A Historical Examination of the Early Dissemination of Marxism in Shanghai and Its Contemporary Implications

Shanghai was one of the important regions for the early dissemination of Marxism in China. The early dissemination of Marxism in Shanghai provided a powerful ideological weapon for advanced elements to save the nation and its people, propelled the birth of the Communist Party of China in Shanghai, and occupies a significant position in the tortuous yet glorious process of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context. Studying the early dissemination of Marxism in Shanghai, tracing the origins of the original aspiration and founding mission, and deepening the understanding of the unique role Shanghai played, helps to enrich the study of the history of the dissemination of Marxism and the history of the founding of the Communist Party of China, on the premise of reflecting the holistic requirements of Marxism.

上海是马克思主义在中国早期传播的重要地区之一。马克思主义在上海的早期传播为先进分子救国救民提供了强有力的思想武器，推动了中国共产党在上海的诞生，在马克思主义中国化曲折又辉煌的进程中占据着重要地位。研究马克思主义在上海的早期传播，追溯初心之源并深化上海所发挥独特作用的认识，有助于在体现马克思主义整体性要求的前提下丰富马克思主义传播史和中国共产党创建史研究。

I. The Spatiotemporal Circumstances of the Early Dissemination of Marxism in Shanghai

一、马克思主义在上海早期传播的时空境遇

The dissemination of Marxism as a theoretical system in Shanghai was, in essence, a process of entering from one cultural field into another new cultural field, possessing both the inherent adaptability of the theory itself and the absorbency demanded by the objective environment. As Marc Bloch stated: "In any society of whatever nature, all things are mutually conditioned and interconnected; the political and economic structures, as well as the most basic and subtle reflections of beliefs and thought, are no exception." [1]1 Marc Bloch (1886–1944), a French historian and co-founder of the Annales School. The early dissemination of Marxism in Shanghai was by no means accidental. It is necessary to analyze the political and economic conditions, ideological and cultural circumstances, popular psychology, and locational advantages of Shanghai at that time, and to explore the historical conditions for early dissemination amidst the combined effect of multiple factors.

马克思主义作为理论体系在上海的传播，究其实质是从一个文化场进入另一个新文化场的过程，具有理论自身内在的适应性和客观环境需要的吸取性。正如马克·布洛赫所言：“无论什么性质的社会，一切事物都是互相制约、互相联系的，政治、经济的结构与信仰及思想最基本、最微妙的反映都概莫能外。”马克思主义在上海的早期传播绝非偶然，需剖析当时上海政治经济、思想文化、民众心理、区位优势等状况，在诸多因素的综合作用中探寻早期传播的历史条件。

1. Shanghai's Modern Economic Development and Tradition of Political Struggle Laid the Social Foundation for the Early Dissemination of Marxism

1. 近代上海的经济发展和政治斗争传统为马克思主义早期传播奠定社会根基

Society is a structure composed of productive forces and relations of production with complex interrelations, while the political and economic conditions constitute the basic elements of society and the foundation for its continued evolution. This is an inevitable conclusion drawn in accordance with the Marxist theory of productive forces and relations of production. Regionally speaking, Shanghai was an economically active area in modern China and an important base for social modernization. It was a significant stage where various political groups vied for influence since the late Qing Dynasty. Its superior economic support and pivotal political status provided the social foundation for it to become a stronghold for the early dissemination of Marxism. After the opening of its port, Shanghai developed from an ordinary county town on the southeast coast into the largest commercial port in the Far East, a hub of transportation, and a center for foreign trade and domestic commerce, becoming a newly rising modern city with distinct modernity and public character. The Xinhai Revolution [2]2 The Xinhai Revolution (1911–1912) overthrew the Qing dynasty and established the Republic of China. promoted the development of national industry and accumulated a considerable number of industrial workers. By the 1920s, Shanghai had become China's economic center, and its strong economic strength served as an important foundation for cultural prosperity and social progress. Shanghai's early industrialization greatly supported the development of communication media, promoted major innovations in the forms of cultural dissemination, and the media and the networks they formed provided material foundations and conditional guarantees for the spread of new ideas, making Shanghai a major center for the dissemination of ideological and public opinion in modern China.

社会是由生产力与生产关系构成的具有复杂关系的结构，而政治经济状况乃是社会基本要件以及得以继续衍化的根基，这是按照马克思主义关于生产力与生产关系理论所得出的必然结论。就区域而言，上海是近代中国经济活跃区域和社会现代化的重要基地，是晚清以来各种政团竞相活动的重要舞台，优越的经济支撑和举足轻重的政治地位为其成为马克思主义早期传播重镇提供了社会根基。开埠以后，上海从东南沿海的普通县城发展为远东第一通商巨埠、交通运输的枢纽、对外贸易以及国内商业中心，成为近代以来崛起的新兴城市，具有明显的现代性与公共性。辛亥革命促进了民族工业的发展，积聚了相当数量的产业工人。20世纪20年代，上海业已成为中国经济中心，其雄厚的经济实力成为文化繁荣、社会进步的重要基础。上海早期工业化对于传播媒介的发展有着极大的支撑，促进文化传播样式的重大革新，传播媒介及所形成的网络为新思想的传播提供了物质基础和条件保障，使上海成为近代中国思想舆论传播的重镇。

Shanghai was an important stage for political struggle in modern China, possessing typical significance as a benchmark for political change. To analyze the political environment for the early dissemination of Marxism in Shanghai, it is necessary to reveal its political underpinnings from the perspective of the "political stage." Only then can one see the influence of political changes on ideology and culture, and thereby observe the political prerequisites for the early dissemination of Marxism in Shanghai. After the Hundred Days' Reform, [3]3 The Hundred Days' Reform (1898) was a failed 103-day period of top-down modernization and institutional reforms in the late Qing dynasty. organizations such as the Restoration Society [4]4 The Restoration Society (Guangfuhui) was a revolutionary organization founded in 1904, aiming to overthrow the Qing dynasty. and the Tongmenghui [5]5 The Tongmenghui (Chinese United League) was a secret revolutionary society founded by Sun Yat-sen in 1905, which later evolved into the Kuomintang. were successively established in Shanghai, and the city's political character became increasingly pronounced. In the early years of the Republic of China, a multitude of political parties and groups were established in Shanghai, such as the Shanghai Citizens' Association and the Chinese Socialist Party, with over thirty political organizations successively recruiting members in Shanghai. As the area with the highest concentration of bourgeois forces, Shanghai also became the center of activities for the bourgeois constitutionalists. The Constitutional Preparation Association [6]6 The Constitutional Preparation Association (Yubei Lixian Gonghui) was a political group founded in 1906 that advocated for a constitutional monarchy. was the earliest established, largest, and most influential constitutionalist group in the country. The establishment of the Chinese Educational Association, [7]7 The Chinese Educational Association (Zhongguo Jiaoyuhui) was founded in 1902 to promote modern education and revolutionary ideas. the student strike at Nanyang Public School, [8]8 The Nanyang Public School student strike of 1902 was a protest against school authorities, reflecting growing anti-Qing sentiment. and the Patriotic Academy [9]9 The Patriotic Academy (Aiguo Xueshe) was a school founded in 1902 by radical educators and revolutionaries after the Nanyang strike. all promoted the revolutionary trend in Shanghai, attracting more patriots to gather on the banks of the Huangpu River. After the rise of the bourgeois revolutionary movement, the bourgeois revolutionaries chose Shanghai as their propaganda center and distribution hub. The two political parties that had the greatest impact on modern and contemporary Chinese politics—the Communist Party of China and the Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang)—were both founded in Shanghai and used it as their center of activities, holding landmark significance in the history of modern Chinese political change. Sun Yat-sen emphasized that after the Wuchang Uprising, [10]10 The Wuchang Uprising (October 10, 1911) was the military revolt that triggered the Xinhai Revolution. "the most powerful response at the time, and the one that had the greatest impact on the whole country, was Shanghai." With the introduction and importation of Western culture, various political ideologies, including Marxism, were simultaneously introduced into Shanghai. Various political factions took advantage of the favorable regional conditions and the relatively relaxed environment of the concessions, choosing Shanghai as their political activity center or base. A series of major political events and movements successively occurred in Shanghai, greatly enhancing its political status and influence in the political changes of modern China. In short, from the germination of revolutionary thought to the establishment of the Republic of China, and then to the founding of the Communist Party of China, Shanghai played an irreplaceable role that other regions in China could not, and its tradition of political struggle laid a solid political foundation for the early dissemination of Marxism.

