership of the proletarian party through their critique of Bakunin’s anarchism, stressing that the proletarian party “can exert its full strength only under conditions of centralization.” In the *Rules of the Communist League*, jointly drafted by Marx and Engels, the conditions for membership were clearly stipulated. The rules particularly emphasized that members must “submit to all resolutions of the League” and strictly abide by all provisions of the rules, thereby ensuring coordinated action of the proletarian party and maintaining unity and solidarity within the party. After the establishment of the International Workingmen’s Association, Marx and Engels stressed the need to oppose both the “centralization” that dissolves democracy and leads to autocratic dictatorship, and the “autonomy system” that only cares about individual will and weakens organizational discipline. In 1872, in a letter to Carlo Terzaghi, Engels reflected on the lessons of the failure of the Paris Commune: “The Paris Commune perished from a lack of centralization and authority.” In October of the same year, in *On Authority*, Engels systematically criticized the erroneous statements and propositions advocated by anarchism, such as “abolishing authority” and “absolute individual freedom,” pointing out that authority and subordination “are both things we have to accept.” Marx and Engels also profoundly pointed out that strict discipline is the key cornerstone for maintaining the centralized unity and authority of the proletarian party and an important condition for ensuring revolutionary success. For example, when analyzing the lessons of the Paris Commune’s failure, they pointed out realistically that although there were many reasons for the failure, the fundamental one was the lack of necessary centralization and authority, which led to the dispersion of revolutionary forces within the party, making it difficult to consolidate a strong combined force, ultimately causing the revolutionary cause to suffer setbacks.

马克思恩格斯虽未明确提出民主集中制的概念，但在一系列论述中已然渗透着民主集中制的原初设想和理论内核，特别是对无产阶级政党组织纪律性的释证与分析，构成了无产阶级政党纪律修养的基本要素。马克思恩格斯认为，作为一个具有民主特质的政治组织，无产阶级政党内部必须坚持彻底的民主原则才能有效消除传统政治团体中存在的宗派主义倾向。“当各民族的无产阶级政党彼此联合起来的时候，它们完全有权把‘民主’一词写在自己的旗帜上”。恩格斯强调，共产主义者同盟这个世界上第一个无产阶级政党“组织本身是完全民主的”。在强调坚持党内民主的同时，马克思恩格斯也通过批判巴枯宁的无政府主义深入论述了无产阶级政党“集中”领导的价值，强调无产阶级政党“只有在集中的条件下才能发挥全部力量”。在马克思恩格斯共同起草的《共产主义者同盟章程》中，明确规定了盟员的加入条件。章程特别强调，盟员必须“服从同盟的一切决议”,并严格遵守章程的各项规定，以此确保无产阶级政党的行动协调一致，维护党内的团结统一。国际工人协会成立后，马克思恩格斯强调既要反对消解民主、专制独裁的“集中制”,也要反对只顾个人意志、消减组织纪律的“自治制”。1872年，恩格斯在致卡洛·特尔察吉的信中反思了巴黎公社运动失败的经验教训：“巴黎公社遭到灭亡，就是由于缺乏集中和权威。”同年10月，恩格斯在《论权威》中系统批判了无政府主义所宣扬的“废除权威”“个人绝对自由”等错误言论和主张，指出权威和服从“都是我们不得不接受的”。马克思恩格斯还深刻指出，严明的纪律是维护无产阶级政党集中统一与权威的关键基石，也是保障革命成功的重要条件。例如，他们在分析巴黎公社失败教训时，实事求是地指出，虽然失败原因众多，但根本在于缺乏必要的集中和权威，导致党内革命力量分散，难以凝聚强大合力，最终导致革命事业遭受挫折。

Second, the proletarian party must use disciplinary norms to regulate inner-party life.

第二，无产阶级政党要通过纪律规范严肃党内生活。

As the vanguard of the working class, the maintenance of the advanced nature of the Marxist party and the tempering of its disciplinary cultivation depend on serious inner-party life. In their works, Marx and Engels profoundly elaborated on the importance of the proletarian party maintaining serious inner-party life, specifically including: On the one hand, institutionalizing norms to regulate the party’s organizational life. In terms of organizational structure, Marx and Engels, in the *Rules of the Communist League*, clearly defined the organizational bodies as several levels including “branches, districts, the Central Committee, and the Congress.” Among these, the branch occupies a foundational position in the entire organizational structure; branch building itself requires both ensuring sufficient inner-party democracy and ensuring the tempering of disciplinary cultivation. In terms of programmatic norms, the proletarian party must take the formulation of a “clear and positive program,” i.e., scientifically unified disciplinary norms, as its primary task. The *Rules of the Communist League* clearly stipulated conditions for membership such as “not professing any religion” and “strictly keeping secret all activities of the League,” and that members “must swear unconditional submission to the resolutions of the League.” Marx and Engels also established the basic entry standard that the proletarian party must “unconditionally master the proletarian world outlook.” On the other hand, consolidating the party’s unity and solidarity based on principle. To a certain extent, unity concerns the survival of the proletarian party and is an important guarantee for its invincibility, specifically manifested in three aspects: ideological, organizational, and action. Regarding the issue of unity in the proletarian party, Marx pointed out in the *Instructions for the Delegates of the Provisional Central Committee*: “Act like brothers and comrades.” In particular, the revolutionary practice of the Paris Commune fully demonstrated the immense power of the unity and solidarity of the proletarian party. In his speech on the Hague Congress in 1872, Marx warned the proletarian party: “Revolution must be united.” It needs to be emphasized that the unity pursued by the disciplinary cultivation of the proletarian party is by no means a compromise that abandons principles and becomes a mere formality, but rather common action based on shared political ideals and missions.

