The Value Implications, Strategic Design, and Development Path of Comprehensively Building a Modern Socialist Country

The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC points out: “From now on, the central task of the Communist Party of China is to unite and lead the people of all ethnic groups across the country in building a great modern socialist country in all respects, achieving the Second Centenary Goal, and comprehensively advancing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-path modernization.” [1]1 “Irreversible historical process” is a formulation from the report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC (2022), emphasizing the certainty of national rejuvenation under Party leadership. Embarking on the new journey of comprehensively building a modern socialist country marks that our country stands at a new historical juncture and a new historical starting point, ushering in a great era of creating a new path of Chinese-path modernization and a new form of human civilization. What kind of modern socialist country to build and how to build it have become major epochal questions that the report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC strives to explore and answer, and are inherent requirements for opening up new frontiers in adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times. Conducting an in-depth investigation into the value implications, strategic design, and development path of comprehensively building a modern socialist country is an objective need for solving major practical problems in China in the new stage of development, and is also an inherent part of continuously advancing our country’s comprehensive building of a modern socialist country.

党的二十大报告指出：“从现在起，中国共产党的中心任务就是团结带领全国各族人民全面建成社会主义现代化强国、实现第二个百年奋斗目标，以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴。”迈上全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程，标志着我国站在新的历史方位和历史起点，迎来创造中国式现代化新道路和人类文明新形态的伟大时代。建设什么样的社会主义现代化国家、怎样建设社会主义现代化国家，成为党的二十大报告着力探讨和回答的重大时代课题，是开辟马克思主义中国化时代化新境界的内在要求。对全面建设社会主义现代化国家的价值意蕴、战略设计及发展路径进行深度考察，是解决新发展阶段中国重大实际问题的客观需要，也是不断推进我国全面建设社会主义现代化国家的题中应有之义。

I. The Value Implications of Comprehensively Building a Modern Socialist Country

一、全面建设社会主义现代化国家的价值意蕴

The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC establishes the comprehensive building of a great modern socialist country as the central task of the Communist Party of China in the new stage of development, because this central task conforms to the fundamental interests of the entire Party and the people of all ethnic groups across the country. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out that seeking happiness for the Chinese people and rejuvenation for the Chinese nation is the starting point and落脚点 of our Party’s leadership in modernization. [2]2 “Lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets” is a well-known slogan of Xi Jinping’s ecological civilization thought, first articulated in 2005, linking environmental protection to economic value. Comprehensively building a modern socialist country embodies the Party’s value orientation of adhering to a people-centered approach and taking meeting the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life as the fundamental purpose, and it proclaims the value choice of Chinese-path modernization.

党的二十大报告将全面建成社会主义现代化强国确定为新发展阶段中国共产党的中心任务，因为这一中心任务符合全党全国各族人民的根本利益。习近平总书记指出，为中国人民谋幸福、为中华民族谋复兴，是我们党领导现代化建设的出发点和落脚点。全面建设社会主义现代化国家体现了党坚持以人民为中心、以满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要为根本目的的价值取向，昭示了中国式现代化的价值选择。

(1) The Inherent Meaning of Abandoning the “One-Dimensional Man” and Moving Toward the “All-Round Person”

（一）摒弃“单面人”走向“全面人”的题中之义

Modernization is essentially the modernization of people; people are the subjects who realize modernization and share the fruits of modernization. The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC emphasized the need to “continuously enhance the people’s sense of gain, happiness, and security, and promote people’s all-round development and social progress in all respects.” [3]3 This quotation is from Xi Jinping’s speech at the celebration of the 70th anniversary of the founding of the People’s Republic of China (2019), highlighting the global significance of China’s socialist path. The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC not only states, when elaborating that “Chinese-path modernization is the modernization of material and cultural-ethical progress in tandem,” that it is necessary to “promote the all-round enrichment of things and the all-round development of people,” but also emphasizes, when formulating the overall development goals for 2035, that “all-round development of people and common prosperity for all the people have achieved more substantial and visible progress.” Comprehensively building a modern socialist country will inevitably continuously push the “one-dimensional man” toward the “all-round person.”

现代化实质上是人的现代化，人是实现现代化、分享现代化成果的主体。党的十九届五中全会强调要“不断增强人民群众的获得感、幸福感、安全感，促进人的全面发展和社会全面进步”，党的二十大报告不仅在阐述“中国式现代化是物质文明和精神文明相协调的现代化”时提出要“促进物的全面丰富和人的全面发展”，而且在制定2035年发展总体目标时强调“人的全面发展、全体人民共同富裕取得更为明显的实质性进展”。全面建设社会主义现代化国家，必将不断推动“单面人”迈向“全面人”。

1. Laying a Solid Material Foundation for People’s Free and All-Round Development

1.为人的自由全面发展奠定坚实的物质基础

Marx and Engels pointed out: “Men must be in a position to live in order to be able to ‘make history.’ But life involves before everything else eating and drinking, a habitation, clothing and many other things.” [4]4 The “second centenary goal” refers to the goal of building China into a great modern socialist country by the middle of the 21st century (around 2049), the centenary of the People’s Republic of China. Chinese-path modernization is the modernization of common prosperity for all the people. Comprehensively building a modern socialist country means that material wealth will be greatly enriched, the gap between rich and poor across regions, urban and rural areas will be greatly improved, and material guarantees will be provided for people’s free and all-round development.

马克思恩格斯指出：“人们为了能够‘创造历史’，必须能够生活。但是为了生活，首先就需要吃喝住穿以及其他一些东西。”中国式现代化是全体人民共同富裕的现代化，全面建设社会主义现代化国家意味着物质财富得到极大丰富，区域城乡贫富差距问题得到极大改善，为人的自由全面发展提供物质保障。

2. Laying a Prosperous Cultural Foundation for People’s Free and All-Round Development

2.为人的自由全面发展奠定繁荣的文化基础

General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “People, in essence, are cultural beings, not ‘materialized’ beings; they are active, all-round beings, not ‘rigid’ or ‘one-dimensional’ beings.” Chinese-path modernization is modernization that coordinates material and spiritual development. Comprehensively building a modern socialist country places greater emphasis on the importance of cultural-ethical progress, continuously promoting people’s free and all-round development in the process of enriching the people’s spiritual world.

习近平总书记指出：“人，本质上就是文化的人，而不是‘物化’的人；是能动的、全面的人，而不是‘僵化’的、‘单向度’的人。”中国式现代化是物质与精神协调发展的现代化，全面建设社会主义现代化国家更加突出精神文明建设的重要性，在丰富人民精神世界的过程中不断促进人的自由全面发展。

3. Laying a Good Ecological Foundation for People’s Free and All-Round Development

3.为人的自由全面发展奠定良好的生态基础

“In order to achieve the purpose of capital valorization, capitalists do not hesitate to mobilize all forces to oppress workers to exploit and plunder nature; nature merely has ‘pure utility,’ and they have never treated nature as an aesthetic object or as an organic life to be treated with care.” [5]5 The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC was held in October 2020, where the “Proposal” for the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) and long-range objectives through 2035 was adopted. Harmony between humanity and nature is an important feature of Chinese-path modernization. Comprehensively building a modern socialist country will take high-quality development as its theme, provide more high-quality ecological products to meet the people’s ever-growing needs for a beautiful ecological environment, and promote harmony between humanity and nature.

“资本家为了实现资本增殖的目的，不惜调动一切力量压迫工人开发和掠夺自然，自然仅仅具有‘纯粹有用性’，他们从未将自然当作审美的对象、当作有机的生命加以对待。”人与自然和谐共生是中国式现代化的重要特征，全面建设社会主义现代化国家将以高质量发展为主题，提供更多优质生态产品以满足人民日益增长的优美生态环境需要，促进人与自然和谐共生。

4. Creating a Favorable International Environment for People’s All-Round Development

4.为人的全面发展营造良好的国际环境

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee, with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, has stood at the height of human civilization, adhered to the value orientation of seeking happiness for the people, rejuvenation for the nation, and common good for the world, and consciously integrated China’s development with the common development of all humanity. Chinese-path modernization adheres to the path of peaceful development, resolutely abandons the modernization characterized by bloody plunder and war under capitalism, advocates promoting the building of a community with a shared future for mankind with the concept of win-win cooperation, and is an inevitable choice for promoting people’s free and all-round development.

党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央站在人类文明的高度，坚守为人民谋幸福、为民族谋复兴、为世界谋大同的价值取向，自觉将中国的发展与全人类共同发展相结合。中国式现代化坚持走和平发展道路，坚决摒弃资本主义以血腥掠夺和战争为特征的现代化，倡导以合作共赢理念推动构建人类命运共同体，是推动人的自由全面发展的必然选择。

(2) A New Embodiment of the Communist Party of China’s Original Aspiration and Founding Mission

（二）践行中国共产党初心使命的新体现

Chinese-path modernization adheres to taking the realization of the people’s aspiration for a better life as the starting point and落脚点 of modernization, which is fundamentally different from the materialistically inflated Western modernization model. In his book *Wage Labour and Capital*, Marx profoundly pointed out, regarding the instrumental rationality implicit in the Western modernization model, that we measure needs and enjoyments by the standard of society, not by the objects that satisfy them. [6]6 Marx, *Wage Labour and Capital* (1849). Chinese-path modernization is the modernization of a huge population, embodying the Communist Party of China’s original aspiration and founding mission of wholeheartedly seeking happiness for the Chinese people and rejuvenation for the Chinese nation. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “The Party’s original aspiration and founding mission are the concentrated expression of the Party’s nature, purpose, ideals, beliefs, and goals, inspiring us to forever hold fast and spurring us to move forward resolutely.” [7]7 This is a standard formulation from Xi Jinping’s speeches on the Party’s original aspiration and founding mission. Over the past hundred-plus years, the Party has always taken seeking happiness for the Chinese people and rejuvenation for the Chinese nation as its original aspiration and founding mission, achieving great successes in the New Democratic Revolution, socialist revolution and construction, reform and opening up and socialist modernization, and socialism with Chinese characteristics in the New Era. These achievements have created the fundamental social conditions for realizing modernization, laid the fundamental political premise and institutional foundation, provided a system guarantee full of new vitality and the material conditions for rapid development, and propelled Chinese-path modernization to historic achievements. In the 1950s and 1960s, the Party clearly proposed building China into a powerful socialist country, taking a two-step approach to build China into a powerful socialist country with modern agriculture, modern industry, modern national defense, and modern science and technology. [8]8 This refers to the “Four Modernizations” policy first articulated by Zhou Enlai in 1964 and 1975. In the new period of reform and opening up and socialist modernization, the Party put forward the thesis of “Chinese-style modernization,” made a three-step strategic arrangement for basically realizing modernization, and promoted significant achievements in socialist modernization. [9]9 The three-step strategy was formally proposed by Deng Xiaoping in 1987: first, double the 1980 GNP and ensure adequate food and clothing by 1990; second, double the 1990 GNP and reach a state of relative prosperity by 2000; third, basically realize modernization by the middle of the 21st century. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee, with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, has clearly proposed the “Two Centenary Goals.” [10]10 The Two Centenary Goals are: first, building a moderately prosperous society in all respects by the centenary of the CPC in 2021; second, building a great modern socialist country in all respects by the centenary of the PRC in 2049. The report of the 19th National Congress of the CPC first proposed the concept of comprehensively building a great modern socialist country, clearly specifying that from 2020 to 2050, a 30-year period, the comprehensive building of a modern socialist country would be carried out in two stages, each of 15 years. [11]11 The 19th National Congress of the CPC was held in October 2017. The goal of the first stage is to basically realize modernization by 2035, where the people’s lives are happier and more beautiful, advancing the timeline for basically realizing modernization by 15 years. The goal of the second stage is to build China into a great modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious, and beautiful by the middle of this century. By then, the people’s needs in the economic, political, cultural, social, and ecological civilization aspects will be better met, and people’s all-round development and society’s all-round progress will be greatly promoted.