上海是近代中国政治斗争的重要舞台，具有政治变动路向标的典型意义。剖析马克思主义在上海早期传播的政治环境，需要从“政治舞台”视域揭示其政治底蕴，如此方能看到政治变动给予思想文化的影响，进而观照马克思主义在上海早期传播的政治前提。戊戌变法之后，光复会、同盟会等组织相继在上海成立，城市政治色彩愈发浓厚。民国初年，林林总总的党派团体在上海竞相成立，如上海公民会、中国社会党等30余个政治组织陆续在上海发展成员。作为资产阶级力量最为集中的上海，亦成为资产阶级立宪派活动的中心，预备立宪公会乃是国内成立最早、规模最大、影响最广的立宪团体。中国教育会建立、南洋公学学潮以及爱国学社等，推动了上海的革命风潮，吸引着更多爱国人士汇集到黄浦江畔。资产阶级革命运动兴起后，资产阶级革命派选择上海作为宣传中心和集散地。对近现代中国政治影响最大的两个政党——中国共产党和中国国民党均在上海创立，并以上海为活动中心，在近代中国政治变革史上具有标志性意义。孙中山曾强调，在武昌起义之后，“时响应之最有力而影响于全国最大者，厥为上海”。随着西方文化的传入与引进，包括马克思主义在内的各种政治思想一并传入了上海。各类政治派别纷纷利用有利的区域条件和租界这一宽松环境，选择上海作为政治活动中心或基地。一系列重大政治事件和政治运动相继在上海发生，极大地提升了上海的政治地位及其在近代中国政治变迁中的影响力。要言之，从革命思想萌发到中华民国建立，再到中国共产党成立，上海发挥了中国其他区域所无法替代的作用，其政治斗争传统为马克思主义早期传播奠定了良好的政治基础。

2. Shanghai's Special Political Structure and Immigrant City Characteristics Created an Ideological and Cultural Atmosphere for the Early Dissemination of Marxism

2. 上海特殊政治格局和移民城市特性为马克思主义早期传播营造思想文化氛围

Modern Shanghai's political, economic, and cultural status, unattainable by other domestic cities, was closely linked to the concessions and their political structure. The special political structure, where the Shanghai Municipal Council, [11]11 The Shanghai Municipal Council was the governing body of the International Settlement in Shanghai. the Conseil d'Administration Municipale, [12]12 The Conseil d'Administration Municipale was the governing body of the French Concession in Shanghai. and the local government of the Chinese-administered areas coexisted, divided Shanghai into three major areas: the International Settlement, the French Concession, and the Chinese city. This provided a relatively safe "gap" for progressive intellectuals to carry out political activities, "offering a relatively suitable space for various political forces to express their views," and provided soil for the dissemination of various Western ideologies, including Marxism, in Shanghai. Foreigners in the concessions opened bookstores and publishing houses, selling and publishing books, newspapers, and periodicals, including Marxist works, which facilitated the Chinese people's understanding of Marxist writings and the dynamics of Marxist dissemination. The differences between the political system implemented in the concessions and the system of the Shanghai region itself became an important feature in the evolutionary process of Shanghai's history, exerting a tremendous influence on the social changes of modern Shanghai, especially on cultural dissemination, and creating conditions for political struggle in the Shanghai region and the early dissemination of Marxism.

近代上海取得了国内其他城市无法企及的政治、经济、文化地位，与租界及其政治格局紧密关联。工部局、公董局和华界地方政府并存的特殊政治格局，使上海被划分为公共租界、法租界、华界三大地区，为先进知识分子开展政治活动提供了相对安全的“缝隙”，“为各种政治力量表达政见提供了比较合适的空间”，为包括马克思主义在内的西方各种思想在上海的传播提供了土壤。租界中外国人开办书店和出版机构，出版销售包括马克思主义著作在内的书籍报刊，便于国人了解马克思主义著作和马克思主义传播动态。租界实施的政治制度与上海区域本身制度之间的差异性成为上海历史衍化过程中的重要特征，对近代上海社会变迁尤其是文化传播产生了巨大影响，为上海区域政治斗争以及马克思主义早期传播创造了条件。

As an immigrant society, Shanghai's ideology and culture presented a picture of dynamic evolution, displaying the prominent characteristics of being heterogeneous and diverse in coexistence, fluid and interactive. Immigrants from both domestic and international backgrounds with different cultural heritages gathered in the concessions, undergoing ideological exchange and collision, conceptual convergence and inspiration, forming a special ideological field and spiritual outlook, which promoted the prosperity of Shanghai's regional culture and the freedom of popular thought. As an important window for modern China's foreign exchanges, Shanghai had a relatively high degree of Sino-foreign ideological and cultural exchange. Foreign scholars and cultural figures frequently visited Shanghai, promoting interaction and exchange between Chinese culture and world culture. In April 1919, amidst the New Culture Movement's [13]13 The New Culture Movement (c. 1915–1920s) was a movement promoting Western ideas of science, democracy, and vernacular literature, and critiquing traditional Confucian values. advocacy of scientism, the famous American educator John Dewey gave lectures in Shanghai that received an enthusiastic response, "temporarily greatly influencing the thoughts of the youth." [14]14 John Dewey (1859–1952) was an American philosopher and educational reformer whose lectures in China (1919–1921) had a significant impact on Chinese intellectuals. While being radiated by various new ideas and new cultures, Shanghai also radiated its own intellectual energy to other regions. Domestic immigrants, through means such as native-place associations, radiated new ideas and new cultures from Shanghai to the whole country. In summary, amidst the social changes of modern China, multiple concepts, trends of thought, and cultures—tradition and modernity, East and West, persistence and change, nationalism and communism—successively appeared in Shanghai, blending and clashing with each other, gradually forming a "Shanghai-style culture" characterized by "embracing all rivers and being inclusive." This gave rise to an ideological and cultural ecology of striving and enterprising spirit, free dialogue, reverence for creation, and inclusiveness, creating an open and tolerant ideological and cultural environment for the dissemination of Marxism.