作为工人阶级的先锋队，马克思主义政党先进性的维系和纪律修养的锤炼有赖于严肃的党内生活。马克思恩格斯在其著作中深刻阐述了无产阶级政党要严肃党内生活的重要性，具体包括：一方面，以制度化规范严肃党的组织生活。在组织架构上，马克思恩格斯在《共产主义者同盟章程》中明确将组织机构界定为“支部、区部、中央委员会和代表大会”等若干层级。其中，在整个组织架构中处于基础性地位的是支部，支部建设本身既需保障充分的党内民主，又需确保纪律修养的锤炼。在纲领规范上，无产阶级政党要以制定“明确的积极的纲领”即科学统一的纪律规范为首要任务。《共产主义者同盟章程》明确规定了“不信仰一切宗教”“严格保守同盟一切活动的秘密”等入盟条件，且“必须宣誓无条件地服从同盟的决议”。马克思恩格斯还确立了无产阶级政党必须“无条件地掌握无产阶级世界观”的基本准入标准。另一方面，以原则性巩固党的团结统一。一定程度上说，团结关乎无产阶级政党的存续，是无产阶级政党无往不胜的重要保障，具体体现在思想、组织和行动等三个方面。关于无产阶级政党的团结问题，马克思在《临时中央委员会就若干问题给代表的指示》中指出：“像兄弟和同志那样地行动。”特别是巴黎公社的革命实践充分彰显了无产阶级政党团结统一的磅礴力量。马克思在1872年关于海牙代表大会的演说中告诫无产阶级政党，“革命应当是团结的”。需要强调的是，无产阶级政党纪律修养所追求的团结绝非放弃原则、流于形式的妥协，而是在共同的政治理想和使命基础上的共同行动。

Third, the proletarian party must ensure that inner-party discipline is implemented without any discount.

第三，无产阶级政党要确保党内纪律不折不扣地执行。

As early as 1850, Marx and Engels pointed out that “the workers’ party must act as organized, as unanimous, and as independent as possible” to avoid being exploited and dominated by the bourgeoisie, particularly emphasizing the importance of the proletarian party ensuring that inner-party discipline is implemented without any discount. On August 12, 1893, Engels pointed out that although discussion is permissible within the party, in order to prevent the proletarian party from degenerating into a sect, “common principles must be consistently adhered to.” Ensuring the implementation of inner-party discipline without any discount is a fundamental principle that must never be shaken in the construction of the proletarian party at any time. On the one hand, taking the strengthening of disciplinary supervision as the foundation to ensure discipline is implemented without any discount. Marx and Engels emphasized that “being under the supervision of the Commune” is an external guarantee for promoting party cadres and members to consciously implement disciplinary norms. This objectively requires public officials to achieve transparency in government affairs through newspapers, announcements, bulletins, etc., to ensure the people’s right to know and supervise, while effectively guaranteeing the people’s right to elect, i.e., entrusting “all positions to persons elected by universal suffrage,” so that public officials understand that their positions are only temporary powers temporarily granted by the people, thereby strengthening their awareness of the purpose of serving the people with power. On the other hand, taking strict disciplinary enforcement as the key to making discipline a rigid constraint on the proletarian party. Disciplinary enforcement focuses on investigating and rectifying problems and forming deterrence, which complements disciplinary supervision, which focuses on discovering problems. In the revolutionary practice of the Paris Commune, the most prominent regulation for strict disciplinary enforcement was granting the people the power of recall — “the electors can recall the elected at any time.” This means that when public officials violate laws or discipline or fail to perform their duties, they will not only face strict disciplinary sanctions but may also be directly recalled. For example, Commune member Pilotelle, for embezzling prisoners’ property, and military delegate Cluseret, for dereliction of duty in the Battle of Versailles, were both legally recalled by the Commune.

早在1850年，马克思恩格斯就指出，“工人政党必须尽量有组织地、尽量一致地和尽量独立地行动起来”,才不会被资产阶级所利用和支配，特别强调无产阶级政党确保党内纪律不折不扣地执行的重要性。1893年8月12日，恩格斯指出，政党内部虽然容许讨论，但为了保证无产阶级政党不蜕化为宗派，“共同的原则应当始终不渝地遵守”。确保党内纪律不折不扣地执行，是无产阶级政党建设任何时候都不可动摇的根本原则。一方面，以强化纪律监督为根本，确保纪律不折不扣地执行。马克思恩格斯强调，“处在公社的监督之下”是推动党员干部自觉将纪律规范落实落地的外在保障。这就客观要求公职人员通过报纸、公告、公报等形式实现政务公开，以保障群众的知情权与监督权，同时切实保障人民的选举权，即将“一切职位交给由普选选出的人担任”,使公职人员明确职务仅是人民暂时授予的、临时的权力，从而强化其权力服务于人民的宗旨意识。另一方面，以严格纪律执行为关键，推动纪律成为无产阶级政党的刚性约束。纪律执行重在查纠问题、形成震慑，这与重在发现问题的纪律监督相辅相成。在巴黎公社的革命实践中，严格执纪最突出的规定是赋予人民罢免权——“选举者可以随时撤换被选举者”。这意味着，当公职人员违法乱纪或履职不力时，不仅会面临严格的纪律处分，而且可能被直接罢免。例如，公社委员皮洛泰尔因侵吞犯人财产、军事代表克吕泽烈因在凡尔赛战役中玩忽职守，均被公社依法罢免。

