The Glorious Course of the Century-old Party in Advancing the Adaptation of Marxism to the Chinese Context

History is the best textbook. In his speech at the mobilization meeting for Party history learning and education on February 20, 2021, Xi Jinping emphasized: “The history of our Party is a history of continuously advancing the adaptation of Marxism to the Chinese context, a history of continuously advancing theoretical innovation and theoretical creation.” [1]1 The May Fourth Thunderclap refers to the May Fourth Movement of 1919, a patriotic and anti-imperialist protest that began with student demonstrations in Beijing and is considered a key turning point in modern Chinese history, marking the spread of Marxism in China. The century-old strong Party, in its prime, has relied precisely on building the Party through ideology and strengthening the Party through theory. The one hundred years of the Communist Party of China are one hundred years of continuous theoretical exploration and theoretical innovation. Historically, every theoretical innovation and theoretical creation of the Communist Party of China is inseparable from the guidance of Marxist scientific theory, and inseparable from the superb leadership ability of the successive central collective leaderships of the Communist Party of China in devising strategies and commanding with composure. Standing at the key historical juncture of the centenary of the Party’s founding, looking back and summarizing the brilliant achievements created by our Party over the past century, especially reviewing and sorting out the glorious course of the Communist Party of China in advancing the adaptation of Marxism to the Chinese context, is both timely and opportune for Marxist theoretical workers.

历史是最好的教科书。2021年2月20日，习近平在党史学习教育动员大会上的讲话中强调：“我们党的历史，就是一部不断推进马克思主义中国化的历史，就是一部不断推进理论创新、进行理论创造的历史。”百年强党，风华正茂，一路走来，靠的正是思想建党、理论强党。中国共产党的一百年，是不断进行理论探索、理论创新的一百年。历史地看，中国共产党的每一次理论创新、理论创造，都与马克思主义科学理论的指导分不开，都与中国共产党历代中央领导集体运筹帷幄、指挥若定的高超领导能力分不开。站在建党百年这一关键历史节点上，回溯并总结我们党百年来所创造的辉煌成就，特别是回顾并梳理中国共产党推进马克思主义中国化的光辉历程，对于马克思主义理论工作者而言，可谓恰逢其时、正当其时。

I. The Period of the New Democratic Revolution: The Early Exploration of the Adaptation of Marxism to the Chinese Context by the Communist Party of China

一、新民主主义革命时期：中国共产党对马克思主义中国化的早期探索

Marxism is a scientific theory concerning the liberation of the people, possessing influence and vitality that transcend time and national boundaries. From the essential characteristics of Marxism, it is the essence of the spirit of the times, has always firmly occupied the high ground of scientific truth and moral justice, scientifically revealed the historical mission of the proletariat, foresaw the bright future of communist society, and pointed the way for the working masses of all nations to throw off exploitation and oppression. Xi Jinping once pointed out:

马克思主义是关于人民求解放的科学理论，具有超越时间、超越国界的影响力和生命力。从马克思主义的本质特征来看，它是时代精神的精华，并始终牢牢地占据着科学真理与道德正义的制高点，科学地揭示了无产阶级的历史使命，预见了未来共产主义社会的光明前途，为各民族劳苦大众摆脱剥削与压迫指明了方向。习近平曾指出：“这一理论犹如壮丽的日出，照亮了人类探索历史规律和寻求自身解放的道路。”特别是“伟大的十月社会主义革命”的胜利，更进一步验证了马克思主义的理论说服力与实践穿透力，为马克思主义传入中国提供了前提和可能。

In the darkness, early Chinese people of ideals who were arduously searching for a path to save the country and the people saw the future and dawn of the Chinese nation from the success of the Russian October Uprising and found the truth and doctrine for the Chinese revolution. The patriotic group headed by Li Dazhao and Chen Duxiu began to spread Marxism in China. Especially after the outbreak of the May Fourth Thunderclap [1]1 The May Fourth Thunderclap refers to the May Fourth Movement of 1919, a patriotic and anti-imperialist protest that began with student demonstrations in Beijing and is considered a key turning point in modern Chinese history, marking the spread of Marxism in China., this scientific truth, like the fire of Prometheus, spread across the fertile soil of China and increasingly combined with the domestic workers’ movement, colliding with unprecedented sparks, providing solid theoretical preparation and practical conditions for the initial establishment of the Communist Party of China. On this basis, the First National Congress of the Communist Party of China was triumphantly convened in 1921 and declared Marxism as the Party’s supreme guide to action. However, constrained by the limitations of the era and standpoint, in the Party’s infancy, due to factors such as unclear ideological understanding and shallow theoretical cultivation, there emerged doctrinairism and dogmatism that divorced from China’s social reality and disregarded China’s actual conditions in the process of applying Marxist theory to concrete practice. Especially from the late 1920s to the early 1930s, the tendency of “Left” dogmatism within the Party intensified. They highly praised the Soviet experience, regarded the resolutions of the Communist International as infallible laws, and insisted that “urban armed insurrection” was equally applicable to the Chinese revolution and could be applied to it without modification. During this period, because dogmatist thinking dominated the Party, the Fifth Counter-Encirclement and Suppression Campaign [2]2 The Fifth Counter-Encirclement and Suppression Campaign (1933–1934) was a military campaign by the Chinese Communist Party’s Red Army against the Nationalist forces; its failure led to the Long March., which had been fought hard for a full year, suffered a major defeat. This major setback placed the entire Party in danger of being disintegrated and eliminated by counter-revolutionary forces. However, the Communist Party of China did not retreat in the face of unforeseen difficulties but rose up in desperate circumstances, beginning to explore a revolutionary path to save the nation from subjugation and ensure its survival.