作为移民社会的上海，其思想文化呈现动态衍化的图景，显示了驳杂而多样并存、流动而相互作用的显著特色。具有不同文化背景的国内外移民聚集在租界，历经思想交流与碰撞、理念交汇与启发，形成特殊的思想场域和精神面貌，促进了上海区域文化的繁荣以及民众思想的自由。作为近代中国对外交往的重要窗口，上海中外思想文化交流程度较高，且外国学者和文化人士频频对上海访问，促进了中国文化与世界文化的互动交流。1919年4月，正值新文化运动宣传科学主义之势，美国著名教育家杜威在上海的演讲反响热烈，“一时青年思想颇受其影响”。上海在受到各种新思想、新文化辐射的同时，也将自身思想能量向其他地区辐射，国内移民则通过老乡会等方式将新思想、新文化从上海向全国辐射。综上，在近代中国社会变迁中，传统与现代、东方与西方、持守与变革、民族主义与共产主义等多元观念、思潮、文化在上海陆续出场，彼此交融交锋，逐渐使上海形成“海纳百川、兼容并包”的“海派文化”，催生了奋斗进取、自由对话、崇尚创造、兼容并包的思想文化生态，为马克思主义传播营造了开放包容的思想文化环境。

3. The Concentration of Intellectuals and the Maturation of the Working Class in Shanghai Provided the Subjective and Objective Forces for the Early Dissemination of Marxism

3. 上海知识分子集聚和工人队伍成熟为马克思主义早期传播提供了主客力量

History is created by people, and the evolution of social phenomena is the result of people's historical activities. Engels pointed out: "In the domain of social history, those who act are people endowed with consciousness, who act after deliberation or driven by passion, pursuing certain purposes." [5]5 The Tongmenghui (Chinese United League) was a secret revolutionary society founded by Sun Yat-sen in 1905, which later evolved into the Kuomintang. As a hub for the introduction, production, and dissemination of new knowledge and new learning, Shanghai not only gathered a large number of progressive and revolutionary intellectuals but also had the most concentrated working class, providing a talent pool and an audience base for the dissemination of Marxism. Compared with other regions of the same period, Shanghai's intellectuals were larger in number, more concentrated geographically, and more advanced in ideas. They were active in thought, broad in vision, and profound in learning, having generally received a dual education from both new-style schools and traditional culture. They could grasp the direction and trends of advanced world culture in light of China's actual conditions, possessed a strong spirit of patriotism and a keen sense of political participation, and, in the era of saving the nation and the people and "opening their eyes to see the world," they embarked one after another on the journey of pursuing the truth of national salvation. Among the various trends of thought popular in society at the time, Shanghai's intellectuals were all important forces of dissemination. Shanghai was a "transit hub" for overseas students. From March 1919 to the end of December 1920, nearly 1,600 students departed from Shanghai to study abroad across the oceans, including Zhou Enlai, Deng Xiaoping, and Cai Hesen. [15]15 Zhou Enlai (1898–1976), Deng Xiaoping (1904–1997), and Cai Hesen (1895–1931) were early leaders of the Chinese Communist Party; all studied in France as part of the work-study program. After completing their studies, some of these students returned and settled in Shanghai to engage in ideological and cultural work, completing their transformation from democrats to Marxists and becoming the main force in the dissemination of Marxism. In short, the talent advantage formed by the concentration of intellectuals was a distinctive feature of Shanghai, and the cause of disseminating Marxism in Shanghai advanced magnificently on the basis of this concentration of talent.

历史是由人创造的，社会现象演变是人的历史性活动的结果。恩格斯指出：“在社会历史领域内进行活动的，是具有意识的、经过思虑或凭激情行动的、追求某种目的的人。”[5]作为新知新学引进、生产和传播的重镇，上海不仅有大批进步的、革命的知识分子集聚，工人阶级也最为集中，为马克思主义传播提供了人才储备和受众力量。与同时期其他地区相比，上海知识分子在数量上更为庞大、区位上更为集中、理念上更为先进，他们思维活跃、视野宽阔、学识渊博，基本都接受过新式学校和传统文化的双重教育，能结合中国实际把握世界先进文化前进方向与潮流，具备强烈的爱国主义精神和较强的政治参与意识，在救国救民和“睁眼看世界”的时代语境下，纷纷踏上追求救国真理的征程。在当时社会上流行的各种思潮中，上海知识分子皆是重要的传播力量。上海是留学生的“中转站”，从1919年3月到1920年12月底，有近1600名学生从上海出发，远涉重洋留学国外，其中包括周恩来、邓小平、蔡和森等。部分留学生学成归来后，留居上海从事思想文化工作，完成由民主主义者向马克思主义者的转变，成为马克思主义传播的主体力量。总之，知识分子集聚所形成的人才优势是上海的显著特色，马克思主义传播事业在上海展开正是在人才集聚的基础上波澜壮阔地前进的。

The growth of class consciousness stems from the growth of the class itself, and the cognition of historical mission and the attitude toward living conditions are important indicators of class consciousness. Class ideology and its level of consciousness are premised on the existence and development of the class, just as "the existence of revolutionary ideas in a certain era is premised on the existence of a revolutionary class." First, Shanghai was the birthplace of modern Chinese industry and the cradle of the working class. "Around 1919, Shanghai already had nearly 200,000 workers, plus over 10,000 transport workers and over 200,000 handicraft workers, totaling over 500,000 workers, accounting for about a quarter of the city's population." In terms of industrial structure, Shanghai's industrial workers were concentrated in large enterprises such as textiles and shipbuilding, with a high degree of concentration, which facilitated the dissemination of Marxism among the workers. Second, Shanghai's working class suffered multiple oppressions from imperialism, feudalism, and capitalism, with miserable living conditions and deprivation of political and social rights. In 1920 in Shanghai, "mechanical workers worked 8–16 hours a day, handicraft workers 10–15 hours, and service workers 9–18 hours," and "the low wages were unparalleled in any country in the world." Shanghai tree-planting worker Liu Langshan described his plight: "The dwellings are broken huts and thatched sheds, the food is flatbread, noodles, or rotten and inedible things, and the clothing, regardless of gender, barely covers the body." This illustrates the misery of the workers' living conditions. To escape cruel economic exploitation and political oppression, the working class repeatedly organized spontaneous resistance struggles. Between 1914 and 1919 alone, Shanghai's industrial workers organized over 80 strikes, including some of considerable scale and influence. In summary, the harsh realities determined the revolutionary firmness and thoroughness of the Shanghai working class, and their humble and miserable circumstances laid the groundwork for the awakening of their future struggle consciousness. With the dissemination of Marxism and the growth of the working class, the increasing resistance struggles gradually raised the workers' political consciousness and level of struggle. The seeds of trade union organizations emerged in Shanghai, and a large number of pioneers who devoted themselves to the revolution appeared, preparing an audience base and laying a class foundation for the dissemination of Marxism.