Fourth, the proletarian party must uphold the value ideal of “sacrificing oneself for humanity” and “working for humanity”

四、无产阶级政党必须秉持“为人类而牺牲自己”和“为人类而工作”的价值理想

To fulfill correct and efficient leadership responsibilities, the proletarian party needs to continuously enhance and temper its own ideological and moral cultivation, striving to enhance the ideological consciousness of its own Party spirit cultivation. In the view of Marx and Engels, the proletarian party must uphold the value ideal of “sacrificing oneself for humanity” and “working for humanity,” devote itself to the proletarian revolution with strong revolutionary will and enthusiasm, firmly establish the identity consciousness of “public servant” and “attendant,” and maintain absolute loyalty to the party’s cause and the people’s interests.

无产阶级政党要履行正确且高效的领导职责，就需要不断提升和锤炼自身的思想道德修养，着力提升自身党性修养的思想自觉。在马克思恩格斯看来，无产阶级政党必须秉持“为人类而牺牲自己”和“为人类而工作”的价值理想，以坚强的革命意志和热情投身无产阶级革命，牢固树立“社会公仆”和“勤务员”的身份意识，对党的事业和人民利益保持绝对忠诚。

First, the proletarian party must “possess revolutionary perseverance and propaganda enthusiasm.”

第一，无产阶级政党必须“具有革命毅力和宣传热情”。

Marx and Engels repeatedly emphasized this point in their extensive correspondence and critical writings. Particularly in their struggles against the Bakuninist, Lassallean, and Proudhonist factions, they repeatedly denounced those who, under the banner of revolution, actually harmed the overall interests of the proletariat, split the organization, or compromised with the bourgeoisie, regarding such actions as disloyalty and betrayal of the party. As a representative figure of opportunism, Lassalle’s theoretical constructions were questioned and criticized by Marx and Engels, yet he had once devoted himself to the cause of the proletarian democratic revolution, especially in the face of the severe situation under the Prussian reactionary government, demonstrating sustained organizational resistance and political resilience. In this regard, Engels, in an 1853 letter to Marx, fully affirmed Lassalle’s “party spirit and ambition” and his revolutionary struggle spirit in participating in the proletarian revolutionary movement. This requires the proletarian party to “recognize its own class interests,” consciously resist, guard against, criticize, and be vigilant against all erroneous ideologies of non-proletarian thought, and always maintain the subjective consciousness of “permanent revolution.” In the view of Marx and Engels, members of the proletarian party should possess enduring revolutionary fervor, lofty revolutionary ambition, and tenacious struggle spirit. They demanded that members of the proletarian party must possess strong revolutionary will and enthusiasm, and temper their unyielding struggle character and tenacious revolutionary will in the practice of engaging in the proletarian revolution and the workers’ movement, striving resolutely for the realization of communism. In the process of guiding the drafting of the *Rules of the Communist League*, Marx and Engels concretized “possessing revolutionary perseverance and diligently carrying out propaganda work” as the admission standard for League members, profoundly demonstrating their requirements for the party spirit of the proletarian party at the level of moral cultivation.

马克思恩格斯在大量通信和批判性著作中不断强调这一点。特别是在与巴枯宁派、拉萨尔派、蒲鲁东主义者的斗争中，他们反复痛斥那些打着革命旗号、实际损害无产阶级整体利益、分裂组织或向资产阶级妥协的言行，认为这是对党的不忠和背叛。作为机会主义的代表人物，拉萨尔的理论建构受到了马克思恩格斯的质疑与批判，但他曾经投身无产阶级民主革命事业，特别是面对普鲁士反动政府的严峻形势，展现出了持续的组织抵抗能力与政治韧性。对此，恩格斯在1853年给马克思的信中充分肯定了拉萨尔在参与无产阶级革命运动中的“党性和抱负”及其革命奋斗精神。这要求无产阶级政党“认清自己的阶级利益”,自觉抵制、提防、批判和警惕一切非无产阶级意识形态的错误思想，始终保持“不断革命”的主体性自觉。在马克思恩格斯看来，无产阶级政党党员应当具备持久的革命热忱、崇高的革命抱负和坚韧的斗争精神。他们要求无产阶级政党党员必须具备坚强的革命意志和热情，并在投身无产阶级革命和工人运动的实践中淬炼不屈的斗争品格和顽强的革命意志，为实现共产主义而坚毅奋斗。马克思恩格斯在指导制定《共产主义者同盟章程》的过程中，将“具有革命毅力并努力进行宣传工作”具体化为盟员的准入标准，深刻彰显了他们在道德修养层面对无产阶级政党提出的党性要求。

Second, the proletarian party must assume the role of responsible “public servants” and “attendants.”