中国式现代化坚持把实现人民对美好生活的向往作为现代化建设的出发点和落脚点，与物质膨胀的西方现代化模式存在本质区别。马克思在《雇佣劳动与资本》一书中针对西方现代化模式隐含的工具理性深刻指出，我们在衡量需要和享受时是以社会为尺度，而不是以满足其物品为尺度。中国式现代化是实现人口规模巨大的现代化，体现了中国共产党全心全意为中国人民谋幸福、为中华民族谋复兴的初心使命。习近平总书记指出：“党的初心和使命是党的性质宗旨、理想信念、奋斗目标的集中体现，激励着我们党永远坚守，砥砺着我们党坚毅前行。”百余年来，党始终把为中国人民谋幸福、为中华民族谋复兴作为自己的初心使命，取得了新民主主义革命的伟大成就、社会主义革命和建设的伟大成就、改革开放和社会主义现代化建设的伟大成就、新时代中国特色社会主义的伟大成就，为实现现代化创造了根本社会条件、奠定了根本政治前提和制度基础、提供了充满新活力的体制保证和快速发展的物质条件，推动中国式现代化取得历史性成就。20世纪50-60年代，党明确提出要把我国建设成强大的社会主义国家，分两步走把我国建设成具有现代农业、现代工业、现代国防和现代科学技术的社会主义强国。改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期，党提出“中国式的现代化”论断，作出分三步走基本实现现代化的战略安排，推动社会主义现代化取得显著成绩。党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央明确提出“两个一百年”奋斗目标。党的十九大报告首次提出全面建成社会主义现代化强国概念，明确从2020-2050年的30年，分两个阶段全面建设社会主义现代化国家，每个阶段15年。第一个阶段的目标是到2035年基本实现人民生活更加幸福美好的现代化，把基本实现现代化的时间提前15年；第二个阶段的目标是到本世纪中叶把我国建成富强民主文明和谐美丽的社会主义现代化强国，届时，人民在经济、政治、文化、社会、生态文明等方面的需要将得到更好满足，更大促进人的全面发展、社会的全面进步。

(3) The Only Way to Ensure the Great Rejuvenation of the Chinese Nation

（三）确保实现中华民族伟大复兴的必由之路

Achieving modernization has been both the primary historical task facing the Chinese people since modern times and the necessary path to realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. By formulating strategic goals such as industrialization, the Four Modernizations, a moderately prosperous society in all respects, and a great modern socialist country, the Communist Party of China has led the Chinese people to achieve a historic leap from standing up and growing prosperous to becoming strong, and “the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation has entered an irreversible historical process.” [1]1 “Irreversible historical process” is a formulation from the report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC (2022), emphasizing the certainty of national rejuvenation under Party leadership. The completion of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, i.e., the realization of the first centenary goal, means that the material foundation for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation is becoming increasingly solid, marking a critical major step forward in this rejuvenation. On this basis, seizing the momentum to embark on a new journey of comprehensively building a modern socialist country will surely promote the timely realization of the Chinese Dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Comprehensively building a modern socialist country consolidates the foundation for realizing the Chinese Dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and exerts a profound impact on China’s economy, politics, culture, society, and ecological civilization in many aspects. By continuously liberating and developing the productive forces, China’s total economic output will reach new heights, the material foundation will become more solid, and the lives of the broad masses of the people will be better; by comprehensively deepening reform, various systems will be further improved, and the national governance system and governance capacity will be continuously enhanced; by promoting the creative transformation and innovative development of fine traditional Chinese culture, the people’s spiritual life and spiritual outlook will be greatly improved; by placing the promotion of common prosperity for all the people in a more important position, social harmony and stability will be more secure and sustainable; by practicing the concept that “lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets,” [2]2 “Lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets” is a well-known slogan of Xi Jinping’s ecological civilization thought, first articulated in 2005, linking environmental protection to economic value. harmony between humans and nature will be increased, and so on. This series of measures coalesces unprecedented mighty strength, will promote the comprehensive modernization of people at a deeper level, and will write a glorious chapter in the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

实现现代化，既是近代以来中国人民面临的主要历史任务，又是实现中华民族伟大复兴的必由之路。通过制定工业化、四个现代化、全面小康和社会主义现代化强国等战略目标，中国共产党带领中国人民实现了从站起来、富起来到强起来的历史性飞跃，“实现中华民族伟大复兴进入了不可逆转的历史进程”。全面建成小康社会即第一个百年目标的实现，意味着实现中华民族伟大复兴的物质基础越来越坚实，标志着中华民族伟大复兴向前迈出关键性的一大步。在此基础上，乘势而上开启全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程，必将推动中华民族伟大复兴中国梦如期实现。全面建设社会主义现代化国家筑牢了实现中华民族伟大复兴中国梦的基础，对我国经济、政治、文化、社会、生态文明等诸多方面产生深刻影响。不断解放和发展生产力，我国经济总量将再次迈向新高，物质基础将更加坚实，广大人民群众生活将更加美好；全面深化改革使各项制度更加完善，国家治理体系和治理能力将不断得到提升；推动中华优秀传统文化创造性转化和创新性发展，人民精神生活和精神面貌将得到极大改善；把促进全体人民共同富裕摆在更加重要的位置，社会和谐稳定更有保障、更可持续；践行“绿水青山就是金山银山”理念使人与自然更加和谐，等等。这一系列举措凝聚了前所未有的磅礴力量，将在更深层次推动人的全面现代化，书写中华民族伟大复兴的辉煌篇章。

(IV) An Inevitable Choice for Opening Up a New Realm of Modern Civilization for Human Society

（四）开创人类社会现代文明新境界的必然选 择

General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “When China is built into a great modern socialist country and becomes the first country in the world to successfully build a modern power not by taking the capitalist road but by taking the socialist road, the great social revolution led by our Party and carried out by the people in China will more fully demonstrate its historical significance.” [3]3 This quotation is from Xi Jinping’s speech at the celebration of the 70th anniversary of the founding of the People’s Republic of China (2019), highlighting the global significance of China’s socialist path. This assertion is profound in implication and significant in meaning.

习近平总书记指出：“当我国建成社会主义现代化强国、成为世界上第一个不是走资本主义道路而是走社会主义道路成功建成现代化强国时，我们党领导人民在中国进行的伟大社会革命将更加充分地展示出其历史意义。”这一论断意蕴深邃、意义重大。

1. Profoundly Influencing the Historical Process of World Modernization

1.深刻影响世界现代化的历史进程

Comprehensively building a modern socialist country is not only conducive to enhancing the global appeal of socialist ideology but also beneficial to expanding the international influence of the socialist system, and it also helps promote the development and progress of the modernization cause of humanity. Currently, hostile Western forces are intensifying their efforts to Westernize and divide China, and the struggle and contest between Chinese and Western ideologies have never ceased. Comprehensively building a modern socialist country is a practice of socialist ideology, fully demonstrating the vitality and creativity of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics. Furthermore, the cause of socialist modernization with Chinese characteristics is an important component of the modernization cause of humanity. It can promote the prosperity and development of the world economy in the process of Chinese-path modernization and inject strong impetus into the virtuous cycle of the world economy.

全面建设社会主义现代化国家不仅有利于增强社会主义意识形态的世界感召力，而且有利于扩大社会主义制度的国际影响，还有利于推动人类现代化事业的发展进步。当前，西方敌对势力加紧对我国实施西化、分化，中西方两种意识形态的斗争和较量从未停止。全面建设社会主义现代化国家是社会主义意识形态的实践，充分展示了中国特色社会主义制度的生命力和创造力。此外，中国特色社会主义现代化事业是人类现代化事业的重要组成部分，能够在中国式现代化进程中推动世界经济的繁荣与发展，为世界经济良性循环注入强大动力。

2. Forging a Chinese Path That Abandons the Old Western Modernization Road

2.走出摒弃西方现代化老路的中国道路

Achieving modernization is a common consensus and shared goal pursued by all countries, especially late-developing nations. The experience of Western capitalist countries, as pioneers of modernization, holds significant inspirational value for late-developing countries. However, any country promoting modernization must integrate its unique historical and cultural environment, economic conditions, and resource endowments. History and reality have repeatedly shown that blindly copying and imitating the Western modernization model not only fails to achieve modernization on schedule but may also cause severe setbacks in the modernization process. Comprehensively building a modern socialist country fundamentally denies the fixed mindset that “modernization equals Westernization,” transforming the world’s modernization model from singular to plural. It provides countries around the world with a new choice for achieving modernization and contributes Chinese wisdom to the construction of a modernization paradigm.

实现现代化是世界各国特别是后发国家的普遍共识和共同目标追求。作为现代化先行者的西方资本主义国家，其经验对后发国家具有重要的启发意义，但任何一个国家在推动现代化的进程中，都必须结合本国独特的历史文化环境、经济条件和资源禀赋。历史和现实一再表明，照抄照搬西方现代化模式，不仅不能如期实现现代化，而且有可能致使现代化进程遭受严重挫折。全面建设社会主义现代化国家从根本上否认了“现代化=西方化”的思维定式，将世界现代化模式由单数变为复数，为世界各国提供了实现现代化的全新选择，贡献了现代化范式建构的中国智慧。

3. Demonstrating the Superiority of a New Form of Human Civilization

3.彰显人类文明新形态的优越性

The Chinese-path modernization path encompasses both the commonalities of modernization in countries around the world and the uniqueness based on its own historical traditions, cultural accumulation, and actual national conditions. Comprehensively building a modern socialist country is a brand-new modernization path that reshapes the pace of development of human civilization. This modernization path takes the concepts of universal harmony, coexistence in harmony, and putting the people first as its ultimate goals. In the process of promoting countries and nations around the world to transcend differences in social systems and ideologies, it fully leverages the advantages of the path, theory, system, and culture, achieving the overall advancement of the modernization cause and fully demonstrating the superiority of a new form of human civilization.