阶级意识的增长源自阶级的成长，而对历史使命的认知和生存状况的态度乃是阶级意识的重要表征。阶级思想意识及其觉悟程度以阶级的存在和发展状况为前提，正如“一定时代的革命思想的存在是以革命阶级的存在为前提的”。首先，上海是近代中国工业发源地和工人阶级发祥地，“1919年前后，上海已有近20万工人，还有万余交通运输工人，20多万手工业工人，工人总数达50余万人，约占全市人口的四分之一”。就产业结构而言，上海产业工人集中在纺织、造船等大型企业，集中化程度高，为在工人中传播马克思主义提供了便利。其次，上海工人阶级受到帝国主义、封建主义和资本主义多重压迫，生存状况悲惨，政治权利和社会权利均被剥夺。1920年的上海，“机械工人每日工作8—16小时，手工业工人10—15小时，服务性工人9—18小时”，且“工价之廉，尤为世界各国之所无”。上海植树工人刘朗山诉说境遇：“所居者破屋茅篷，所食者大饼面食或臭烂不堪之物，所穿者无论男女仅可遮羞。”由此可见工人生存状况之悲惨。工人阶级为了摆脱残酷的经济剥削与政治压迫，多次自发组织反抗斗争，仅在1914—1919年，上海产业工人就组织罢工运动80余次，其中不乏规模较大、影响较广的罢工运动。概言之，惨烈事实决定了上海工人阶级富有革命的坚定性和彻底性，卑微凄惨的现状为日后斗争觉悟的激发埋下了伏笔。随着马克思主义传播以及工人阶级队伍壮大，日渐增多的反抗斗争使工人阶级的政治觉悟和斗争水平日渐提高，在上海出现工会组织萌芽并涌现大批投身革命的先驱者，为马克思主义传播准备了受众群体并奠定了阶级基础。

II. Main Channels of the Early Dissemination of Marxism in Shanghai

二、马克思主义在上海早期传播的主要途径

Any theory that spreads through society, demonstrates its value, and exerts its influence always does so through certain channels, thereby penetrating the masses and being grasped by them. The channels of early dissemination of Marxism in Shanghai can be roughly divided into two types: first, the dissemination of Marxism in written or textual form, mainly through newspapers, periodicals, books, letters, etc.; second, the dissemination of Marxism in practical form, mainly through associations, trade unions, schools, commemorative activities, etc. The multiple channels demonstrated the powerful momentum of a multi-pronged approach in the early dissemination, enabling Marxism to present a strong dissemination trend in its competition with various trends of thought, and shaping the evolutionary picture of Marxism's development in Shanghai and even the whole country.

任何理论流布于社会、彰显其价值、发挥其影响，总是通过一定的途径，从而深入民众并为其所掌握。马克思主义在上海的早期传播途径大致分为两种：一是书面或文字形态的马克思主义传播，主要通过报刊、书籍、书信等途径；二是实践形态的马克思主义传播，主要通过社团、工会、学校、纪念活动等途径。多种途径彰显了早期传播多管齐下的磅礴之势，使马克思主义在与各种思潮的竞争中呈现出强劲的传播态势，成就了马克思主义在上海乃至全国发展的演进图景。

1. "Clustered" Dissemination of Marxism through Newspapers and Periodicals

1. 报纸杂志“群集化”传播马克思主义

Newspapers and periodicals were an important channel for the dissemination of Marxism in Shanghai. Lenin pointed out: "The newspaper is not only a collective propagandist and a collective agitator, but also a collective organizer." The reason why Marxism was widely and deeply disseminated in Shanghai, in addition to the advantages of its own truth, was largely related to the developed mass communication systems of modern Shanghai, such as the newspaper and periodical industry and the publishing industry. "Mass communication, due to its advantages of strong timeliness, large circulation, fast information dissemination, wide readership, and ease of reading and preservation, was quite popular in society and became the main front for propagating the new culture and Marxism." As for the bourgeois revolutionaries, *Minbao* [People's Report] took the lead in translating and introducing socialist ideas; *Xingqi Pinglun* [Weekly Review] focused on the labor movement and actively participated in the establishment of the early organization of the Communist Party of China in Shanghai; *Jianshe* [Construction] promoted Sun Yat-sen's Three People's Principles while also introducing Marxist economic theory and historical materialism; *Minguo Ribao* [Republican Daily] reported on the October Revolution, and its supplement *Juewu* [Awakening] initially used Marxist viewpoints to explore issues of the Chinese revolution. Periodicals founded by groups in the middle ground, to a certain extent, enhanced the social influence of Marxism. For example, the Research Clique used the supplement *Xuedeng* [Lamplight of Learning] of *Shishi Xinbao* [Current Affairs News] and *Jiefang yu Gaizao* [Liberation and Reform] as their positions to introduce Marxism in the service of promoting Guild Socialism.

报纸杂志是马克思主义在上海传播的重要途径。列宁指出：“报纸不仅是集体的宣传员和集体的鼓动员，而且是集体的组织者。”马克思主义之所以在上海广泛深入传播，除了自身的真理性优势，很大程度上与近代上海发达的新闻报刊业、出版业等大众传播体系有重要关联。“大众传播因时效性强，发行量大，信息传播快，读者面广，宜于阅读与保存等优势，颇受社会欢迎，成为宣传新文化、马克思主义的主阵地。”]就资产阶级革命派而言，《民报》率先开始对社会主义思想的译介，《星期评论》关注工人运动并积极参与上海共产党早期组织的创建，《建设》宣传孙中山三民主义，同时介绍马克思主义经济学说和唯物史观，《民国日报》报道十月革命，其副刊《觉悟》初步用马克思主义观点探索中国革命问题。中间立场群体创办的期刊在一定程度上提升了马克思主义的社会影响力，如研究系以《时事新报》副刊《学灯》以及《解放与改造》为阵地，介绍马克思主义为宣传基尔特社会主义服务。

The newspapers and periodicals founded by early Marxists and Communists had clear political stances and well-defined functions, focusing on the introduction and study of Marxist theory, the propaganda and education of the Chinese revolution's propositions and strategies, and the elucidation of the combination of theory and revolutionary activities, making outstanding contributions to the early dissemination of Marxism in Shanghai. At No. 2, Laoyuyangli in Shanghai, publications such as *Xin Qingnian* [New Youth], *Laodongjie* [The World of Labor], *Gongchandang* [The Communist], and *Xiangdao* [The Guide] shared a common value orientation and undertook the tasks of propagating and popularizing Marxism and raising the ideological consciousness of the masses. *Xin Qingnian* took the lead in propagating Marxist historical materialism and the idea of the sacredness of labor, engaging in ideological debates with non-Marxist trends of thought. *Laodongjie* popularized revolutionary enlightenment education for workers, effectively promoting the dissemination of Marxism among the lower strata of society. *Laodong Zhoukan* [Labor Weekly], as the first national workers' weekly newspaper founded by the Communist Party of China in Shanghai, revealed to its readers the living conditions of workers under the triple oppression of imperialism, feudal warlords, and capitalists, reported on trade union activities and workers' strikes across the country, and sought to combine Marxist theory with the life practices of the working masses. The monthly *Gongchandang* held high the banner of "the Communist Party," providing ideological weapons for the establishment of early Party organizations in various places. In addition, revolutionary publications founded by grassroots Party organizations played a positive role in propagating Marxism-Leninism and revolutionary principles. In summary, the clustering effect of newspapers and periodicals in disseminating Marxism was particularly significant, playing an important role in "enlightening the proletariat to recognize the advanced revolutionary tasks they were to undertake" [11]11 The Shanghai Municipal Council was the governing body of the International Settlement in Shanghai., achieving the shaping and cohesion of early Marxists and progressive youth, and arousing the public's attention to, discussion of, acceptance of, and identification with Marxism.