第二，无产阶级政党必须承担起负责任的“社会公仆”和“勤务员”角色。

In the view of Marx and Engels, the leaders of exploitative societies stand in an antagonistic relationship with the public, even lording it over the public, becoming “masters who ride roughshod over the people,”[13]13 A classical Chinese expression (作威作福) originally meaning to abuse one’s power tyrannically, here used to describe exploitative rulers. whereas the regime established by the Paris Commune was, in essence, a true people’s regime. Therefore, members of the proletarian party should possess good moral cultivation and become “public servants” and “attendants who bear responsibility.” Marx and Engels perceived that the bourgeoisie, in the era of the industrial revolution, had completely lost its early progressive character and evolved into “a social force organized for social enslavement,” that is, a parasitic class cruelly exploiting the proletariat. Consequently, the proletariat and its party must smash the old state machinery, smashing the “government power that does not serve as a public servant for society.” In the Paris Commune movement, Marx and Engels prevented the degeneration of the proletarian party’s role as “public servant” through the implementation of universal suffrage, the abolition of hierarchy, and the elimination of high salaries. Specifically: first, they required that judicial and administrative positions be filled through universal suffrage, while voters could “recall at any time” the elected representatives; second, they required that political, administrative, and military positions could all be held by workers, unrestricted by status, eliminating the illusion that politics and administration could only be entrusted to political elites or “monopolized by a special stratum”; third, they required that public officials “could only receive wages equivalent to workers’ wages,” meaning public officials could not use their positions for monetary gain; fourth, they exempted peasants from the “blood tax”[14]14 “Blood tax” (血税) refers to the heavy taxes and conscription burdens imposed on peasants, which Marx and Engels criticized as draining their lifeblood. to the greatest extent possible, providing them with “a cheap government.”

在马克思恩格斯看来，剥削社会的领导者与社会公众处于对立的关系之中，甚至凌驾于社会公众之上，成为“骑在人民头上作威作福的老爷们”,而巴黎公社所建立的政权从本质上讲是真正的人民政权，因此无产阶级政党党员应具备良好的道德修养，成为“社会公仆”和“承担责任的勤务员”。马克思恩格斯洞察到，资产阶级在工业革命时代已彻底丧失其早期进步性，演变为“为进行社会奴役而组织起来的社会力量”,即残酷剥削无产阶级的寄生阶级。因此，无产阶级及其政党必须打碎旧的国家机器，打碎“不是为社会做公仆的政府权力”。在巴黎公社运动中，马克思恩格斯通过实行普选制、消除等级制、取消高薪制等方式防止无产阶级政党“社会公仆”角色的变质。具体而言，一是要求司法和行政等职位通过普选产生，同时选民对选举出来的代表“可以随时撤换”;二是要求政治职务、行政职务和军事职务都可以由工人担任，不受身份地位的限制，清除了政治和行政管理只能委托给政治精英或“特殊阶层所私有”的错觉；三是要求公职人员“只能领取相当于工人工资的报酬”,这意味着公职人员无法利用职务之便进行金钱的获取；四是最大程度地免除农民的“血税”,为他们提供“一个廉价政府”。

Third, the proletarian party must “possess a proven and unwavering loyalty.”

第三，无产阶级政党必须“具备久经考验的耿耿忠心”。

Loyalty is an important guarantee for the proletarian party to firmly uphold its ideals and beliefs and to adhere to its original aspiration and founding mission; it is a moral principle and moral force guiding its value orientation. Marx and Engels emphasized that, as the leader in advancing social revolution and achieving social liberation, the proletarian party bears the historical mission of “overthrowing the rule of the bourgeoisie.” The proletarian party must consciously and firmly strengthen its party spirit ideologically, and be infinitely loyal to the revolutionary cause of the party and the people. Such a lofty and arduous mission requires its members to possess political consciousness and moral qualities surpassing those of the ordinary masses. This “proven and unwavering loyalty” is precisely the firm commitment and unswerving spirit of dedication to the proletarian revolutionary cause and to the common goal. In 1890, Engels deeply reflected on the situation in the editorial board of the *Saxon Workers’ Newspaper*, where some party members were inactive and highly emphasized their “own importance,” considering that this reflected, from one side, the basic conditions for members of the proletarian party to hold leading positions within the party: they must “possess a proven and unwavering loyalty and strong character” towards the cause of the party and the people, “make fewer irrelevant empty arguments, sing fewer high-sounding tunes,” “pay more attention to concrete facts, provide more practical knowledge,” and master the “methods of struggle.” Under any conditions, members of the proletarian party must maintain their sincerity and loyalty to the party, the people, and the revolutionary cause. Therefore, the proletarian party must always uphold the communist ideal, both advancing social revolution and struggle practice based on reality, and maintaining scientific foresight regarding the future direction of social development in the current stage of the movement, “representing the future of the movement in the present movement simultaneously.” Only in this way can the proletarian party, with even higher morale, unreservedly dedicate everything and fearlessly sacrifice itself for the realization of the revolutionary ideal.