中国式现代化道路既包含世界各国现代化的共性，也有基于自身历史传统、文化积淀和现实国情的独特性。全面建设社会主义现代化国家是一条重塑人类文明发展步态的崭新的现代化道路，这一现代化道路以世界大同、和合共生、人民至上理念为最终目标追求，在推动世界各国、各民族超越社会制度、意识形态隔阂的过程中，充分发挥道路、理论、制度和文化的优势，实现了现代化事业的整体推进，充分彰显了人类文明新形态的优越性。

Thus, comprehensively building a modern socialist country has important value implications. It is conducive to promoting the free and comprehensive development of people and fulfilling the original aspiration and founding mission of Chinese Communists, and it is also conducive to promoting the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and opening up a new realm of modern civilization for human society.

可见，全面建设社会主义现代化国家具有重要的价值意蕴，既有利于促进人的自由全面发展、践行中国共产党人的初心使命，又有利于推动中华民族伟大复兴、开创人类社会现代文明新境界。

II. The Strategic Design of Comprehensively Building a Modern Socialist Country

二、全面建设社会主义现代化国家的战略设计

The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC scientifically discussed and answered the question of what kind of modern socialist country to build in the new development stage. From the dimensions of goal setting, major principles, strategic steps, and methodological choices, it systematically outlined the strategic blueprint for the second centenary goal, [4]4 The “second centenary goal” refers to the goal of building China into a great modern socialist country by the middle of the 21st century (around 2049), the centenary of the People’s Republic of China. pointing out the direction of action, planning the action path, and injecting forward momentum for comprehensively building a modern socialist country.

党的二十大报告围绕新发展阶段建设什么样的社会主义现代化国家作了科学探讨和回答，从目标确立、重大原则、战略步骤、方法论选择等维度，系统勾勒第二个百年奋斗目标的战略图景，为全面建设社会主义现代化国家指明了行动方向、规划了行动路径、注入了前进动力。

(I) Goal Setting for Comprehensively Building a Modern Socialist Country

（一）全面建设社会主义现代化国家目标确立

The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC not only established comprehensively building a great modern socialist country, realizing the second centenary goal, and comprehensively advancing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-path modernization as the Party’s central task in the new development stage, but also, taking 2035 as a dividing line, divided the comprehensive building of a great modern socialist country into two steps: basically realizing socialist modernization and building a great modern socialist country. The report emphasized the main target requirements for China to basically realize socialist modernization by 2035.

党的二十大报告不仅将全面建成社会主义现代化强国、实现第二个百年奋斗目标和以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴作为新发展阶段党的中心任务，还以2035年为分界线，将全面建成社会主义现代化强国分为基本实现社会主义现代化国家和建成社会主义现代化强国两步走。报告重点强调到2035年我国基本实现社会主义现代化的主要目标要求。

First, economic strength, scientific and technological strength, and comprehensive national power will increase substantially, and per capita gross domestic product will reach a new major level, reaching the level of moderately developed countries. The “Proposal of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Formulating the Fourteenth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035” (hereinafter referred to as the “Proposal”), reviewed and approved at the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC, [5]5 The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC was held in October 2020, where the “Proposal” for the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) and long-range objectives through 2035 was adopted. first proposed that by 2035, “China’s economic strength, scientific and technological strength, and comprehensive national power will increase substantially,” and “the total economic output and per capita urban and rural resident income will reach a new major level.” The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC reiterated that by 2035, China’s “economic strength, scientific and technological strength, and comprehensive national power will increase substantially,” and further proposed that “per capita gross domestic product will reach a new major level, reaching the level of moderately developed countries.” According to data from the National Bureau of Statistics, in 2021, China’s per capita GDP reached 12,551 US dollars, not only exceeding the world average per capita GDP of about 12,100 US dollars but also approaching the World Bank’s latest threshold for high-income countries, where per capita gross national income exceeds 12,695 US dollars, laying a solid foundation for China’s march towards the goal of “reaching the level of moderately developed countries by 2035.”

一是经济实力、科技实力、综合国力大幅跃升，人均国内生产总值迈上新的大台阶，达到中等发达国家水平。党的十九届五中全会审议通过的《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和二〇三五年远景目标的建议》（以下简称《建议》），首次提出到2035年“我国经济实力、科技实力、综合国力将大幅跃升”，“经济总量和城乡居民人均收入将再迈上新的大台阶”。党的二十大报告重申，到2035年我国“经济实力、科技实力、综合国力大幅跃升”，进一步提出“人均国内生产总值迈上新的大台阶，达到中等发达国家水平”。据国家统计局数据显示，2021年，我国人均国内生产总值达到12551美元，不仅超过了世界人均GDP12100美元左右这一世界平均水平，而且接近世界银行最新规定的人均国民总收入超过12695美元为高收入国家“门槛”的标准，为我国向“到2035年将达到中等发达国家水平”的目标进军奠定了坚实基础。

Second, achieving high-level self-reliance and strength in science and technology, and entering the forefront of innovative countries. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “Science and technology are a nation’s sharp weapon; the country relies on them to become strong, enterprises rely on them to win, and the people’s lives rely on them to improve.” [12]12 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Academician Conference of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Engineering,” People’s Daily, June 10, 2014. In the first decade of the New Era, scientific and technological innovation was elevated to a very important strategic position, a series of major strategic measures were implemented, and self-reliance and strength in science and technology were accelerated. For example, in the Global Innovation Index ranking, China rose from 34th place in 2012 to 11th place in 2022. However, China’s scientific and technological innovation still needs further strengthening. The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC emphasized that to achieve the goal of entering the forefront of innovative countries, China must persist in placing innovation at the core of the overall modernization drive and achieve high-level self-reliance and strength in science and technology. The main hallmark of an innovative country is possessing high-level, strongly autonomous scientific and technological strength and a large number of high-quality talents with both moral integrity and professional competence. All modernized powers in the world are built on the foundation of being an innovation power and a science and technology power. Currently, China has embarked on a new journey of comprehensively building a modern socialist country, which means using less than 30 years to transition from the world’s largest developing country to a modernized power. Therefore, accelerating the construction of an innovative country is imperative.

二是实现高水平科技自立自强，进入创新型国家前列。习近平总书记指出：“科技是国之利器，国家赖之以强，企业赖之以赢，人民生活赖之以好。”新时代10年，科技创新被提高到非常重要的战略地位，一系列重大战略举措得以实施，科技自立自强加快推进。例如，在全球创新指数排名中，中国从2012年的第34位上升到2022年的第11位。但是，我国科技创新有待进一步加强。党的二十大报告强调，我国要实现步入创新型国家前列的目标，必须坚持创新仍在我国现代化建设全局中的核心地位，实现高水平科技自立自强。创新型国家的主要标志是拥有高水平、自主性强的科技实力和大批德才兼备的高素质人才，世界上的现代化强国无一不是建立在创新强国和科技强国基础之上。当前，我国开启全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程，意味着要用不到30年的时间实现由世界上最大的发展中国家向现代化强国迈进。因此，加快建设创新型国家势在必行。

Third, building a modernized economic system, forming a new development pattern, and basically realizing new industrialization, informatization, urbanization, and agricultural modernization. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, as economic development entered a New Normal, China’s industrialization has been in a stage of transition from the middle to the late period. According to the laws of economic development, when a country enters the middle-to-late stage of industrialization, it can only successfully complete industrialization and realize modernization by shifting from a stage of high-speed growth to a stage of high-quality development, overcoming difficulties such as transforming the development model, optimizing the economic structure, and converting the growth drivers, and promoting high-quality development. Among these, building a modernized economic system is an urgent requirement for crossing this threshold. If the country is to be strong, the economic system must be strong. The Proposal [13]13 “The Proposal” refers to the “CPC Central Committee’s Proposal on Formulating the 14th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035,” adopted at the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee in October 2020. set basically realizing new industrialization, informatization, urbanization, and agricultural modernization and building a modernized economic system as the long-range goals for realizing socialist modernization. The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC reiterated that the focus of economic development must be placed on the real economy. The modernization process of a country inevitably requires the simultaneous advancement of industrialization, informatization, urbanization, and agricultural modernization. Currently, China’s economic quality, efficiency, and core competitiveness have been greatly enhanced, the new development pattern is being accelerated, a pattern of urbanization with city clusters as the main body and coordinated development of large, medium, and small cities and small towns has basically taken shape, and significant progress has been made in rural revitalization work, all of which have laid a solid foundation for the simultaneous advancement of the “Four Modernizations.” [14]14 “Four Modernizations” here refers to the simultaneous advancement of new industrialization, informatization, urbanization, and agricultural modernization.

三是建成现代化经济体系，形成新发展格局，基本实现新型工业化、信息化、城镇化、农业现代化。党的十八大以来，随着经济发展进入新常态，我国工业化处于从中期向后期过渡的阶段。依据经济发展规律，一个国家进入工业化中后期，只有实现由高速增长阶段转向高质量发展阶段，攻克转变发展方式、优化经济结构、转换增长动力等难关，推动高质量发展，才能顺利完成工业化、实现现代化。其中，建设现代化经济体系是跨越关口的迫切要求。国家强，经济体系必须强。《建议》将基本实现新型工业化、信息化、城镇化、农业现代化和建成现代化经济体系，作为实现社会主义现代化的远景目标。党的二十大报告重申，要坚持把发展经济的着力点放在实体经济上。一个国家的现代化进程必然要求工业化、信息化、城镇化和农业现代化的同步推进。当前，我国经济质量效益和核心竞争力得到大幅提升、新发展格局加快构建，以城市群为主体、大中小城市和小城镇协调发展的城镇化格局基本形成，乡村振兴工作取得较大进展等，为“四化”同步推进奠定了坚实基础。

Fourth, basically realizing the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity, further improving the system of whole-process people’s democracy, and basically building a law-based state, a law-based government, and a law-based society. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized at the ceremony marking the centenary of the CPC: “We uphold and develop socialism with Chinese characteristics, promote the coordinated development of material, political, cultural-ethical, social, and ecological civilization, create a new path for Chinese-path modernization, and create a new form of human civilization.” Chinese-path modernization has created a new form of human civilization, in which the goal of political civilization construction is to persist in building a highly democratic modern socialist power. The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC pointed out: “People’s democracy is the lifeblood of socialism and an essential requirement of comprehensively building a modern socialist country.” Accelerating the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity, perfecting the system by which the people are the masters of the country, fully developing consultative democracy and grassroots democracy, consolidating and developing the patriotic united front, and comprehensively implementing law-based governance have become important contents of political construction in comprehensively building a modern country.