早期马克思主义者以及共产党人创办的报刊政治立场鲜明，刊物功能明确，着重马克思主义理论的介绍与研究、中国革命主张政略的宣传教育以及将理论与革命活动结合的阐发，为马克思主义在上海早期传播作出卓越贡献。在上海老渔阳里2号，《新青年》《劳动界》《共产党》《向导》等刊物有着共同价值取向，承担着宣传普及马克思主义、提高群众思想觉悟等任务。《新青年》率先宣传马克思主义唯物史观、劳工神圣思想，与非马克思主义思潮展开思想论争。《劳动界》通俗化地对工人进行革命启蒙教育，有力推进了马克思主义在社会底层群体中的传播。《劳动周刊》作为中国共产党在上海创办的第一份全国性工人周报，向读者揭示了工人在帝国主义、封建军阀和资本家三重压迫下的生存现状，报道各地工会活动和工人罢工情况，力求将马克思主义理论与工人大众生活实践相结合。《共产党》月刊高举“共产党”旗帜，为各地筹建共产党早期组织提供思想武器。此外，基层党组织创办的革命刊物为宣传马克思列宁主义、革命道理发挥了积极作用。概言之，报刊传播马克思主义的群集效应尤为显著，发挥了“启发无产阶级去认识他们所担负的先进的革命任务”[11]的重要作用，实现了对早期马克思主义者、进步青年的塑造和凝聚，引起民众对马克思主义的关注与讨论、接受与认同。

2. "Systematic" Dissemination of Marxism through Classic Books

2. 经典书籍“系统化”传播马克思主义

The dissemination of any idea is never merely the transmission of content; it must also rely on certain material carriers to exert influence. Some scholars argue: "The textual works of Marxism are the most fundamental and reliable cultural carriers of Marxist dissemination." [16]16 Original note [14] from the source text; renumbered here as [16] per instructions. As Marxism gradually exerted a broader social influence, early disseminators placed greater emphasis on the integration of selected Marxist content with the realities of social transformation. This recognition, along with the development of the revolutionary situation, gave rise to the publication of Marxist classics—that is, a larger-scale, more systematic dissemination was on the verge of emerging. Shanghai, as a publishing hub, saw multiple publishing houses produce Marxist works, which then spread to the broader interior through their distribution networks, creating conditions for the systematic dissemination of Marxism and enabling progressive youth across various regions to undergo the baptism of Marxist theory. According to statistics, from 1919 to 1922, the Commercial Press published over 20 types of Marxist books, and "the Commercial Press's postal sales measures were already quite well-established." Convenient postal conditions facilitated the geographical transfer of Marxist works, extending the reach of their dissemination. After the establishment of the early Communist Party of China (CPC) organization in Shanghai, it relied on various publishing institutions to publish and distribute Marxist books, effectively expanding the scope of Marxist propaganda. Admittedly, the publication of Marxist books was influenced by different factors such as economics, politics, culture, and academia. Regardless of the varying original intentions of the publishing houses or whether their understanding of Marxism was correct, they all promoted societal discussion on Marxist topics at the time, sparked contemporaries' reflections on the nation's future and destiny, and made positive contributions to the dissemination of Marxism and the formation of new social and ideological culture.

任何思想的传播绝不仅仅是内容传布，还需借助一定的物质载体方可产生影响。有学者认为：“马克思主义著述文本是马克思主义传播的最基础、最可靠的文化载体。”[14]随着马克思主义日渐产生更广泛的社会影响，早期传播者更加注重马克思主义内容的选取与社会变革结合的现实化，而这种认同以及革命形势发展催生了马克思主义经典著作的出版，即更大规模、更加系统的传播呼之欲出。作为出版重镇的上海，多个出版机构出版马克思主义著作，并经由其发行网络扩展到更为广阔的内地，为马克思主义系统化传播创造了条件，使各地进步青年接受马克思主义理论的洗礼。据统计，1919—1922年，商务印书馆出版马克思主义书籍20余种，且“商务印书馆的邮售措施已经相当完善”，便捷的邮递条件使马克思主义著作实现了传播地域上的转移，延伸了马克思主义著作传播触角。上海共产党早期组织成立后，依托各类出版机构，出版发行马克思主义书籍，有效扩大了马克思主义宣传范围。诚然，马克思主义书籍的出版受到经济、政治、文化、学术等不同因素的影响，而无论出版机构初衷如何异同、对马克思主义理解正确与否，但都促进了当时社会对马克思主义话题的讨论，引发了时人对国家前途命运的思考，为马克思主义传播以及新的社会思想文化形成作出了积极贡献。

The three-dimensional dissemination network and distribution channels constructed by a group of publishing and distribution institutions—such as the Commercial Press, Guangzhi Book Company, Youxin Printing House, People's Publishing House, and Shanghai Bookstore—facilitated the spread of Marxism in Shanghai and across the country, helping progressive people study and research Marxism, and thereby find the ideological weapon for social revolution. Some researchers argue: "The compilation and dissemination of classic texts are not only a foundational project for the theoretical construction of a Marxist political party but also a key link in promoting the thorough transformation of the Chinese nation's ideological culture from its traditional form to a modern scientific form." Although different publishing institutions had varying representations of Marxist books—some viewing them as introductions to foreign ideological culture, others as keys to solving China's social problems, and still others as academic research materials—regardless of the representation, they all advanced the circulation and dissemination of Marxism, helped progressive people deepen their thinking on saving the nation and seeking solutions, and played an important role in the transformation of social ideology and culture. Furthermore, the publication of Marxist works in Shanghai systematically expounded and disseminated Marxist theories—such as dialectical materialism and the theory of surplus value—in the name of scholarly works to other regions of China, alleviating the imbalance in theoretical dissemination, truly unveiling the curtain of systematic Marxist dissemination, and creating favorable conditions for the broader spread of Marxism.