忠诚是无产阶级政党坚定理想信念、坚守初心使命的重要保证，是引领其价值取向的道德准则和道德力量。马克思恩格斯强调，作为推进社会革命、实现社会解放的领导者，无产阶级政党肩负着“推翻资产阶级统治”的历史使命，无产阶级政党要在思想上自觉坚定党性，无限忠诚于党和人民的革命事业。如此崇高且艰巨的使命，要求其成员必须具备超越一般群众的政治觉悟和道德品质。这种“久经考验的耿耿忠心”正是对无产阶级革命事业、对共同目标的坚定承诺和不渝献身精神。恩格斯在1890年深刻反思了《萨克森工人报》编辑部中的部分党员无所作为且高度强调“自身的重要性”的情况，认为这从侧面反映出无产阶级政党党员担任党内领导职务的基本条件，就是对党和人民的事业要“具备久经考验的耿耿忠心和坚强性格”,要“少发些不着边际的空论，少唱些高调”,要“多注意一些具体的事实，多提供一些实际的知识”,要掌握“斗争的方式”。无论在何种条件下，无产阶级政党党员都要保持对党、对人民和革命事业的赤诚和忠心。因此，无产阶级政党必须始终秉持共产主义理想，既要立足现实持续推进社会革命和斗争实践，又要在当前的阶段性运动中保持对未来社会发展方向的科学预见性，“在当前的运动中同时代表运动的未来”。唯有如此，无产阶级政党才能更加斗志昂扬地为实现革命理想而毫无保留地奉献所有，无畏牺牲自我。

V. Practical Implications of Marx and Engels’ Thought on the Party Spirit Cultivation of the Proletarian Party

五、马克思恩格斯无产阶级政党党性修养思想的现实启示

General Secretary Xi Jinping has clearly pointed out that “Marxism is our powerful ideological weapon for understanding the world, grasping laws, pursuing truth, and transforming the world,” and has proposed the theoretical learning method of “reading original works, studying original texts, and comprehending principles.” Marx and Engels’ thought on the party spirit cultivation of the proletarian party constitutes the theoretical meta-proposition of the Chinese Communist Party’s view of party spirit. Its theoretical core has demonstrated profound explanatory power and guiding value in the process of the Chinese Communist Party leading the people in revolution, construction, and reform. From experience, the party spirit of members of the proletarian party does not spontaneously persist with the passage of time, nor does it naturally strengthen with the elevation of positions. Under the new circumstances where contradictions and problems are intertwined and risks and challenges are superimposed, strengthening party spirit cultivation has become a compulsory course for the lifelong practice of the vast majority of party members, and is the key point for continuously “enhancing the party’s political leadership, ideological guidance, mass organization, and social appeal.” This requires us to take good party spirit cultivation as our foundation for standing, to be utterly loyal in political cultivation, to systematically study in theoretical armament, to practice earnestly in organizational discipline, to continuously improve in moral character cultivation, and to consciously integrate the tempering of party spirit throughout the entire process of fulfilling duties and responsibilities, always adhering to the political character and spiritual coordinates of Communists. Only in this way can we forever maintain our political integrity on the new journey of the examination[15]15 “The new journey of the examination” (新的赶考之路) is a metaphor used by the CPC, originating from Mao Zedong’s reference to the founding of the People’s Republic as “entering Beijing to take an examination,” implying that the Party must continuously prove itself worthy of the people’s trust. and hand over a historical answer sheet worthy of the people.

习近平总书记明确指出，“马克思主义是我们认识世界、把握规律、追求真理、改造世界的强大思想武器”,提出“读原著、学原文、悟原理”的理论学习方法。马克思恩格斯无产阶级政党党性修养思想，构成了中国共产党党性观的理论元命题，其蕴含的理论内核在中国共产党领导人民进行革命、建设、改革的进程中展现了深刻的解释力与指导价值。从经验看，无产阶级政党党员的党性不会随着时间的推移而自发延续，也不会随着职务的提升而自然增强。在矛盾问题交织与风险挑战叠加的新形势下，加强党性修养已成为广大党员终身实践的必修课，是不断“增强党的政治领导力、思想引领力、群众组织力、社会号召力”的关键点。这就要求我们要以良好的党性修养作为自己的立身之本，在政治修养上赤胆忠心，在理论武装上系统学习，在组织纪律上躬身践行，在品德修为上持续精进，自觉将锤炼党性贯穿于履职尽责全过程，始终坚守共产党人的政治品格和精神坐标。唯有如此，才能在新的赶考之路上永葆政治本色，交出无愧于人民的历史答卷。

First, the cultivation of party spirit among the vast number of party members must be highly valued.