在黑暗中苦苦探索救国救民道路的中国早期有志之士，从俄国十月起义的成功中看到了中华民族的未来和曙光，找到了中国革命的真理和主义。以李大钊、陈独秀为首的爱国群体开始在国内传播马克思主义，特别是在五四惊雷爆发后，马克思主义这一科学真理犹如普罗米修斯之火一般在中国这片沃土上蔓延开来，并日益同国内的工人运动相结合，碰撞出前所未有的火花，为中国共产党的初期筹建提供了坚实的理论准备与现实条件。在此基础上，中国共产党第一次全国代表大会于1921年胜利召开，并宣告将马克思主义作为党的最高行动指南。但是囿于时代、立场局限，在党的幼年时期，由于其思想认识不清和理论修养不深等因素，在把马克思主义理论运用到具体实际的过程中出现了脱离中国社会现实、不顾中国实际情况的本本主义与教条主义。尤其在上个世纪的20年代末至30年代初，党内的“左”倾教条主义倾向愈演愈烈，他们高度赞扬苏联经验，把共产国际的决议看作金科玉律，坚持认为“城市武装暴动”同样适用于中国革命，可以不加修改地拿到中国革命中加以运用。这一时期，由于党内教条主义思想占据主导地位，致使苦战一年之久的第五次反“围剿”遭遇重大失败。这次重大挫折，使全党面临着被反革命势力瓦解和消灭的危险。然而，中国共产党没有在始料不及的困境面前退缩，而是在绝境中奋起，开始探索救亡图存的革命道路。

Marxism has never been a dogma; it can only have strength when combined with China’s social reality. Therefore, the Communist Party of China, shouldering the heavy responsibility of national rejuvenation and people’s liberation, when insisting on taking Marxism as its guide, must inevitably consider how to make Marxism hit the mark, and must inevitably consider how to better bring into play the problem of Marxism as a guiding ideology. Compared with dogmatists who did not study revolutionary strategy and could not size up the situation, the Chinese Communists represented by Mao Zedong insisted on seeking truth from facts and adapting to circumstances, applying and developing Marxism according to the actual conditions of the Chinese revolution. Proceeding from China’s specific practical conditions, Mao Zedong proposed that Marxism must be concretely, flexibly, and dialectically combined with China’s revolutionary war. Not only did he in practice first place the foothold of the workers’ and peasants’ armed struggle in the vast countryside, lead the establishment of rural revolutionary base areas, and smoothly solve a series of important problems faced in developing and expanding the rural revolutionary base areas, but he also gave a relatively thorough explanation from the perspective of ideological theory on the question of the path of the Chinese revolution. Mao Zedong once emphasized in “Problems of Strategy in China’s Revolutionary War” that Party leading cadres must understand how to proceed from China’s reality and seek the laws of the Chinese revolution. The article also focused on analyzing the unevenness of China’s social, political, and economic development, clarifying the practical basis for taking the path of encircling the cities from the countryside and seizing state power by armed force. The convening of the Sixth Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee of the Party in 1938 [3]3 The Sixth Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, held in 1938, was a key meeting where Mao Zedong’s leadership was consolidated and the concept of “adapting Marxism to the Chinese context” was formally proposed. led to the proposition of “adapting Marxism to the Chinese context” being raised for the first time and taking root in people’s hearts; the theory, line, and corresponding specific policies of the Chinese revolution gradually became clear. To this end, Mao Zedong wrote the theoretical work “The Chinese Revolution and the Chinese Communist Party” and pointed out: “If the revolutionary ranks are to prepare to accumulate and temper their own strength and avoid decisive battles with powerful enemies when their strength is insufficient, they must turn the backward villages into advanced, consolidated base areas, into great revolutionary bastions militarily, politically, economically, and culturally, so as to oppose the ferocious enemy that uses the cities to attack the rural areas, and so as to gradually win complete victory in the revolution through protracted warfare.” In this way, the uniquely Chinese revolutionary path and war strategy of “encircling the cities from the countryside and seizing state power by armed force” received a comprehensive and complete theoretical summary. At this point, the Communist Party of China found its own revolutionary path with Chinese characteristics. Its establishment enabled the revolutionary forces to be preserved after suffering hardships and to continuously gather and grow. The Seventh National Congress of the Party convened in 1945 was an extremely important congress held during the period of the new-democratic revolution. The meeting established Mao Zedong’s important position within the Communist Party of China and clearly stipulated that “Mao Zedong Thought is the ideology that unifies the theory of Marxism-Leninism with the practice of the Chinese revolution, it is China’s communism, China’s Marxism,” realizing the first historic leap in the process of combining Marxism with the Chinese revolution, and guiding the Chinese revolution toward a great and bright future.

马克思主义从来都不是教条，必须同中国社会实际相结合，才会有力量。因此，肩负着民族振兴、人民解放重任的中国共产党在坚持以马克思主义为指导时，必然要考虑如何让马克思主义有的放矢，必然要考虑如何更好地发挥马克思主义指导思想的问题。相较于不研究革命策略、不能审时度势的教条主义者，以毛泽东为代表的中国共产党人坚持实事求是、临机应变，根据中国革命的实际情况来运用和发展马克思主义。毛泽东从中国的具体现实条件出发，提出必须把马克思主义与中国的革命战争具体地、灵活地、辩证地结合起来。他不仅在实践上首先把工农武装斗争的立足点放在广大农村，领导建立农村革命根据地，顺利地解决了发展和壮大农村革命根据地所面临的一系列重要问题，而且从思想理论上针对中国革命的道路问题作出了较为透彻的说明。毛泽东曾在《中国革命战争的战略问题》中强调，作为党的领导干部必须懂得从中国的实际出发，寻找中国革命的规律。文章还着重对中国社会政治经济发展不平衡的状况作出了分析，阐明了走农村包围城市、武装夺取政权道路的现实依据。1938年党的六届六中全会的召开，使“马克思主义中国化”这一命题首次被提出并深入人心，中国革命的理论、路线以及与之相应的具体政策也逐渐明朗。为此，毛泽东撰写了《中国革命和中国共产党》这一理论著作，并指出：“如果革命的队伍要准备积蓄和锻炼自己的力量，并避免在力量不够的时候和强大的敌人作决定胜负的战斗，那就必须把落后的农村造成先进的巩固的根据地，造成军事上、政治上、经济上、文化上的伟大革命阵地，借以反对利用城市进攻农村区域的凶恶敌人，借以在长期战斗中逐步地争取革命的全部胜利。”这样，就使“农村包围城市、武装夺取政权”这一别具中国特色的革命道路与战争策略得到了整体的、全面的理论概述。至此，中国共产党找到了一条属于自己的、具有中国特色的革命道路，它的建立使革命力量在饱受磨难后得以保存下来，并不断集聚壮大。1945年召开的党的七大，是新民主主义革命时期党内召开的极为重要的一次代表大会，会议确立了毛泽东在中国共产党内的重要地位，明确规定“毛泽东思想，就是马克思列宁主义的理论与中国革命的实践之统一的思想，就是中国的共产主义，中国的马克思主义”，实现了马克思主义同中国革命相结合过程中的第一次历史性飞跃，并指导中国革命走向了伟大光明前途。