四是基本实现国家治理体系和治理能力现代化，全过程人民民主制度更加健全，基本建成法治国家、法治政府、法治社会。习近平总书记在庆祝中国共产党成立100周年大会上强调：“我们坚持和发展中国特色社会主义，推动物质文明、政治文明、精神文明、社会文明、生态文明协调发展，创造了中国式现代化新道路，创造了人类文明新形态。”中国式现代化创造了人类文明新形态，其中，政治文明建设的目标是坚持构建高度民主的社会主义现代化强国。党的二十大报告指出：“人民民主是社会主义的生命，是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的应有之义。”国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的加快推进、人民当家作主制度体系的完善、协商民主和基层民主的充分发展、爱国统一战线的巩固和发展、依法治国的全面落实等，成为全面建设现代化国家政治建设的重要内容。

Fifth, building a strong education system, a strong science and technology system, a strong talent system, a strong cultural system, a strong sports system, and a healthy China, and significantly enhancing the country’s cultural soft power. The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC pointed out: “Education, science and technology, and talent are the foundational and strategic underpinnings for comprehensively building a modern socialist country,” and “We must give priority to educational development, achieve self-reliance and strength in science and technology, and drive development with talent, accelerate the building of a strong education system, a strong science and technology system, and a strong talent system, persist in cultivating talent for the Party and the country, comprehensively improve the quality of independent talent cultivation, strive to cultivate top-notch innovative talents, and gather talents from all over the world and put them to good use.” The national cultural soft power, including education, science and technology, and talent, has been elevated to a more important position. It will inevitably become the spiritual force for comprehensively building a modern socialist country, helping to achieve the goal of building China into a leading modern socialist country in terms of comprehensive national power and international influence by the middle of this century.

五是建成教育强国、科技强国、人才强国、文化强国、体育强国、健康中国，国家文化软实力显著增强。党的二十大报告指出：“教育、科技、人才是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的基础性、战略性支撑”，“我们要坚持教育优先发展、科技自立自强、人才引领驱动，加快建设教育强国、科技强国、人才强国，坚持为党育人、为国育才，全面提高人才自主培养质量，着力造就拔尖创新人才，聚天下英才而用之。”教育、科技、人才等国家文化软实力被提至更加重要的位置，必然成为全面建设社会主义现代化国家的精神力量，助力实现到本世纪中叶把我国建设成为综合国力和国际影响力领先的社会主义现代化强国的目标。

Sixth, the people’s lives are happier and more fulfilling, and more obvious substantive progress is made in the well-rounded development of the people and common prosperity for all. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has made a series of strategic deployments to solidly promote common prosperity, united and led the broad masses of the people to win the battle against poverty and build a moderately prosperous society in all respects, and embarked on a new journey to create a happy life and gradually achieve common prosperity. Achieving common prosperity for all the people is one of the essential characteristics of Chinese-path modernization and an inherent requirement of comprehensively building a modern socialist country. Currently, “a middle-income group of over 400 million people, the largest in the world, has been formed; the world’s largest social security system has been built, with basic medical insurance covering over 1.3 billion people and basic old-age insurance covering over 1 billion people; the people’s spiritual life is richer,” etc., have created favorable conditions for promoting the well-rounded development of the people and common prosperity for all on the new journey of comprehensively building a modern socialist country.

六是人民生活更加幸福美好，人的全面发展、全体人民共同富裕取得更为明显的实质性进展。党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央就扎实推动共同富裕作出一系列战略部署，团结带领广大人民群众打赢脱贫攻坚战、全面建成小康社会，走上创造幸福生活、逐步实现共同富裕的新征程。实现全体人民共同富裕是中国式现代化的本质特征之一，是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的题中应有之义。当前，“形成了超过4亿人的世界上规模最大的中等收入群体；建成世界上规模最大的社会保障体系，基本医疗保险覆盖超过13亿人，基本养老保险覆盖超过10亿人；人民精神生活更加丰富”等，为在全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程中推动人的全面发展、全体人民共同富裕创造了良好条件。

Seventh, widely forming green production and lifestyles, achieving a stable decline in carbon emissions after peaking, fundamentally improving the ecological environment, and basically realizing the goal of a Beautiful China. As socialism with Chinese characteristics entered a New Era, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core placed the construction of an ecological civilization in a prominent position in the overall work. It not only put forward a series of important judgments such as protecting the ecological environment but also made major strategic deployments in terms of policies, laws, systems, and mechanisms, greatly promoting China’s ecological and environmental protection work. The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC not only elevated “respecting, conforming to, and protecting nature” to an inherent requirement of comprehensively building a modern socialist country but also adopted multiple measures such as “accelerating the green transformation of the development model,” “deeply promoting the prevention and control of environmental pollution,” and “actively and steadily promoting the peak of carbon emissions and carbon neutrality,” so that China’s green territory continues to expand, the green economy develops rapidly, and urban and rural environments become more livable. Comprehensively building a modern socialist country will thicken the green background, and a Beautiful China will be transformed from a blueprint into reality.

七是广泛形成绿色生产生活方式，碳排放达峰后稳中有降，生态环境根本好转，美丽中国目标基本实现。中国特色社会主义进入新时代，以习近平同志为核心的党中央将生态文明建设摆在全局工作的突出位置，不仅提出保护生态环境等一系列重要论断，而且从政策、法律、体制、机制等方面作出重大战略部署，极大地促进了我国生态环境保护工作。党的二十大报告不仅将“尊重自然、顺应自然、保护自然”上升为全面建设社会主义现代化国家的内在要求，而且从“加快发展方式绿色转型”“深入推进环境污染防治”“积极稳妥推进碳达峰碳中和”等多措并举，使我国绿色版图不断扩展、绿色经济快速发展、城乡环境更加宜居。全面建设社会主义现代化国家将厚植绿色底色，美丽中国将从蓝图变为现实。

Eighth, comprehensively strengthening the national security system and capacity, and basically realizing the modernization of national defense and the armed forces. The 19th National Congress of the CPC made important arrangements for comprehensively promoting the modernization of national defense and the armed forces, proposing the long-range goal of basically realizing the modernization of national defense and the armed forces by 2035 and fully building the people’s armed forces into world-class forces by 2050. On this basis, the 20th National Congress of the CPC elevated “achieving the centenary goal of the People’s Liberation Army by 2027 and accelerating the building of the people’s armed forces into world-class forces” to a strategic requirement for comprehensively building a modern socialist country, and proposed a new “three-step” strategy for the modernization of national defense and the armed forces. [15]15 The new “three-step” strategy for national defense and armed forces modernization refers to: achieving the centenary goal of the People’s Liberation Army by 2027; basically realizing the modernization of national defense and the armed forces by 2035; and fully building the people’s armed forces into world-class forces by the mid-21st century. It outlined a new blueprint for the development of a strong military in the cause of comprehensively building a modern socialist country from multiple dimensions, such as comprehensively strengthening Party building in the people’s armed forces, comprehensively strengthening military training and preparedness, comprehensively strengthening military governance, and consolidating and improving the integrated national strategic system and capabilities, ensuring the smooth realization of the goals and tasks of the modernization of national defense and the armed forces.

八是国家安全体系和能力全面加强，基本实现国防和军队现代化。党的十九大对全面推进国防和军队现代化作出重要安排，提出力争到2035年基本实现国防和军队现代化，到2050年把人民军队全面建成世界一流军队的远大目标。党的二十大在此基础上将“如期实现建军一百年奋斗目标，加快把人民军队建成世界一流军队”上升为全面建设社会主义现代化国家的战略要求，提出国防和军队现代化新“三步走”战略，从全面加强人民军队党的建设、全面加强练兵备战、全面加强军事治理、巩固提高一体化国家战略体系和能力等多个维度，描绘全面建设社会主义现代化国家强军事业发展的新蓝图，确保国防和军队现代化的目标任务顺利实现。

(2) The Principle Setting for Comprehensively Building a Modern Socialist Country

（二）全面建设社会主义现代化国家的原则设定

General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “Comprehensively building a modern socialist country is a great and arduous undertaking, with a bright future ahead and a long and heavy task.” [1]1 “Irreversible historical process” is a formulation from the report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC (2022), emphasizing the certainty of national rejuvenation under Party leadership. Standing on the new journey of comprehensively building a modern socialist country, only by adhering to major principles such as the comprehensive leadership of the Party, the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics, the people-centered development philosophy, deepening reform and opening up, and carrying forward the spirit of struggle can we better meet various risks and challenges.

习近平总书记指出：“全面建设社会主义现代化国家，是一项伟大而艰巨的事业，前途光明，任重道远。”立足全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程，只有在坚持党的全面领导、中国特色社会主义道路、以人民为中心的发展思想、深化改革开放、发扬斗争精神等重大原则的基础上，才能更好迎接各项风险挑战。

1. Uphold and strengthen the comprehensive leadership of the Party

1.坚持和加强党的全面领导

Upholding and strengthening the comprehensive leadership of the Party is the fundamental guarantee for comprehensively building a modern socialist country. The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC pointed out: “The key to comprehensively building a modern socialist country and comprehensively advancing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation lies in the Party.” [2]2 “Lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets” is a well-known slogan of Xi Jinping’s ecological civilization thought, first articulated in 2005, linking environmental protection to economic value. As a political organization, the Communist Party of China was born in the process of modernization and is both the leader and promoter of the modernization process. Upholding and strengthening the comprehensive leadership of the Party is an important guarantee that China’s socialist modernization advances in the correct direction. The political advantages and institutional advantages led by the Party ensure the essential attributes of the path of comprehensively building a modern socialist country, overcome the civilizational ills brought about by capitalist modernization, and effectively respond to a series of major risks and challenges faced; the Party’s leadership represents the fundamental interests of the broadest masses of the people in the process of modernization, has the effect of stabilizing people’s hearts and gathering public opinion, and ensures the realization of the goal of common prosperity modernization through strong political cohesion; the Party’s proposal to build a community with a shared future for mankind clarifies that modernization must be achieved through a path of peaceful development, providing a peaceful and stable environment for comprehensively building a modern socialist country. On the new journey, we must uphold and strengthen the comprehensive leadership of the Party, and implement Party leadership in all fields, aspects, and links of the socialist modernization cause.