第一，必须高度重视广大党员党性修养的锤炼。

Whether the cultivation of Party spirit can be continuously tempered is the fundamental yardstick for testing the political fitness of a proletarian party. A proletarian party with a strong Party spirit that consistently represents the fundamental interests of the masses is the core force leading the proletarian revolution and achieving human emancipation. Marx and Engels attached great importance to the tempering of proletarian party spirit cultivation in order to better realize their political ideals and goals. In the long course of revolutionary practice and political struggle, the proletarian party enhances its Party spirit cultivation in the process of safeguarding the interests of the masses and advancing the communist movement, adheres to the principle of Party spirit in the process of maintaining its advanced nature, purity, and people-centered character, and raises its Party spirit consciousness in the process of strengthening its combat effectiveness, organizational capacity, and cohesion. From Marx and Engels’ statement that “Party spirit and the spirit of unity still hold sway” to General Secretary Xi Jinping’s emphasis that “Party spirit is the cornerstone for Party members and cadres to establish themselves, pursue their careers, articulate their views, and cultivate their virtue,” [16]16 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the National Conference on Party Building Work” (October 8, 2014), in *Selected Important Documents since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China*, vol. 2 (Beijing: Central Party Literature Press, 2016), p. 144. upholding and strengthening Party spirit cultivation is a required course for Communists. The strength of Party spirit concerns the cause of the Party and the state. Once Party spirit is weakened or even lost, it will lead to the wanton encroachment upon “the people’s apples,” [17]17 This refers to a story often cited by Xi Jinping about a Red Army soldier in the Jinggangshan period who, despite extreme hunger, did not take an apple from a villager’s orchard, symbolizing strict discipline and the people-centered nature of the Party. and the cause of the Party and the state will be in jeopardy. On the new journey, [18]18 “New journey” refers to the period of comprehensively building a modern socialist country, following the achievement of the First Centenary Goal (building a moderately prosperous society in all respects by 2021). the broad masses of Party members, in tempering their Party spirit cultivation, must always adhere to the unity of Party spirit and people-centeredness, consciously accept Party spirit education, continuously engage in self-improvement, self-transformation, and self-discipline, and firmly establish the conscious action of tempering Party spirit and the ideological consciousness that Party spirit cultivation is “always on the road.” [19]19 “Always on the road” is a phrase used by the CPC to indicate that a task (such as Party building or the fight against corruption) is ongoing and has no endpoint.

能否持续锤炼党性修养，是检验无产阶级政党政治合格与否的根本标尺。无产阶级政党具备坚强党性、始终代表人民群众根本利益，是领导无产阶级革命、实现人类解放的核心力量。马克思恩格斯高度重视无产阶级政党党性修养的锤炼以更好实现其政治理想和政治目标。在长期的革命实践与政治斗争中，无产阶级政党在维护群众利益、推进共产主义运动的过程中增强党性修养，在保持自身先进性、纯洁性、人民性的过程中恪守党性原则，在增强自身战斗力、组织力、凝聚力的过程中提升党性自觉。从马克思恩格斯指出的“党性和团结精神仍然占着统治地位”到习近平总书记强调的“党性是党员、干部立身、立业、立言、立德的基石”,对党性修养的坚持与强化是共产党人的必修课。党性的强弱关乎党和国家的事业，党性一旦弱化乃至丧失，就会导致“人民的苹果”遭到肆意侵占，党和国家的事业便岌岌可危。新征程上，广大党员锤炼党性修养要始终坚持党性和人民性的统一，自觉接受党性教育，不断进行自我完善、自我改造、自我锻炼，牢固树立锤炼党性的行动自觉和党性修养“永远在路上”的思想自觉。

Second, in strengthening political cultivation, sharpen the original aspiration and forever preserve the true character.

第二，在强化政治修养中砥砺初心、永葆本色。

Political cultivation is the process by which the broad masses of Party members continuously improve their own political ideological quality and level of political practice through certain self-transformation and self-discipline. It determines the stance, direction, and quality of Party members’ Party spirit cultivation and is a fundamental issue concerning the tempering of Party spirit cultivation. From Marx and Engels’ statement that “engaging in politics” to General Secretary Xi Jinping’s emphasis on “integrating the emphasis on politics throughout the entire process of Party spirit training,” Communists must always firmly uphold their political stance, firmly grasp the political direction, and continuously improve their political judgment, political understanding, and political execution. Specifically, first, firmly establish ideals and convictions, use the “four abilities” [20]20 The “four abilities” (四个能否) are criteria proposed by Xi Jinping in 2013 to test a Party member’s ideals and convictions: whether they can uphold the Party’s basic line, whether they can resolutely implement the Party’s policies, whether they can serve the people wholeheartedly, and whether they can maintain a high degree of consistency with the Party Central Committee. as objective criteria to test and purify Party spirit, comprehensively implement the Party’s basic line, and coordinate the Party’s minimum program and maximum program. Second, firmly establish the people’s stance, cultivate and temper Party spirit in practicing the mass line, deeply comprehend the logical starting point and practical foundation of Communists’ political cultivation, and actively devote themselves to the cause of the Party and the people. Third, strengthen political discernment, be adept at grasping, analyzing, and discerning the core characteristics and deep roots of various relationships from a political dimension, build a solid ideological foundation for risk prevention, and continuously enhance dialectical thinking ability and systematic observation.