Marxism has not let the Communist Party of China down, and the Communist Party of China has even less let Marxism down. It was precisely because they always cherished a firm belief in Marxism that the first generation of collective leadership with Mao Zedong at its core completed the historical tasks that various political forces in the past could not accomplish. On the basis of basing themselves on the practice of the Chinese revolution and combining it with China’s modern history, they found the correct path for the new-democratic revolution and ultimately led the Chinese people to complete the new-democratic revolution. The victory of the Chinese people’s revolution ended the situation that had lasted for more than a hundred years in which imperialism colluded with feudal forces to exploit and oppress the Chinese people, with frequent internal and external wars and the fragmentation of the country, and realized the long-cherished dream of national independence and people’s liberation. A new China was about to be born, a new era was about to begin.

马克思主义没有辜负中国共产党，中国共产党更没有辜负马克思主义。正是因为始终怀揣着对马克思主义的坚定信仰，以毛泽东为核心的第一代领导集体才完成了以往各种政治力量所不能完成的历史任务，在立足中国革命实践、结合中国近代历史的基础上，找到了新民主主义革命的正确道路，最终带领中国人民完成了新民主主义革命。中国人民革命的胜利，结束了一百多年来帝国主义勾结封建势力剥削压迫中国人民和内外战乱频仍、国家山河破碎的局面，实现了梦寐以求的民族独立和人民解放。一个新的中国即将诞生，一个新的时代即将开始。

II. The Period of Socialist Revolution and Construction: The Communist Party of China’s Deepened Practice of Adapting Marxism to the Chinese Context

二、社会主义革命和建设时期：中国共产党对马克思主义中国化的深化实践

After the victory of the new-democratic revolution, the Communist Party of China faced a difficult and complex social situation. The long revolutionary war had left the country with a hundred things to be done and a hundred industries to be revived. How to uphold Marxism and how to realize China’s modernization became important subjects facing the Communist Party of China.

新民主主义革命胜利之后，中国共产党面临着艰难又复杂的社会形势。长期的革命战争使国家百废待兴、百业待举。怎样坚持马克思主义、怎样实现中国的现代化，成为中国共产党面临的重要课题。

The Communist Party of China still unswervingly upholds the guiding position of Marxism and solves China's practical problems in accordance with China's concrete actual conditions. After examining capitalist countries represented by Britain, Marx and Engels made general predictions about the first stage of the future communist society, which differed markedly from capitalist society in terms of ownership, distribution principles, social relations, and the superstructure. The Russian working class, under the leadership of the Bolshevik Party headed by Lenin, turned this socialist ideal into reality. The CPC inherited, developed, and innovatively applied the Marxist-Leninist theory of social development, adhered to the line of simultaneously advancing socialist industrialization and socialist transformation, and gradually realized the transition and transformation from "new-democratic society to socialist society." This was a path of peaceful transition that conformed to China's national conditions at the time and suited China's characteristics at the time. This path also basically continued the CPC's understanding of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and its conception of the prospects for China's social development during the New Democratic Revolution period.

中国共产党仍然毫不动摇地坚持马克思主义的指导地位，并根据中国的具体实际情况解决中国的现实问题。马克思和恩格斯曾在考察以英国为代表的资本主义国家后，在所有制、分配原则、社会关系以及上层建筑等方面，作出了与资本主义社会迥然不同的关于未来共产主义社会第一阶段的大致预测。俄国工人阶级在以列宁为首的布尔什维克政党的领导下，把这一社会主义理想变为现实。中国共产党继承发展并创新应用马克思列宁主义社会发展理论，坚持社会主义工业化建设与社会主义改造同时并举的路线，逐步实现由“新民主主义社会向社会主义社会”的转型与过渡。这是一条符合当时中国国情、适合当时中国特点的和平过渡道路，这条道路也基本上延续了中国共产党在新民主主义革命时期对马克思主义中国化的认识与对中国社会发展前景的构想。

During the period of socialist revolution and construction, the CPC adhered to treating and applying Marxism with a correct attitude and persisted in advancing the adaptation of Marxism to the Chinese context in practice. The Party's general line during the socialist revolution period was to concretize the Marxist-Leninist theory of social development in China, thereby forming a Sinicized theory of the transition period, providing a scientific strategic line and program of action for China to successfully complete the socialist transformation and thoroughly realize the historical task of the "transformation from new-democratic society to socialist society." By the end of 1956, the state's socialist transformation of agriculture, handicrafts, and industry and commerce was basically completed. The successful completion of the Three Major Transformations [4]4 The Three Major Transformations (三大改造) refer to the socialist transformation of agriculture, handicrafts, and capitalist industry and commerce carried out in China from 1953 to 1956. brought about historic changes in our society, marking the initial establishment of the basic socialist system in our country. Deng Xiaoping once pointed out: "Our socialist transformation was successful and remarkable. This was a major contribution by Comrade Mao Zedong to Marxism-Leninism."