坚持和加强党的全面领导是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的根本保证。党的二十大报告指出：“全面建设社会主义现代化强国、全面推进中华民族伟大复兴，关键在党。”中国共产党作为政治组织既在现代化的进程中诞生，又是现代化进程的领导者和推动者。坚持和加强党的全面领导是我国社会主义现代化建设沿着正确方向前进的重要保证。党领导的政治优势和制度优势确保全面建设社会主义现代化国家道路的本质属性，克服了资本主义现代化带来的文明弊端，有效应对面临的一系列重大风险挑战；党的领导代表最广大人民群众在现代化建设中的根本利益，具有稳民心、聚民意的作用，以强大的政治凝聚力确保共同富裕现代化目标的实现；党提出的构建人类命运共同体明确了现代化建设要通过走和平发展道路实现，为全面建设社会主义现代化国家提供了和平稳定的环境。在新征程上，我们必须坚持和加强党的全面领导，将党的领导落实到社会主义现代化建设事业的各领域、各方面、各环节。

2. Adhere to the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics

2.坚持中国特色社会主义道路

Adhering to the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics is the banner and direction for comprehensively building a modern socialist country. Direction determines the path, and the path determines destiny. Western capitalist modernization is centered on capital and oriented toward interests; its “new world of modernization” is built on the bloody plunder and cruel exploitation of capital. Comprehensively building a modern socialist country cannot take the capitalist path, but must take the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics, which conforms to China’s national conditions, reflects the will of the people, meets the requirements of the development of the times, and can promote the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. History and reality have fully proven that this path is the foothold of all the Party’s theories and practices, the only way to create a better life for the people, and this path is not only correct but also stable and well-trodden.

坚持中国特色社会主义道路是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的旗帜方向。方向决定道路，道路决定命运。西方资本主义现代化是以资本为核心、以利益为导向，其“现代化新世界”建立在资本血腥掠夺、残酷剥削的基础上。全面建设社会主义现代化国家不可能走资本主义道路，而是要走符合中国国情、反映人民意愿、适应时代发展要求、能推动中华民族伟大复兴的中国特色社会主义道路。历史和现实充分证明，这条道路是党的全部理论和实践的立足点，是创造人民美好生活的必由之路，这条道路不仅走得对，而且走得稳、走得好。

3. Adhere to the people-centered development philosophy

3.坚持以人民为中心的发展思想

Adhering to the people-centered development philosophy is the fundamental stance for comprehensively building a modern socialist country. The people-centered nature is a red thread running through the comprehensive building of a modern socialist country. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “Only by adhering to the people-centered development philosophy, insisting on development for the people, development relying on the people, and development achievements shared by the people, can there be a correct view of development and modernization.” [3]3 This quotation is from Xi Jinping’s speech at the celebration of the 70th anniversary of the founding of the People’s Republic of China (2019), highlighting the global significance of China’s socialist path. For whom, relying on whom, and by whom the achievements are shared are the first issues that need to be resolved in comprehensively building a modern socialist country. Modernization is a people-centered modernization, a modernization aimed at realizing the fundamental interests of the broadest masses of the people. In the process of modernization development, it must be deeply rooted in the hundreds of millions of people, closely rely on the masses of the people to create historical great achievements, and promptly summarize the valuable experience and theoretical creations of the masses, making them a powerful ideological weapon for comprehensively building a modern socialist country.

坚持以人民为中心的发展思想是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的根本立场。人民性是贯穿全面建设社会主义现代化国家的一条红线。习近平总书记指出：“只有坚持以人民为中心的发展思想，坚持发展为了人民、发展依靠人民、发展成果由人民共享，才会有正确的发展观、现代化观。”为了谁、依靠谁、成果由谁共享是全面建设社会主义现代化国家首先需要解决的问题。现代化是以人民为中心的现代化，是为了实现广大人民群众根本利益的现代化。在现代化发展进程中必须深深植根亿万人民，紧紧依靠人民群众创造历史伟业，及时总结群众的宝贵经验和理论创造，使之成为全面建设社会主义现代化国家的强大思想武器。

4. Adhere to deepening reform and opening up

4.坚持深化改革开放

Adhering to deepening reform and opening up is the source of power for comprehensively building a modern socialist country. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “Reform and opening up is an important magic weapon for the Party and the people to catch up with the times in big strides, the only way to uphold and develop socialism with Chinese characteristics, a key move that determines the fate of contemporary China, and also a key move that determines the realization of the ‘Two Centenary Goals’ and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.” [4]4 The “second centenary goal” refers to the goal of building China into a great modern socialist country by the middle of the 21st century (around 2049), the centenary of the People’s Republic of China. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has carried out comprehensive deepening reforms

坚持深化改革开放是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的动力源泉。习近平总书记指出：“改革开放是党和人民大踏步赶上时代的重要法宝，是坚持和发展中国特色社会主义的必由之路，是决定当代中国命运的关键一招，也是决定实现‘两个一百年’奋斗目标、实现中华民族伟大复兴的关键一招。”党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央以巨大的政治勇气进行全面深化改革，不仅从整体层面对全面深化改革的顶层设计进行谋划，破除束缚生产力发展的体制机制障碍，而且极大地激发了社会发展的内在动力，对推动社会主义现代化进程具有重要作用。当前，中国已拥有开启新征程更加坚实的物质基础、更加完善的制度保证等重要优势，但仍面临来自各方面的风险挑战。我们必须要用好深化改革开放这一法宝，以解放和发展生产力推动问题的有效解决，将制度优势更好转化为现代化国家的治理效能。

5. Persist in Carrying Forward the Spirit of Struggle

5.坚持发扬斗争精神

Persisting in carrying forward the spirit of struggle is the spiritual support for comprehensively building a modern socialist country. From the moment of its founding, the Party faced the real predicament of the nation being subjected to humiliation, the people suffering, and civilization being covered in dust, and the struggle against various difficulties has run through the Party's more than one hundred years of struggle. The spirit of struggle is not only an important ideological weapon for the Party to lead the people in continuously overcoming difficulties, but also a magic weapon for victory that must be upheld in comprehensively building a socialist country. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "The great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation is by no means something that can be achieved easily, with beating drums and gongs; realizing the great dream requires a great struggle." [16]16 Xi Jinping, "Speech at the Opening Ceremony of the Training Course for Major Leading Cadres at the Central Party School (National Academy of Governance) at the Beginning of the New Era," People's Daily, January 6, 2018. This is a standard formulation used by Xi to emphasize the necessity of struggle in the process of national rejuvenation. The spirit itself is a kind of strength, and it runs through the entire course of people's actions. On the path forward, it is necessary to carry forward the spirit of struggle, both to enhance the ambition, backbone, and confidence of the broad masses of the people, and to prevent and resolve various uncertain and unpredictable risks and challenges, relying on tenacious struggle to open up new horizons for the cause of comprehensively building a modern socialist country.

坚持发扬斗争精神是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的精神支撑。党在诞生之际就面临国家蒙辱、人民蒙难、文明蒙尘的现实困境，同各种困难作斗争贯穿党的百余年奋斗历程。斗争精神既是党领导人民不断战胜困难的重要思想武器，又是全面建设社会主义国家必须坚持的制胜法宝。习近平总书记指出：“中华民族伟大复兴，绝不是轻轻松松、敲锣打鼓就能实现的，实现伟大梦想必须进行伟大斗争。”精神本身是一种力量，并且贯穿人们行动的始终。前进道路上，必须发扬斗争精神，既要增强广大人民群众的志气、骨气、底气，又要防范化解各种不确定、难预料的风险挑战，依靠顽强斗争打开全面建设社会主义现代化国家事业新天地。

(III) The Strategic Steps for Comprehensively Building a Modern Socialist Country

（三）全面建设社会主义现代化国家的战略步 骤

Comprehensively building a modern socialist country is a long-term and significant historical task that requires scientific deployment and planning in stages and steps. Conducting scientific deployment and planning in stages and steps has great advantages such as achieving predetermined goals, stabilizing expectations, gathering resources, inspiring morale, and testing results. From the "two-step" strategy to achieve the four modernizations after the founding of the People's Republic of China, to the "three-step" development strategy after reform and opening up, and then to the "two centenary goals" in the New Era and the "two-step" strategy to realize a great modern socialist country, there are both clear long-term goals and achievable phased goals. The development of this temporal blueprint shows a distinct historical continuity and thread of inheritance, highlighting the superb wisdom and far-reaching strategy of the Communist Party of China in governing the country. The 18th National Congress of the CPC clearly proposed the "two centenary goals," and the 19th National Congress of the CPC divided the realization of the second centenary goal into two stages for advancement: basically realizing socialist modernization by 2035, and building China into a great modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious, and beautiful by the middle of this century. In January 2021, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized: "By 2035, using three five-year plan periods, basically realize socialist modernization. Then, using another three five-year plan periods, by the middle of this century, build China into a great modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious, and beautiful." [17]17 Xi Jinping, "Speech at the Opening Ceremony of the Training Course for Major Leading Cadres at the Central Party School (National Academy of Governance) at the Beginning of the New Era," People's Daily, January 12, 2021. This refers to the phased planning of the 14th and subsequent Five-Year Plans to achieve socialist modernization. This layout more meticulously outlines the future direction of comprehensively building a modern socialist country. The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC, on the basis of completing the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects, proposed the "two-step" strategic arrangement for comprehensively building a great modern socialist country, further detailing the path to realize the second centenary goal: from 2020 to 2035, basically realize socialist modernization; from 2035 to the middle of this century, build China into a great modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious, and beautiful.

全面建设社会主义现代化国家是一项长期且重大的历史任务，需要分阶段、有步骤地进行科学部署和谋划。分阶段、有步骤地进行科学部署和谋划具有达成预定目标、稳定预期、集聚资源、鼓舞斗志、检验成效等巨大优势。从中华人民共和国成立后的以“两步走”实现四个现代化战略，到改革开放后的“三步走”发展战略，再到新时代“两个一百年”奋斗目标、实现社会主义现代化强国“两步走”战略，既有明确的远景目标，又包括可实现的阶段性目标，这一时间擘画的发展呈现鲜明的历史承接性和脉络延续性，彰显了中国共产党治国理政的高超智慧和远大谋略。党的十八大明确提出“两个一百年”奋斗目标，党的十九大把实现第二个百年奋斗目标分成两个阶段加以推进的战略安排：到2035年基本实现社会主义现代化，到本世纪中叶把我国建成富强民主文明和谐美丽的社会主义现代化强国。2021年1月，习近平总书记强调：“到2035年，用3个五年规划期，基本实现社会主义现代化。然后，再用3个五年规划期，到本世纪中叶，把我国建成富强民主文明和谐美丽的社会主义现代化强国。”这一布局更加精细化地擘画了全面建设社会主义现代化国家的未来走向。党的二十大报告在全面建成小康社会的基础上提出全面建成社会主义现代化强国“两步走”的战略安排，更加细化了第二个百年奋斗目标的实现路径：从2020年到2035年基本实现社会主义现代化；从2035年到本世纪中叶把我国建成富强民主文明和谐美丽的社会主义现代化强国。

(IV) The Methodological Choice for Comprehensively Building a Modern Socialist Country

（四）全面建设社会主义现代化国家的方法论选择

To embark on the new journey of comprehensively building a modern socialist country, it is necessary to take Marxist dialectical materialism as the fundamental guide, deeply consider the methodological implications that must be followed under the new historical conditions, and fully utilize the positions, viewpoints, and methods running through it to promote the smooth development of all undertakings in comprehensively building a modern socialist country.