商务印书馆、广智书局、又新印刷所、人民出版社、上海书店等一批出版发行机构所构建的立体式传播网络及其发行渠道，为马克思主义在上海乃至全国的传播提供了便利，帮助进步民众学习研究马克思主义，进而找到社会革命的思想武器。有研究者认为：“经典文献的编译和传播，既是马克思主义政党理论建设的基础工程，又是推动中华民族的思想文化实现彻底变革，从传统形态向现代科学形态转变的关键环节。”虽然不同出版机构对马克思主义类书籍有着不同表征，或视其为外来思想文化的介绍，或将其作为解决中国社会问题钥匙，有的则视作学术研究资料，但无论何种表征，都推动了马克思主义的流通和传播，帮助进步民众加深对救国救民问题的思考以及方案的寻找，在社会思想文化变迁中发挥了重要作用。此外，马克思主义著作在上海的出版，将马克思主义辩证唯物主义、剩余价值学说等理论以著述的名义系统阐释并传播至中国其他区域，缓解了理论传播不平衡状态，真正意义上揭开了马克思主义系统传播大幕，为马克思主义更广泛的传播创造了有利条件。

3. Practical Activities "Organized" the Dissemination of Marxism

3. 实践活动“组织化”传播马克思主义

Practical activities were an important channel for the "organized" dissemination of Marxism in Shanghai. After the establishment of the early CPC organization in Shanghai, it used methods such as founding schools, guiding trade unions, and conducting commemorative activities to propagate Marxism among the masses, enlighten workers' consciousness, mobilize revolutionary forces, organize the working class to struggle for their own interests, cultivate Marxist revolutionaries, and play a significant role in the "organized" dissemination of Marxism.

实践活动是上海“组织化”传播马克思主义的重要途径。上海共产党早期组织成立以后，以创办学校、指导工会、开展纪念活动等途径，深入民众宣传马克思主义，启发工人觉悟，动员革命力量，组织工人阶级为自身利益而斗争，培养马克思主义革命者，在“组织化”传播马克思主义方面发挥了重要作用。

First, various schools were founded to cultivate Marxists, awaken workers' consciousness, and consolidate revolutionary forces. The early CPC organization in Shanghai established and led multiple schools for training different types of talent, cultivating Marxists, worker movement cadres, and revolutionary officials. Given that "95% of workers were illiterate, and under these circumstances the effect of propaganda materials was naturally very poor. This is why one of the tasks of each group was to establish schools for working people and their children," [17]17 Original note [18] from the source text; renumbered here as [17] per instructions. the Shanghai region established civilian schools and workers' night schools to teach cultural knowledge to the working masses and instill Marxism in them, "finding advanced elements among the workers and educating them in Marxism," [18]18 Original note [18] from the source text; renumbered here as [18] per instructions. thereby raising the proletarian consciousness of workers, stimulating their awareness of struggle, and promoting the integration of Marxism with the workers' movement. The Foreign Languages School, as the first school for training revolutionary cadres, became an important base for cultivating young Marxists. The Civilian Girls' School was committed to "cultivating talents for the women's movement and advancing women's work," serving as an attempt by the CPC to promote the women's movement in Shanghai. Shanghai University conducted communist education among students, guiding them into the revolutionary torrent, and became a cradle for propagating Marxist theory and cultivating revolutionary talent; its course syllabi, once published, generated a broader dissemination effect. The Yangshupu Civilian School became "a school for workers founded by the CPC in the eastern district of Shanghai"; the Minzhi Civilian School "used Marxism-Leninism and revolutionary principles to enlighten workers' consciousness"; the Huxi Workers' Half-Day School popularly disseminated Marxism-Leninism, cultivated worker movement cadres, and achieved the integration of Marxism with the workers' movement. In summary, the establishment of various schools created platforms for the "organized" dissemination of Marxism, making its spread more systematic and effectively enhancing workers' ideological awareness and theoretical literacy; these schools became large classrooms for propagating Marxism to workers, important venues for uniting and mobilizing workers and participating in leading the workers' movement; and they enabled the rapid growth of a large number of capable talents and revolutionary cadres, creating the subjective conditions for the dissemination of Marxism.

一是创办各式学校，培养马克思主义者，激发工人觉悟，凝聚革命力量。上海共产党早期组织创办并参与领导了多所培养不同类型人才的学校，培养马克思主义者、工人运动骨干以及革命干部等。鉴于“95%的工人没有文化，在这种情况下宣传品的效果当然很差。这就是为什么各小组的工作任务之一就是要为劳动人民及其子女办学”等情况，上海地区创办平民学校、工人夜校为工人大众教授文化知识并灌输马克思主义，“找工人的先进分子加以马克思主义的教育”，[18]提升工人无产阶级觉悟，激发斗争意识，促进马克思主义与工人运动的结合。外国语学社作为第一所培养革命干部的学校，成为培养青年马克思主义者的重要基地。平民女校致力于“养成妇运人才，开展妇运工作”，成为中国共产党在上海推进妇女运动实践的尝试。上海大学在学生中开展共产主义教育，引领学生投入革命洪流，成为宣传马克思主义理论和培养革命人才的摇篮，其课程讲义经过出版，形成更广泛的传播效应。杨树浦平民学校成为“中国共产党在沪东创办的一所面向工人的学校”；民智平民学校“用马列主义和革命道理启发工人觉悟”；沪西工人半日学校通俗传播马克思列宁主义，培养工人运动骨干，实现马克思主义与工人运动的结合。综上，各式学校的创办为马克思主义“组织化”传播创建了平台，使马克思主义传播更为系统，较好地提升了工人的思想觉悟和理论素养；使各类学校成为向工人宣传马克思主义的大课堂，成为团结动员工人以及参与领导工人运动的重要场所；使一大批得力人才和革命干部迅速成长，为马克思主义传播创造了主体条件。

Second, new-style trade union organizations stimulated working-class consciousness and promoted the rooting of Marxism among the working masses. Intense and frequent labor disputes and labor issues prompted the birth of trade union organizations to meet the needs of the working class uniting to resist capitalists. With the development of the revolutionary situation, "communist groups in various places also began to attempt to establish trade unions, that is, genuine workers' organizations, different from the existing 'trade unions' controlled by factory owners and secret societies." The Shanghai Machinery Trade Union, the Printing Trade Union, the Textile Trade Union, the China Labor Union Secretariat, and the Shanghai General Trade Union propagated and practiced Marxism among workers, achieving good results. As the Party's public leading body for the workers' movement, the China Labor Union Secretariat founded the *Labor Weekly* in Shanghai, opened workers' remedial schools, used Marxist theory to enlighten working-class consciousness, led workers in participating in anti-imperialist and anti-warlord struggles and strike actions, and effectively promoted new breakthroughs in the workers' movement, gradually moving "from past spontaneous, scattered strikes to a new stage of organized and led strikes." The Shanghai General Trade Union organized and led a general strike of all workers in the city, founded the *Shanghai General Trade Union Daily*, and established offices in Yangshupu, Pudong, and other areas to strengthen strike leadership in various factory districts, promoting the large-scale development of workers' struggles. According to statistics, "the strikes in Shanghai established 117 trade unions, with approximately 200,000 members." In summary, under the leadership of the early CPC organization in Shanghai, workers consciously joined trade union organizations, gained a clearer understanding of their own plight, and the resulting sense of unity and cooperation gradually rose to class consciousness, organizing activities toward common goals and promoting the rooting of Marxism among the working class.