社会主义革命和建设时期，中国共产党坚持以正确的态度对待和运用马克思主义，并坚持在实践中不断推进马克思主义中国化。党在社会主义革命时期的总路线，就是将马克思列宁主义的社会发展理论在中国具体化，从而形成中国化的过渡时期理论，为中国顺利完成社会主义改造、彻底实现由“新民主主义社会向社会主义社会转变”这一历史任务提供了科学的策略路线和行动纲领。1956年末，国家对农、工、商业的社会主义改造基本完成。三大改造的顺利完成，使我国社会发生了历史性的巨变，标志着社会主义基本制度在我国初步确立。邓小平曾指出：“我们的社会主义改造是搞得成功的，很了不起。这是毛泽东同志对马克思列宁主义的一个重大贡献。”

After the successful completion of the socialist revolution, the CPC gradually shifted its work focus to developing productive forces and improving the people's living standards, while simultaneously intensifying theoretical and practical exploration of the path of socialist construction. Under the strong leadership of the CPC, the people of the whole country united their efforts and forged ahead with determination, creating remarkable achievements, such as producing the first airplane, the first automobile, and the first tractor, filling many gaps in our country's industrial sector; successfully developing the first atomic bomb, missile, and hydrogen bomb, breaking the nuclear monopoly of the Western countries at that time; successfully launching the first man-made earth satellite and the first carrier rocket, laying a solid foundation for our country's aerospace technology to rank among the world's advanced; concentrating efforts to build more than 84,000 large, medium, and small reservoirs, significantly improving our country's farmland and water conservancy infrastructure; and so on. It can be said that after more than twenty years of arduous struggle, our country's electronics industry, atomic energy industry, aerospace industry, agriculture, and many other aspects had achieved tremendous development, and a complete and independent industrial system and national economic system were initially established in our country.

在社会主义革命顺利完成后，中国共产党逐渐把工作重心转移到发展生产力和提高人民生活水平上来，同时紧锣密鼓地开展社会主义建设道路的理论探索和实践探索工作。在中国共产党强有力的领导下，全国人民凝心聚力、砥砺奋进，创造了瞩目成就，如生产出第一架飞机、第一辆汽车、第一台拖拉机，填补了我国工业领域的许多空白；成功研制第一枚原子弹、导弹、氢弹，打破了当时西方国家的核垄断；成功发射第一颗人造地球卫星、第一枚运载火箭，为我国航天技术跻身世界先进行列奠定了坚实基础；集中力量修建了八万四千多座大中小型水库，使我国农田水利基本建设有了显著提高；等等。可以说，历经二十余年的艰苦奋斗，我国的电子工业、原子能工业、航天事业、农业等众多方面都有了极大发展，完整且独立的工业体系和国民经济体系在我国初步建立。

In that passionate historical period, the CPC maintained a vigorous and upward mental state, promoting the formation of a positive and healthy social atmosphere throughout society, which in turn transformed into a powerful force for revolution and construction, laying the foundation for the country's further development. The great victories achieved by the Party during this historical period enabled Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought to gain high prestige among the Chinese people, becoming the guiding ideology for all undertakings of the People's Republic of China, and powerfully proving the applicability and feasibility of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context.

中国共产党在那个激情燃烧的历史岁月中保持了奋发向上的精神状态，推动全社会形成了积极良好的社会风气，进而转化为强大的革命和建设力量，为国家的进一步发展奠定了基础。党在这一历史时期所取得的伟大胜利，使马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想在中国人民中获得了崇高的威望，成为中华人民共和国各项事业的指导思想，有力地证明了马克思主义中国化的适用性和可行性。

III. The New Period of Reform and Opening Up and Socialist Modernization: The CPC's Continued Advancement of Adapting Marxism to the Chinese Context

三、改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期：中国共产党对马克思主义中国化的继续推进

Marxism is not immutable; it is a dynamic and developing theory. With the advancement of the times and the development of society, summarizing new experiences and lessons, and enriching and developing Marxism according to China's actual conditions and the characteristics of the times are inherent requirements of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context. In the new period of reform and opening up and socialist modernization, the CPC adhered to viewing Marxism with a developmental perspective, formed the theoretical system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, scientifically answered the questions of the times and the questions of the people, and thereby composed a magnificent chapter of reform and opening up. The most distinctive feature and hallmark of this period was reform.

马克思主义不是一成不变的，而是动态的、发展的理论。随着时代的推进、社会的发展，总结新的经验教训，根据中国的实际和时代的特征对马克思主义进行丰富和发展是马克思主义中国化的题中应有之义。在改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期，中国共产党坚持以发展的眼光看待马克思主义，形成了中国特色社会主义理论体系，科学地回答了时代之问和人民之问，进而谱写了改革开放的壮丽篇章。这一时期最鲜明的特征和标识是改革。

(I) A scientific answer was given to the question "What is socialism and how to build socialism."

（一）对“什么是社会主义、怎样建设社会主义”作出了科学回答。

In the late 1950s, during the process of adjusting and reforming the old system and formulating new development models, the problem of our Party blindly copying the Soviet model and deviating from our country's actual development gradually emerged, leading to a series of twists and mistakes in the process of socialist construction, which resulted in the serious consequences of stagnant economic development and setbacks in socialist construction. The emergence of various contradictions prompted the CPC and the Chinese people to carefully reflect on the major question of "what is socialism and how to build socialism." The convening of the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the CPC in 1978 [5]5 The Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the CPC, held in December 1978, is a landmark meeting that initiated China's reform and opening-up policy and shifted the Party's focus to economic development. cleared away the ideological fog that had troubled and constrained the development of practice for the entire Party and the entire people. On the basis of correctly understanding and accurately grasping dialectical materialism and historical materialism, and deeply summarizing the positive and negative experiences of China's socialist construction, the Chinese Communists represented by Deng Xiaoping made the major scientific decision to implement reform and opening up. At this point, China embarked on a new period of socialist modernization characterized by comprehensive reform and opening up to the outside world.