开启全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程，必须以马克思主义唯物辩证法为根本指导，深入思考在新的历史条件下必须遵循的方法论意旨，充分用好贯穿其中的立场观点方法，推动全面建设社会主义现代化国家各项事业顺利发展。

1. Adhere to putting the people first

1.坚持人民至上

In the report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC, whether it is the main goals and tasks for comprehensively building a modern socialist country in the next five years, the overall goals for China’s development by 2035, or the vision for the middle of this century, all demonstrate that the people are the source of power and creative force for comprehensively building a modern socialist country.

在党的二十大报告中，无论是未来五年全面建设社会主义现代化国家的主要目标任务，还是2035年我国发展的总体目标，抑或是对本世纪中叶的憧憬，无不彰显出人民是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的动力源泉和创造伟力。

2. Adhere to self-confidence and self-reliance

2.坚持自信自立

Self-confidence and self-reliance are the foothold of all the Party’s theory and practice and the fundamental reason for the continuous success of the Party’s and the people’s cause. The entire Party must adhere to the principle and method of self-confidence and self-reliance, and write the era chapter of the new journey with confidence in the path, confidence in the theory, confidence in the system, and confidence in the culture. [18]18 The Four Confidences (四个自信) refers to confidence in the path, theory, system, and culture of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

自信自立是党全部理论与实践的立足点，是党和人民事业不断走向成功的根本所在。全党必须坚持自信自立的原则方法，以道路自信、理论自信、制度自信和文化自信谱写新征程的时代华章。

3. Adhere to upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground

3.坚持守正创新

Upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground is the dialectical unity of inheritance and development, principle and creativity. Currently, the world is undergoing changes unseen in a century, and humanity is experiencing the most extensive practical innovation in history. Facing changes in China and the world, it is necessary to thoroughly understand the rich connotation of upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground, put it into practice, be clear-cut on fundamental issues such as stance, direction, principle, and path, and at the same time keep pace with the times, continuously promoting the development of the great cause on the new journey.

守正创新是继承与发展、原则性与创造性的辩证统一。当前，世界正处于百年未有之大变局，人类正历经历史上最为宏大的实践创新。面对中国和世界的变化，要悟透守正创新的丰富内涵，将守正创新落到实处，既要在立场、方向、原则、道路等根本性问题上旗帜鲜明，又要与时俱进，不断推动新征程伟大事业的发展。

4. Adhere to a problem-oriented approach

4.坚持问题导向

The 20th National Congress of the CPC sounded the clarion call to march towards comprehensively building a modern socialist country, and China’s development stands at a new and higher historical starting point. While having a more solid material foundation, more complete institutional guarantees, and more significant international status and influence, it also faces more complex problems and more arduous tasks. Only by adhering to a problem-oriented approach can we foster new opportunities amidst crises and open up new horizons amidst changes, continuously advancing the Party’s and the state’s cause in the process of discovering and solving problems.

党的二十大吹响了向全面建设社会主义现代化国家进军的号角，我国的发展站在了新的更高的历史起点。在具备更坚实的物质基础、更完善的制度保证、更显著的国际地位和国际影响力的同时，也面临更复杂的问题、更艰巨的任务。只有坚持问题导向，才能于危机中育新机、于变局中开新局，在发现和解决问题的过程中不断推动党和国家事业前进。

5. Adhere to a systems approach

5.坚持系统观念

Compared with other historical stages, comprehensively building a modern socialist country faces a broader, more profound, and more complex development situation and environment, and faces more dilemmas or even multi-difficulty problems. We must more consciously adhere to and apply the systems approach to observe situations, analyze problems, and promote work, writing a new historical chapter on the basis of grasping the profound laws of comprehensively building a modern socialist country.

相较于其他历史阶段，全面建设社会主义现代化国家面临更为广泛、更加深刻复杂的发展形势和发展环境，面临更多两难、甚至多难的问题。我们必须更加自觉地坚持和运用系统观念观察形势、分析问题和推动工作，在把握全面建设社会主义现代化国家深刻规律的基础上书写新的历史篇章。

6. Adhere to a global vision

6.坚持胸怀天下

When the great path is followed, all under heaven will share the common good. [19]19 This is a classical allusion from the Confucian classic *Liji* (Book of Rites), describing an ideal world of shared public spirit. Since its founding, the Communist Party of China, adhering to the concept that “different civilizations have no superiority or inferiority, only differences in characteristics,” has always paid attention to the development, progress, and future of humanity with a world vision. On the new journey, we must continuously create new brilliance, make new and greater contributions to the development of human civilization, adhere to the world outlook and methodology of a global vision, absorb and draw on all the outstanding achievements of humanity, and provide strong support for comprehensively building a modern socialist country in the process of exchange and mutual learning.

大道之行，天下为公。中国共产党自诞生以来，秉持“不同文明没有优劣之分，只有特色之别”的理念，始终以世界眼光关注人类发展进步和前途命运。新征程上，我们要不断创造新辉煌，为人类文明发展作出新的更大贡献，坚持胸怀天下的世界观和方法论，吸收借鉴人类一切优秀成果，在交流互鉴过程中为全面建设社会主义现代化国家提供有力支撑。

III. The Development Path of Comprehensively Building a Modern Socialist Country

三、全面建设社会主义现代化国家的发展路径

The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC creatively discussed and answered how to build a modern socialist country in the new stage of development. Currently, China is at a critical moment of embarking on the new journey of comprehensively building a modern socialist country and marching towards the second centenary goal, [20]20 The second centenary goal (第二个百年奋斗目标) is to build China into a great modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious, and beautiful by the middle of the 21st century, the centenary of the People's Republic of China. facing a more complex and volatile domestic and international environment. It is necessary to scientifically design the development path for comprehensively building a modern socialist country.

党的二十大报告围绕新发展阶段如何建设社会主义现代化国家作了创造性探讨和回答。当前，我国正处于迈上全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程、向第二个百年奋斗目标进军的关键时刻，面临更加复杂多变的国内外环境，必须科学设计全面建设社会主义现代化国家的发展路径。

(1) Taking upholding and strengthening the Party’s overall leadership as the fundamental guarantee

（一）以坚持和加强党的全面领导为根本保证

“The key to running China’s affairs well lies in the Party. The most essential feature of socialism with Chinese characteristics is the leadership of the Communist Party of China.” The Party’s history of over a hundred years is a history of continuously pioneering and accumulating experience for building a modern country. Whether in the scientific formulation of development plans or in the cohesion and stimulation of forward momentum, the Communist Party of China plays an irreplaceable and important role and is the fundamental guarantee and key to the construction of a modern country. To embark on the new journey of comprehensively building a modern socialist country, we should further strengthen the Party’s overall leadership, grasp the new prospects of modernization development, and give full play to the Party’s fundamental political guarantee role.

“办好中国的事情，关键在党。中国特色社会主义最本质的特征是中国共产党领导。”党的百余年历史是一段持续为建设现代化国家开基创业、蕴蓄经验的历史。无论是在发展规划的科学制定上，还是在前进动力的凝聚激发上，中国共产党都具有无可替代的重要作用，是现代化国家建设的根本保证与关键所在。开启全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程，应进一步加强党的全面领导，把握现代化发展新前景，充分发挥党的根本政治保障作用。

1. Improve the leadership layout compatible with modernization

1.健全与现代化相适应的领导布局

Strengthen the Party’s political leadership, give full play to the Party’s role in “setting the direction, planning the overall situation, formulating policies, and promoting reform,” and resolutely consolidate the foundation of modernization construction. Strengthen the Party’s organizational leadership, improve the organizational structure, release organizational effectiveness, and create a good atmosphere for the whole society to participate in modernization construction through strong organizational leadership. Strengthen the Party’s ideological leadership, focusing on important aspects such as theoretical arming, ideological propaganda, and public opinion guidance, to provide correct ideological guidance for comprehensively building a modern socialist country.

强化党的政治领导，发挥好党“把方向、谋大局、定政策、促改革”的作用，坚决打牢现代化建设的底板。强化党的组织领导，健全组织结构、释放组织效能，通过强大的组织领导力打造社会全体参与社会主义现代化建设的良好氛围。强化党的思想领导，围绕理论武装、思想宣传和舆论引导等重要方面，为全面建设社会主义现代化国家提供正确的思想引领。

2. Improve the organizational system coordinated with modernization

2.完善与现代化相协调的组织体系

Focus on “improving the organizational system that safeguards the Party’s centralized and unified leadership, forming a rigorous system where the Party’s central organization, local organizations, and grassroots organizations are connected from top to bottom and have strong execution, achieving full coverage of the Party’s organizations and Party work,” and continuously improve the organizational system that helps drive the participation of diverse social entities in modernization construction. Strengthen the level of political construction and political leadership function of Party organizations, promote a significant increase in ideological leadership, mass organizational capability, and social appeal, and ensure substantial progress in the development of the modernization cause under the Party’s leadership.

着眼于“健全维护党的集中统一的组织制度，形成党的中央组织、地方组织、基层组织上下贯通、执行有力的严密体系，实现党的组织和党的工作全覆盖”，不断完善有助于带动社会多元主体参与现代化建设的组织体系。强化党组织的政治建设水平与政治引领功能，促进思想引领力、群众组织力与社会号召力的大幅提升，保障在党的领导下现代化事业发展取得实质性进展。

3. Strengthen governance capacity matched with modernization

3.强化与现代化相匹配的治理能力

As the “bellwether” and “steering wheel” of modernization construction, the Communist Party of China “must better play the role of the rule of law in consolidating the foundation, stabilizing expectations, and benefiting the long term, and comprehensively build a modern socialist country on the track of the rule of law.” Within the Party, carry forward the spirit of self-revolution to ensure comprehensive and strict governance of the Party; outside the Party, further improve the management norms of modernization construction, ensure the orderly progress of the construction process, improve the level of law-based governance of the Party and the state, and escort the modernization cause.