二是新式工会组织激发工人阶级意识，推动马克思主义扎根工人群体。激烈频繁的劳动争议以及劳工问题促成工会组织的诞生，以满足工人阶级团结起来对抗资本家的需要。随着革命形势的发展，“各地的共产主义小组还开始尝试建立工会，即真正工人的组织，不同于当时已有的受工厂主和秘密道会门等控制的‘工会’”。上海机器工会、印刷工会、纺织工会、中国劳动组合书记处以及上海总工会等在工人中宣传与实践马克思主义，取得了良好效果。作为党公开领导工人运动的总机关，中国劳动组合书记处在上海创办《劳动周刊》，开办工人补习学校，用马克思主义学说启发工人阶级意识，领导工人参加反帝反军阀斗争和罢工斗争，有力促进了工人运动实现新突破，逐渐“由过去自发的散漫的罢工转向有领导有组织的新阶段”。上海总工会组织和领导全市工人同盟大罢工，创办《上海总工会日刊》，在杨树浦、浦东等地设立办事处，加强各工厂区罢工领导，推动了工人斗争规模化发展。据统计，“上海罢工中建立的工会有117处，会员约20万人”。总之，在上海共产党早期组织引领下，工人有意识地加入工会组织，对自身所遭受的境遇有更加清醒的认识，由此产生的团结协作意识逐渐上升至阶级意识，朝着共同目标组织开展活动，推动马克思主义在工人阶级中扎根。

Third, using commemorative activities and other means to diversify the popularization of Marxism. Commemorative activities, as high-quality political resources, embody political pursuits, cultural significance, and educational value, and carry important historical meaning. In Shanghai, early Marxist disseminators conducted commemorative activities around the international communist movement, major events in the Chinese revolution, Marxist classical writers, and anniversaries of the deaths of important historical figures. Through various forms such as holding rallies, giving speeches, publishing commemorative special issues, and establishing newspaper and periodical commemorative columns, they popularized Marxist theory and the Party’s policies and propositions, introduced the life stories and historical achievements of classical writers, and enhanced the public’s understanding, identification with, and acceptance of Marxism. This demonstrated the functions of commemorative activities such as political mobilization and expression of political propositions, thereby advancing the dissemination of Marxism in Shanghai. Qu Qiubai [19]19 Qu Qiubai (1899–1935) was an early leader of the Chinese Communist Party, a Marxist theorist, and a writer, who served as the Party’s general secretary in the late 1920s. stated in this regard: “The historical significance of the commemorative days of the Chinese revolutionary movement everywhere proves the historical, economic, philosophical, and political doctrines of Marxism, proving that Marxism is guiding the Chinese revolution along the path to victory.” [24] Looking at the commemorative activities in Shanghai as a whole, while serving as vehicles for revolutionary mobilization and image construction, they focused Party members and the working class on the events themselves, achieving the goal of “inspiring and mobilizing” through the dissemination of Marxism. The speeches and rallies in the commemorative activities brought Marxism deep into all social strata, attracting more people to join the revolutionary ranks, preserving and strengthening the historical memory of the commemorated objects, and promoting the dissemination and rooting of Marxism, becoming an important channel for the “organized” dissemination of Marxism.

三是利用纪念活动等方式，多样化推动马克思主义普及。纪念活动作为优质政治资源，蕴含政治追求、文化意味和教育价值，具有重要历史意义。在上海，早期马克思主义传播者围绕国际共运、中国革命重大事件、马克思主义经典作家、重要历史人物逝世纪念日等开展纪念活动，通过举行集会、演讲、出版纪念专刊、设立报刊纪念专号等多种形式，普及马克思主义理论以及党的政策主张，介绍经典作家生平事迹和历史功绩等，增进民众对马克思主义的了解、认同与接受，彰显纪念活动政治动员、政治主张表达等功能，推动了马克思主义在上海的传播。瞿秋白为此表态：“中国革命运动纪念日的历史上的意义，处处证明马克思主义的历史、经济、哲学及政治学说，证明马克思主义正在指导着中国革命行向胜利的道路。”[24]综观在上海的纪念活动，在成为革命动员和形象建构载体的同时，使党员和工人阶级主体聚焦事件本身，达到传播马克思主义“鼓舞动员”的目的，纪念活动中的演讲、集会使马克思主义深入社会各阶层，吸引更多民众参与到革命行列中来，保存并强化了对纪念对象的历史记忆，推动了马克思主义的传播与扎根，成为“组织化”传播马克思主义的重要途径。

III. Contemporary Implications of the Early Dissemination of Marxism in Shanghai

三、马克思主义在上海早期传播的现实启示

“We must respect our own history and must never sever history.” [25] The early dissemination of Marxism in Shanghai greatly enhanced the social influence of Marxism, promoted the development of the worker, peasant, and student movements in Shanghai and even nationwide, gathered and cultivated a large number of early Marxists, created conditions for the establishment of the Party and Youth League organizations, initially established a Marxist discourse system, led and influenced the process of Marxist dissemination in other parts of China, and brought earth-shaking changes to the Chinese land. It holds important implications for deeply advancing the adaptation of Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times and its popularization in the New Era.

“我们必须尊重自己的历史，决不能割断历史。”[25]马克思主义在上海的早期传播历程，极大提升了马克思主义的社会影响力，促进了上海乃至全国工农学运动发展，集聚并培育了一大批早期马克思主义者，为党团组织的成立创造了条件，初步建立了马克思主义话语体系，引领并影响中国其他地区马克思主义传播进程，为中华大地带来翻天覆地的变化，对于深入推进新时代马克思主义中国化、时代化和大众化具有重要启示。

1. Adhere to the doctrine itself and persist in engaging with non-Marxist currents

1. 恪守主义本身，坚持与非马克思主义交锋

Mao Zedong pointed out: “Marxism must develop through struggle; this was true in the past, is true now, and will inevitably be true in the future.” In Shanghai, Marxism successively overcame pragmatism, reformism, and anarchism, expanding its influence. Early Marxists such as Chen Duxiu, Li Da, and Li Hanjun actively participated in debates. The journal *New Youth* [20]20 *New Youth* (《新青年》) was a leading intellectual journal founded by Chen Duxiu in 1915, which became a key platform for the New Culture Movement and later for the dissemination of Marxism in China. set up special columns such as “Discussion on Anarchism” and “Discussion on Socialism,” centrally publishing articles involved in the debates, enabling Marxism to demonstrate its scientific nature and truth in the course of debate, winning the support and belief of many intellectuals and the public. History proves that as long as different classes or interest groups exist in society, struggles and confrontations in the ideological sphere will persist. In contemporary China, various social trends of thought are interwoven and changeable, and confrontations and struggles between Marxism and various non-Marxist currents of thought frequently occur. In the historical process of globalization, the collision and struggle of ideologies of different social systems will not end. Facing the invasion of multiple trends of thought such as liberalism and historical nihilism, as well as the challenges to Marxism from the “outdated theory” and “useless theory,” it is necessary to clarify vague understandings, criticize erroneous views, and confidently engage with various forms of non-Marxist currents of thought. This enables Marxism to enhance its dialogic capacity and demonstrate its truth power in debate and struggle, thereby strengthening the belief in Marxism and its guiding position in the ideological domain.