20世纪50年代后期，在调整改革旧的体制和制定新发展模式的过程中，逐渐暴露出了我们党照搬苏联模式、脱离我国发展实际的问题，致使在社会主义建设的过程中出现了一系列的曲折与失误，从而酿成了经济发展停滞不前、社会主义建设遭遇挫折的严重后果。种种矛盾的凸显，促使中国共产党和中国人民审慎反思“什么是社会主义、怎样建设社会主义”这一重大问题。1978年党的十一届三中全会的召开，为全党和全国人民廓清了困扰和束缚实践发展的思想迷雾。以邓小平为代表的中国共产党人在正确认识、准确把握辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义，深刻总结中国社会主义建设正反两方面经验的基础上，作出实行改革开放的重大科学决策。至此，中国开启了以全面改革、对外开放为鲜明特征的社会主义现代化建设新时期。

At the beginning of reform and opening up, the trend of "opposing Marxism" was once rampant. Some reactionary elements took the opportunity to maliciously slander Mao Zedong Thought, question the socialist system, and spread erroneous ideas opposing the people's democratic dictatorship everywhere, which to a certain extent harmed China's socialist modernization. At this critical historical moment, Deng Xiaoping, with the extraordinary courage and rigorous attitude of a Marxist leader, and with confidence in the inevitable success of socialist construction and the inevitable victory of communism, pointed out in his speech "Uphold the Four Cardinal Principles" [6]6 The Four Cardinal Principles (四项基本原则) are: upholding the socialist path, the people's democratic dictatorship, the leadership of the CPC, and Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought. They were articulated by Deng Xiaoping in 1979 as the political foundation for reform and opening up.: "Politically and ideologically, we must uphold the Four Cardinal Principles; this is the fundamental prerequisite for realizing the Four Modernizations." Subsequently, in June 1981, the Sixth Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the CPC was successfully held in Beijing, fully affirming the achievements of our Party's work in building socialism since the Third Plenary Session, and for the first time put forward the important thesis of the "primary stage of socialism." At the same time, it gave a powerful response to various statements that questioned, distorted, or denied our country's socialist path, emphasizing the reality that the socialist system had been successfully established in our country, and pointing out the correct direction for the progress and development of our Party and our country's socialist cause.

改革开放之初，“反对马克思主义”的思潮一度甚嚣尘上，一些反动分子伺机恶意诋毁毛泽东思想，质疑社会主义制度，四处散播反对人民民主专政的错误思潮，在一定程度上危害了中国的社会主义现代化建设。在这个关键的历史时刻，邓小平以马克思主义领袖的非凡胆识与严谨态度，以对社会主义建设必将成功和共产主义必将胜利的信心，在《坚持四项基本原则》讲话中指出：“思想政治上必须坚持四项基本原则，这是实现四个现代化建设的根本前提。”随后，1981年6月，党的十一届六中全会在北京胜利召开，充分肯定了三中全会以来我们党建设社会主义事业的各项工作成果，并首次提出了“社会主义初级阶段”这一重要论述，同时还针对种种质疑、歪曲、否定我国社会主义道路的言论作出了强有力的回答，强调社会主义制度已经在我国成功建立的现实，为我们党和我国社会主义事业的前进发展指明了正确方向。

As a large developing country, China is different from both the Western developed countries and other developing countries. This determines that China’s socialist construction cannot completely copy the models of other countries. At the same time, the basic national conditions of all aspects of our country determine that China’s socialist construction cannot be achieved overnight and must proceed step by step. Deng Xiaoping emphasized: “China has its own characteristics, so we can only act according to China’s actual conditions. The experience of others can be used for reference, but it cannot be copied.” [7]7 Deng Xiaoping, "Build Socialism with Chinese Characteristics," Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping, Vol. 3, p. 229. Therefore, at the Twelfth National Congress of the Communist Party of China, Deng Xiaoping, with a strategic vision, put forward “building socialism with Chinese characteristics,” setting a new goal for comprehensively creating a new situation in socialist modernization. With the smooth progress of reform and opening up, Deng Xiaoping, during his Southern Tour Talks in 1992, specifically stated: “A market economy is not equivalent to capitalism; socialism also has a market. Planning and the market are both merely economic means.” This important exposition by Deng Xiaoping enabled people to promptly clarify the relationship between planning and the market, achieving a new breakthrough in the understanding of the relationship between planning and the market. Guided by the spirit of the Southern Tour Talks, the 14th National Congress of the Party held in October of the same year made major strategic arrangements for China’s economic development, proposing the establishment of a socialist market economy system. This was a great pioneering undertaking by our Party in its continuous exploration of how to advance the adaptation of Marxism to the Chinese context and achieve the goal of making China “prosperous.” From then on, China’s reform and opening up and socialist modernization entered a new stage. The second generation of the Party’s central collective leadership, with Comrade Deng Xiaoping at its core, on the basis of adhering to the guidance of Marxism and absorbing and drawing lessons from the historical experiences of the rise and fall of other socialist countries, founded Deng Xiaoping Theory, providing the basic theoretical guidance for the development and growth of the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics during this period.

作为一个发展中的大国，我国既不同于西方发达国家，也明显有别于其他发展中国家，这就决定了我国的社会主义建设不能完全照搬他国模式。与此同时，我国各方面的基本国情又决定了我国的社会主义建设不能急于求成，必须循序渐进。邓小平强调：“中国有自己的特点，所以我们只能按中国的实际办事，别人的经验可以借鉴，但不能照搬。”[7]因此，在中国共产党第十二次全国代表大会上，邓小平高屋建瓴地提出“建设有中国特色的社会主义”，为全面开创社会主义现代化建设新局面提出了崭新的奋斗目标。随着改革开放的顺利推进，邓小平在1992年南方谈话时又特别谈到：“市场经济不等同于资本主义，社会主义也有市场。计划和市场都只是经济手段。”邓小平的这一重要论述，使人们及时理清了计划与市场的关系，使人们在计划与市场关系的认识上有了新的突破。在南方谈话精神的指引下，同年10月召开的党的十四大对我国经济发展作出了重大战略部署，提出建立社会主义市场经济体制，这是我们党在实践中不断探索如何推进马克思主义中国化，让中国实现“富起来”目标的一个伟大创举。从此，中国改革开放和社会主义现代化建设进入新阶段。以邓小平同志为核心的党的第二代中央领导集体，在坚持以马克思主义为指导和吸收借鉴其他社会主义国家兴亡成败历史经验的基础上，创立了邓小平理论，为这一时期中国特色社会主义事业的发展壮大提供了基本理论遵循。

(2) A scientific answer was given to the question “what kind of Party to build and how to build it.”