身为现代化建设的“领头羊”与“方向盘”，中国共产党“必须更好发挥法治固根本、稳预期、利长远的保障作用，在法治轨道上全面建设社会主义现代化国家”。党内发挥自我革命精神，确保从严治党；党外进一步完善现代化建设的管理规范，保障建设流程有序推进，提高党治国理政法治化水平，为现代化事业保驾护航。

(2) Taking efforts to promote high-quality development as the primary task

（二）以着力推动高质量发展为首要任务

Embarking on the new journey, high-quality development has become the primary task of comprehensively building a modern socialist country. “Development is the Party’s top priority in governing and rejuvenating the country. Without a solid material and technological foundation, it is impossible to fully build a great modern socialist country.” High-quality development is not only a regular understanding derived from China’s economic development but also the only way to resolve the principal contradiction and achieve the comprehensive building of a modern socialist country in the new stage of development.

开启新征程，高质量发展成为全面建设社会主义现代化国家的首要任务。“发展是党执政兴国的第一要务。没有坚实的物质技术基础，就不可能全面建成社会主义现代化强国。”高质量发展不仅是基于我国经济发展得出的规律性认知，而且是在新发展阶段解决主要矛盾和实现全面建设社会主义现代化国家的必由之路。

1. Maintain the strategic focus that innovation is the primary driving force

1.保持创新是第一动力的战略定力

“Innovation is the soul of national progress, an inexhaustible source of a country’s prosperity, and the deepest national endowment of the Chinese nation.” To comprehensively build a modern socialist country, we must take reform and innovation as the primary driving force, focus on “bottleneck” problems, [21]21 “Bottleneck” problems (卡脖子问题) refers to key technologies and components in which China is dependent on foreign supply and faces potential disruption. support ourselves with scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening, strengthen industrial innovation and upgrading, and promote the implementation of the innovative talent strategy, continuously achieving the grand goal of building an innovative country.

“创新是民族进步的灵魂，是一个国家兴旺发达的不竭源泉，也是中华民族最深沉的民族禀赋。”全面建设社会主义现代化国家必须要以改革创新为第一动力，聚焦“卡脖子”问题，既要以科技自立自强为支撑，加强产业创新升级，又要推进实施创新人才战略，不断实现创新型国家的宏伟目标。

2. Fully implement the new development philosophy

2.全面贯彻落实新发展理念

Implementing the new development philosophy is a profound transformation related to the overall situation of comprehensively building a modern socialist country. It is necessary to take innovation as the driving force, coordination as the characteristic, green as the form, openness as the path, and sharing as the goal, to achieve changes in quality, efficiency, and driving force.

贯彻落实新发展理念是一场关系全面建设社会主义现代化国家全局的深刻变革，要以创新为动力、协调为特点、绿色为形态、开放为道路、共享为目的，实现质量、效率和动力的变革。

3. Accelerate the construction of a new development pattern

3.加快构建新发展格局

General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized: “Constructing a new development pattern clarifies the path choice for China’s economic modernization.” Promoting high-quality development urgently requires adhering to expanding domestic demand, promoting supply-side structural reform, promoting the full flow of production factors in all industries through a unified domestic large market, establishing and improving a modern industrial system, and forming a new development pattern with domestic circulation as the main body and domestic and international dual circulation mutually promoting each other.

习近平总书记强调：“构建新发展格局明确了我国经济现代化的路径选择。”推动高质量发展亟需坚持扩大内需，促进供给侧改革，以统一的国内大市场促进生产要素在各行各业的充分涌流，建立健全现代化产业体系，形成以国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局。

4. Promote the reform of the socialist market economy system

4.推动社会主义市场经济体制改革

Promoting the reform of the socialist market economy system is a magic weapon for achieving high-quality development. It is necessary to firmly implement the “two unswervinglys,” [22]22 The “two unswervinglys” (两个毫不动摇) refers to unswervingly consolidating and developing the public sector of the economy, and unswervingly encouraging, supporting, and guiding the development of the non-public sector of the economy. properly handle the relationship between the public sector of the economy and the non-public sector of the economy, and between the government and the market, provide institutional and mechanism guarantees for high-quality development, and fully stimulate and protect the enthusiasm and creativity of all parties in building modernization.

推动社会主义市场经济体制改革是实现高质量发展的制胜法宝，需要坚定落实“两个毫不动摇”，处理好公有制经济与非公有制经济、政府与市场的关系，为高质量发展提供体制和机制保障，充分激发和保护建设现代化的各方力量的积极性与创造性。

(3) Taking the development of whole-process people’s democracy as the basic path

（三）以发展全过程人民民主为基本路径

Developing whole-process people’s democracy is one of the essential requirements of Chinese-path modernization, and it is also an inevitable choice for perfecting the system of institutions through which the people are the masters of the country and expanding the people’s orderly political participation. On November 2, 2019, General Secretary Xi Jinping first proposed that “people’s democracy is a whole-process democracy”; at the celebration of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China, he proposed to “practice a people-centered development philosophy and develop whole-process people’s democracy”; the report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC emphasized the need to “develop whole-process people’s democracy and ensure that the people are the masters of the country,” and included “making the institutions of whole-process people’s democracy more complete” in China’s overall development goals for 2035. This not only profoundly reflects the correct grasp by the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core of the essential attributes of socialist democratic politics, but also fully demonstrates the profound value implications of adhering to whole-process people’s democracy for consolidating the political foundation of a modern socialist country.

发展全过程人民民主是中国式现代化的本质要求之一，也是健全人民当家作主制度体系、扩大人民有序政治参与的必然选择。2019年11月2日，习近平总书记首次提出“人民民主是一种全过程的民主”；在庆祝中国共产党成立100周年大会上提出要“践行以人民为中心的发展思想，发展全过程人民民主”；党的二十大报告强调要“发展全过程人民民主，保障人民当家作主”，并将“全过程人民民主制度更加健全”写入我国2035年发展总体目标。这不仅深刻体现了以习近平同志为核心的党中央对社会主义民主政治本质属性的正确把握，而且充分说明了坚持全过程人民民主对夯实社会主义现代化国家政治基础的深刻价值意蕴。

1. Adhering to the value principle of putting the people first

1.坚持人民至上的价值原则

Whole-process people’s democracy is essentially about ensuring that the people are the masters of the country, and it contains a distinct people-oriented character. Developing whole-process people’s democracy must give full play to the principal role of the masses of the people, enabling socialist democracy to fully perform the important functions of absorbing the people’s wisdom, reflecting the people’s will, representing the people’s interests, and mobilizing the people’s strength, truly making the Chinese people the masters of their own country, society, and destiny.

全过程人民民主本质上是保障人民当家作主，蕴含鲜明的人民性。发展全过程人民民主必须充分发挥人民群众的主体力量，使社会主义民主充分发挥吸纳民智、体现民意、代表民利、开发民力的重要功能，真正使中国人民成为国家、社会和自己命运的主人。

2. Unswervingly following the political development path of socialism with Chinese characteristics

2.坚定不移走中国特色社会主义政治发展道路

Unwaveringly uphold the organic unity of Party leadership, the people being the masters of the country, and law-based governance; strive to build a leadership system where the Party exercises overall leadership, establish a complete system of institutions for the people being the masters of the country, and implement an efficient socialist rule-of-law system with Chinese characteristics, thereby providing the correct political direction and strong legal guarantees for developing whole-process people’s democracy.

毫不动摇坚持党的领导、人民当家作主和依法治国有机统一，着力建设党统揽全局的领导体系、建立系统完备的人民当家作主制度体系、实施高效的中国特色社会主义法治体系，为发展全过程人民民主提供正确政治方向和有力法治保障。

3. Deepening the construction of the people’s democratic system

3.深化人民民主制度建设

Whole-process people’s democracy is a democracy that is full-chain, all-encompassing, and全覆盖 [23]23 "Lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets" (绿水青山就是金山银山) is a well-known slogan of Xi Jinping, first articulated in 2005, linking ecological protection to economic value.. Strengthening the construction of the people’s democratic system must give full play to the main channel role of the system of people’s congresses in developing whole-process people’s democracy; strengthen the institutionalization, standardization, and proceduralization of consultative democracy; enhance the foundational role of grassroots democratic system construction in developing whole-process people’s democracy; consolidate and develop the broadest possible patriotic united front; and provide institutional support for building the broadest, most genuine, and most effective socialist democracy.

全过程人民民主是全链条、全方位、全覆盖的民主，加强人民民主制度建设必须发挥人民代表大会制度在发展全过程人民民主中的主渠道作用，加强协商民主制度化、规范化、程序化建设，增强基层民主制度建设在发展全过程人民民主中的基础性作用，巩固和发展最广泛的爱国统一战线，为建设最广泛、最真实、最管用的社会主义民主提供制度支撑。

(IV) Taking the promotion of cultural confidence and self-strengthening as a powerful driving force

（四）以推进文化自信自强为强大动力

General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “To comprehensively build a modern socialist country, we must adhere to the path of socialist cultural development with Chinese characteristics, enhance cultural confidence, and, centering on raising flags, gathering people’s hearts, nurturing new generations, revitalizing culture, and presenting a good image, build a socialist cultural power, develop a socialist culture that is oriented toward modernization, toward the world, and toward the future, that is national, scientific, and popular, stimulate the cultural innovation and creativity of the entire nation, and enhance the spiritual strength for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.” The world today is undergoing changes unseen in a century; the domestic and international development environments are undergoing profound and complex changes; ideological confrontation is intensifying; and the “clash of civilizations” theory and the “China threat” theory are rampant. “International competition has shifted from ‘military competition’ to ‘economic competition’ and ‘cultural competition.’ In a sense, the victory or defeat of each country will be decided in the cultural field.” [24]24 "Ice and snow are also invaluable assets" (冰天雪地也是金山银山) is an extension of the same slogan, emphasizing the economic potential of cold-climate resources. It can be seen that without prosperity and development in the cultural field, there will be no great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, and the realization of the goal of a modern powerful country will be out of the question.

习近平总书记指出：“全面建设社会主义现代化国家，必须坚持中国特色社会主义文化发展道路，增强文化自信，围绕举旗帜、聚民心、育新人、兴文化、展形象，建设社会主义文化强国，发展面向现代化、面向世界、面向未来的，民族的科学的大众的社会主义文化，激发全民族文化创新创造活力，增强实现中华民族伟大复兴的精神力量。”当今世界正经历百年未有之大变局，国内外发展环境发生深刻复杂变化，意识形态对抗愈演愈烈，“文明冲突论”、“中国威胁论”甚嚣尘上。“国际竞争已经从‘武力竞争’转为‘经济竞争’‘文化竞争’，从某种意义上说，各国胜负将决定于文化领域。”由此可见，没有文化领域的繁荣发展，就不会有中华民族的伟大复兴，现代化强国目标的实现更无从谈起。

1. Adhering to the fundamental system of Marxism’s guiding position in the ideological domain

1.坚持马克思主义在意识形态领域指导地位的根本制度

General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “No matter how times change or how science advances, Marxism still demonstrates the power of scientific thought and still occupies the commanding heights of truth and morality,” and it is the common ideological foundation for the united struggle of the entire Party and the people of all ethnic groups across the country. On the new journey, it is necessary to both deeply study and earnestly implement Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, implement the Marxist theory research and construction project, continuously carry out education and publicity on the Chinese Dream, and innovate the content of ideological and political courses in higher education institutions, and also strengthen the construction of an all-media communication system and innovate the methods of disseminating Marxist theory, providing scientific ideological guidance for advancing the construction of a modern socialist country.