毛泽东指出：“马克思主义必须在斗争中才能发展，不但过去是这样，现在是这样，将来也必然还是这样。”在上海，马克思主义先后战胜了实用主义、改良主义以及无政府主义等，扩大了马克思主义的影响。陈独秀、李达、李汉俊等早期马克思主义者积极参与论争，《新青年》杂志专设“讨论无政府主义”、“关于社会主义的讨论”栏目，集中刊载参与论争的文章，使马克思主义在论争中彰显科学性和真理性，获得众多知识分子与民众的拥护和信仰。历史证明，只要社会存在不同的阶级或利益集团，思想领域的较量与斗争就会存在。当今中国，各种社会思潮交织多变，马克思主义与各种非马克思主义思潮的交锋较量经常发生。在全球化的历史进程中，不同社会制度的意识形态的相互碰撞斗争不会终结，面对自由主义思潮、历史虚无主义思潮等多种思潮入侵以及“过时论”、“无用论”对马克思主义的诘难，须澄清模糊认识，批判错误观点，理直气壮地与各种形态的非马克思主义思潮交锋，使马克思主义在论辩和斗争中提升对话能力并展示其真理力量，进而坚定马克思主义信仰及其在意识形态领域的指导地位。

2. Meet social needs and strengthen practical support

2. 满足社会需要，强化实践支撑

Marxism originates from practice and guides practical development, demonstrating its theoretical appeal in meeting social needs. “Any thought, if it is not connected with objective and actual things, if there is no objective need for its existence, and if it is not grasped by the masses of the people, even if it is the best thing, even if it is Marxism-Leninism, it will be of no effect.” The purpose of China’s advanced elements in promoting the early dissemination of Marxism in Shanghai was to find methods and paths for national salvation and survival. They utilized the advantage of the working class as an advanced class to combine theory with practice, guiding revolution with theory and feeding theoretical development with revolutionary practice, possessing a strong practical character. That is, “since Marxism was introduced into China over a hundred years ago, people have fully utilized Marxism’s practical character of ‘changing the world’ to organically combine theory and practice.” The fundamental reason why Marxism was accepted by advanced elements and achieved such great social effects is that Marxism is a scientific and revolutionary theory, fitting the actual needs of national salvation and survival, and capable of solving many practical problems. As it was said, “because it can perfectly solve our problems and be beneficial to us.” From this perspective, the dissemination of the Party’s innovative theories in the New Era should revolve around the center of social work, rely on the vivid practice of the people in building socialism with Chinese characteristics, and combine with social needs, thereby expanding the scope of dissemination, enhancing the intensity of dissemination, and further expanding the influence of dissemination at higher levels and broader ranges.

马克思主义来源于实践并指导实践发展，在满足社会需要中展现理论魅力。“任何思想，如果不和客观的实际的事物相联系，如果没有客观存在的需要，如果不为人民群众所掌握，即使是最好的东西，即使是马克思列宁主义，也是不起作用的。”中国的先进分子推动马克思主义在上海早期传播的目的是为了寻找救亡图存的方法和路径，运用工人阶级作为先进阶级的优势将理论与实践相结合，以理论指导革命，以革命实践反哺理论发展，具有强烈的实践性，即“马克思主义传入中国百余年来，人们充分运用马克思主义‘改造世界’的实践品格，将理论与实践有机结合”。马克思主义被先进分子所接受并取得如此大的社会效应，根本原因在于马克思主义是科学的、革命的理论，契合救亡图存的实际需要，能够解决诸多现实问题，恰如“因为他能够圆满解决我们底问题，能于我们有益处”。由此观之，新时代党的创新理论传播要围绕社会工作重心，依托人民群众建设中国特色社会主义的生动实践，与社会需要相结合，从而扩大传播范围、增强传播力度，进而在更高层次、更广范围扩大传播影响。

3. Construct a discourse system to enhance dissemination effectiveness

3. 构建话语体系，增进传播效果

The construction of a discourse system has a profound influence on social practice and social relations, and under certain conditions can play a role in changing social reality and social relations. In the early process of disseminating Marxism in Shanghai, advanced elements initially constructed a revolutionary discourse system based on the classical expositions of Marx, Engels, and Lenin, conforming to Chinese cultural expressions, laying the foundation for the subsequent construction of China’s socialist discourse system. In the “Resolution on Propaganda and Education Issues,” the Communist Party of China [21]21 The “Resolution on Propaganda and Education Issues” was adopted by the Third Plenary Session of the Third Central Committee of the CPC in 1924, outlining guidelines for Party propaganda work. put forward requirements for publications such as *Vanguard* and *The Guide* [22]22 *Vanguard* (《前锋》) and *The Guide* (《向导》) were early CPC periodicals; *The Guide* was the Party’s first central organ newspaper, founded in 1922., stating that all Communist Party members are propagandists, and they should “use spoken language and seek its popularization,” and “always pay attention to propaganda in everyday spoken language,” standardizing the requirements for the popularization and life-oriented nature of theoretical propaganda. To advance the popularization of Marxism in the New Era, integrate Marxist theory into the life-world of the masses, guide them to enhance their identification with and acceptance of Marxist theory in real life; express the principles, concepts, and categories of the theory in a life-oriented manner, continuously broaden the dialogic context between Marxist theory and the life of the masses, guide the masses to use Marxist theory to judge, think, analyze, and solve practical problems in social hotspots and value conflicts, thereby shaping and improving their political thought and moral standards; focus on realizing the transformation of political discourse and theoretical discourse into popular discourse, on the basis of being close to the actual thinking of the masses, the process of comprehensively deepening reform, and the requirements of economic and social development, teach according to aptitude for different groups, and effectively enhance the effectiveness of the popularization of Marxism.

话语体系建构对社会实践以及社会关系有着深刻的影响力，在一定条件下可发挥改变社会现实和社会关系的作用。马克思主义在上海早期传播进程中，先进分子初步建构了以马克思、恩格斯、列宁经典论述为基础的，符合中国文化表达方式的革命话语体系，为此后中国社会主义话语体系建构奠定了基础。中国共产党在《关于教育宣传问题议决案》中对《前锋》《向导》等报刊提出共产党员都是宣传者，要“使用口语，求其通俗化”，并在“平常口语之中须时时留意宣传”的要求，规范提出理论宣传通俗化和生活化要求。推进新时代马克思主义大众化，将马克思主义理论融入人民群众的生活世界，引导其在现实生活中增强对马克思主义理论的认同和接受；生活化表述理论中的原理、概念、范畴等，不断拓宽马克思主义理论与人民群众生活之间的对话语境，引导大众在社会热点和价值冲突中用马克思主义理论判断思考、分析解决现实问题，以此塑造和提升政治思想和道德水平；注重实现政治话语、理论话语向大众话语的转换，在贴近人民群众思想实际、全面深化改革进程以及经济社会发展要求的基础上，针对不同群体因材施教，切实提升马克思主义大众化效果。

Online Editor: Paul

网络编辑：保罗