（二）对“建设什么样的党，怎样建设党”作出了科学回答。

The third generation of the Party’s central collective leadership, with Comrade Jiang Zemin at its core, following the guidance of Deng Xiaoping Theory, continued to advance the adaptation of Marxism to the Chinese context through the process of learning while building. At the turn of the century, it put forward the important thought of the “Three Represents,” enriching and developing the Marxist historical materialism on the basis of summarizing the Party’s history of more than seventy years. Although previous historical materialism had also noted the importance of material interests in social development, elevating the fundamental interests of the vast majority of the people to an important theoretical concept, placing them on an equal footing with productive forces and culture, had never been done before. This was a new development of Marxist theory in the new century.

以江泽民同志为核心的党的第三代中央领导集体，遵循邓小平理论的指导，在一边学习一边建设的过程中，继续推进马克思主义中国化，于世纪之交提出了“三个代表”重要思想，在总结我们党七十多年历史的基础上丰富发展了马克思主义唯物史观。尽管以往的唯物史观也曾注意到物质利益在社会发展中的重要性，但把广大人民的根本利益上升为一个重要的理论概念，与生产力与文化等量齐观，还未曾有过，这是新世纪对马克思主义理论的新发展。

(3) A scientific answer was given to the question “what kind of development to achieve and how to achieve it.”

（三）对“实现什么样的发展，怎样发展”作出了科学回答。

The Party Central Committee with Comrade Hu Jintao as General Secretary never ceased its application and interpretation of Marxism. On the basis of analyzing and summarizing the practice of China’s social development, it creatively put forward the “Scientific Outlook on Development.” The formation of this theoretical achievement marked that the Communist Party of China’s understanding of the laws of socialist construction and development had reached a new height and stage, and marked that the integration of Marxism with China’s national conditions had reached a new height and stage.

以胡锦涛同志为总书记的党中央对马克思主义的运用和阐释也从未间断，在分析总结我国社会发展实践的基础上，创造性地提出了“科学发展观”。这一思想理论成果的形成标志着中国共产党对于社会主义建设与发展规律的认识达到了新的高度和阶段，标志着马克思主义和中国国情的结合达到了新的高度和阶段。

Extraordinary times give birth to extraordinary theories, and extraordinary theories achieve extraordinary practice. The great practice of reform and opening up promoted the “great awakening” of the Chinese nation, transforming the former “sick man of East Asia” into an “Eastern giant,” and increasingly approaching the center of the world stage. During the new period of reform and opening up and socialist modernization, the Communist Party of China led the Chinese people to rise up for reform, forge ahead with determination, and unite as one with high morale nationwide. In this unprecedented era, the Party Central Committee was not only committed to economic development but also took into account social stability, continuously improving social development, constantly strengthening the people’s awareness of democracy and the rule of law, continuously prospering industries such as culture, sports, and entertainment, increasingly enriching the people’s spiritual life, achieving new liberation of social productive forces, continuously consolidating the political situation of unity and stability, and basically solving the problem of food and clothing for hundreds of millions of people, bringing historic changes to the land of China and continuously moving the Chinese people towards moderate prosperity. The achievement of these practical results not only provided an incomparable material foundation for realizing the “Two Centenary” goals [8]8 The “Two Centenary” goals refer to the strategic objectives of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects by the centenary of the CPC (2021) and building a modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, and harmonious by the centenary of the People’s Republic of China (2049). and fulfilling the thousand-year dream of the Chinese nation, but also provided a socialist template and socialist plan worthy of reference for the development of countries around the world. Moreover, it powerfully highlighted the strong vitality and enduring appeal of Marxism.

非凡的时代孕育非凡的理论，非凡的理论成就非凡的实践。改革开放的伟大实践推动了中华民族的“伟大觉醒”，使昔日的“东亚病夫”成长为“东方巨人”，并日益走近世界舞台的中央。改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期，中国共产党领导中国人民奋起改革、锐意进取，全国上下齐心协力、斗志昂扬。在这个史无前例的年代里，党中央不仅致力于经济发展，而且兼顾社会稳定，使社会发展不断向好、人民民主法治意识不断增强、文化体育娱乐等行业不断繁荣、人民精神生活日益丰富，社会生产力得到新的解放、团结稳定的政治局面不断巩固、亿万人民的温饱问题基本解决，使中华大地发生了历史性变化，使中国人民不断向小康迈进。这些实践成果的取得，不仅为实现“两个百年”的奋斗目标、实现中华民族千年梦想提供了无可比拟的物质基础，也为世界各国发展提供了值得参照的社会主义模板和社会主义方案，更有力地凸显了马克思主义的强大生命力和弥久感召力。

IV. The New Era of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics: The CPC Promotes a New Leap in Adapting Marxism to the Chinese Context

四、中国特色社会主义新时代：中国共产党推动马克思主义中国化实现了全新飞跃

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a New Era. The Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, based on the historical orientation of the New Era, adhering to the internal logic of Marxism and the guiding principles of scientific socialism, and on the basis of summing up all previous socialist theoretical achievements, established Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, enriching in step with the times the theoretical treasury of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context in the 21st century.

党的十八大以来，中国特色社会主义进入新时代。以习近平同志为核心的党中央，立足于新时代的历史方位，坚持马克思主义的内在逻辑，坚持科学社会主义的指导原则，在总结以往一切社会主义理论成果的基础上，创立了习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想，与时并进地丰富了21世纪马克思主义中国化的理论宝库。

(A) Identifying and marking a new historical stage, namely, that socialism with Chinese characteristics has resolutely and steadfastly entered the "New Era."

（一）定位标识新的历史阶段，即中国特色社会主义勇毅笃行迈入“新时代”。

The new historical orientation is a correct judgment of the historical juncture at which the world and contemporary China find themselves; it is forward-looking, scientific, and objective. Its forward-looking nature means that the New Era endows the Party's mission, theoretical orientation, and practical principles with new connotations for the era, providing a new stage coordinate and basic objectives for accurately grasping the current state of China's development and formulating scientific lines, principles, and policies. Its scientific nature means that the New Era embodies the dialectical unity of the lofty ideal of communism and the common ideal of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and the dialectical unity of the theoretical logic of Marxism and the practical logic of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Its objectivity means that the outstanding achievements of the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics since the New Era mark that China's development has entered a new historical period and that Marxism is bursting with new vitality in 21st-century China. The proposal of the "New Era" is a correct thesis and scientific conclusion drawn by Xi Jinping from the needs of objective international and domestic developments, from the century-long struggle of the CPC, from the course of reform and opening up over more than four decades, and from the achievements and transformations since the 18th National Congress.