习近平总书记指出：“无论时代如何变迁、科学如何进步，马克思主义依然显示出科学思想的伟力，依然占据着真理和道义的制高点”，是全党全国各族人民团结奋斗的共同思想基础。新征程上，既要深入学习、认真贯彻习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想、实施马克思主义理论研究和建设工程、持续开展中国梦宣传教育、创新高等学校思政课内容，又要加强全媒体传播体系建设、创新马克思主义理论的传播方式，为推进社会主义现代化国家建设提供科学思想指引。

2. Extensively practicing core socialist values

2.广泛践行社会主义核心价值观

Core socialist values are the concentrated embodiment of the contemporary Chinese spirit, condensing the common value pursuits of all the people, and are a foundational project for consolidating the soul, gathering strength, strengthening the foundation, and solidifying the roots. Extensively practicing core socialist values requires not only promoting the normalization and institutionalization of ideal and belief education, but also integrating them into the daily lives of the broad masses of the people, firmly grasping the spiritual valve of the broad masses of the people, enhancing the people’s ideological and moral qualities to pursue a healthy and uplifting spiritual life, and consolidating the value foundation of the people’s faith.

社会主义核心价值观是当代中国精神的集中体现，凝聚着全体人民共同的价值追求，是凝魂聚气、强基固本的基础工程。广泛践行社会主义核心价值观，不仅要推动理想信念教育常态化、制度化，而且要将其融入广大人民群众的日常生活，牢牢抓住广大人民群众的精神阀门，提升人民的思想道德素养以追求健康向上的精神生活，筑牢人民有信仰的价值根基。

3. Flourishing and developing cultural undertakings and cultural industries

3.繁荣发展文化事业和文化产业

General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “Comprehensively flourish the undertakings of news

习近平总书记指出：“全面繁荣新闻出版、广播影视、文学艺术、哲学社会科学事业，着力提升公共文化服务水平，让人民享有更加充实、更为丰富、更高质量的精神文化生活。”既要坚持以人民为中心的创作导向，增强优质精神文化产品供给，又要创新实施文化惠民工程，扎实推进文化馆、图书馆等基层公共文化活动场所建设，还要健全现代文化产业体系和市场体系，充分发挥市场的决定性作用，推动各类文化市场主体发展壮大。

(5) Taking Solid Progress in Promoting Common Prosperity as the Main Goal

（五）以扎实推动共同富裕为主要目标

Achieving common prosperity is the unswerving goal of the Communist Party of China. The 18th National Congress of the CPC established "adhering to the path of common prosperity" as a basic requirement for achieving new victories. The 19th National Congress of the CPC proposed that the New Era is an "era of gradually achieving common prosperity for all the people" and made strategic arrangements for basically realizing common prosperity; the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee made strategic deployments on "adhering to the direction of common prosperity." The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC not only reaffirmed that common prosperity for all the people is one of the five basic characteristics of Chinese-path modernization, but also made achieving common prosperity for all the people one of the essential requirements of Chinese-path modernization, emphasizing the need to solidly promote common prosperity.

实现共同富裕是中国共产党矢志不渝的奋斗目标。党的十八大将“坚持走共同富裕道路”确立为夺取新胜利的基本要求。党的十九大提出新时代是“逐步实现全体人民共同富裕的时代”，并对基本实现共同富裕作出战略安排；党的十九届五中全会对“坚持共同富裕方向”作出战略部署。党的二十大报告不仅重申全体人民共同富裕是中国式现代化的五个基本特征之一，而且将实现全体人民共同富裕作为中国式现代化的本质要求之一，强调要扎实推进共同富裕。

1. Resolving the Problem of Unbalanced and Inadequate Development

1.解决发展不平衡不充分问题

In the process of promoting common prosperity for all the people, to resolve this primary issue of significant impact, it is necessary to break through the reform dilemmas in key areas, adapt to the goal requirements of high-quality development, consolidate the achievements of poverty alleviation, comprehensively promote rural revitalization, and provide developed social productive forces for creating a rich spiritual world and an affluent material world for the broad masses of the people.

在推进全体人民共同富裕的过程中解决这一影响重大的首要问题，必须突破关键领域的改革困境，适应高质量发展的目标要求，巩固脱贫攻坚成果，全面推进乡村振兴，为广大人民群众创造富足的精神世界和富裕的物质世界提供发达的社会生产力。

2. Improving the Distribution System

2.完善分配制度

To solidly promote common prosperity, it is necessary not only to further enlarge the "cake," but also to divide the "cake" well. Dividing the "cake" well requires unwaveringly adhering to the principal position of the people, properly handling the relationship between efficiency and fairness, encouraging pioneers of prosperity who become rich through innovation and hard work, adhering to the construction of a basic system coordinating primary distribution, redistribution, and tertiary distribution, forming an olive-shaped social distribution structure with "a large middle and small ends," and promoting a distribution pattern where everyone becomes prosperous.

扎实推进共同富裕，不仅要进一步把“蛋糕”做大，更应该将“蛋糕”分好。分好“蛋糕”要坚持人民主体地位不动摇，坚持处理好效率和公平的关系，鼓励创新致富、辛勤致富的富裕领头人，坚持构建初次分配、再分配、三次分配相协调的基础性制度，形成“中间大、两头小”的橄榄型社会分配结构，促成人人富裕的分配格局。

3. Improving the Basic Public Service System

3.健全基本公共服务体系

Achieving common prosperity is not only an economic issue but also a social issue. It is necessary to closely focus on issues concerning the people's real interests, safeguard the fundamental interests of the broad masses of the people, solve the people's urgent, difficult, and anxious problems, adhere to doing one's best within one's capacity, continuously introduce new measures that benefit, advantage, and enrich the people, enhance the capacity of basic public services, strengthen and consolidate the balance of public services, meet the people's pursuit of a better life, and solidly promote common prosperity for all the people.

实现共同富裕不仅是经济问题，而且是社会问题。要紧扣事关人民现实利益的问题，维护好广大人民群众的根本利益、解决好人民群众急难愁盼的问题，坚持尽力而为量力而行，不断推出惠民利民富民的新举措，提升基本公共服务能力，强化巩固公共服务均衡性，满足人民对美好生活的追求，扎实推进全体人民共同富裕。

(6) Taking the Realization of Harmony between Humanity and Nature as an Important Guarantee

（六）以实现人与自然和谐共生为重要保障

Promoting harmony between humanity and nature is one of the important characteristics of China's socialist modernization. The 18th National Congress of the CPC proposed incorporating ecological progress into the Five-Sphere Integrated Plan; the 19th National Congress of the CPC established adhering to harmony between humanity and nature as one of the basic strategies of socialism with Chinese characteristics; the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee made strategic arrangements on how to promote harmony between humanity and nature. The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC further pointed out: "We must firmly establish and practice the concept that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets, and plan development from the height of harmony between humanity and nature."

推进人与自然和谐共生是我国社会主义现代化的重要特征之一。党的十八大提出将生态文明纳入“五位一体”总体布局；党的十九大将坚持人与自然和谐共生作为中国特色社会主义基本方略之一；党的十九届五中全会就如何推动人与自然和谐共生作出战略安排。党的二十大报告进一步指出：“必须牢固树立和践行绿水青山就是金山银山的理念，站在人与自然和谐共生的高度谋划发展。”

1. Firmly establish and practice the concept that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets

1.牢固树立和践行绿水青山就是金山银山的理念

Theory originates from practice, and theory guides reality. Building a modernization in which humanity and nature coexist harmoniously requires clarifying the relationship between economic and social development and ecological environmental protection: economic development must focus on protecting the ecological environment, and protecting the ecological environment creates economic value. Chinese-path modernization is a modernization in which humanity and nature coexist harmoniously. It is necessary to firmly establish and practice the concept that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets, and that ice and snow are also invaluable assets, emphasizing the organic unity of economic development and ecological protection.

理论源于实际，理论指导现实。建设人与自然和谐共生的现代化要厘清经济社会发展与生态环境保护之间的关系：经济发展要注重保护生态环境，保护生态环境以创造经济价值。中国式现代化是人与自然和谐共生的现代化，要牢固树立和践行绿水青山就是金山银山、冰天雪地也是金山银山的理念，注重经济发展与生态保护有机统一。

2. Persist in advancing green and low-carbon development

2.坚持推进绿色低碳发展

Unsound modes of production and lifestyles are the root causes of ecological and environmental problems. On the basis of accelerating the transformation of old and new growth drivers, on the one hand, it is necessary to strengthen industrial transformation and technological innovation, promote intelligent, green, and innovative industrial development, and build a green, low-carbon, and circular ecological economic system; on the other hand, it is necessary to seize opportunities for future industrial development, accelerate the layout of emerging green ecological industries, strive to create new economic growth points, and add a green foundation to high-quality development.

不良生产与生活方式是导致生态环境问题产生的根源。在加快推动新旧动能转换的基础上，一方面，要加强产业变革和技术创新，推动产业智能化、绿色化和创新化发展，构建绿色低碳循环的绿色生态经济体系；另一方面，要抢占未来产业发展机遇，加紧布局新兴绿色生态产业，力争开创经济新增长点，为高质量发展增添绿色底色。

3. Raise the level of modernization of the national ecological governance system and governance capacity

3.提高国家生态治理体系与治理能力现代化水平

To strengthen the Party’s comprehensive leadership over ecological civilization construction, it is necessary to improve the modern environmental governance system in which Party committees lead, governments take the lead, enterprises are the main actors, and social organizations and the public participate together. Efforts should be made to build institutional mechanisms that strengthen integrated planning, achieve unified deployment, seek joint advancement, and promote overall assessment, thereby achieving a comprehensive improvement in ecological governance capacity.

加强党对生态文明建设的全面领导，要健全党委领导、政府主导、企业主体、社会组织与公众共同参与的现代环境治理体系，努力构建加强一体谋划、实现统一部署、探求共同推进、促进整体考核的制度机制，进而实现生态治理能力的全面提升。

(Author bios: Li Nan, Professor and Doctoral Supervisor at the School of Marxism, Wuhan University; Zeng Lihua, Doctoral Candidate at the School of Marxism, Wuhan University)

（作者简介：李楠，武汉大学马克思主义学院教授、博士生导师；曾丽华，武汉大学马克思主义学院博士研究生）

Online editor: Tongxin

网络编辑：同心