政治修养是广大党员通过一定的自我改造、自我锻炼，从而不断提升自身政治思想品质和政治实践水平的过程，决定着党员党性修养的立场、方向和质量，是事关党性修养锤炼的根本性问题。从马克思恩格斯指出的“从事政治”到习近平总书记强调的“把讲政治贯穿于党性锻炼全过程”,共产党人要始终坚定政治立场、把牢政治方向，不断提高政治判断力、政治领悟力、政治执行力。具体而言，一是坚定理想信念，以“四个能否”为客观标准检验党性、提纯党性，全面贯彻落实党的基本路线，统筹党的最低纲领和最高纲领。二是坚定人民立场，在践行群众路线中涵养党性、锤炼党性，深刻领会共产党人政治修养的逻辑起点和实践基点，积极投身党和人民的事业。三是强化政治鉴别，善于从政治维度把握、剖析、洞察各类关系的核心特质与深层根源，筑牢风险防范思想根基，不断提升辩证思维能力和系统的观察力。

Third, in strengthening theoretical cultivation, consolidate the soul and build the foundation.

第三，在强化理论修养中凝心铸魂、筑牢根本。

Attaching great importance to ideological and theoretical arming is a fine tradition and unique advantage of the proletarian party. The strengthening of theoretical cultivation is a prerequisite for the proletarian party’s Party spirit cultivation and also the ideological foundation for improving the purity of the proletarian party’s Party spirit. Engels pointed out: “A nation that wants to stand at the pinnacle of science cannot for a moment do without theoretical thought.” Marxism is the theoretical weapon and the foundation of ideals and convictions for the Communist Party of China. Educating, shaping, and arming the entire Party with Marxism adapted to the Chinese context and the needs of the times constitutes the core essence of the CPC’s strengthening of theoretical cultivation. Therefore, the broad masses of Party members must systematically study classic texts and the Party’s innovative theories, master the stances, viewpoints, and methods running through them, promote the dialectical leap in theoretical literacy and ideological consciousness, and “transform the results of learning into spiritual nourishment for enhancing Party spirit cultivation, ideological realm, and moral level.” In addition, Party members must unswervingly use Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era to consolidate the soul, further expand relevant theoretical learning activities, comprehensively master the concepts, methods, strategies, and worldview and methodology running through them, and effectively transform the value essence contained in the Party’s innovative theories of the New Era into concrete practices for strengthening theoretical cultivation and enhancing ideological consciousness, thereby effectively enhancing the subjective consciousness of Party members’ Party spirit cultivation.

高度重视思想理论武装是无产阶级政党的优良传统和独特优势，理论修养的强化是无产阶级政党党性修养的先决条件，也是提高无产阶级政党党性纯洁度的思想根本。恩格斯指出：“一个民族要想站在科学的最高峰，就一刻也不能没有理论思维。”马克思主义是中国共产党的理论武器和理想信念根基，以中国化时代化的马克思主义理论对全党进行教育、塑造和武装构成了中国共产党强化理论修养的核心要义。因此，广大党员要系统学习经典文本和党的创新理论，掌握贯穿其中的立场观点方法，促进理论素养与思想觉悟的辩证跃升，“把学习成果转化为提升党性修养、思想境界、道德水平的精神营养”。另外，党员要坚持不懈用习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想凝心铸魂，进一步拓展相关理论学习活动，全面掌握贯穿其中的理念、方法、战略以及世界观和方法论，切实将新时代党的创新理论所蕴含的价值要义转化为加强理论修养、提升思想觉悟的具体实践，从而有效提升党员党性修养的主体自觉。

Fourth, in strengthening discipline cultivation, unify will and unify action.

第四，在强化纪律修养中统一意志、统一行动。

Strict organizational discipline is an important prerequisite for maintaining the fundamental attributes of the proletarian party and a powerful pillar for ensuring the unity and solidarity of the proletarian party. From Marx’s statement that “the Party’s discipline must be absolutely observed” to General Secretary Xi Jinping’s emphasis that “organizational discipline is an important content of Party spirit cultivation,” observing discipline and abiding by rules are basic requirements and important tests for Communists’ Party spirit cultivation. Strengthening discipline cultivation means transforming the Party’s disciplinary rules and regulations into internal behavioral norms and external daily habits, making them a “ruler of conduct” that is never absent. Specifically, first, abide by rules, that is, uphold and strengthen the centralized and unified leadership of the Party Central Committee, firmly support the Two Establishments and resolutely achieve the Two Upholds, [21]21 The Two Establishments (两个确立) refer to establishing Xi Jinping’s core position on the Party Central Committee and in the Party as a whole, and establishing the guiding role of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. The Two Upholds (两个维护) refer to upholding General Secretary Xi Jinping’s core position on the Party Central Committee and in the Party as a whole, and upholding the authority and centralized, unified leadership of the Party Central Committee. and enhance prestige and public trust with unified ideological and action consciousness. In addition, adhere to the leadership system and organizational principle of democratic centralism, and use the benign interaction of “the crucible” of inner-Party life [22]22 “The crucible” (熔炉) is a metaphor for inner-Party political life, which is supposed to temper Party members’ character and discipline through criticism and self-criticism. to promote the broad masses of Party members to always be consistent in appearance and deed, and match words with actions. Second, observe rules, that is, consciously learn and abide by the Party Constitution, implement and uphold the Party Constitution, take the Party Constitution as the basic standard for resolving differences and regulating struggles, and continuously improve the thinking methods, working skills, and behavioral practices for strengthening one’s own discipline cultivation. Third, establish rules, that is, establish and improve a complete system of inner-Party disciplinary norms, continuously optimize inner-Party rules and regulations, and provide the necessary theoretical basis for the entire Party to unconditionally obey and abide by the Party’s discipline.