新的历史方位，是对当今世界与当代中国所处历史关头的正确判定，具有前瞻性、科学性、客观性。其中前瞻性是指新时代赋予党的使命担当、理论导向、实践原则以新的时代内涵，为我们准确把握当前中国发展现状、制定科学路线方针政策提供全新的阶段坐标和基本目标。科学性是指新时代体现了共产主义远大理想与中国特色社会主义共同理想的辩证统一，体现了马克思主义理论逻辑和中国特色社会主义实践逻辑的辩证统一。客观性是指新时代以来中国特色社会主义事业取得的杰出成就，标志着我国发展进入了新的历史时期，标志着马克思主义在21世纪的中国迸发出新的勃勃生机。“新时代”的提出，是习近平从国际国内客观形势发展需要、从中国共产党百年奋斗历程以及改革开放四十多年历程和十八大以来取得的成就与变革出发进行思考而得出的正确论断和科学结论。

(B) Establishing a rigorous and systematic scientific theoretical system, namely, Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era.

（二）建立严整、系统的科学理论体系，即习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想。

This scientific theoretical system is new in that it listens to the voice of the times, focuses on the issues of the times, and closely answers questions on all aspects of China's governance in the New Era, the new period, and the new stage, forming a distinctive main theme and main line. This broad and profound theoretical system expands Marxist philosophy, Marxist political economy, and scientific socialism, covering areas such as the law of movement of social basic contradictions, the fundamental causes of social change and development, and general laws. It encompasses the dimensions of reform, development, and stability; domestic and foreign affairs, national defense, and the military; and governance of the Party, the state, and the military. It is a theoretical system with a broad vision, profound implications, complete structure, and rigorous science. It is not only an "encyclopedia" guiding the development of contemporary Chinese society but also demonstrates the profound wisdom of the collective leadership of the Party Central Committee with General Secretary Xi Jinping at its core and its solemn commitment to the people.

这一科学理论体系，新在倾听时代发展声音聚焦时代发展课题，紧紧围绕新时代新时期新阶段回答中国治国理政各方面的问题，形成了独具特色的主题主线。这一博大精深的理论体系，扩充了马克思主义哲学、马克思主义政治经济学、科学社会主义，涉及社会基本矛盾运动规律、社会变化发展根本原因和一般规律等领域，囊括了改革发展稳定、内政外交国防、治党治国治军等层面，是一个视野宽广、意蕴深远、系统完备、严整科学的理论体系，不仅是指导当代中国社会发展的“百科全书”，更显示了以习近平总书记为核心的党中央领导集体的深睿智慧与对人民的庄严承诺。

(C) Opening up a new realm for the development of Marxism in the 21st century.

（三）开辟21世纪马克思主义发展的新境界。

Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era is the inheritance and development of Marxist theory under new historical conditions and at a new historical starting point. This solid and weighty intellectual achievement both expands new theoretical horizons and exhibits new characteristics of the times, while also meeting new practical needs. For example, it proposes “people-centered” development, emphasizing that the people’s aspiration for a better life is the goal of the Communist Party of China, which is a scientific inheritance and effective advancement of the principle of serving the people wholeheartedly and the people-oriented thought, aiming to realize the people’s interests in practice; it proposes that “the leadership of the Communist Party of China is the most essential feature of socialism with Chinese characteristics,” emphasizing, on the basis of adhering to Marxist Party-building thought, the importance of Party leadership over national political life and social life in the practice of socialist construction; on the basis of emphasizing confidence in the path, confidence in the theory, and confidence in the system, it incorporates “confidence in the culture,” reflecting the Communist Party of China’s full affirmation and active practice of its own cultural values; it adjusts and deepens the understanding of the principal contradiction in Chinese society, namely that “the principal contradiction facing Chinese society has evolved into the contradiction between unbalanced and inadequate development and the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life,” raising new and higher requirements for the current work arrangements of the Party and the state; it puts forward the important thesis of “letting the market play the decisive role in resource allocation and the government play its role better,” which is a further elevation of the understanding of the relationship between government and market and the relationship between resource allocation and efficiency awareness, providing a guideline for government practice in market relations in the New Era; the proposal of the “new development philosophy” is both an extension of the Scientific Outlook on Development and a timely response to the problems and contradictions in the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics under the background of the “two overall situations” [9]9 The “two overall situations” refers to the overall strategic situation of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and the overall situation of changes unseen in a century in the world.; it proposes the “two mountains” thought [10]10 The “two mountains” thought refers to the concept that “lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets.” that “lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets,” pointing out a new path for the coordinated interaction between economic development and ecological protection, implementing and developing the Marxist ecological outlook in the practice of ecological civilization construction; and so on. These new thoughts, rich in the characteristics of the New Era, are the creative theoretical achievements of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, clarifying the ideas and providing the methods for the exploration and practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era.

习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想是对马克思主义理论在新的历史条件下和新的历史起点上的继承与发展。这一坚实厚重的思想成果既拓展了新的理论范围，又展示了新的时代特征，更符合新的实践需要。例如，提出“坚持以人民为中心”，强调人民群众对美好生活的向往是中国共产党的奋斗目标，是对全心全意为人民服务的宗旨和以人为本思想的科学继承与有效推进，旨在将人民的利益落到实处；提出“中国共产党领导是中国特色社会主义最本质的特征”，在坚持马克思主义党建思想的基础上强调社会主义建设实践中党领导国家政治生活和社会生活的重要性；在强调坚持道路自信、理论自信、制度自信的基础上，又将“文化自信”纳入其中，体现了中国共产党对自身文化价值的充分肯定和积极践行；对我国社会主要矛盾认识作出了调整和深化，即“我国社会主要矛盾已经转化为人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾”，对当前党和国家的各项工作安排提出了新的更高要求；提出“使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用和更好发挥政府作用”的重要论断，是对政府与市场关系问题、资源配置与效率意识关系问题认识的进一步提升，为新时代政府在市场关系中的实践提出了纲领；“新发展理念”的提出，既是对科学发展观的引申，又与时俱进地回答了在“两个大局”的背景下如何应对新时代中国特色社会主义事业中的问题与矛盾；提出“绿水青山就是金山银山”的两山思想，指明经济发展与生态保护协同联动的新路径，将马克思主义生态观发展落实在生态文明建设的实践中；等等。这些富有新时代特色的新思想，是以习近平总书记为核心的党中央领导集体所取得的具有创造性的理论成果，为新时代中国特色社会主义的探索和实践阐明了思路、提出了方法。

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC [11]11 The 18th National Congress of the CPC was held in 2012, marking the beginning of the New Era under Xi Jinping’s leadership., under the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, China’s various undertakings have achieved rapid development. Comprehensive deepening of reform has made major achievements, and the main framework of reform has been basically established; the economic structure has been continuously optimized and upgraded, and economic growth has shifted to the stage of high-quality development; major steps have been taken in the construction of democracy and the rule of law, and the concept of the rule of law in the whole society has been significantly enhanced; major progress has been made in ideological and cultural construction, and core socialist values and fine traditional Chinese culture have been widely promoted and practiced; the quality of the ecological environment has continuously improved, and aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems have developed in a positive direction; a new situation has been created for the dream of a strong military and a thriving military, and national defense and the armed forces are gradually moving toward modernization; major-country diplomacy has advanced with big strides, and the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind has been well practiced; the fight against corruption has gained strong momentum, and comprehensive and strict governance of the Party has achieved remarkable results; a comprehensive victory has been won in the fight against poverty, and all impoverished counties across the country have been lifted out of poverty… bringing the Chinese people unprecedentedly close to the dawn of realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, the Chinese Dream.

党的十八大以来，在习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想指引下，我国各项事业都得到了突飞猛进的发展，全面深化改革取得重大成就，改革主体框架基本确立；经济结构不断优化升级，经济增长转向高质量发展阶段；民主法治建设迈出重大步伐，全社会法治观念明显增强；思想文化建设取得重大进展，社会主义核心价值观和中华优秀传统文化得到广泛弘扬与践行；生态环境质量持续改善，水生陆生生态系统向好发展；强军梦兴军梦开创新局面，国防和军队逐渐迈向现代化；大国外交阔步向前，人类命运共同体理念得到很好践行；反腐败斗争势头强劲，全面从严治党取得卓著成效；脱贫攻坚取得全面胜利，全国各个贫困县全部摘帽……使中国人民空前之近地迎来实现中华民族伟大复兴这一中国梦的曙光。

V. Conclusion

五、结语

The one hundred years of the Communist Party of China are one hundred years in which the Party united and led the Chinese people to overcome all difficulties and obstacles, to respond to and resolve various crises and predicaments; one hundred years in which the Party united and led the Chinese people to realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, to strive tenaciously, and to continuously achieve brilliant successes; one hundred years in which the Communist Party of China continuously advanced the adaptation of Marxism to the Chinese context. On March 22, 2021, when inspecting the Zhuxi Garden in Fujian, Xi Jinping specifically emphasized: “In taking the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics, we must advance the adaptation of Marxism to the Chinese context. We must pay special attention to excavating the essence of the five thousand years of Chinese civilization, promoting fine traditional culture, combining its essence with the Marxist stance, viewpoint, and method, and unswervingly taking the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics.” The reason why the achievements of the Communist Party of China over the past one hundred years are so earthshaking is precisely because it has always adhered to Marxism as its guiding ideology and continuously carried out theoretical innovation in the practice of revolution, construction, and reform.

中国共产党的一百年，是党团结带领中国人民战胜一切艰难险阻，应对化解各种危机困境的一百年；是党团结带领中国人民实现中华民族伟大复兴，顽强拼搏，接续取得辉煌成就的一百年；是中国共产党不断推进马克思主义中国化的一百年。2021年3月22日，习近平在福建考察朱熹园时曾特别强调：“我们走中国特色社会主义道路，一定要推进马克思主义中国化。我们要特别重视挖掘中华五千年文明中的精华，弘扬优秀传统文化，把其中的精华同马克思主义立场观点方法结合起来，坚定不移走中国特色社会主义道路。”中国共产党一百年来取得的成就之所以震古烁今，就是因为始终坚持以马克思主义为指导思想，在革命、建设与改革的实践中，不断进行理论创新。

Stalin believed that the history of the CPSU(b) is a Marxism in action. Practice has repeatedly proven that the one-hundred-year history of struggle of the Communist Party of China is also a history of Marxism in action, continuously advancing the adaptation of Marxism to the Chinese context. Over the past one hundred years, it is precisely by adhering to the unity of emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts, the unity of consolidating the foundation and upholding integrity and innovation, and precisely by relying on its correct application of Marxism, this powerful ideological weapon, that the Communist Party of China has ultimately defeated one powerful enemy after another, overcome one difficulty and obstacle after another, and blazed a glorious path of revolution, construction, reform, and rejuvenation in the New Era that belongs to the Chinese people themselves. The adapted Marxism in the Chinese context is both rooted in the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics and has formed systematic new theoretical forms that keep pace with the times. These important thoughts profoundly concern the fundamental interests of the people, promptly clarify various confusions existing in development, and are the action guide for the entire Party and the entire people to strive forward and open up the future.

斯大林认为，联共党史是一部行动着的马克思主义。实践一再证明，中国共产党的百年奋斗史也是一部行动着的、不断推动马克思主义中国化的历史。一百年来，中国共产党正是坚持解放思想和实事求是相统一、培元固本和守正创新相统一，正是凭借着自身对马克思主义这一强大思想武器的正确运用，最终才战胜一个又一个的强大敌人，攻克一个又一个的艰难险阻，走出属于中国人民自己的光辉革命之路、建设之路、改革之路和新时代复兴之路。中国化的马克思主义既植根于中国特色社会主义事业，又与时俱进地形成了系统化的新的理论形态。这些重要思想，深刻关注人民群众的根本利益，及时理清了发展中存在的各种困惑，是全党和全国人民努力前进、开辟未来的行动指南。

Online editor: Paul

网络编辑：保罗