严明的组织纪律是维系无产阶级政党根本属性的重要前提，是保证无产阶级政党团结统一的强大支柱。从马克思指出的“必须绝对遵守党的纪律”到习近平总书记强调的“组织纪律性是党性修养的重要内容”,守纪律、讲规矩是共产党人党性修养的基本要求和重要检验。强化纪律修养，就是要将党的纪律规矩转化为内在的行为准则和外在的日常习惯，使其成为须臾不离的行为“戒尺”。具体而言，一是要讲规矩，即坚持和加强党中央集中统一领导，坚定拥护“两个确立”、坚决做到“两个维护”,以统一的思想自觉和行动自觉提升威信感、公信力。另外，要坚持民主集中制的领导制度和组织原则，以党内生活这个“熔炉”的良性互动促进广大党员始终做到表里如一、言行一致。二是要守规矩，即自觉学习和遵守党章、贯彻和维护党章，把党章作为化解分歧、调和斗争的基本标准，不断提升强化自身纪律修养的思维方法、工作本领和行为实践。三是要立规矩，即建立健全完善的党内纪律规范体系，不断优化党内规章制度，为全党无条件服从和遵守党的纪律提供必要的理论依据。

Fifth, in strengthening moral cultivation, temper character, and be loyal and responsible.

第五，在强化道德修养中锤炼品格、忠诚担当。

The moral cultivation of Party members constitutes an important dimension of Party spirit cultivation and provides a demonstrative orientation for the construction of ethical order at the social level. To shoulder the historical responsibility of promoting human emancipation and realizing the free and comprehensive development of human beings, the proletarian party must uphold the value ideal of “working for humanity” and continuously temper moral cultivation and moral character. For the Communist Party of China, Party spirit cultivation itself “is the greatest virtue.” It is necessary to achieve both moral integrity and professional competence through introspection and self-examination, consciously integrate the strengthening of moral cultivation throughout the entire process of Party spirit cultivation, undergo Party spirit tempering, and thereby win people’s hearts and promote the progress of the cause. Specifically, first, understand great virtue, and continuously strengthen the sense of public service. Deepen the people’s sentiment, consistently regard serving the people as the highest value pursuit, and forever preserve the people’s true color of Communists. On the one hand, pay attention to investigation and research, take the initiative to go deep into the grassroots, earnestly pay attention to the voices of the masses, collect the demands of the masses, and respond to the concerns of the masses; on the other hand, strengthen the problem orientation, always focus on the urgent, difficult, and anxious problems of the masses to explore practical and effective new measures and new ideas, and continuously enhance the people’s sense of satisfaction and gain. Second, uphold public virtue, and always be loyal to the Party. As the primary political quality of the proletarian party, loyalty to the Party is deeply rooted in its red bloodline. The broad masses of Party members must consciously temper their character, consciously strengthen their sense of mission and responsibility, submit to the Party’s will, love the Party from the heart, safeguard the Party with an overall perspective, and unswervingly build the Party, ensuring that the entire Party unifies its will and action, becoming as strong and invincible as steel. Third, strictly observe private virtue, and unswervingly uphold clean and honest governance. The core of strengthening moral cultivation for the broad masses of Party members lies in strictly cultivating themselves and disciplining their conduct, firmly establishing their own moral responsibility and ethical concepts, constantly guarding against the expansion of selfish desires, always adhering to the basic principles of being honest in performing official duties and strict with themselves, and ensuring that the power in their hands is entirely used to serve the people.

党员的道德修养构成党性修养的重要维度，为社会层面的伦理秩序建设提供示范性导向。无产阶级政党要担当起推动人类解放、实现人的自由全面发展的历史重任，就必须秉持“为人类而工作”的价值理想，不断锤炼道德修养和道德品格。对于中国共产党而言，党性修养本身“就是最大的德”,要在内观自省中做到德才兼备、本领过硬，自觉把强化道德修养贯穿于党性修养的全过程，进行党性淬炼，进而赢得人心、推动事业进步。具体而言，一是明大德，不断强化公仆意识。要厚植人民情怀，始终如一地将服务人民作为最高价值追求，永葆共产党人的人民底色。一方面，要注重调查研究，主动深入基层，切实关注群众呼声、收集群众诉求、回应群众关切；另一方面，要强化问题导向，始终围绕人民群众急难愁盼问题探索务实管用的新举措新思路，不断提升人民群众满足感、获得感。二是守公德，始终做到对党忠诚。作为无产阶级政党首要的政治品质，对党忠诚深植于其红色血脉之中，广大党员要自觉锤炼品格，自觉强化使命担当、服从党的意志，发自内心地热爱党、顾全大局地维护党、坚定不移地建设党，确保全党统一意志、统一行动，如同钢铁般坚强有力、无坚不摧。三是严私德，不断坚守清正廉洁。广大党员强化道德修养的核心在于从严修身律己，牢固树立自身的道德责任和伦理观念，时刻防范私欲膨胀，始终坚守清廉奉公、严于律己的基本原则，确保手中权力完全服务于人民。

Author affiliation: Institute of Contemporary Socialism, School of Political Science and Public Administration, Shandong University

作者单位：山东大学当代社会主义研究所、政治学与公共管理学院